Processes for recovering sand and active clay from foundry waste

Abstract

A process of recovering clean sand and active clay from sand or dust from a foundry is disclosed.

Claims

1. A method of reclaiming clean sand and active clay from foundry waste comprising: providing dust and sand from a molding process in a foundry, wherein the dust and sand comprise clay, the clay comprising active clay and dead clay; rinsing a slurry comprising the dust and sand to remove clay from the sand and dust, wherein the rinsing comprises rinsing the slurry at least one time, wherein the clay is separated as a first clay slurry; removing additional clay from the rinsed slurry by shaking the rinsed slurry on a shaker table, wherein the additional clay is separated as a second clay slurry, wherein a clean sand slurry is removed from an end of the shaker table; allowing the dead clay to separate as solids from the first and the second clay slurries to form an active clay slurry; recycling the active clay slurry to a muller in the foundry; and recycling clean sand from the clean sand slurry to the foundry.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the slurry is formed in a slurry tank, and optionally, at least a portion of the active clay slurry is recycled to the slurry tank.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the slurry is 10 to 60 wt % solids.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the rinsing comprises rinsing the slurry only one time, or the rinsing comprises rinsing the slurry 2 to 5 times.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the rinsing and shaking are performed in a rinser/shaker unit.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one rinse is performed with fresh water, and/or at least one rinse is performed with the active clay slurry recycled to the rinsing.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein the first and second clay slurries are fed to a flotation/settling tank to allow the dead clay to settle as solids.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein the clean sand slurry is fed to a sand drier which removes water to form the clean sand for recycling to the foundry, and optionally, the clean sand is fed to core forming in a foundry without mechanical reclamation.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein the clean sand is fed to a mechanical reclamation unit and then fed to core forming in the foundry.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein a concentration of clay in the clean sand is 1-3%.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 depicts an exemplary foundry process for casting of metal parts.

(2) FIG. 2 depicts an exemplary shake out material process of FIG. 1.

(3) FIG. 3 depicts an exemplary shake out material process of FIG. 1.

(4) FIG. 4 depicts an exemplary reclamation process of the present invention.

(5) FIG. 5 depicts an exemplary reclamation process of the present invention.

(6) FIG. 6 depicts an exemplary reclamation process of the present invention.

(7) FIG. 7 depicts an exemplary reclamation process of the present invention.

(8) FIG. 8 depicts visual results of an evaluation of rinser/shaker tests on a Plant A sand stream with no pre-slurry.

(9) FIG. 9 depicts visual results of an evaluation of rinser/shaker tests on a Plant A sand stream using a pre-slurry.

(10) FIG. 10 depicts visual results of an evaluation of rinser/shaker tests on a Plant A dust stream with no pre-slurry.

(11) FIG. 11 depicts visual results of an evaluation of rinser/shaker tests on a Plant A dust stream using a pre-slurry.

(12) FIG. 12 illustrates bonding of sand particles with active and dead bentonite clay particles.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

(13) The present invention includes processes for reclamation of sand and active clay from molding waste for use as raw materials for the foundry process.

(14) During the casting step of a metal casting process, the mold material near the surface in contact with molten metal is exposed to high temperatures that thermally damages the sand and clay in this surface region. Sand is fractured and clay coating the sand is damaged to the extent it is dead or inactive and is thus rendered unusable for foundry processing. The dead clay refers to clay that is irreversibly dehydrated by thermal processing. As indicated above, a portion of the mold material after shake out is recycled to the muller. One hundred percent recycle of shake out material is not possible because the thermal damaged material would accumulate with time which would result in low quality or unusable molds.

(15) Typically about 95% of the mold material is recycled to the muller. The approximately 5% of the mold material that is not recycled includes, in addition to damaged material, undamaged or otherwise usable active clay and sand. The active and dead clay are coated on the surface of the sand. The non-recycled material may be sent for waste disposal, used for some other beneficial purpose, and/or sent to a mechanical and thermal reclamation unit to recover sand which can be recycled to the core forming process. The mechanical and thermal reclamation process, however, destroys the clay.

(16) A wide variety of thermal and mechanical reclamation systems are available for recovering sand. Examples include Simpson Technologies and Tinker-Omega. Many systems use a thermal decomposition followed by a mechanical scrubbing circuit or a mechanical/thermal/mechanical circuit. Emerging technologies use microwave technology. Sand reclamation may be more efficient with natural gas fueled drying and round grain sand morphology and less efficient with electrical driven drying and lake or angular sand.

(17) A typical or conventional mechanical sand reclamation process may involve three stages: a first mechanical stage, a second thermal stage, and a third mechanical stage. The first stage may involve a mechanical scrubbing operation that blows ceramic beads to scrub clay and carbon from the sand particles. The second thermal stage may subject the scrubbed sand to high temperatures (e.g., about 600 deg C.) that thermally destroys the clay. The third mechanical stage removes the resulting dust from the sand.

(18) As used herein with respect to the processes disclosed, the term mechanical reclamation may refer (e.g., Mechanical Reclamation in FIG. 1) generally to a sand reclamation process including, but not limited to mechanical processing, thermal processing, or both.

(19) It is desirable to separate clay from sand in bag house and greensand systems, carbonaceous material from sand, and active clay from dead clay. Commercial systems include homegrown blackwater systems and Sonoperoxone Blackwater Systems from Furness-Newburge. There are several research and development programs including Renotek, IMERYS, and others.

(20) Some blackwater systems are successful, while others have had disastrous results with significant increases in scrap, defects, and maintenance costs. Only a handful of aqueous slurry bentonite reclamation systems are in operation and many units have been shut down.

(21) There are a number of advantages of the present invention over commercial systems, which include, but are not limited to the following. Compared to commercial systems, the present invention does not use hydrogen peroxide or sonication and does not inject certain other chemicals. Additionally, commercial systems have high maintenance needs and the present invention has a reduced number of pumps and moving parts. Additionally, unlike commercial systems, the present embodiments are designed to account for the different chemical-physical properties of the clays. The commercial systems work best on a single type of clay, while the present invention may be designed for dual types of clays.

(22) Embodiments of the present invention include processing the mold material or sand from the shake out process that is not recycled to separate the sand from clay without damage to the clay or otherwise maintaining the quality of the active clay so that it may be reused in a muller. During the processing, a slurry is formed from the sand and subsequent separation processes are performed in the form of a slurry. The slurry may be aqueous. Sand that is recovered may be recycled to the mechanical reclamation process in a foundry and fed to core forming. Alternatively, the recovered sand may be fed directly to core forming.

(23) Clay slurry separated from the sand is subjected to processing in which the active clay is separated from the dead clay. The active clay slurry may then be recycled to the muller. Additionally, bag house dust may also be processing as described in the form of a slurry to separate active clay from the dust which can then be recycled to the muller.

(24) The embodiments of the present invention have a number of advantages or benefits related to cost reduction, casting performance, mulling improvement, and energy reduction. Cost reduction may be achieved through recycling and purchase of less sand, recycling and purchase of less bentonite, recycling and purchase of less carbonaceous material, reduced emissions, less sand and clay material going to landfill or beneficial reuse, and recovery and recycling of metallic components in a waste stream. Cost is additionally reduced by reduced mulling energy due to the fact that the recovered active clay (minor portion of total clay used in muller) is in the form of a slurry (blackwater), and thus, is already hydrated. Cost is further reduced by reduced water usage in the muller (about the same total water usage overall) since the blackwater containing active clay is used as input to the muller and sand cooling systems.

(25) The embodiments either improve casting performance or have no detrimental effect on casting finish. This may be due to the high quality of the recovered sand and active clay from the inventive processes. The embodiments Increase casting throughput due to reduction of mulling time and reduced casting surface defects.

(26) As demonstrated by embodiments disclosed herein, mulling is improved in several ways including increased throughput due to prehydration of the portion of clay component. The mulling also has reduced energy consumption, lower viscosity of clay bond and easier mulling, and improved workability of clay and molding sand.

