Portable illumination device

Abstract

A portable illumination device includes a first component having a light source(s) and a second component coupled to the first component, and the second component includes a curved handle containing one or more battery cells within the curved handle, wherein the light source(s) are powered via the one or more battery cells, and wherein a center of mass of the illumination device is located in the curved handle. By way of example, the brightnesses of the light source(s) are adjustable and the control firmware of the micro-controller inside the portable illumination device is upgradable. In addition, the curved handle's center position may have a foldable hook for hanging the device downward so that it may be used as a lantern or flash light.

Claims

1. A portable illumination device comprising: a first component having a light source; and a second component coupled to the first component through a gear-shaped wheel with a wave-shaped surface that generates detent actions when the second component is rotated relative to the first component, the detent actions providing positioning of the first component relative to the second component for light beam pointing, the second component comprising a curved handle containing one or more battery cells within the curved handle, wherein the light source is powered via the one or more battery cells, wherein a center of mass of the illumination device is located in the curved handle to thereby facilitate a user's holding the curved handle at the center of mass, and wherein the curved handle comprises a C-shaped portion having an anti-skid textured surface opposing the first component.

2. The portable illumination device of claim 1, wherein the curved handle comprises a pair of buffer chambers for shock buffering.

3. The portable illumination device of claim 1, wherein the curved handle comprises a tubular shape.

4. The portable illumination device of claim 1, further comprising a control switch on the curved handle, the control switch electrically coupling the light source to the one or more battery cells.

5. The portable illumination device of claim 1, wherein the one or more battery cells are rechargeable.

6. The portable illumination device of claim 5, wherein the one or more battery cells are wirelessly rechargeable.

7. A kit comprising the portable illumination device of claim 6, further comprising a wireless charging station configured to: have the portable illumination device hung thereon with the curved handle or a hook; and wirelessly charge the portable illumination device through the curved handle or the hook.

8. The portable illumination device of claim 1, wherein the first component is rotatable relative to the second component in a range between 180 and +180.

9. The portable illumination device of claim 1, wherein the first component comprises a reflector for reflecting light from the light source.

10. The portable illumination device of claim 9, wherein the first component comprises at least one vent to vent heat away from at least one of the light source and the reflector.

11. The portable illumination device of claim 1, wherein the curved handle comprises a hook.

12. The portable illumination device of claim 1, wherein the curved handle further comprises a plurality of feet to stabilize the portable illumination device when it is not being held.

13. The portable illumination device of claim 1, further comprising an output device indicating a status of the portable illumination device.

14. A light apparatus comprising the portable illumination device of claim 1, and a portable charger for a light head of the portable illumination device, wherein the portable charger comprises: the curved handle that is removably couplable to the light head comprising the light source, wherein the curved handle comprises one or more rechargeable battery cells within the curved handle, wherein the light source is powered via the one or more rechargeable battery cells, and wherein the center of mass of the illumination device is located in the curved handle when the curved handle is coupled to the light head.

15. The portable charger of claim 14, wherein the curved handle comprises a battery controller for controlling the charging of the one or more rechargeable battery cells.

16. The portable charger of claim 15, wherein the curved handle has one or more indicators disposed on one end of the curved handle indicating a status of the portable charger.

17. The portable charger of claim 16, wherein the curved handle comprises a plurality of feet so that the curved handle is free-standing when not being held.

18. The portable charger of claim 14, wherein the curved handle has one or more quick-connect latches for coupling the curved handle to the light head.

19. The portable illumination device of claim 1, further comprising a light head, wherein the light head comprises a housing having the light source and a reflector that reflects light from the light source, the housing having an adapter for coupling the light head to a portable charger via one or more quick-connect latches, wherein the portable charger comprises: the curved handle that is removably couplable to the housing, wherein the center of mass of the illumination device is located in the curved handle when the light head is coupled to the curved handle of the portable charger.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments consistent with the disclosure and, together with the specification, serve to explain the principles of the disclosure.

(2) FIG. 1 illustrates a portable illumination device constructed in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.

