Technique for crosstalk reduction

Abstract

A technique for cancelling or reducing crosstalk signals between controlled oscillators in an integrated circuit is provided. The technique involves an arrangement adapted to reduce a crosstalk signal generated by a first controlled oscillator to a second oscillator both comprised in the integrated circuit, wherein both controlled oscillators are configured to output a respective clock signal. The arrangement comprises a detector adapted to detect the crosstalk signal generated by the first controlled oscillator to the second controlled oscillator, a crosstalk cancellation circuit adapted to generate a cancellation signal having an amplitude substantially the same as that of the crosstalk signal and a phase substantially opposite to that of the crosstalk signal, and a cancellation signal injector adapted to introduce the cancellation signal into the second controlled oscillator.

Claims

1. A crosstalk cancellation circuit for use in an arrangement for reducing crosstalk between a first controlled oscillator (CO1) and a second controlled oscillator (CO2), wherein the crosstalk cancellation circuit is adapted to generate a cancellation signal having an amplitude substantially the same as that of a crosstalk signal and a phase substantially opposite to that of the crosstalk signal, the crosstalk cancellation circuit comprising: a quadrature phase splitter arranged to provide a first cancellation signal component with a first phase shift and provide a second cancellation signal component with a second phase shift, where the difference between the second and the first phase shifts is essentially 90 degrees; a first variable gain amplifier adapted to adjust an amplitude of the first cancellation signal component; and a second variable gain amplifier adapted to adjust an amplitude of the second cancellation signal component, wherein the crosstalk cancellation circuit is adapted to generate the cancellation signal as a sum of the first and second cancellation signal components with any amplitude adjustments.

2. The crosstalk cancellation circuit of claim 1, further comprising: an adder having a first input connected to an output of the first variable gain amplifier and a second input connected to an output of the second variable gain amplifier.

3. The crosstalk cancellation circuit of claim 2, further comprising: a buffer stage having an input connected to an output of the adder.

4. The crosstalk cancellation circuit of claim 3, further comprising: a coupler having an input connected to an output of the buffer stage.

5. A radio communication apparatus comprising: an integrated circuit having a first controlled oscillator (CO1) and a second controlled oscillator (CO2); and an arrangement for reducing a crosstalk signal generated by the CO1 to the CO2, the arrangement comprising a crosstalk cancellation circuit, wherein the crosstalk cancellation circuit is adapted to generate a cancellation signal having an amplitude substantially the same as that of a crosstalk signal and a phase substantially opposite to that of the crosstalk signal, the crosstalk cancellation circuit comprising: a quadrature phase splitter arranged to provide a first cancellation signal component with a first phase shift and provide a second cancellation signal component with a second phase shift, where the difference between the second and the first phase shifts is essentially 90 degrees; a first variable gain amplifier adapted to adjust an amplitude of the first cancellation signal component; and a second variable gain amplifier adapted to adjust an amplitude of the second cancellation signal component, wherein the crosstalk cancellation circuit is adapted to generate the cancellation signal as a sum of the first and second cancellation signal components with any amplitude adjustments.

6. The radio communication apparatus of claim 5, wherein the crosstalk cancellation circuit further comprises: an adder having a first input connected to an output of the first variable gain amplifier and a second input connected to an output of the second variable gain amplifier.

7. The radio communication apparatus of claim 6, wherein the crosstalk cancellation circuit further comprises: a buffer stage having an input connected to an output of the adder.

8. The radio communication apparatus of claim 7, wherein the crosstalk cancellation circuit further comprises: a coupler having an input connected to an output of the buffer stage.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) In the following, the crosstalk reduction technique presented herein is further described with reference to the exemplary embodiments illustrated in the figures, in which:

(2) FIG. 1 is a block diagram conceptually illustrating the crosstalk phenomenon associated with two on-chip PLLs employing two LC-based controlled oscillators respectively;

(3) FIG. 2 is a spectrum diagram illustrating the clock signals generated by two controlled oscillators of two respective on-chip PLLs, the crosstalk signals created there between and the actual output of the controlled oscillators;

(4) FIG. 3 is a chart showing a result of an electromagnetic (EM) simulation with respect to coupling between two coils, the coils being employed in the inductors of the two controlled oscillators of two respective LC-based PLLs;