(27) FIG. 1 depicts an exemplary foundry process for casting of metal parts. Sand output streams from shake out and dust output streams from this process may be used as input to reclamation processes of the present invention such as the exemplary processes shown in FIGS. 4-7. The reclaimed sand from these processes of FIGS. 4-7 may be used as input to the exemplary foundry process of FIG. 1, for example, to mechanical reclamation and then to core forming or directly to core forming. Reclaimed active clay, in the form of a blackwater stream from the processes of FIGS. 4-7 may be used as input to the exemplary foundry process of FIG. 1 in the muller. The feed to the Mechanical Reclamation is preferably less than 1% moisture, or more narrowly, 0.001 to 1% or 0.01 to 1% moisture. Therefore, this may make it preferable for or may necessitate installation of additional evaporator(s) or dryer(s).

(28) As shown in FIG. 1, new sand and bonding material as stream 1 are mixed and fed to a core forming process as stream 1a. A resin in stream 2 is fed separately into the core forming process. A core is then formed from the new sand, bonding material, and resin.

(29) New sand and bonding material as stream 3 are mixed with a bentonite clay blend which is typically a blend of active bentonite clay and additives including organics and carbon. An exemplary bentonite clay blend is Additrol from AMCOL International Corporation of Hoffman Estates, Ill. Additrol includes VOLCLAY Natural Sodium Bentonite, activated Sodium Bentonite, blended Volclay and activated sodium bentonite, seacoal, Flo-Carb, and starch.

(30) The sand and clay mixture is fed via stream 4 along with additional new sand from stream 5 to the muller to produce green sand molds. The green sand mold is made by press forming sand that is coated by a mixture of bentonite and additives. Fresh water from input stream 6 is fed to the muller which hydrates the bonding material and causes the grains of sand to adhere to one another which maintains the shape of the mold.

(31) In the molding, casting, and shake out step, the core is inserted into the green sand mold and molten metal is poured into the green sand mold to produce a casting. After the molten metal solidifies, the casting undergoes a shake out. Shake out refers to breaking apart of the green sand mold and the core into small particles or clumps. During shake out, the particles of the core flow out of the solidified casting and become commingled with the particles from the green sand mold. During the casting process, a portion of the core and mold materials, including sand and clay, are thermally damaged and are rendered unusable.

(32) The molding waste from the shake out is fed to optional further processing as stream 7 prior to being sent to recycle to muller, to waste disposal, to beneficial use, or to mechanical reclamation. The optional further processing may include, for example, cooling, breaking up the material, and separating out large chunks or particles. Exemplary shake out processes are shown in FIGS. 2 and 3.

(33) A portion of shake out material or sand is recycled to the muller as stream 9. As indicated, this is typically about 95% of stream 7. The sand not recycled which is stream 10a may be sent to beneficial use. Optionally, a portion of stream 10a may be fed as stream 10b to a conventional Mechanical Reclamation process to reclaim sand from clay and recycled as stream 8 to core forming. Waste from the mechanical reclamation which includes destroyed clay is fed as stream 10c to beneficial use.

(34) Finally, dust and fines (bag house dust) is collected as stream 10. The sand in stream 10a may have low total and low active clay, typical 3-7%. The bag house dust of stream 10 may have 37-67% total clay. In each case, the active clay may be less than 30-50% of the total clay.

(35) FIG. 2 depicts an exemplary shake out material process of FIG. 1. Stream 7 from shake out is fed to separation unit where it is cooled and separated by screening to a stream 11 and a stream 12. The stream 11 is fed to a hammer mill which crushes the material into smaller pieces. The output from the hammer mill, stream 13, is fed to a waste tank. The stream 12 is fed into a magnetic separator which separates the stream to a stream 9 which is recycled as shown to the muller as a dry feed as shown in FIG. 1 and a stream 14 which is sent the waste tank. The material in the waste tank, stream 10a, is directed as shown in FIG. 1.

(36) FIG. 3 depicts an exemplary shake out material process of FIG. 1. Stream 7 from shake out is fed to a magnetic separator to produce a stream 15. Stream 15 is fed to cooling and separating by vibratory screening into a stream 17 and a stream 16. The stream 16 is fed into a sand silo which further separates the stream into a stream 9 which is recycled to the muller, as shown in FIG. 1, and a stream 18 which is sent to the waste tank. Stream 17 is also sent to a waste tank. The material in the waste tank, stream 10a, is directed as shown in FIG. 1.

(37) Embodiments of the present invention include reclamation processes comprising processing sand from the shake out process that is not recycled in conventional processes. The processing includes separating clay from the sand without thermal damage to the clay. The processing further includes separating clay from bag house dust from the foundry that is not recycled in conventional processes. The sand and/or dust fed into the processing have clay and carbon on the surface of dust and sand particles. The composition of clay of the dry feed may be 3 to 70%, 5 to 50%, 5 to 30%, 5 to 20%, 5 to 15%, or 5 to 10%.

(38) The processing includes forming a slurry from the sand and/or dust and the separation of the clay form the sand/or dust is performed on the slurry. Sand may then be recovered from the slurry and recycled to the mechanical reclamation process and fed to core forming. Alternatively, the recovered sand may be fed directly to core forming. The clay separated from the sand and/or dust may be processed to separate active clay from the dead clay and active clay can be recycled to the muller.

(39) The Potential Intercept in FIG. 1 indicates the point in the process where inventive reclamation processes may be integrated with the foundry process. The sand of stream 10a may be drawn off from the process at the Potential Intercept and fed into an inventive reclamation process. Dust from stream 10 may be drawn off and fed into the reclamation process. The dust, sand, or both are fed into the inventive reclamation process where a slurry is formed from the streams. In the reclamation processes, clay is separated from the input streams, without damage to the clay, to form clean sand and clay slurry streams.

(40) The clean sand slurry stream may then be dried and fed back into the process of FIG. 1 at the Potential intercept and fed into Mechanical Reclamation and recycled as stream 8 or alternatively recycled directly as stream 8 without Mechanical Reclamation.

(41) The dead, useable clay is separated as solids from the clay slurry stream to produce a clay slurry stream containing active clay in colloidal suspension. This clay slurry stream is referred to as blackwater. This blackwater stream may be recycled into the process of FIG. 1 into the muller. The blackwater stream may supplement or replace the fresh water stream 6 in FIG. 1.

(42) FIG. 4 depicts an exemplary reclamation process of the present invention. The exemplary process includes a slurry tank, rinser/shaker unit, a settling tank, and a sand drier. A dry feed as stream 1 is fed into the slurry tank. The dry feed may be sand from stream 10a in FIG. 1, dust from stream 10 in FIG. 1, or both. Blackwater from the settling tank or blackwater and fresh water are fed into the slurry tank as stream 2. The water/blackwater and dry feed are mixed in the slurry tank. The slurry formed may have a solids concentration of 30 wt % or less, for example 5 to 30 wt %, 10 to 30 wt %, and 20 to 30 wt %. If the solids concentration is too high, a high viscosity slurry may result in making the slurry difficult to process. If the solids concentration is very low, e.g., less than 5 wt % or 1 wt %, the separation processing downstream is more difficult due to the high volume of slurry that must be processed.

(43) The slurry exits the slurry tank as stream 3 into a rinser/shaker unit. The rinser/shaker has a rinser section and a shaker table with a mesh or screen platform. The rinser includes nozzles that can spray fresh water or blackwater. The spray from the nozzles removes clay and carbon from the surface of sand in the slurry. The clay and carbon separate as a slurry in stream 5 from the sand by flowing through the mesh into the settling tank. The slurry in the rinser may be rinsed at least one or one or more times with each rinse corresponding to one or more sets of nozzles, for example, 1 to 5 rinses, 2 to 5 rinses, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or more than 5 rinses. A rinse corresponds to spraying on water via a nozzle(s) to remove the clay component from the sand surface. Each rinse removes more clay and carbon from the sand which flows to the settling tank. After the rinse(s), the slurry flows to a shaker table which shakes or vibrates the slurry to remove more clay and carbon which flows through the mesh to the settling tank.