(3) FIG. 2 illustrates a side view of details of the portable illumination device.

(4) FIG. 3 illustrates an internal view of details of the portable illumination device.

(5) FIG. 4 illustrates a back view of details of the portable illumination device.

(6) FIG. 5 illustrates a front view of light head details of the portable illumination device.

(7) FIG. 6 illustrates a bottom view of light head details of the portable illumination device.

(8) FIG. 7 illustrates a first use scenario of the portable illumination device.

(9) FIG. 8 illustrates a second use scenario of the portable illumination device.

(10) FIG. 9 illustrates a third use scenario of the portable illumination device.

(11) FIG. 10 illustrates a fourth use scenario of the portable illumination device.

(12) FIG. 11 illustrates a fifth use scenario of the portable illumination device.

(13) FIG. 12 illustrates a sixth use scenario of the portable illumination device.

(14) FIG. 13 illustrates the block diagram of the battery charging, light source driving, and their control circuits.

(15) FIG. 14 illustrates the flow chart of the firmware embedded in the illumination device.

(16) FIG. 15 illustrates the flow chart of the Brightness Adjustment subroutine in the firmware.

(17) FIG. 16 illustrates the flow chart of the Firmware Update subroutine in the firmware.

(18) FIG. 17 illustrates a foldable hook located at the center of the handle for hanging the illumination device downward as a lantern or flashlight with the hook at an open position.

(19) FIG. 18 illustrates a foldable hook located at the center of the handle for hanging the illumination device downward as a lantern or flashlight with the hook at a closed position

(20) FIG. 19 illustrates a detachable handle being separated from the head chamber.

(21) FIG. 20 illustrates a section view of the head chamber where the vents and the air flows are illustrated as cooling down the reflector and the PCB.

(22) FIG. 21 illustrates a plurality of the illumination devices being hung on a wireless charging station being charged simultaneously.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(23) Detailed description will now be provided of exemplary embodiments, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. The following description refers to the accompanying drawings in which the same numbers in different drawings represent the same or similar elements unless otherwise represented. The implementations set forth in the following description of exemplary embodiments do not represent all implementations consistent with the disclosure. Instead, they are merely examples consistent with aspects related to the disclosure as recited in the appended claims.

(24) In some implementations, illumination devices on the market generally either place the batteries inside a large chamber where the illuminator is located or in a dedicated battery box. In either case, the weight of the battery is concentrated in a small enclosed container, which makes the user of such illumination device feel and carry the full battery weight by holding onto a small point and make it tiresome to carry and hold this style of illumination device for a long period of time. In addition, the existing illumination devices have their control switch placed on the illumination device's light head chamber, which requires two hands to operate the illumination device. In particular, one hand must hold the illumination device, while the other hand activates the control switch (e.g., pushes a button that activates the control switch). An improved illumination device is disclosed herewith which solved these problems.

(25) The present disclosure provides illumination devices including light heads which each include a chamber or housing that contains components of the illumination device except for at least the battery cells and the control switch. In some embodiments, the light head may have all electronic or electrical components except for battery cells and control switch (along with any needed wiring).

(26) Some embodiments of the present disclosure include a C-shaped handle, a push button switch mounted onto a front portion top side of the C-shaped handle, and multiple battery cells placed inside this C-shaped handle. Placing the battery cells evenly inside the handle allows the battery weight to be evenly distributed along the C-shaped handle. The handle shape and the battery cell positions are placed so that the center of mass is located at the center point of the holding area. In this regard, the handle may be curved in a C or D-shape or in some other shape. Alternatively, the handle may be shaped differently with the battery weight being distributed evenly along the handle.

(27) When holding a curved handle shape (e.g., a C or D-shaped handle), since the whole illumination device's weight is evenly distributed, the user's hand will hold the handle portion at or near the equilibrium balance point. Thus, the hand won't feel the illumination device is heavy and tiresome to hold after a short while.