(5) FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing a first exemplary arrangement for reducing crosstalk between two controlled oscillators of two respective PLLs, both comprised in an integrated circuit;

(6) FIG. 5 is a block diagram showing a second exemplary arrangement for reducing crosstalk between two controlled oscillators of the two respective PLLs, both comprised in an integrated circuit;

(7) FIG. 6 is a block diagram showing a third exemplary arrangement for reducing crosstalk between two controlled oscillators of two respective PLLs, both comprised in an integrated circuit;

(8) FIG. 7 is a block diagram showing an exemplary active crosstalk cancellation circuit which can be employed in the various crosstalk-reduction arrangements described in the present disclosure;

(9) FIG. 8 is a block diagram showing an another exemplary active crosstalk cancellation circuit which can be employed in the various crosstalk-reduction arrangements described in the present disclosure;

(10) FIG. 9 is a block diagram showing two examples of couplers and transmission wire pair which may be used in the crosstalk-reduction arrangements described in the present disclosure;

(11) FIG. 10 is a block diagram showing a first exemplary crosstalk detection technique which may be used in the various crosstalk-reduction arrangements presented in this disclosure;

(12) FIG. 11 is a spectrum diagram showing the signal spectra at different locations of a second exemplary crosstalk detection technique which may be used in the various crosstalk-reduction arrangements presented in this disclosure;

(13) FIG. 12 is a block diagram showing a third exemplary crosstalk detection technique which may be used in the various crosstalk-reduction arrangements presented in this disclosure;

(14) FIG. 13 is a block diagram showing a fourth exemplary crosstalk detection technique which may be used in the various crosstalk-reduction arrangements presented in this disclosure;

(15) FIG. 14 is a block diagram showing a fifth exemplary crosstalk detection technique which may be used in the various crosstalk-reduction arrangements presented in this disclosure; and

(16) FIG. 15 is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary method of the crosstalk-reduction technique provided in the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(17) In the following, for purposes of explanation and not limitation, specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present disclosure. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that this disclosure may be practiced in embodiments that depart from these specific details. For instance, although the exemplary embodiments are described in connection with reference to integrated circuits comprising two PLLs each having a controlled oscillator, such as a voltage controlled oscillator, which are for generating respective clock signals and comprise two inductors respectively which have a coupling coefficient K there between, it should be noted that the crosstalk reduction technique presented in this disclosure is not limited to the physical layout of any of the exemplary integrated circuits described below. For instance, more than two PLLs may be provided in the integrated circuit, other clock-generating components may replace the controlled oscillators, and so on.

(18) FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating a first exemplary arrangement for crosstalk reduction. The arrangement is indicated as 10, and it functions to reduce the crosstalk between two controlled oscillators CO.sub.1 and CO.sub.2, indicated as 12 and 14 respectively (e.g., of two respective PLLs, not shown in FIG. 4) arranged in an integrated circuit 16. Particularly, as shown in FIG. 4, the crosstalk to be reduced, figuratively indicated by the arch 18, is generated by the first controlled oscillator (CO.sub.1) 12 to the second controlled oscillator (CO.sub.2) 14. Each controlled oscillator 12, 14 is configured to output a respective clock signal. The arrangement 10 comprises a detector CD 20 adapted to detect the crosstalk signal (that is, the detector 20 may be regarded as a crosstalk detector) and a crosstalk cancelation circuit ALC 22 adapted to generate a cancelation signal. The amplitude of the cancelation signal is substantially the same as that of the crosstalk signal 18, while the phase of the cancelation signal is substantially opposite to that of the crosstalk signal 18. The arrangement 10 further comprises a cancellation signal injector, figuratively indicated by the pointed arrow 24, adapted to introduce the cancelation signal into the second controlled oscillator.

(19) Corresponding to the exemplary arrangement 10 shown in FIG. 4, a method can be provided for crosstalk reduction between multiple controlled oscillators (of, e.g., PLLs) on-chip. An embodiment of the method, shown in FIG. 15 as flowchart 100, can reduce the crosstalk signal generated by the first controlled oscillator CO.sub.1 12 to the second controlled oscillator CO.sub.2 14, both comprised in the integrated circuit 16. The controlled oscillators CO.sub.1 12 and CO.sub.2 14 are adapted to output respective clock signals.

