Liquid crystal medium containing polymerisable compounds

Abstract

The present invention relates to a liquid crystal (LC) medium comprising polymerisable compounds, to a process for its preparation, to its use for optical, electro-optical and electronic purposes, in particular in LC displays, and to LC displays comprising it.

Claims

1. A liquid crystal (LC) medium comprising a polymerizable component A) which comprises one or more first polymerizable compounds comprising only one polymerizable group and a bi- or polycyclic hydrocarbon group which is non-aromatic, and one or more second polymerizable compounds comprising a polymerizable group and a straight-chain, branched or monocyclic hydrocarbon group which is non-aromatic, optionally a photoinitiator; and a liquid-crystalline component B) which comprises one or more compounds selected from formula CY and formula PY ##STR00279## wherein a denotes 1 or 2, b denotes 0 or 1, ##STR00280## R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 each, independently of one another, denote alkyl having 1 to 12 C atoms, where, in addition, one or two non-adjacent CH.sub.2 groups may each be replaced by O, CHCH, CO, OCO or COO in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another, Z.sup.x and Z.sup.y each, independently of one another, denote CH.sub.2CH.sub.2, CHCH, CF.sub.2O, OCF.sub.2, CH.sub.2O, OCH.sub.2, COO, OCO, C.sub.2F.sub.4, CFCF, CHCHCH.sub.2O or a single bond, and L.sup.1-4 each, independently of one another, denote F, Cl, OCF.sub.3, CF.sub.3, CH.sub.3, CH.sub.2F, or CHF.sub.2; wherein the liquid-crystalline component B) has a negative dielectric anisotropy; and wherein the concentration of the first and second polymerizable compounds in the LC medium is from 15 to 25% by weight, or the concentration of the first and second polymerizable compounds in the LC medium is from 10 to 20% by weight.

2. The LC medium of claim 1, wherein component A) comprises one or more first polymerizable compounds selected from formula I
P-Sp-G.sup.1I wherein P is a polymerizable group, Sp is a spacer group or a single bond, G.sup.1 is a bi-, tri- or tetracyclic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 20 ring atoms which is optionally substituted by one or more groups L, L is F, Cl, CN, NO.sub.2, NCO, NCS, OCN, SCN, C(O)N(R.sup.x).sub.2, C(O)Y.sup.1, C(O)R.sup.x, N(R.sup.x).sub.2, optionally substituted silyl, optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl having 5 to 20 ring atoms, or straight-chain or branched alkyl having 1 to 25, in which, in addition, one or more non-adjacent CH.sub.2 groups may each be replaced, independently of one another, by C(R.sup.0)C(R.sup.00), CC, N(R.sup.0), O, S, CO, COO, OCO, or OCOO in such a way that O and/or S atoms are not linked directly to one another, and in which, in addition, one or more H atoms may each be replaced by F, Cl, or CN, R.sup.x is H, F, Cl, CN, or straight chain, branched or cyclic alkyl having 1 to 25 C atoms, wherein one or more non-adjacent CH.sub.2-groups are each optionally replaced by O, S, CO, COO, OCO, or OCOO in such a manner that O- and/or S-atoms are not directly connected with each other, and wherein one or more H atoms are each optionally replaced by F or Cl, R.sup.0, R.sup.00 are H or alkyl having 1 to 20 C atoms, and Y.sup.1 is halogen.

3. The LC medium according to claim 2, wherein component A) comprises one or more first polymerizable compounds selected from the following formulae ##STR00281## wherein P and Sp have the meanings given in claim 2, W.sup.11, W.sup.12 and W.sup.13 are independently of each other H, F or C.sub.1-C.sub.12-alkyl, and the cycloalkyl groups are optionally substituted with one or more groups L as defined in claim 2.

4. The LC medium according to claim 1, wherein component A) comprises one or more first polymerizable compounds selected from the following formulae ##STR00282##

5. The LC medium according to claim 1, wherein component A) comprises one or more second polymerizable compounds selected from formula II
P-Sp-G.sup.2II wherein P is a polymerizable group, Sp is a spacer group or a single bond, G.sup.2 is a straight-chain, branched or monocyclic alkyl group with 1 to 20 C atoms that is optionally mono-, poly- or perfluorinated and is optionally substituted by one or more groups L and wherein one or more CH.sub.2-groups are optionally replaced by O, CO, OCO or COO such that O-atoms are not directly adjacent to one another, and L is F, Cl, CN, NO.sub.2, NCO, NCS, OCN, SCN, C(O)N(R.sup.x).sub.2, C(O)Y.sup.1, C(O)R.sup.x, N(R.sup.x).sub.2, optionally substituted silyl, optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl having 5 to 20 ring atoms, or straight-chain or branched alkyl having 1 to 25, in which, in addition, one or more non-adjacent CH.sub.2 groups may each be replaced, independently of one another, by C(R.sup.0)C(R.sup.00), CC, N(R.sup.0), O, S, CO, COO, OCO, or OCOO in such a way that O and/or S atoms are not linked directly to one another, and in which, in addition, one or more H atoms may each be replaced by F, Cl, or CN.