(28) Because the push button switch is located on the front top portion of the handle, it can easily be operated with only the carrying hand, with the control switch then being controlled by a thumb push from the same hand. Optionally, the illumination device can be turned on by sound or voice. In some embodiments, the illumination device can be water-proof to safeguard the electrical components

(29) As shown in FIGS. 1-12, an illumination device includes: a light head having a light head chamber or housing (1), C-shaped handle (2), a rubber cap covered push button switch (3), a pair of ear shaped handle on the light head chamber for rotating the head chamber to either left or right way (4), an internal mechanism to have an detent action effect when rotating the light head chamber (5), a pair of foldable or stationary feet for letting the device stand upright along (6), reflector (7), LED light source (8), a few auxiliary LEDs inside the light head chamber (9), a printed circuit board which has all the control and drive circuits and components (10), a battery bank composed of a one to five or even more cells (11), Anti-skid textured surface on the C-shaped handle (12), a gear-shaped wheel with a wave-shaped surface (13), buffer frame (14), air hole(s) or vent(s) (15), a digital display (16), charging port (17), current indicator (18), remaining time indicator (19), the hook at the end of the handle (20), charge indicator (21), buzzer (22), center of mass (23), remaining battery percentage indicator (24), and buffer chamber (25).

(30) The light head chamber (1) is a significant component of the illumination device. The light head chamber (1) includes reflector (7), the light source (e.g., LED) (8), a few auxiliary light sources (e.g., LEDs) inside the head chamber (9), and the printed circuit board (10) which has the control and drive circuits and components. The battery cells (11), as shown in FIG. 3, are placed inside the C-shaped handle (2). In this embodiment, the light head chamber (1) does not include any battery cells (11) or rubber cap covered push button switch (3).

(31) The advantages of placing the battery cells individually inside the handle (and not the light head) are as follows:

(32) A. It allows the battery cells to have improved heat dissipation since the surface of each cell can dissipate the heat individually to the handle's inside surface which has its other side of the surface having direct thermal contact with the ambient air. This results in good heat dumping to the ambient air so that each battery cell will not have significant temperature rise during operation. In conventional illumination devices, battery cells often bundled together thus they touch one another giving heat to each other, resulting in significant temperature rise of the whole bundle during operation.

(33) B. It distributes the weight of the battery cell evenly along the handle and the user will not feel the weight concentrated in the light head. As such, the light head will not be too heavy while the handle is generally too light, as is generally the case when using conventional illumination devices. The light head will get damaged easily when it is dropped to ground accidently due to the highly concentrated weight on the light head. After placing the battery cells in the handle, the light head is not too heavy, thus it will not be damaged easily when it is dropped to ground accidently.

(34) C. After distributing the weight along the handle, the illumination device will have its weight center located in the middle point (23) of the C-shaped handle, the same point where the user's hand center is located, giving the user a good feel when holding the handle.

(35) Since the light head chamber (1) does not have the battery cells (11), the light head chamber (1) can accommodate large size reflector(s) (7). The larger the size of the reflector(s) (7), the higher the efficiency for collecting light and reflecting it towards the front of the light head chamber (1) to form the beam, as opposed using a smaller reflector and reflecting less lights and having a large amount of light not being reflected and, ultimately, wasted.

(36) In some embodiments, the head chamber (1) has fish scale-shaped air holes or vents (15) to allow ambient air to flow into the light head chamber (1), so as to dissipate heat from the light source (e.g., LED) (8) while preventing raindrops from entering the head chamber.

(37) The Buzzer (22) may be located inside the light head chamber (1), next to the air hole(s) or vent(s) (15). With the buzzer, the illumination device can be used as an alarm for the illumination device.

(38) The LED light source (8), reflector (7) and a few auxiliary LEDs (9) are located inside the light head chamber (1). Light from the light source is collected via the mirror surface inside the reflector (7) to form a circular light spot. The large reflector can improve the quality of the light spot and the evenness of the light, i.e., to obtain a light beam spot with well uniformly distributed brightness. The auxiliary light source inside the head chamber got reflected with high efficiency through the outside surface of the reflector to let the beam be directed to the radial direction to the light head thus the lights can be seen by the user and others who are not in the front axial direction of the illumination device. This feature is especially useful for railway workers.