(20) The method comprises the following steps: At step 102, a crosstalk signal generated by the first controlled oscillator CO.sub.1 12 to the second controlled oscillator CO.sub.2 14 is detected. At step 104, a cancellation signal is generated which has an amplitude substantially the same as that of the crosstalk signal and a phase substantially opposite thereto. Then at step 106, the cancellation signal is injected into the second controlled oscillator CO.sub.2 14 to reduce the crosstalk signal.

(21) In the following arrangements, which illustrate optional details of the second arrangement 10 illustrated in FIG. 4, it is assumed that PLL.sub.1 and PLL.sub.2 comprise VCO.sub.1 and VCO.sub.2, which comprise inductors L.sub.1 and L.sub.2 having coupling coefficient K.sub.12, respectively. The arrangements comprise an active crosstalk cancellation loop, or active leakage cancellation loop (ALCL) to cancel the leakage/crosstalk between the PLLs.

(22) FIG. 5 shows a second exemplary arrangement for crosstalk reduction. Similar to the case with FIG. 4, the arrangement 30 in FIG. 5 is adapted to reduce a crosstalk signal generated between two PLLs, PLL.sub.1 33 and PLL.sub.2 35, comprised in an integrated circuit 36. Both PLLs 33 and 35 comprise a controlled oscillator, VCO.sub.1 32 and VCO.sub.2 34, respectively, which are adapted to generate, or output, respective clock signals. The controlled oscillators VCO.sub.1 32 and VCO.sub.2 34 shown in FIG. 5 are of the LC-based type, but other types of clock generation components are possible as well. The coupling coefficient K.sub.12, indicated by the arch 38 in FIG. 5, creates electromagnetic coupling between the two inductors L.sub.1 and L.sub.2 of the respective controlled oscillators, resulting in a crosstalk signal originated from the first controlled oscillator VCO.sub.1 32 to the second controlled oscillator VCO.sub.2 34 as generally described above.

(23) The arrangement 30 further comprises a circuitry between the two controlled oscillators 32 and 34 for reducing the crosstalk there between. The circuitry is termed as an active leakage cancelation loop, ALCL. Arranged between the two controlled oscillators 32 and 34, the active leakage cancelation loop ALCL comprises a (first) detector CD.sub.1 40, adapted to detect the crosstalk signal (that is, the (first) detector CD.sub.1 40 may be regarded as a crosstalk detector). The active leakage cancelation loop ALCL further comprises a (first) crosstalk cancelation circuit ALC.sub.1 42, adapted to generate a cancelation signal, which has an amplitude substantially the same as that of the crosstalk signal and a phase substantially opposite to that of the crosstalk signal. Further, as figuratively indicated by the pointed arrow leaving the crosstalk cancelation circuit ALC.sub.1 42 to the second controlled oscillator VCO.sub.2 34 in the figure, the arrangement 30 further comprises a (first) cancelation signal injector 44 for introducing the cancelation signal into the second controlled oscillator VCO.sub.2 34.

(24) Stable/periodical interference having fixed spectrum, introduced by supply networks, package or ESD protection circuits, can also be reduced by the cancelation signal. In presence of both electromagnetic coupling and stable/periodical interference, at the crosstalk frequency their effect can be merged together and viewed as one source of crosstalk signal.

(25) In some implementations, the active leakage cancelation loop ALCL may further comprise a controller, as indicated by 46 in the arrangement 30 of FIG. 5. The controller 46 is adapted to provide a control signal to adjust the amplitude and/or the phase of the cancelation signal.

(26) The arrangement 30 for crosstalk reduction shown in FIG. 5 may be seen as a single-loop implementation, since the active leakage cancellation circuit is adapted to cancel the crosstalk signal in a single direction, i.e., from the first controlled oscillator VCO.sub.1 32 to the second controlled oscillator VCO.sub.2 34. To account for crosstalk signals between the two controlled oscillators 32 and 34 in both directions, another arrangement comprising a twin-loop active leakage cancelation circuitry can be used. An exemplary twin-loop arrangement is shown in FIG. 6.