(44) The slurry moves across the shaker table as the shaker table vibrates. When the slurry reaches the end of the shaker table, it is taken off as stream 4. Clay concentration in the sand in stream 4 may be less than 5%, less than 4%, less than 3%, less than 2%, less 1%, 0.5 to 2%, 1-2%, 1-3%, or 1-4%. Clay concentrations are based on the amount of clay compared to the amount of sand not including water. The concentration of clay corresponds to the amount left on the surface of the sand. Stream 4 may be fed to a sand drier which removes water to produce a clean sand stream 7 which may then be fed to Mechanical Reclamation or fed directly to core forming in FIG. 1.

(45) The inventors have found (Table 10) that the clean sand of stream 7 of FIG. 4 may be the same or better quality as the sand stream 8 in FIG. 1 from Mechanical Reclamation. This may allow the foundry to lower temperatures of the thermal reclamation step of Mechanical Reclamation in order to reduce the pH increase associated with thermal treatment which may provide operational and resin binding savings.

(46) The dead clay is separated from the active clay in the settling tank by settling out as solids in the tank. The active clay remains in a colloidal suspension. This colloidal solution of active clay is referred to as blackwater. The blackwater may be fed to the slurry tank as stream 2 and/or fed to the foundry at the muller as stream 6.

(47) Referring to FIG. 4, in alternative embodiments, the dry feed can be fed directly to the rinser/shaker unit where it is hydrated for the first time by the rinser. Feeding the rinser/shaker with a slurry (pre-slurry) is advantageous since retention time of the sand/dust is increased since the sand/dust is already hydrated before rinsing. The inventors have shown use of the pre-slurry as feed to the rinser/shaker results in more efficient removal of clay from the sand/dust in the rinser. Specifically, the amount of clay removed with each rinse is significantly higher with pre-slurry compared to no pre-slurry. (Tables 6 and 8)

(48) Various additional embodiments are possible that employ separation using a slurry in a rinser/shaker and a settling tank as described above. FIGS. 5-7 depict examples of such additional embodiments.

(49) FIG. 5 depicts an exemplary reclamation process of the present invention. The exemplary process includes a slurry tank, two rinser/shaker units, and a settling tank. A dry feed as stream 1 is fed into the slurry tank. The dry feed may be sand from stream 10a in FIG. 1, dust from stream 10 in FIG. 1, or both. Stream 1 is fed to a slurry tank along with water or water/blackwater to form a slurry.

(50) The slurry from the slurry tank as stream 4 is pumped by a slurry pump to a two stage rinser/shaker process including two rinser/shaker units to separate clay from sand in the slurry stream 4. Alternatively, the process could include more than two stages.

(51) Clay and carbon as stream 5 are separated in the first stage rinser/shaker unit from the sand in stream 4. Stream 5 is directed to the settling tank. Fresh water or water/blackwater may be used in the rinser of the first stage rinser/shaker unit. A slurry exits the shaker table of the first stage as stream 6 with sand including residual clay and carbon and is fed into the second stage rinser/shaker unit. Clay and carbon as stream 8 are separated in the second stage rinser/shaker unit from the sand in stream 6. Stream 8 is directed to the settling tank. Stream 7 that exits the shaker table of the second stage rinser/shaker unit may be fed to a sand drier which removes water to produce a clean sand stream which may then be fed to Mechanical Reclamation in FIG. 1 or fed directly to core forming in FIG. 1.

(52) Streams 8 and 5 from the rinser/shaker units of FIG. 5 are fed into the flotation/settling tank and dead clay settles as solids and is removed as stream 10. The slurry stream 11 that includes active clay and carbon is recirculated by a flotation pump into the flotation/settling tank to allow further separation of solids. A water stream 12 from the slurry stream 11 may be fed to the foundry. Blackwater as stream 13 may be used as feed to the muller of the foundry as stream 6 in FIG. 1 and/or the slurry tank of FIG. 5.

(53) FIG. 6 depicts an exemplary reclamation process of the present invention. The exemplary process employs a slurry to recover active clay. In this process, however, the slurry includes primarily or only dust and little or no sand. The dust feed to the slurry separation process is bag house dust stream 10 in FIG. 1 from the foundry, dust from the mechanical reclamation, such as from that shown in FIG. 1, or both. The sand feed to the mechanical reclamation unit of FIG. 8 may be stream 10a in FIG. 1. The exemplary process of FIG. 6 includes a mechanical reclamation process, a slurry tank, a rinser/shaker unit, and a settling tank.

(54) A shown in FIG. 6, sand in stream 2 (stream 10a In FIG. 1) from the foundry and optionally dust from the foundry (stream 10 in FIG. 1) are fed into a mechanical reclamation unit to recover clean sand. Water or a combination of water and blackwater are fed into the slurry tank to form the slurry from dust from the mechanical reclamation unit. Dust in stream 7 from the foundry (stream 10 in FIG. 1) is fed directly to the slurry tank to form the slurry. Clean sand as stream 6 exits the mechanical reclamation unit and can be fed to the core forming process in FIG. 1.

(55) The mechanical reclamation unit as shown includes two units for a two stage reclamation of sand. The first stage may be mechanical scrubbing and the second stage may be a thermal process. A stream 4a exits the first stage and is fed to the second stage. Dust as stream 4 exits the first stage and dust as stream 4b exits second stage and are fed to the slurry tank. An oversized material stream 3 exits the first stage and an oversized material stream 5 exits the second stage and both streams are sent to waste disposal.

(56) Slurry from the slurry tank as stream 9 is pumped by a slurry pump to a rinser/shaker separator to separate clay and carbon from the dust in the slurry stream. The slurry stream 9 is optionally fed first to a hydrocyclone unit which removes water along with clay, carbon, and fines from stream 9 as stream 10 from the top of the unit which is fed to the flotation/settling tank. A slurry as stream 10a exits the bottom of the hydrocyclone and flows through the rinser/shaker.

(57) Clay and carbon are separated in the rinser/shaker from the dust as stream 12 which is directed to the settling tank. Stream 11 that exits the shaker table is waste sent to disposal.

(58) Streams 10 and 12 are fed into a flotation/settling tank and dead clay settles as solids and is removed as stream 13. The slurry stream 14 that includes active clay and carbon is recirculated by a flotation pump into the flotation/settling tank. A water stream 16 from the slurry stream may be fed to the foundry. Blackwater as stream 17 may be used in the foundry as stream 6 in FIG. 1 and/or as feed to the slurry tank as stream 8.

(59) FIG. 7 depicts an exemplary reclamation process of the present invention. The exemplary process of FIG. 7 is similar to the embodiment of FIG. 4, however, optional additional processing steps are included. Sand from the foundry is initially optionally fed into a shaker and mill to reduce particle size. An attrition scrubber and classifier may be included between the slurry tank and a rinser/shaker. The attrition scrubber cleans the surface of the sand particles through particle-particle interactions. The classifier separates clay and carbon from the slurry with counter-flow of fluids. A settling tank is included after the rinser/shaker.

(60) Dust in stream 1 of FIG. 7 from the foundry (stream 10 in FIG. 1) and sand in stream 2 of FIG. 7 from the foundry (stream 10a in FIG. 1) are fed into the shaker. A water stream 7 or combined water and blackwater stream is fed into the shaker table to hydrate the sand and dust during shaking. Smaller particles flow through the mesh as the hydrated sand and dust move across the shaker table and is removed as stream 5. The larger particles are taken off the end of the shaker table and recycled as stream 3. Before recycling, stream 3 is fed to a mill to reduce the particle size to produce stream 4 which is fed into the shaker. A dust stream from the foundry (stream 10, FIG. 1) is fed directly into a slurry tank along with stream 5 to form a slurry. A water stream or combined water and blackwater stream 8 is fed into the slurry tank.

(61) Slurry as stream 9 from the slurry tank is pumped by a slurry pump to an attrition scrubber in which clay and carbon are cleaned off the surface of the particles. A slurry stream exits the attrition scrubber as stream 10 and is fed downward through the classifier. A water stream or combined water/blackwater stream 20 is fed through the bottom of the classifier upward through the classifier so that there is counter-flow of the slurry and water/blackwater stream. The classifier separates stream 10 into a stream 12 including clay, carbon, and fines and a stream 11. Stream 12 is pumped to a flotation/settler tank.