(39) The C-shaped handle (2) as in FIG. 1, may be sized in such a way that it can either be held by hand or carried by arm or even shoulder. To ensure a firm grip, the handle surface is texturized to improve friction and reduce slippage.

(40) The C-shaped handle (2) is mounted on a pair of shafts which are formed onto a pair of buffer chambers (25), which provide a shock buffer when the whole illumination device falls to ground or hit by some objects and the handle receives too strong a shock, thus, the shafts or the head chamber won't be damaged.

(41) In some embodiments, the handle (2) can be removable from the light head, as shown in FIG. 18. In addition, the handle (2) can be a charger which includes a battery controller to control charging and use of battery power, a charging port, and a charge level indicator on the handle. In addition, the handle may be couplable to the light head with a quick release mechanism (such as a latch on a male/female connector). In this way the curved handle charger with batteries can be charged independently from the light head, such that if one set of battery cells is drained in one handle charger, that handle charger may be quickly replaced by another fully charged handle charger. One or more quick release mechanism(s) can be integrated on the above-mentioned shaft outfitted with one or more electrical connectors (e.g., XLR (X Latching Resilient) connector) that can interface with one or more female electrical connectors on the light head which are electrically connected to the light source(s) via wires under the control of electronics on the PCB board. Note that the orientation of the male and female connectors may be reversed.

(42) Some embodiments provide output devices to output visual or audio information regarding the status of the illumination device. By way of example, the output devices may include the digital display (16), indicators (18), (19), (21), and (24) and/or buzzer (22). By way of example, the digital display (16) may show battery current, the percentage of the charge remaining in the battery, the run time remaining when using the device for illumination running at the current setting mode, and the charge time remaining when charging the battery. When showing the time remaining when being used as an illumination device, the current is coming out of the battery, thus, the current value shown has a negative sign. When showing the time remaining for charging the battery, the current comes into the battery, the current is a positive value and it does not have the negative sign; When the device is both being charged and used as an illumination device, the display will show a negative current value if the draining current for driving the light sources is larger than the charging current, or a non-negative value if the charging current is larger than the draining current. When the current shows a negative value, the time shown is the running time of the battery that remains if the current setting mode is active. If the current shown is a non-negative value, the time shown is the charge time needed for charging up the battery cells fully.

(43) As shown in FIG. 4, there are four indicators which were made up by 4 individual LEDs (24), (19), (18) and (21): The top indicator shows % sign (24). When this is lit, the digital display (16) shows the percentage of energy left in the battery. Another indicator shows h (19) shows the number of hours needed to finish charging the battery when the device is being charged, or the number of hours the battery will last when the device is being used as an illumination device. Another indicator shows A (18) which is the charging current to the battery when the device is being charged or the battery discharging current when the device is being used as an illumination device and the current value is shown as a negative value because the current is being drawn out from the battery. When the device is both charged and being used as an illumination device, the charging current and the discharging current can be larger or smaller than each other, the current display value can sometimes be positive while being negative at the other times depending on whether the power supply is being used for charging, what light sources are turned on, and what the brightness level(s) are set to. There is a 4th indicator (21) located near the charging port connector (17), which will be lit up when the device is being connected to a charging power supply through a charging cable and when there is a charging current going into the battery. When the device is charged or used as an illumination device, the display (16) will rotate showing up to four parameters: percentage of the energy left in the battery, the time needed to finish the charge or the remaining run time of the battery, the charging or discharging current on the battery, and the remaining time the battery can run on the existing setting mode. By way of example, regarding the setting mode, when the illumination device is set to the front beam mode and/or side beam mode, the time shown on the display (16) will be the estimated time the battery cells will last by driving the main beam. In addition, in some embodiments, the indicators (24), (19), (18) and (21) can work in an automatically rotating manner (in either direction) to show percentage(s) for a few seconds, then show the charging current (with positive value), discharge current (negative value), or the balance of current when the device is charging while it is also being used to emit light(s). In this regard, if the battery is receiving current from the charging power supply, the current is positive; if the battery is providing current to the drive, the current values is shown as a negative value. The parameter display can be arranged in a fixed mode as well: it shows one of the 3 parameters, percentage, time and current, until the user quickly clicks the control switch button for one time (or other number of times) and the display will show the next parameter. The rotating sequence can be: percentage, time, then current, or other sequences. In addition, the remaining hours for charging during charging mode or for powering the lights during usage mode may be shown. In addition, the charging time required (if the battery is under being charged mode), or the remaining run time may be shown if the battery is in discharged mode.