(27) On top of the single-loop implementation of FIG. 5, the arrangement 50 shown in FIG. 6 further comprises a second detector CD.sub.2 41 (crosstalk detector) for detecting another crosstalk signal, which is the crosstalk signal generated by the second controlled oscillator VCO.sub.2 34, the controlled oscillator of PLL.sub.2 35, to the first controlled oscillator VCO.sub.1 32, the controlled oscillator of PLL.sub.1 33. The arrangement 50 further comprises a second crosstalk cancelation circuit ALC.sub.2 43, adapted to generate another cancelation signal, which has an amplitude substantially the same as and a phase substantially opposite to that of the crosstalk signal detected by the second detector CD.sub.2 41. Further, as figuratively indicated by the pointed arrow 45 leaving the second crosstalk cancelation circuit ALC.sub.2 43 to the first controlled oscillator VCO.sub.132 in the figure, the arrangement 50 further comprises a second cancelation signal injector 45 for introducing the second cancelation signal into the first controlled oscillator VCO.sub.132.

(28) More specifically regarding the arrangement 50 shown in FIG. 6, an active leakage cancellation loop, ALCL, for reducing the crosstalk between the two VCOs 32 and 34 in both directions, is shown. The coupling coefficient K.sub.12 is indicative of the electromagnet coupling between the inductors L.sub.1 and L.sub.2 of the VCOs 32 and 34, respectively, causing the leakage/crosstalk in both directions (i.e., from the VCO.sub.1 32 to the VCO.sub.2 34 and vice versa) as the coupling follows the reciprocity principle. For the same reason, the stable/periodical interference can also occur in both directions.

(29) In order to achieve crosstalk cancellation in both directions, two active leakage cancellation circuits ALC.sub.1 42 and ALC.sub.2 43 are provided in the ALCL, which create two respective cancellation signals each with substantially the same amplitude but a substantially opposite phase with respect to the respective crosstalk signals. Crosstalk detectors CD.sub.1 40 and CD.sub.2 41 are used to detect the crosstalk and create an error signal. A controller 46 may again be employed to generate a control signal for minimizing the crosstalk. The control signal may be in the form of a vector signal. That is, in the twin-loop implementation, each single loop comprises an active leakage cancellation circuit, a crosstalk detector, and preferably a controller. In many cases, two or multiple loops can share the same controller.

(30) With respect to the twin-loop crosstalk cancellation arrangement, an example of which, 50, is shown in FIG. 6, another exemplary method can be provided for cancelling the crosstalk between two controlled oscillators in both directions. This exemplary comprises, further to the steps of the method 100 shown in FIG. 15, the following additional steps: a second crosstalk signal, i.e., the crosstalk signal generated by the second controlled oscillator to the first controlled oscillator, is detected; another cancellation signal is generated which has an amplitude substantially the same as and a phase substantially opposite to that of the second crosstalk signal; and the second cancellation signal is injected into the first controlled oscillator to cancel the second crosstalk signal.

(31) It should be emphasized that the crosstalk reduction technique proposed in this disclosure not only can cancel the crosstalk between two controlled oscillators (of e.g., PLLs), but also can be, in general, applied to more general cases where crosstalk between more than two controlled oscillators needs reduction. However, for ease of understanding, the detailed description herein is mainly focused on the examples involving two controlled oscillators.

(32) Referring to FIG. 7, the crosstalk reduction arrangement presented in this disclosure, such as the single-loop arrangements 10, 30 and the twin-loop arrangement 50 described above, and particularly the active leakage cancellation circuit ALC used therein, may further comprise one or more of a variable phase shift circuit (VPS), indicated as 62 in FIG. 7, a variable gain amplifier (VGA) 64, an output buffer 66, and a coupler 68. The ALC can have either a pair of differential outputs or a single-ended output, and the differential version is illustrated in FIG. 7, where the control signal comprises polar phase control information and gain control information. For example, the VPS 62 may be implemented with a switched variable RC delay unit using multiphase clocks.

(33) An alternative to the exemplary active leakage cancellation circuit 60 of FIG. 7 is shown in FIG. 8, which is based on a vector modulator using Cartesian control signals corresponding to the phase and gain components as showed in FIG. 8.