6. The LC medium according to claim 1, wherein component A) comprises one or more second polymerizable compounds selected from the following formulae ##STR00283## wherein the individual radicals, independently of each other and on each occurrence identically or differently, have the following meanings P is a polymerizable group, Sp is a spacer group or single bond, W.sup.11, W.sup.12 are each independently H, F or C.sub.1-C.sub.12-alkyl, W.sup.13, W.sup.14 are each independently H or F, n1 is an integer from 2 to 15, and n2, n3 are each independently 0 or an integer from 1 to 3.

7. The LC medium according to claim 1, wherein component A) comprises one or more second polymerizable compounds selected from the following formulae ##STR00284## ##STR00285## ##STR00286## ##STR00287##

8. The LC medium according to claim 1, wherein component A) additionally comprises one or more second polymerizable compounds having two or more polymerizable groups and a straight-chain, branched or monocyclic hydrocarbon group.

9. The LC medium according to claim 1, wherein component A) additionally comprises one or more second polymerizable compounds selected from formula IV
P.sup.1-Sp.sup.1-G.sup.2-Sp.sup.2-P.sup.2IV wherein P.sup.1, P.sup.2 are each independently a polymerizable group, Sp.sup.1, Sp.sup.2 are each independently a spacer group or single bond, G.sup.2 is a straight-chain, branched or monocyclic alkyl group with 1 to 20 C atoms that is optionally mono-, poly- or perfluorinated and is optionally substituted by one or more groups L, and wherein one or more CH.sub.2-groups are each optionally replaced by O, CO, OCO or COO such that O-atoms are not directly adjacent to one another, and L is F, Cl, CN, NO.sub.2, NCO, NCS, OCN, SCN, C(O)N(R.sup.x).sub.2, C(O)Y.sup.1, C(O)R.sup.x, N(R.sup.x).sub.2, optionally substituted silyl, optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl having 5 to 20 ring atoms, or straight-chain or branched alkyl having 1 to 25, in which, in addition, one or more non-adjacent CH.sub.2 groups may each be replaced, independently of one another, by C(R.sup.0)C(R.sup.00), CC, N(R.sup.0), O, S, CO, COO, OCO, or OCOO in such a way that O and/or S atoms are not linked directly to one another, and in which, in addition, one or more H atoms may each be replaced by F, Cl, or CN.

10. The LC medium according to claim 1, wherein component A) additionally comprises one or more second polymerizable compounds selected from the following formulae ##STR00288## wherein P.sup.1, P.sup.2 are each independently a polymerizable group, Sp.sup.1, Sp.sup.2 are each independently a spacer group or a single bond, W.sup.11, W.sup.12 are each independently H, F or C.sub.1-C.sub.12-alkyl, W.sup.13, W.sup.14 are each independently H or F, n1 is an integer from 2 to 15, n2, n3 are each independently 0 or an integer from 1 to 3, and the cyclohexylene ring in formula IV2 is optionally substituted by one or more identical or different groups W.sup.11.

11. The LC medium according to claim 1, wherein component A) additionally comprises one or more second polymerizable compounds selected from the following formulae ##STR00289## ##STR00290##

12. The LC medium according to claim 1, wherein the concentration of the first and second polymerizable compounds in the LC medium is from 1 to 30% by weight.

13. The LC medium according to claim 1, wherein the ratio of first polymerizable compounds relative to the second polymerizable compounds in the LC medium is from 10:1 to 1:10.

14. The LC medium according to claim 1, wherein component B) comprises one or more compounds of formula CY selected from compounds of the following formulae: ##STR00291## ##STR00292## ##STR00293## ##STR00294## in which a denotes 1 or 2, alkyl and alkyl* each, independently of one another, denote a straight-chain alkyl radical having 1-6 C atoms, alkenyl denotes a straight-chain alkenyl radical having 2-6 C atoms, and (O) denotes an oxygen atom or a single bond.

15. The LC medium according to claim 1, wherein component B) comprises one or more compounds of formula PY selected from compounds of the following formulae: ##STR00295## ##STR00296## in which alkyl and alkyl* each, independently of one another, denote a straight-chain alkyl radical having 1-6 C atoms, alkenyl denotes a straight-chain alkenyl radical having 2-6 C atoms, and (O) denotes an oxygen atom or a single bond.