(44) The hook (20) in FIG. 1, located at the end of the handle (2) top portion, allows the illumination device to be hung onto a rope, a tree branch, a nail, another hook, or ring, on a wall, etc., while the illumination device is in use or storage, or being charged. For railway companies, a long rope can be hung along a wall and dozens of such illumination devices will be hung onto the rope and be charged and stored together without taking up precious surface areas of desks or tables.

(45) Inside the mechanism between the handle and the illumination device head, some embodiments of the present disclosure provide a gear-shaped wheel (13) with a wave-shaped surface which generates detent actions when the handle is rotated on the head. The detent action gives firm positioning of the handle vs. the head and results in steady beam pointing. To protect the wires that connect the components inside the handle and the head from being overly twisted, the handle rotation angle is limited to between 180 and +1800 or even a smaller range.

(46) In some embodiments, a kit as illustrated in FIG. 9 can be provided, including a wireless charging station (91). Although in the embodiments as illustrated wireless charging station (91) can have a single straight bar shape or be a cable, in some other embodiments wireless charging station (91) can be a plurality of hooks, loops, or handles. Wireless charging station (91) can be electrically coupled to an electrical power source, such as a wall socket.

(47) A plurality of the illumination devices can be hung on the wireless charging station 91 for wireless charging. In some implementations, as illustrated in FIG. 9, the illumination devices are hung on the wireless charging station (91) with hooks (20), and hooks (20) have wireless charging receptor built therein. In some other embodiments, the illumination devices can be hung on the wireless charging station (91) directly through the C-shaped handles, which have wireless charging receptor built therein.

(48) Another aspect of the present disclosure provides the placement of the control button (3) onto the handle (2), as opposed to placing the button (3) on the main head of the illumination device as found in conventional illumination devices. This feature allows the users to control the illumination device using the thumb of the holding hand, as opposed to using one hand to hold the handle and another hand to press the button. This single-handed operation gives a much better feel and convenience for using the illumination device. In some embodiments, an SOS signal can be sent to a control center by the control button (3) for emergency, for example, by pressing the control button for multiple times consecutively.

(49) For some applications, such as the railway industry, light beams shining to the side of the light head are needed. To meet this need, the illumination device provides such side beams. To improve the light path efficiency, the illumination device relies on the reflective back surface of the reflector to collect and reflect the light beams of the side beam light sources (e.g., LEDs) towards the sides of the light head. This feature increases the final output side beam brightness by over double that of the conventionally designed illumination devices which do not rely on the reflector back side to collect and reflect the light beams of the side beam LEDs.

(50) In accordance with another aspect of the present disclosure, the printed circuit board 10, in FIG. 5, is placed inside the main head on a side of the board's surface that is exposed to ambient air, giving it a heat dissipating effect, which allows the heat generating components on the circuit board to operate at a low temperature and thereby have a high working efficiency and long lifetime.

(51) In the control circuit on the printed circuit board, some embodiments of the present disclosure provide a microprocessor with sophisticated firmware embedded therein. The firmware uses multiple measurement parameters to monitor and display the battery's charging and discharging current, and calculate and display the charge time and usage time respectively (in addition to the conventional battery remaining energy display).

(52) In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the illumination device may be referred to as a flashlight, a torch, a lantern, etc.