(34) With respect to the exemplary active leakage cancellation circuits 60 and 70 of FIGS. 7 and 8, the input differential signals Vinp and Vinn may be coupled from a first VCO output either directly or indirectly. Further, in twin-loop implementations, the output differential signals Voutp and Voutn may be coupled to a second VCO output, either directly or indirectly. Further, in VPS 62, the output phase of the differential signals may be adjusted, and in VGA 64, 72 and 74 the output amplitude of the differential signals can be adjusted, by setting the phase and gain vector control signal. The buffer stage 66, 76 can isolate the VGA output from the second VCO output, to, among others, prevent backward propagation. The buffer stage 66, 76 may be arranged within the VGA 64, 72 and 74.

(35) The coupler 68, 78 can be implemented in different ways. As two examples, couplers based on inductive coupling and capacitive coupling are illustrated in FIGS. 9 (a) and (b), respectively. Further, as shown in FIG. 9, twisted differential transmission lines may be used to drive the wire pair between two controlled oscillators to reduce unwanted radiation. Shielding methods may be further employed to prevent the unwanted radiation of the twisted differential transmission lines.

(36) A first exemplary crosstalk detector 80 is shown in FIG. 10. This detector is based on self-mixing, where the crosstalk between two PLLs, represented as the i.sup.th PLL and the k.sup.th PLL, is concerned. As shown in FIG. 10, to detect the crosstalk at the i.sup.th controlled oscillator, such as VCO; which generates clock frequency f.sub.Loi, two mixer stages may be employed. The first mixer stage comprises mixer mixLoi, driven respectively by the clock signal cos(.sub.Loit), here .sub.Loi=2 f.sub.Loi, and the input signal, S1(t)=cos(.sub.Loit), may be the same clock signal from the VCOi.

(37) In an alternative case (also shown in FIG. 10), a limiter, indicated as Limit in the figure, may be inserted in the front of the mixer, which can limit the fundamental clock amplitude and enlarge the crosstalk signal. The outputs of the quadrature mixers are added together with a complex adder. The crosstalk signal is down-converted to a difference frequency f.sub.ik=f.sub.Loif.sub.Lok that is the difference frequency between the i.sup.th VCO and the k.sup.th VCO.

(38) The self-mixing scheme can be expressed in the following formula:

(39) $S1\left(t\right).Math.S1\left(t\right)={\left(C_i\cos \left(\right)+L_k\cos \left(\right)\right)}^2=0.5[C_i^2\left(1+\cos \left(2\right)\right)+L_k^2\left(1+\cos \left(2\right)\right)+2C_i{L}_k(\cos \left(-\right)+2C_i{L}_k\left(\cos \left(+\right)\right]=0.5\left(C_i^2+L_k^2\right)+C_i{L}_k(\cos \left(-\right)+0.5(C_i^2\cos \left(2\right)+L_k^2\cos \left(2\right)+2C_i{L}_k\left(\cos \left(+\right)\right)\mathrm{Here}=2f_{\mathrm{LO}1}+{}_1,\mathrm{and}=2f_{\mathrm{LO}2}+{}_2$

(40) After BPF filtering, the DC components and/or one or more undesired mixing products such as integer times of the frequency difference between COs, are removed, so basically only the term C.sub.iL.sub.k cos() is left at the output of the first mixer stage.

(41) Reference is now made to FIG. 11, which shows several spectra associated with the crosstalk detection technique introduced above. Assume that VCOi has an output clock signal comprising crosstalk interference shown in FIG. 11 (a). In practice, as the mixer is non-ideal multiplier, it creates an output m1(t) having spectrum shown in FIG. 11 (b). At the output of the band pass filter BPF, the DC component is removed, preferably completely, and other inter-modulation tones may also be suppressed effectively. The filtered version of m1(t) is fed to the amplifier Ampd operating at a difference frequency. In practice, the BPF may be implemented as a combination of a high pass filter and a low pass filter. The function of the high pass filter is to remove the DC component created by the clock signal mixing. The low pass filter is to reduce the undesired mixing products and inter-modulation products. The spectrum of the amplified signal a1(t) is shown in FIG. 11 (c).