(62) Stream 11 is pumped to a rinser/shaker. Clean sand is separated from clay in stream 11 in the rinser/shaker. The slurry stream 11 is optionally fed first to a hydrocyclone unit which removes water along with clay, carbon, and fines from stream 11 as stream 13 from the top of the unit which is fed to the flotation/settling tank. Slurry exits from the bottom of the hydrocyclone as stream 13a and flows through the rinser/shaker.

(63) Additional clay and carbon are separated in the rinser/shaker from the sand as stream 15 which is directed to the settling tank. Stream 14 that exits the shaker table includes clean sand that is fed to the foundry after drying and screening at the Mechanical Reclamation or core forming of FIG. 1.

(64) Dead clay settles as solids in the settling tank and is removed as stream 16 and is sent to waste disposal. The slurry stream 17 that includes active clay and carbon is recirculated by a flotation pump into the flotation/settling tank. A water stream 18 from the slurry stream may be fed to the foundry. Blackwater as stream 19 may be used in the foundry as stream 6 in FIG. 1 and/or the slurry tank of FIG. 7.

(65) The reclaimed sand and clay from embodiments described and illustrated in FIG. 4-7 when used as foundry inputs have no negative impact on casting metrics.

(66) The reclamation processes may be designed to meet all foundry safety and operational, electrical, and mechanical requirements.

(67) The reclamation processes of FIGS. 4-7 may be sized for an output corresponding to the demands of the muller and cooling circuit water demand of the foundry.

(68) Preferably, the reclamation units have zero total discharge, however, there may be residual sand fines and dead clay that will have to be disposed of. The processing units may have a small footprint and may be designed to be skid mounted units. Preferably, there will be zero water discharge achieved by conducting a water mass balance that matches water quantity used to reclaim clay to the water added to mullers or sand coolers. The aqueous blackwater reclamation units may be sized to the muller and sand cooling circuit water demand of the foundry. It may be desirable to have one pound of active bentonite per gallon of water fed back to mullers. The processing units may be designed to fit into an existing plant so there is a need to determine the targeted plant and stream flow rates. The design may minimize operational and maintenance issues.

Examples

(69) The inventors have developed a blackwater technology for reclaiming sand, carbon, and active bentonite components. Numerous laboratory analyses have been conducted on over 100 bag house and system sands to determine % sand, % total clay, % active clay, % metallic, % carbon, and % resin in samples. Pilot plant testing on drum sized samples have been conducted to demonstrate separation of clay from sand, carbon from sand, and active clay from dead clay. Preparation is underway for metal casting studies to understand the impact of recycling blackwater containing active clay back to the muller on muller efficiency, greensand properties, casting performance, and casting finish.

(70) Additional greensand and bag house dust sample analysis may be conducted to understand composition and variability. Mass and cost balances may be conducted to understand economic opportunity. Water balance may be conducted to understand water demand and correlation to blackwater generation.

(71) In the Examples below, Plant A corresponds to FIGS. 1 and 2 which includes the optional Mechanical Reclamation and recycle to core forming and Plant B corresponds to FIGS. 1 and 3 without the optional Mechanical Reclamation and recycle.

(72) Tables 1 to 4 show composition data of sand and dust-based samples that may be used as input to the reclamation processes shown in FIGS. 4-7.

(73) Table 1 shows the composition of Plant A sand-based samples.

(74) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Composition of Plant A Sand Based Samples % Metallic % Total % Active % Dead % % % % Description Content Clay Clay Clay Sand Resin Carbon Total Plant A plow off sand 1.0 11.6 5.8 5.8 83.9 1.3 2.2 100.0 Plant A plow off sand 1.1 13.1 6.7 6.4 81.7 1.4 2.7 100.0 Plant A plow off sand 0.2 12.8 6.2 6.6 83.1 1.3 2.6 100.0 Plant A passed sand after 1st 0.4 5.3 3.2 2.1 92.6 0.7 1.1 100.0 stage mechanical Plant A 1st stage mechanical 1.5 7.1 3.9 3.2 89.2 0.8 1.4 100.0 accepted sand going to thermal Plant A passed sand after 1st 3.0 2.6 1.2 1.4 93.0 0.6 0.8 100.0 stage mechanical Plant A System Sand Plow off 0.7 11.4 6.5 4.9 84.6 1.1 2.3 100.0 Plant A System Sand Plow off 0.7 13.3 8.6 4.7 82.4 1.2 2.4 100.0 Plant A System Sand Plow off 0.5 11.3 7.7 3.6 84.6 1.3 2.3 100.0 Plant A Sand before 1st Stage 0.2 9.6 5.1 4.5 87.0 1.1 2.2 100.0 Mechanical after Mag 1st Stage Mechanical 0.2 2.0 1.7 0.3 96.9 0.3 0.6 100.0 Accepted Sand 1st Stage Mechanical 0.1 3.9 2.9 1.0 94.7 0.6 0.8 100.0 Accepted Sand 1st Stage Mechanical 0.2 6.1 6.5 0.4 91.4 0.9 1.4 100.0 Accepted Sand Finished Reclaim Sand 0.1 0.5 0.2 0.3 99.2 0.03 0.2 100.0 Sand from Plant A 1.4 14.8 8.3 6.5 80.0 1.2 2.6 100.0 Dust from Plant A 17.9 28.3 10.8 17.5 45.3 3.3 5.2 100.0

(75) Table 2 shows the composition of Plant B sand-based samples.

(76) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Composition of Plant B Sand Based Sample % Metallic % Total % Active % Dead % % % % Description Content Clay Clay Clay Sand Resin Carbon Total #1 - hopper #9 3.1 20.4 6.5 13.9 70.8 1.3 4.3 100.0 #2 - hopper #9 3.7 16.8 6.0 10.8 74.1 1.4 4.0 100.0 #3 - 22 belt 12/22 0.4 10.6 6.5 4.1 85.1 1.3 2.7 100.0 #4 - 22 belt 12/22 0.8 10.7 6.9 3.8 84.8 1.1 2.6 100.0 7am #5 - 22 belt 12/22 0.4 10.6 6.5 4.1 85.6 1.2 2.3 100.0 8am #6 - mixer #9 9.7 26.9 8.3 18.6 56.2 1.3 5.9 100.0 12/22 30 Belt #1 0.5 11.0 6.9 4.1 85.0 1.1 2.4 100.0 30 Belt #2 0.7 10.0 6.9 3.1 85.8 1.1 2.4 100.0 30 Belt #3 0.6 10.6 6.9 3.7 85.3 1.1 2.4 100.0 #9 Mixer #1 9.6 5.1 3.8 1.3 83.5 0.5 1.3 100.0 #9 Mixer #1-1 5.5 6.3 3.1 3.2 85.8 0.8 1.6 100.0 #9 Mixer #2 7.9 8.6 3.4 5.2 80.7 0.6 2.2 100.0 #9 Mixer #3-1 8.4 4.6 3.8 0.8 85.4 0.4 1.2 100.0 #9 Mixer #3-2 1.1 8.7 2.9 5.8 88.4 0.5 1.3 100.0 Sand from Plant B 0.5 9.4 6.9 2.5 86.6 1.3 2.1 100.0 Dust from Plant B 6.2 18.1 8.1 10.0 72.6 1.7 1.3 100.0

(77) Table 3 shows the averages of compositions of dust-based samples from different sets of bag houses of a plant. The averages are derived from data in Tables 11-14. Specifically, the average for each column quantity for each set in a column are derived from the sample data in Tables 11-14: set 1 from Table 11, set 2 from Table 12, set 3 from Table 13, and set 4 from Table 14.