(53) In accordance with an embodiment, the illuminating device has a rotational light source in the light head chamber head.

(54) In accordance with at least one embodiment, the light head chamber (2) includes fish scale shaped vents on its walls to allow ambient air to ventilate the air inside the chamber housing and to cool down the large metal reflector which serves both as the light beam forming reflector and the heat sink for the light emitting component, LED. The ambient air coming in through the vents will also cool down the bottom side of the PCB having the controller components located on the other side to improve the controller's power efficiency and prolong its lifetime.

(55) In accordance with at least one embodiment, the control switch for the lights is mounted on the top side of the handle, just a little distance in front of the hand-holding place. It can be conveniently pressed by the thumb finger of the holding hand. Thus, the device can be operated by one hand. Optionally, the device can by turned on or off by sound or voice.

(56) In accordance with at least one embodiment, there is a connection port provided for charging the battery cells and updating the firmware embedded inside the controller circuitry. By way of example, the connection port may include a USB C, USB, mini USB, micro USB, or DC jack connector.

(57) In accordance with at least one embodiment, there is a buzzer device, which gives audio signals to provide operating or warning signals to the user. The buzzer can also be used as alarm(s). By way of example, the audio alarms can include SOS signal(s) after pressing the control button for a longer period of time, such as 5 seconds. At the same time, the lights of the digital display (16) and/or indicator(s) (18), (19), (21), and (24) will flash SOS pattern(s).

(58) The bottom portion of the handle has three foldable feet, which allow the device to stand alone upwards.

(59) To ensure a firm grip, the handle surface is texturized to increase friction and reduce slippage.

(60) In accordance with at least one embodiment, there is a hook (41) located at the middle point of the C-shaped handle, as shown in FIG. 17. It allows the illumination device to be easily hung for example on a rope, a tree branch, a nail, another hook, or ring, on a wall, etc., while the illumination device is in use, storage, or being charged. By way of example, the hook (41) may be a foldable hook, shown in FIG. 17 it is at its open position and in FIG. 18 it is at its closed position. on the hook is at the center position of the handle, it allows hanging the illumination device downward thus it can be used like a lantern.

(61) The electronic circuit block diagram for the electronics of the illumination device is shown in FIG. 13. As shown in FIG. 13, there are 2 DC-DC converters, 33 and 34 in the figure, one is for charging the battery cell bank (30), the other is for changing battery's constant voltage into controllable constant currents for driving the light sources (e.g., LEDs) 31 and 32. The current sensors 37 and 38 are for sensing the charging and discharge currents of the battery bank respectively. The PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) signal and the low pass filter, C1, C1, R3 and R4 generates a controllable DC signal for setting the output voltage of the 2nd DC-DC converter (34). The final output currents for each of the LEDs is set by S1 and S2 respectively. The two signals can be of constant on and off type, and/or of PWM type to reduce and regulate the average output currents send to the light source LEDs. Except for the battery cell bank 30 and control switch 36 shown in FIG. 13, the remaining electronic components can be located on the light head or curved handle.

(62) FIG. 17 and FIG. 18 show the handle's central position has a foldable hook (41) which is at its open position and close position respectively.

(63) FIG. 19 shows a detachable handle being separated from the head chamber. This feature allows quick refueling the illuminating device with a pre fully charged battery bank of another handle, as opposed to wait for hours to recharge battery bank in the handle fixed with the device. It is also useful to reduce the total size of the illumination for easier shipping and storage.

(64) FIG. 20 shows a section view of the light head chamber where the vents (10) allow for ambient cool fresh air flow (40) to pass into the light chamber to cool down the reflector and the PCB.

(65) FIG. 21 shows a gang of illumination devices being hung and charged simultaneously, each by its own charger. This feature saves table surface space and allows the illumination devices be charged and/or stored in a well organized way.