(42) In the second mixer stage, the local clock signals are created by mixers mixLoik and mixLoqk where the clock signals from both VCOi and VCOk are mixed to create the difference frequency f.sub.ik. After a low pass filter LPF which removes, among others, some higher order products, a clean difference frequency clock Lod(t) with spectrum shown in FIG. 11 (d) is created. Through the difference frequency quadrature clock generator DFQC, quadrature clocks sin(t) and cos(t) are created which are used as LO signals to drive the second mixer stage. After the second mixer stage, the crosstalk signal is down-converted into DC signal m2(t), shown in FIG. 11 (e). Through the low pass filter LPFb and the baseband amplifier Ampb both operating at baseband frequency, the crosstalk signal is filtered and enlarged at DC frequency. Then an ADC may be employed which converts the analog crosstalk signal into a signal, or an error signal, of the digital form.

(43) If the difference frequency generation shown in FIG. 11 can be considered as VCOi mix VCOk, there may be another way to generate the difference frequency by using VCOk mix VCOi, for example, by swapping the signals used at the mixer input and clock input nodes.

(44) The requirement for the band pass filter is not stringent, as any two signals of undesired mixing products/inter-modulation products may create a crosstalk component by further mixing if the two signals have a frequency of f.sub.ik. As the further mixing of the higher order inter-modulation products shown in FIG. 11 (b) will also contribute to DC component, proportional to the crosstalk as well, the band pass filter BPF shown in FIG. 10 may be replaced by a high pass filter HPF, making it easy in actual implementation.

(45) The amplifier Ampd may employ several stages, such as cascaded stages, to provide enough gain for the accurate detection about the crosstalk, and it is operating at the difference frequency, so AC coupling can be used for the connections between the stages, solving the difficult DC shift issues normally associated with a high gain amplifier.

(46) The amplifier Ampb is operating at DC condition, the DC offset can be an issue. However, it can be solved by using chopping technique that modulates the flicker noise to higher frequency. One of the chopping switches can be placed at output of amplifier Ampb, and the other can be inserted at any node of the crosstalk detection path, such as m1(t), a1(t) and m2(t). The impact of the flicker noise in Ampb may also be reduced by increasing the gain in amplifier Ampd.

(47) As the crosstalk signal is finally down-converted into a DC signal, only the amplitude of it is interesting. As an alternative, amplitude, envelope, power, or peak detection methods can be used in crosstalk detection. For example, a rectifier may be inserted before the LPFb, and the second mixer stage and the difference frequency clock generator may be removed, as shown in FIG. 12. This crosstalk detector based on peak detection or a rectifier is simpler than that of FIG. 10 where two mixer stages are employed. On the other hand as a normal rectifier needs a large amplitude at its input to operate at nonlinear region, the amplifier Ampd should provide more gain than the crosstalk detector or circuit shown in FIG. 10.

(48) In some applications, there may be two PLLs placed within a very small separation distance yet requiring a very low level of crosstalk between them (after reduction). As a consequence, the crosstalk detector may have a large dynamic range to cope with the initial level of detected crosstalk as well as the target level. In particular the amplifier Ampd should be kept out of saturation so as to ensure a correct error gradient to the controller. In this case, a variable gain amplifier may be required for Ampd so the gain setting is low at the of beginning of the calibration. As the calibration progresses the residual error becomes small, thus higher gain is required for the amplifier Ampd.

(49) Because the residual signal is finally down-converted to a DC signal, the design of low pass filter LPF can be easy. For example, a first order RC filter may be sufficient to remove the difference frequency component and at least some of its undesired mixing products. However, the bandwidth of the LPF will impact the setup time due to the fact that the product fc.Math.ts is a constant, where fc is the bandwidth and is is the setup time. For the first order LPF, the product is 0.35, reducing the bandwidth of the LPF may reduce the noise impact and increase the sensitivity of the detection.

(50) However, on the other hand, it increases setup time for the residual signal and slows down the calibration speed. Therefore, a variable bandwidth may be preferable for the crosstalk detector. During the beginning of a calibration, a wider bandwidth of LPF may be employed, and the bandwidth will reduce as the calibration progresses.

(51) This also implies that the sampling frequency of the clock used in the ADC can be changed by the controller.