(78) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Composition of Plant Dust Based Samples from different sets of Bag houses of a plant - See Tables 11-14 % % % % % AFS Metallic Total Active Dead Description Moisture pH GFN Content Clay Clay Clay VCM % LOI % Carbon % Sand % Average for 2.6 8.8 132.4 6.8 67.5 27.3 40.2 11.5 21.9 16.5 9.3 Set 1 Average for 0.9 9.5 153.0 4.1 38.9 13.5 25.4 7.2 12.6 10.7 46.3 Set 2 Average for 1.6 9.4 129.8 1.1 37.3 18.3 18.9 6.3 16.3 12.8 48.9 Set 3 Average for 1.0 9.5 157.4 1.7 38.0 17.0 21.0 6.4 16.5 13.1 47.2 Set 4 Average 1.5 9.3 143.2 3.4 45.4 19.0 26.4 7.9 16.8 13.3 37.9 STDEV 0.8 0.3 14.1 2.6 14.7 5.8 9.6 2.5 3.8 2.4 19.1 min 0.9 8.8 129.8 1.1 37.3 13.5 18.9 6.3 12.6 10.7 9.3 max 2.6 9.5 157.4 6.8 67.5 27.3 40.2 11.5 21.9 16.5 48.9 coefficient 53.7 3.6 9.8 75.6 32.4 30.7 36.4 31.1 22.6 18.1 50.4 of variation

(79) Table 4 shows composition of dust and sand-based samples from Plants A and B.

(80) TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Composition of dust and sand-based samples from Plants A and B % Metallic % Total % Active % Dead % % % % Description Content Clay Clay Clay Sand Resin Carbon Total Sand from 0.9 14.8 8.3 6.5 80.5 1.2 2.6 100.0 Plant A Dust from 17.9 28.3 10.8 17.5 45.3 3.3 5.2 100.0 Plant A Dust from 2.7 18.1 8.1 10.0 76.2 1.7 1.3 100.0 Plant B Sand from 0.5 9.4 6.9 2.5 86.6 1.3 2.1 100.0 Plant B

(81) Table 5 shows the composition of Plant A samples.

(82) TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Composition of Plant A samples % Metallic % Total % Active % Dead % % % % Description Content Clay Clay Clay Sand Resin Carbon Total Sand from 0.9 14.8 8.3 6.5 80.5 1.2 2.6 100.0 Plant A Dust from 17.9 28.3 10.8 17.5 45.3 3.3 5.2 100.0 Plant B

(83) Tables 6-10 and FIGS. 8-10 show the results of tests of rinser/shaker separation of clay from sand performed with sand and dust based samples shown in the tables above. Tests were performed with and without pre-slurry.

(84) FIG. 8 depicts visual results of an evaluation of rinser/shaker tests on a Plant A sand stream with no pre-slurry. The feed to the rinser/shake table was dry sand feed. Raw sand was used as input to the rinser/shaker and samples were taken from the rinser/shaker and tested after the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth rinse. The raw sand is shown to be relatively fine. As the sand moves through each rinse, the clay and carbon are removed from the surface of the sand and the sand appears to become progressively coarser from the first to the fifth rinse.

(85) FIG. 9 depicts visual results of an evaluation of rinser/shaker tests on a Plant A sand stream using a pre-slurry. The feed to the rinser/shaker table was a slurry of the sand that was 30% solids. As in the no pre-slurry case, as the sand moves through each rinse, the clay and carbon are removed from the surface of the sand and the sand appears to become progressively coarser from the first to the fifth rinse.

(86) Table 6 shows analytical results from shaker table evaluation on Plant A sand stream with and without pre-slurry. A comparison of the Total Clay % from the raw sand to the fifth rinse shows that use of the pre-slurry is more efficient than not using pre-slurry. For example, for no the pre-slurry case the sand stream is 3.2% total clay after the fifth rinse while for the pre-slurry case the sand stream is 0.9% total clay after the fifth rinse, which demonstrates the higher efficiency of clay removal from the sand stream obtained by using the pre-slurry.

(87) TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 Analytical Results from Shaker Table Evaluation on Plant A Sand Stream-with and without pre-slurry % % % % % AFS Metallic Total Active Dead Description Moisture pH GFN Content Clay Clay Clay VCM % LOI % Carbon % Raw Sand No pre-slurry 1.1 9.5 0.7 14.8 7.5 7.3 1.8 3.4 2.2 Sand 1st Rinse 14.7 9.6 0.5 3.2 2.1 1.1 1.3 2.0 1.6 Sand 2nd Rinse 17.3 9.3 0.4 1.1 0.3 0.8 1.1 1.5 1.3 Sand 3rd Rinse 13.9 9.2 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.1 1.1 1.4 1.0 Sand 4th Rinse 14.6 9.0 0.5 0.9 0.2 0.7 1.1 1.5 1.3 Sand 5th Rinse 15.0 9.1 0.5 0.9 0.3 0.6 1.1 1.3 1.0 Sand was pre-slurried in water before processing on Shaker Table (30% Solids) Raw Sand with 1.1 9.5 0.7 14.8 7.5 7.3 1.8 3.4 2.2 preslurry Waste Sand-Slurry - 13.7 9.3 0.6 0.8 0.3 0.5 1.1 1.3 1.0 1st rinse Waste Sand-Slurry - 14.2 9.0 0.7 1.2 0.3 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.4 2st rinse Waste Sand-Slurry - 14.0 8.7 0.8 0.6 0.3 0.3 1.2 1.3 1.2 3rd rinse Waste Sand-Slurry - 15.4 8.7 0.3 1.5 0.3 0.8 1.1 1.2 0.9 4th rinse Waste Sand-Slurry - 14.6 8.6 0.4 3.2 0.3 2.5 1.1 1.3 0.9 5th rinse

(88) Table 7 shows analytical results from blackwater effluent from rinser/shaker table evaluation on Plant A sand stream with pre-slurry.

(89) TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 7 Analytical Results from Blackwater Effluent from Shaker Table Evaluation on Plant A Sand Stream - with pre-slurry % % Active Description Solids Clay VCM % LOI % Carbon % Plant A Waste Sand - 5.1 49.7 11.1 20.6 11.9 Slurry Blackwater sample

(90) FIG. 10 depicts visual results of an evaluation of rinser/shaker tests on a Plant A dust stream with no pre-slurry. The feed to the rinser/shake table was dry dust feed. Raw dust was used as input to the rinser/shaker and samples were taken and tested after the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth rinse. The raw dust is shown to be relatively fine. However, clumps of dust are apparent after the first rinse and the clumps become smaller after the second rinse. These images that show the clumping suggest the removal of clay is not efficient. The clumps become less apparent after the third, fourth, and fifth rinses.

(91) FIG. 11 depicts visual results of an evaluation of rinser/shaker tests on a Plant A dust stream using a pre-slurry. The feed to the rinser/shaker table was a slurry of the dust that was 30% solids. Unlike the no pre-slurry case, there is no clumping and as the dust moves through each rinse, the clay and carbon are removed from the surface of the dust and the dust appears to become progressively coarser from the first to the fifth rinse. The absence of clumping and progressive increase in coarseness suggests the pre-slurry provides a more efficient removal of clay than no slurry.

(92) Table 8 shows analytical results from the rinser/shaker table evaluation on Plant A dust stream with and without pre-slurry. A comparison of the Total Clay % from the raw dust to the fifth rinse shows that use of the pre-slurry confirms that the use of the pre-slurry is significantly more efficient than with no pre-slurry and that the use of a pre-slurry is preferable and likely necessary. For example, for no the pre-slurry case the dust stream is 3.2% total clay after the fifth rinse while for the pre-slurry case the dust stream is 1% total clay after the fifth rinse, which demonstrates the higher efficiency of clay removal from the dust stream obtained by using the pre-slurry.