(66) In the present disclosure, it is to be understood that the terms lower, upper, center, longitudinal, transverse, length, width, thickness, upper, lower, front, back, left, right, vertical, horizontal, top, bottom, inside, outside, clockwise, counterclockwise, axial, radial, circumferential, column, row, and other orientation or positional relationships are based on example orientations illustrated in the drawings, and are merely for the convenience of the description of some embodiments, rather than indicating or implying the device or component being constructed and operated in a particular orientation. Therefore, these terms are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the present disclosure.

(67) Moreover, the terms first and second are used for descriptive purposes only and are not to be construed as indicating or implying a relative importance or implicitly indicating the number of technical features indicated. Thus, elements referred to as first and second may include one or more of the features either explicitly or implicitly. In the description of the present disclosure, a plurality indicates two or more unless specifically defined otherwise.

(68) In the present disclosure, the terms installed, connected, coupled, fixed and the like shall be understood broadly, and may be either a fixed connection or a detachable connection, or integrated, unless otherwise explicitly defined. These terms can refer to mechanical or electrical connections, or both. Such connections can be direct connections or indirect connections through an intermediate medium. These terms can also refer to the internal connections or the interactions between elements. The specific meanings of the above terms in the present disclosure can be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art on a case-by-case basis.

(69) In the present disclosure, a first element being on, over, or below a second element may indicate direct contact between the first and second elements, without contact, or indirect through an intermediate medium, unless otherwise explicitly stated and defined.

(70) Moreover, a first element being above, over, or at an upper surface of a second element may indicate that the first element is directly above the second element, or merely that the first element is at a level higher than the second element. The first element below, underneath, or at a lower surface of the second element may indicate that the first element is directly below the second element, or merely that the first element is at a level lower than the second feature. The first and second elements may or may not be in contact with each other.

(71) In the description of the present disclosure, the terms one embodiment, some embodiments, example, specific example, or some examples, and the like may indicate a specific feature described in connection with the embodiment or example, a structure, a material or feature included in at least one embodiment or example. In the present disclosure, the schematic representation of the above terms is not necessarily directed to the same embodiment or example.

(72) Moreover, the particular features, structures, materials, or characteristics described may be combined in a suitable manner in any one or more embodiments or examples. In addition, various embodiments or examples described in the specification, as well as features of various embodiments or examples, may be combined and reorganized.

(73) While this specification contains many specific implementation details, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of any claims, but rather as descriptions of features specific to particular implementations. Certain features that are described in this specification in the context of separate implementations can also be implemented in combination in a single implementation. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single implementation can also be implemented in multiple implementations separately or in any suitable sub-combination.

(74) Moreover, although features may be described above as acting in certain combinations and even initially claimed as such, one or more features from a claimed combination can in some cases be excised from the combination, and the claimed combination may be directed to a subcombination or variation of a subcombination.

(75) Similarly, while operations are depicted in the drawings in a particular order, this should not be understood as requiring that such operations be performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, or that all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirable results. In certain circumstances, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. Moreover, the separation of various system components in the implementations described above should not be understood as requiring such separation in all implementations, and it should be understood that the described program components and systems can generally be integrated together in a single software/firmware product or packaged into multiple software/firmware products.

(76) Thus, particular implementations of the subject matter have been described. Other implementations are within the scope of the following claims. In some cases, the actions recited in the claims can be performed in a different order and still achieve desirable results. In addition, the processes depicted in the accompanying figures do not necessarily require the particular order shown, or sequential order, to achieve desirable results. In certain implementations, multitasking or parallel processing may be utilized.

(77) It is intended that the specification and embodiments be considered as examples only. Other embodiments of the disclosure will be apparent to those skilled in the art in view of the specification and drawings of the present disclosure. That is, although specific embodiments have been described above in detail, the description is merely for purposes of illustration. It should be appreciated, therefore, that many aspects described above are not intended as required or essential elements unless explicitly stated otherwise.

(78) Various modifications of, and equivalent acts corresponding to, the disclosed aspects of the example embodiments, in addition to those described above, can be made by a person of ordinary skill in the art, having the benefit of the present disclosure, without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure defined in the following claims, the scope of which is to be accorded the broadest interpretation so as to encompass such modifications and equivalent structures.