(52) As the residual error signal is a DC signal, in a calibration procedure, the criteria of minimizing the error can be employed to reduce the crosstalk between the PLLs.

(53) A further exemplary crosstalk detector is illustrated in FIG. 13 where the first mixer stage includes a quadrature mixer that may work with a VCO signal S1(t)=ck(.sub.Loit) having a fixed unknown relationship with the quadrature clock signals.

(54) Another variation of FIG. 10 can be seen in FIG. 14, where the adder after the second mixer stage is replaced with a multiplexer MUX controlled by signal sw. With this variation, the low pass filter LPF, the amplifier Ampb, and the analog-to-digital converter ADC are shared by the two quadrature output signals m2i(t) and m2q(t) from the quadrature mixer mixdi and mixdq. As such, the quadrature outputs can be obtained which comprise both phase and amplitude information which can be provided to the controller, and the controller will speed up the calibration procedure effectively.

(55) The controller can be implemented in many ways. One way is utilizing the general processor that already exists in a modern wireless communication device. Another way is to have a digital hardware comprising a finite state machine or logic and storage units performing a routine work of calibration.

(56) For multiple PLL applications, the calibration can be done between all possible pairs. Assume there are m PLLs, then the calibrated pairs are:
Calibration(i,k), for {all i,k[l,m],ik}

(57) Of course, for two PLLs having an enough separation distance or difference frequency, the calibration in this pair for reducing the crosstalk can be skipped, also depending on the radio standards.

(58) After calibration, the residual error becomes small, and the normalized residual error can be approximated as

(59) $\mathrm{error}\left(i,k\right)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{A_{\mathrm{ik}}^2+{}_{\mathrm{ik}}^2}},$
where Ai.sub.k is the normalized residual amplitude error and i.sub.k is the residual phase error, respectively. It also gives the attenuation that one can expect by using this technique. To reach good calibration result, a good accuracy is required for both the active leakage cancellation circuit and the crosstalk detector.

(60) On the other hand, linearity of both the phase and the amplitude in the active leakage cancellation circuit versus the control signal is not required, a monotone relation will suffice, and thus becomes feasible for implementation. For example, the active leakage cancellation circuit may be implemented using a combination of a coarse control and a fine control.

(61) As for robustness, the leakage to be cancelled can be assumed to be very stable as it largely depends on the geometry of the physical circuit structure. Additionally, the propagation delays of the parasitic coupling and the active leakage cancellation have the same direction, resulting in a common mode effect. This helps to reach a good accuracy. 40-60 dB attenuation can be expected from this cancellation method.

(62) The power consumption introduced by the active leakage cancellation is very small because the leakage power is low and because the control loop can operate intermittently.

(63) The crosstalk reduction technique presented herein exhibits various advantages. Firstly, the technique accommodates more challenging transceiver requirements, such as the ones defined in certain radio communication standards suggesting flexible carrier aggregation support, which requires a plurality of PLLs or COs on a same chip (or die). Secondly, according to the technique, the accuracy of the cancellation is based on crosstalk detection. As the error signal may be converted into a DC signal, the accuracy of the cancellation can achieve a high level. Thirdly, as the crosstalk has limited power, the cancellation circuitry can be designed in a low power style, and it may not need to operate continuously. Further, the crosstalk cancellation technique presented herein can achieve significant chip area reduction compared to transceiver designs based on PLL separation (physical separation of PLLs) only. Moreover, the crosstalk cancellation technique presented herein allows for more flexible floor-planning in transceiver design. Last but not least, the crosstalk cancellation technique presented herein incurs virtually no Q reduction penalty.

(64) Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the crosstalk reduction technique explained herein may be implemented using hardware circuitry, software, or a combination thereof. The software may be operable in conjunction with a programmed microprocessor or a general purpose computer, using an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) and/or Digital Signal Processor (DSPs). It will also be apparent that when the crosstalk reduction technique is described as a method, it may also be embodied in a computer processor and a memory coupled to the processor, wherein the memory is encoded with one or more programs that perform the method when executed by the processor.

(65) While the crosstalk reduction technique has been described with reference to the above embodiments, it is to be understood that the description is for illustration purposes only. Accordingly, it is intended that the invention be limited only by the scope of the claims appended hereto.