(93) TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 8 Analytical Results from Shaker Table Evaluation on Plant A Dust Stream-with and without pre-slurry AFS % Metallic % Total % Active % Dead Description % Moisture pH GFN Content Clay Clay Clay VCM % LOI % Carbon % Raw Dust No pre- 1.2 10.1 130.4 43 28.3 10.8 17.5 3.3 4.6 2.6 slurry Waste Dust 1st rinse 20.0 8.9 11.8 17.5 5.1 12.4 1.7 4.9 5.4 Waste Dust 2st rinse 19.1 8.9 16.8 6.2 2.4 3.8 1.0 2.3 4.3 Waste Dust 3rd rinse 20.2 8.7 16.8 2.2 0.7 1.5 0.7 1.0 3.9 Waste Dust 4th rinse 20.4 8.7 17.8 1.5 0.7 0.8 0.7 1.6 4.0 Waste Dust 5th rinse 18.8 8.8 14.3 3.2 0.7 2.5 1.3 3.6 4.6 Sand was pre-slurried in water before processing on Shaker Table (30% Solids) Raw Dust No pre- 1.2 10.1 130.4 43 28.3 10.8 17.5 3.3 4.6 2.6 slurry Waste Dust- Slurry 15.4 8.7 18.2 1.2 0.3 1.2 0.2 1.7 1.1 1st rinse Waste Dust- Slurry 17.6 8.8 14.4 1.1 0.7 1.1 0.7 1.8 3.1 2nd rinse Waste Dust- Slurry 16.1 9.0 15.1 1.1 0.3 1.1 0.4 0.3 2.6 3rd rinse Waste Dust- Slurry 17.1 8.8 10.6 1.1 0.3 1.1 1.1 2.7 3.4 4th rinse Waste Dust- Slurry 17.0 8.9 12.0 1.0 0.3 1.0 0.8 0.9 2.5 5th rinse

(94) Table 9 shows composition of samples from the rinser/shaker table of Plant A waste dust blackwater. Table 9 shows that the Blackwater produced consisted of 13.7% solids/86.3% water and that the solids contained 19.9% active clay and 11.9% carbon. The solids provide a measurement of 8% VCM (Volatile Carboanceous Material) and 16.5% loss on ignition.

(95) TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 9 Composition of Samples from Shaker Table Plant A Waste Dust Blackwater Description % Solids % Active Clay VCM % LOI % Carbon % Blackwater 13.7 19.9 8.5 16.5 11.9 Sample

(96) Table 10 shows analytical results of sand effluent from shaker table evaluation on Plant A sand stream with and without 30% solids pre-slurry. The first three rows show the pH and acid demand values (ADV) of sand In the Plant A process: before first stage Mechanical Reclamation (stream 10b, FIG. 1); after the first stage Mechanical Reclamation; and the reclaimed sand (stream 8, FIG. 1). The last five rows show the pH and ADV of raw sand into the shaker table and after the first and second rinse for both no pre-slurry and with pre-slurry. Since a low value of pH and ADV is preferable, the data shows that the clean sand resulting from the shaker tables is as good as the sand effluent from the Mechanical Reclamation. The use of clean sand from the shaker tables as input to Mechanical Reclamation may allow a lower temperature in the Mechanical Reclamation in order to reduce the pH increase associated with thermal treatment. This may also lead to operational and resin binding savings.

(97) TABLE-US-00010 TABLE 10 Analytical Results of Sand Effluent from Shaker Table Evaluation on Plant A Sand Stream - with and without 30% solids pre-slurry ADV @ ADV @ ADV @ Sample pH pH 3 pH 4 pH 5 LOI Plant A Sand before 10.1 47.0 43.0 37.0 2.8 1st Stage Mechanical reclamation (stream 10b, FIG. 1) After 1.sup.st stage 10.1 36.6 33.0 28.0 2.1 Mechanical Reclamation (FIG. 1) Finished Reclaimed Sand 10.4 11.6 9.7 8.2 0.2 (stream 8, FIG. 1) Analytical Results from Shaker Table Experiments Plant A Raw Sand 9.5 52.6 47.0 41.2 3.4 Plant A Sand - no 9.6 26.1 23.7 20.6 2.0 Slurry 1st Rinse Plant A Sand 2nd Rinse 9.3 26.0 24.3 24.0 1.5 Plant A Waste Sand - 9.3 17.0 15.9 14.3 1.3 Slurry - 1st rinse Plant A Waste Sand - 9.0 14.2 12.8 12.0 1.3 Slurry 2st rinse

(98) Table 11 shows sample data for a set 1 of bag house dust samples from mold cooling lines of a plant used to calculate average composition of dust based samples shown in Table 3.

(99) TABLE-US-00011 TABLE 11 Set 1 bag house dust samples from Mold Cooling Lines of a plant - see Table 3 AFS % Metallic % Total % Active % Dead Description % Moisture pH GFN Content Clay Clay Clay VCM % LOI % Carbon % Sand % Samples 1 3.2 8.6 175.8 5.0 68.8 26.6 42.2 10.1 20.8 16.2 10.0 Samples 2 2.4 8.7 125.2 5.2 76.5 27.4 49.1 13.9 23.6 17.6 0.7 Samples 3 2.4 9.0 131.4 6.2 69.8 26.6 43.2 11.1 21.6 16.0 8.0 Samples 4 2.5 8.8 76.4 6.4 65.1 29.1 36.0 12.0 22.8 16.8 11.7 Samples 5 2.7 8.9 153.2 11.0 57.2 26.6 30.6 10.5 20.6 15.9 15.9 Average 2.6 8.8 132.4 6.8 67.5 27.3 40.2 11.5 21.9 16.5 9.3 Standard Deviation 0.3 0.2 37.1 2.5 7.1 1.1 7.1 1.5 1.3 0.7 5.6 (STDEV) Min 2.4 8.6 76.4 5.0 57.2 26.6 30.6 10.1 20.6 15.9 0.7 Max 3.2 9.0 175.8 11.0 76.5 29.1 49.1 13.9 23.6 17.6 15.9 Coefficient of 12.0 1.8 28.0 36.4 10.5 4.0 17.7 12.9 5.9 4.3 60.4 Variation (CV) Due to high clay carryover when testing for metallic, the metallic were tested on the sample after AFS Clay wash and then expressed as a percentage of the overall sample % Sand is calculated by difference: (% Sand = (100%) (% Total Clay) (% Metallic) (% Carbon)

(100) Table 12 shows sample data for a set 2 of bag house dust samples from return sand belts of a plant used to calculate average composition of dust based samples shown in Table 3.

(101) TABLE-US-00012 TABLE 12 Set 2 baghouse dust samples from return sand belts of a plant - see Table 3 AFS % Metallic % Total % Active % Dead Description % Moisture pH GFN Content Clay Clay Clay VCM % LOI % Carbon % Sand % Samples 1 0.4 9.6 105.7 7.6 18.5 6.0 12.5 5.2 5.2 5.6 68.3 Samples 2 1.1 9.5 169.6 3.4 61.8 15.4 46.4 7.9 14.7 12.0 22.8 Samples 3 1.1 9.5 175.5 3.8 42.5 16.3 26.2 8.4 16.3 13.5 40.2 Samples 4 1.0 9.5 188.6 1.9 48.8 18.0 30.8 8.9 17.2 13.6 35.7 Samples 5 0.7 9.4 125.5 3.9 23.0 12.0 11.0 5.8 9.8 8.9 64.2 Average 0.9 9.5 153.0 4.1 38.9 13.5 25.4 7.2 12.6 10.7 46.3 Standard 0.3 0.1 35.5 2.1 18.1 4.7 14.5 1.6 5.1 3.4 19.4 Deviation (STDEV) Min 0.4 9.4 105.7 1.9 18.5 6.0 11.0 5.2 5.2 5.6 22.8 Max 1.1 9.6 188.6 7.6 61.8 18.0 46.4 8.9 17.2 13.6 68.3 Coefficient 38.6 1.0 23.2 50.7 46.4 35.1 57.3 22.6 40.0 32.1 42.0 of Variation (CV)

(102) Table 13 shows sample data for a set 3 of baghouse dust samples from gate & sprue conveyor, return sand elevator, sand return sand belts of a plant used to calculate average composition of dust based samples shown in shown in see Table 3.

(103) TABLE-US-00013 TABLE 13 Set 3 baghouse dust samples from Gate & Sprue Conveyor, Return Sand Elevator, Sand Return Sand Belts of a plant - see Table 3 AFS % Metallic % Total % Active % Dead Description % Moisture pH GFN Content Clay Clay Clay VCM % LOI % Carbon % Sand % Samples 1 1.8 9.3 150.6 1.4 45.4 19.7 25.7 6.5 15.5 12.1 41.1 Samples 2 1.6 9.4 128.2 0.9 38.1 18.0 20.1 6.0 15.8 11.9 49.1 Samples 3 1.7 9.4 127.2 1.0 36.1 18.0 18.1 6.7 17.8 14.0 48.9 Samples 4 1.1 9.4 114.9 1.2 29.9 16.3 13.6 5.9 14.9 11.9 57.0 Samples 5 1.9 9.6 128.2 0.9 36.8 19.7 17.1 6.6 17.6 14.1 48.2 Average 1.6 9.4 129.8 1.1 37.3 18.3 18.9 6.3 16.3 12.8 48.9 Standard 0.3 0.1 12.9 0.2 5.5 1.4 4.5 0.3 1.3 1.1 5.6 Deviation (STDEV) Min 1.1 9.3 114.9 0.9 29.9 16.3 13.6 5.9 14.9 11.9 41.1 Max 1.9 9.6 150.6 1.4 45.4 19.7 25.7 6.7 17.8 14.1 57.0 Coefficient 18.3 1.1 9.9 19.2 14.9 7.8 23.6 5.4 7.9 8.9 11.6 of Variation (CV)

(104) Table 14 shows a Set 4 sample data for baghouse dust samples from gate & sprue conveyors, mold cooling, return sand belts, mag drum of a plant used to calculate average composition of dust based samples shown in shown in Table 3.

(105) TABLE-US-00014 TABLE 14 Set 4 bag house dust samples from Gate & Sprue Conveyors, Mold Cooling, Return Sand Belts, Mag Drum of a plant - see Table 3 AFS % Metallic % Total % Active % Dead Description % Moisture pH GFN Content Clay Clay Clay VCM % LOI % Carbon % Sand % Samples 1 1.2 9.4 190.2 2.2 47.3 21.4 25.9 7.2 19.8 15.7 34.8 Samples 2 0.4 9.7 83.0 1.6 11.5 11.1 0.4 4.3 4.9 3.8 83.2 Samples 3 0.7 9.5 133.7 1.5 30.7 12.9 17.8 5.9 13.6 10.6 57.2 Samples 4 1.1 9.4 181.7 1.8 47.9 18.0 29.9 7.2 22.3 17.9 32.4 Samples 5 1.5 9.4 198.5 1.4 52.6 21.4 31.2 7.6 21.9 17.3 28.7 Average 1.0 9.5 157.4 1.7 38.0 17.0 21.0 6.4 16.5 13.1 47.2 Standard 0.4 0.1 48.6 0.3 17.0 4.8 12.7 1.4 7.4 5.9 23.0 Deviation (STDEV) Min 0.4 9.4 83.0 1.4 11.5 11.1 0.4 4.3 4.9 3.8 28.7 Max 1.5 9.7 198.5 2.2 52.6 21.4 31.2 7.6 22.3 17.9 83.2 Coefficient 41.3 1.3 30.9 19.3 44.7 28.2 60.2 21.5 44.7 45.5 48.6 of Variation (CV)

(106) With regard to Tables 11-14, Set 1 samples (mold cooling lines) showed the highest amount of active clay and carbon: average active clay % for the 5 day span was 27%; the set also had the highest amount of dead clay as well (40%); this set also has the highest amount of metallic content. The metallic pieces appear slightly different than previously seen metallic content in other samples, i.e., longer more spear-like, which be due to thin runs of metal from pouring.

(107) With regard to Tables 11-14, samples from Set 2 (Return Sand belts), showed the lowest amount of total clay and active clay. The variation in the active clay content was highest for this set, the first sampling showed active clay values of about half of subsequent days.

(108) With regard to Tables 11-14, samples from Set 3 (gate & sprue conveyor, return shake out sand elevator, sand return belts) and Set 4 (gate and sprue conveyors, mold cooling, return sand belts, mag drum) have similar results. In these Sets, the Set 3, Set 4 active clay is not as high as Set 1 (17-18% vs. 27%), but there is also much less dead clay (19-21% vs. 40%).

(109) Table 15 shows the composition of plow-off belt samples of sand (see stream 14 in FIG. 2) taken over about a two month period.

(110) TABLE-US-00015 TABLE 15 Composition of Plow-off Belt Samples (Sand) taken over time AFS % Metallic % Total % Active % Dead Description GFN Content Clay Clay Clay % Sand % Resin % Carbon % Total Sample 1 48.5 1.0 11.6 5.8 5.8 83.9 1.3 2.2 100.0 Sample 2 48.6 1.1 13.1 6.7 6.4 81.7 1.4 2.7 100.0 Sample 3 49.2 0.2 12.8 6.2 6.6 83.1 1.3 2.6 100.0 Sample 4 45.8 0.7 11.4 6.5 4.9 84.6 1.1 2.3 100.0 Sample 5 46.0 0.7 13.3 8.6 4.7 82.4 1.2 2.4 100.0 Sample 6 48.4 0.5 11.3 7.7 3.6 84.6 1.3 2.3 100.0 Sample 7 50.8 1.4 14.8 8.3 6.5 80.0 1.2 2.6 100.0

(111) Table 16 shows a comparison of sand samples of Plant A at various stages before, after, and after first stage of Mechanical Reclamation (MR) of FIG. 1.

(112) TABLE-US-00016 TABLE 16 Comparison of sand samples of Plant A at various stages before, after, and after first stage of Mechanical Reclamation (MR) AFS % Metallic % Total % Active % Dead Description GFN Content Clay Clay Clay % Sand % Resin % Carbon % Total Before Oven 64.0 0.3 5.7 3.5 2.2 92.0 0.9 1.1 100.0 Before 1st MR 56.4 0.2 9.0 5.2 3.8 87.5 1.3 1.9 100.0 Before 1st Stage 50.7 0.2 9.6 5.1 4.5 87.0 1.1 2.2 100.0 MR after Magnetic Separation After 1st MR 59.6 0.3 6.1 3.5 2.6 91.2 1.0 1.4 100.0 After 1st stage 64.4 3.0 2.6 1.2 1.4 93.0 0.6 0.8 100.0 MR 1st Stage MR 58.0 0.2 2.0 1.7 0.3 96.9 0.3 0.6 100.0 Accepted Sand 1st Stage MR 55.5 0.1 3.9 2.9 1.0 94.7 0.6 0.8 100.0 Accepted Sand 1st Stage 53.6 0.2 6.1 4.1 2.0 91.4 0.9 1.4 100.0 Mechanical Accepted Sand

(113) Table 17 shows characterization data of samples of sand and dust effluent from Plants A and B.

(114) TABLE-US-00017 TABLE 17 Characterization Data of samples of sand and dust effluent from Plants A and B AS Received % Metallic AFS AFS Total AFS Active Description Moisture content GFN Clay Clay pH % VCM % LOI % Carbon Sand from 1.2 0.9 50.8 14.8 8.3 9.9 2.1 4.2 2.6 Plant A Dust from 1.2 17.9 130.4 28.3 10.8 10.1 3.3 4.6 5.2 Plant A Dust from 13.1 2.7 56.1 18.1 8.1 9.2 2.9 5.9 1.3 Plant B Sand from 0.9 0.5 48.7 9.4 6.9 9.4 2.1 3.4 2.1 Plant B Dust from Plant A shows significant amount of magnetic fines Dust from Plant B was received wet

(115) Table 18 shows characterization of data of sand and dust samples after AFS clay wash.

(116) TABLE-US-00018 TABLE 18 Characterization Data of sand and dust samples After AFS Clay Wash % AFS AFS Metallic AFS Total Active % % % Description content GFN Clay % Clay % VCM LOI Carbon Sand from 1.1 61.2 <1.0 1.2 1.7 1.6 Plant A Dust from 25.0 118.9 <1.0 3.3 2.9 2.9 Plant A Dust from 3.3 87.3 <1.0 1.7 3.4 2.6 Plant B Sand from 0.6 59.3 <1.0 1.3 1.1 2.3 Plant

(117) Table 19 shows composition of sand and dust samples from Plants A, B, C, and D.

(118) TABLE-US-00019 TABLE 19 Composition of sand and dust samples % % % % % Descrip- Metallic Total Active Dead % % Car- % tion Content Clay Clay Clay Sand Resin bon Total Sand from 0.9 14.8 8.3 6.5 80.5 1.2 2.6 100.0 Plant A Dust from 17.9 28.3 10.8 17.5 45.3 3.3 5.2 100.0 Plant B Dust from 2.7 18.1 8.1 10.0 76.2 1.7 1.3 100.0 Plant C Sand from 0.5 9.4 6.9 2.5 86.6 1.3 2.1 100.0 Plant D Note: Resin % values are calculated from VCM % on washed samples

(119) Table 20 shows composition of belt samples (sand) before Mechanical Reclamation taken over time for Plant B.

(120) TABLE-US-00020 TABLE 20 Composition of Belt Samples (Sand) before Mechanical Reclamation taken over time for Plant B AFS % Metallic % Total % Active % Dead Description GFN Content Clay Clay Clay % Sand % Resin % Carbon % Total Belt 1 49.7 0.4 10.6 6.5 4.1 85.1 1.3 2.7 100.0 Belt 2 51.5 0.1 10.7 6.9 3.8 84.7 1.1 2.6 100.0 Belt 3 52.9 0.5 10.6 6.5 4.1 85.5 1.2 2.3 100.0 Belt 4 49.4 0.5 11.0 6.9 4.1 85.0 1.1 2.4 100.0 Belt 5 48.9 0.7 10.0 6.9 3.1 85.8 1.1 2.4 100.0 Belt 6 50.8 0.6 10.6 6.9 3.7 85.3 1.1 2.4 100.0 Belt 7 48.7 0.5 9.4 6.9 2.5 86.6 1.3 2.1 100.0

(121) Table 21 shows composition of samples (Dust) from Plant B over time.

(122) TABLE-US-00021 TABLE 21 Composition of samples (Dust) from Plant B over time AFS % Metallic % Total % Active % Dead Description GFN Content Clay Clay Clay % Sand % Resin % Carbon % Total Mixer 137.5 9.7 26.9 8.3 18.6 56.2 1.3 5.9 100.0 Hopper 111.8 3.1 20.4 6.5 13.9 70.8 1.3 4.3 100.0 Hopper 88.4 3.7 16.8 6.0 10.8 74.1 1.4 4.0 100.0 Mixer 67.7 9.6 5.1 3.8 1.3 83.5 0.5 1.3 100.0 Mixer 74.2 5.5 6.3 3.1 3.2 85.8 0.8 1.6 100.0 Mixer 78.8 7.9 8.6 3.4 5.2 80.7 0.6 2.2 100.0 Mixer 66.0 8.4 4.6 3.8 0.8 85.4 0.4 1.2 100.0 Mixer 65.6 1.1 8.7 2.9 5.8 88.4 0.5 1.3 100.0 Sample 56.1 2.7 18.1 8.1 10.0 76.2 1.7 1.3 100.0

(123) Table 22 shows free swell and cation exchange capacity property subject to calcination.

(124) TABLE-US-00022 TABLE 22 Free Swell and Cation Exchange Capacity Property Subject to Calcination (DC-2 Bentonite Clay) Calcination Temperature Free Swell CEC Material C./ F. mL meq/100 g DC-2 Control 23 100 400/752 28 98 500/932 22 94 600/1112 6 82 700/1292 3 38 Calcination Conditions: 30-minute at the desired Temperature

(125) FIG. 12 illustrates bonding of sand particles with active and dead bentonite clay particles. There is more water sorption and swelling with active clay particles, which results in fewer clay particles between sand particles and higher more binding strength. There is less water sorption and swelling with dead clay particles, which results in more clay particles between sand particles and lower more binding strength.

(126) Table 23 shows cost and mass balances for sand and Additrol for three exemplary plants (e.g., FIG. 1). Streams were sampled and the samples were analyzed. The sand component is both a significantly higher volume and much greater economic value than active clay.

(127) TABLE-US-00023 TABLE 23 shows cost and mass balances for sand and Additrol for three exemplary plants (e.g., FIG. 1). Effluent Effluent Effluent Influent Influent Sand Total Clay Active Clay Sand at Additrol at for Stream for Stream for Stream $50/ton $300/ton of Interest of Interest of Interest Customer Volume Cost Volume Cost Volume Cost Volume Cost Volume Cost Number T/D ($/D) T/D ($/D) T/D ($/D) T/D ($/D) T/D ($/D) 1 150 $7,500 84 $25,200 130 $6,500 25 NM 9.5 $2,850 2 145 $7,250 38 $11,400 80 $4,000 14 NM 7.5 $2,250 3 288 $14,400 80 $24,000 280 $14,000 70 NM 20 $6,000

(128) Table 24 shows analysis of bag house dust Samples. System mass and cost balances may be conducted to determine potential reclamation benefit compared to current landfilling cost.

(129) TABLE-US-00024 TABLE 24 Analysis of Baghouse Dust Samples Metallic Content, Sand, Total Active Dead Resin, Carbon, Line % % Clay, % Clay, % Clay, % % % 7048 1.0 26.2 53.1 28.1 25.0 7.7 12.0 Silo 0.9 38.9 42.5 33.8 8.7 7.0 10.6

(130) Table 25 shows analysis of monthly greensand samples from a plant. System mass and cost balances may be conducted to determine potential reclamation benefit compared to current landfilling cost.

(131) TABLE-US-00025 TABLE 25 Analysis of Monthly Greensand Samples AFS Estimated Total Active Dead Line Moist., % GFN Sand, % Clay, % Clay, % Clay, % VCM, % LOI, % Carbon, % Line AB 4.0 60.5 80 13.2 11.0 2.2 2.2 4.4 NA STD Dev 0.2 2.4 NA 1.1 0.5 NA 0.4 0.6 NA Coeff of 4.6 3.9 NA 8.1 4.2 NA 18.0 14.2 NA Variation Line CD 3.9 61.6 80 13.0 11.1 2.0 2.1 4.3 NA STD Dev 0.2 3.2 NA 0.8 0.6 NA 0.2 0.4 NA Coeff of 5.7 10.3 NA 5.9 5.0 NA 9.6 10.3 NA Variation

Prophetic Examples

(132) All inventive reclamation units will be sized to the water demand of the foundry mullers and cooling circuit.

(133) In an exemplary plant, install facility to process dust streams from the plant and feed blackwater containing active clay to mullers and sand cooling circuit. The sand fines and dead clay would go to disposal.

(134) In Plant A, install unit to intercept influent to the Mechanical Reclamation. The blackwater effluent containing active clay would feed the mullers and sand cooling circuit. The sand from the inventive reclamation unit would have moisture removed (dryer/vacuum) and go into Mechanical Reclamation.

(135) In an exemplary plant, install unit to recover active clay from sand based effluent and return it via blackwater to mullers. Additionally, unit operations would recover the clean sand, remove moisture (dryer), and feed back to the plant core room.

Definitions

(136) A hydrocyclone (often referred to by the shortened form cyclone) is a device to classify, separate or sort particles in a liquid suspension based on the ratio of their centripetal force to fluid resistance. This ratio is high for dense (where separation by density is required) and coarse (where separation by size is required) particles, and low for light and fine particles. Hydrocyclones also find application in the separation of liquids of different densities.

(137) A hammermill is a mill whose purpose is to shred or crush aggregate material into smaller pieces by the repeated blows of little hammers. A hammermill may be a steel drum containing a vertical or horizontal rotating shaft or drum on which hammers are mounted. The hammers are free to swing on the ends of the cross, or fixed to the central rotor. The rotor is spun at a high speed inside the drum while material is fed into a feed hopper. The material is impacted by the hammer bars and is thereby shredded and expelled through screens in the drum of a selected size.

(138) Magnetic separation is a process in which magnetically susceptible material is extracted from a mixture using a magnetic force. It may include pairs of magnets that draw off magnetised particles. Different pairs of magnets may be configured to have different degrees of magnetization to draw off different types of particles.

(139) Unless otherwise specified, a percent composition is weight percent.

(140) While particular embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that changes and modifications can be made without departing from this invention in its broader aspects. Therefore, the appended claims are to encompass within their scope all such changes and modifications as fall within the true spirit and scope of this invention.