16. The LC medium according to claim 1, wherein component B) further comprises one or more compounds selected from formulae AN and AY: ##STR00297## in which the individual radicals, on each occurrence identically or differently, and each, independently of one another, have the following meaning: ##STR00298## R.sup.A1 alkenyl having 2 to 9 C atoms or, if at least one of the rings X, Y and Z denotes cyclohexenyl, also one of the meanings of R.sup.A2, R.sup.A2 alkyl having 1 to 12 C atoms, in which, in addition, one or two non-adjacent CH.sub.2 groups may each be replaced by O, CHCH, CO, OCO or COO in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another, Z.sup.x CH.sub.2CH.sub.2, CHCH, CF.sub.2O, OCF.sub.2, CH.sub.2O, OCH.sub.2, COO, O CO, C.sub.2F.sub.4, CFCF, CHCHCH.sub.2O, or a single bond, L.sup.1-4 H, F, Cl, OCF.sub.3, CF.sub.3, CH.sub.3, CH.sub.2F or CHF.sub.2H, x 1 or 2, and z 0 or 1.

17. The LC medium according to claim 1, wherein component B) comprises one or more compounds of formula T: ##STR00299## in which the individual radicals, on each occurrence identically or differently, and each, independently of one another, have the following meaning: R.sup.1, R.sup.2 alkyl, alkoxy, oxaalkyl or alkoxyalkyl having up to 9 C atoms or alkenyl or alkenyloxy having 2 to 9 C atoms, all of which are optionally fluorinated, L.sup.T1-L.sup.T6 H, F or Cl, with at least one of L.sup.T1 to L.sup.T6 being F or Cl.

18. The LC medium according to claim 1, wherein component B) comprises one or more compounds selected from formulae ZK and DK: ##STR00300## in which the individual radicals on each occurrence, identically or differently, have the following meanings: ##STR00301## and R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 each, independently of one another, denote alkyl having 1 to 12 C atoms, in which, in addition, one or two non-adjacent CH.sub.2 groups may each be replaced by O, CHCH, CO, OCO or COO in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another, Z.sup.y denotes CH.sub.2CH.sub.2, CHCH, CF.sub.2O, OCF.sub.2, CH.sub.2O, OCH.sub.2, COO, OCO, C.sub.2F.sub.4, CFCF or a single bond, R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 each, independently of one another, denote alkyl having 1 to 12 C atoms, where, in addition, one or two non-adjacent CH.sub.2 groups may each be replaced by O, CHCH, CO, OCO or COO in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another, and e denotes 1 or 2.

19. The LC medium according to claim 1, wherein the polymerizable compounds are polymerized.

20. An LC display comprising an LC medium according to claim 1.

21. The LC display of claim 20, which is a flexible display.

22. The LC display of claim 20, which is a TN, OCB, IPS or FFS display.

23. A process for the production of an LC display comprising: providing an LC medium as defined in claim 1 into the display, and polymerizing the polymerizable compounds in defined regions of the display.

24. The process of claim 23, wherein the polymerizable compounds are photopolymerized by exposure to UV irradiation.

25. The process of claim 24, wherein the polymerizable compounds are photopolymerized by exposure to UV irradiation through a photomask.

26. A process of preparing an LC medium according to claim 1, comprising: mixing one or more compounds of formula CY and/or formula PY, or component B), as defined in claim 1, with one or more first polymerizable compounds and one or more second polymerizable compounds, and optionally further LC compounds and/or additives.

27. The LC medium according to claim 2, wherein G.sup.1 is a bridged or fused bi-, tri- or tetracyclic alkyl group.

28. The LC medium according to claim 2, wherein P is CH.sub.2CW.sup.1COO, CH.sub.2CW.sup.1CO, ##STR00302## CH.sub.2CW.sup.2(O).sub.k3, CW.sup.1CHCO(O).sub.k3, CW.sup.1CHCONH, CH.sub.2CW.sup.1CONH, CH.sub.3CHCHO, (CH.sub.2CH).sub.2CHOCO, (CH.sub.2CHCH.sub.2).sub.2CHOCO, (CH.sub.2CH).sub.2CHO, (CH.sub.2CHCH.sub.2).sub.2N, (CH.sub.2CHCH.sub.2).sub.2NCO, HOCW.sup.2W.sup.3, HSCW.sup.2W.sup.3, HW.sup.2N, HOCW.sup.2W.sup.3NH, CH.sub.2CW.sup.1CONH, CH.sub.2CH(COO).sub.k1-Phe-(O).sub.k2, CH.sub.2CH(CO).sub.k1-Phe-(O).sub.k2, Phe-CHCH, HOOC, OCN or W.sup.4W.sup.5W.sup.6Si, W.sup.1 is H, F, Cl, CN, CF.sub.3, phenyl or alkyl having 1 to 5 C atoms, W.sup.2 and W.sup.3 each, independently of one another, denote H or alkyl having 1 to 5 C atoms, W.sup.4, W.sup.5 and W.sup.6 each, independently of one another, denote Cl, oxaalkyl or oxacarbonylalkyl having up to 5 C atoms, W.sup.7 and W.sup.8 each, independently of one another, denote H, Cl or alkyl having 1 to 5 C atoms, Phe denotes 1,4-phenylene, which is optionally substituted by one or more radicals L as defined above which are other than P-Sp-, k.sub.1, k.sub.2 and k.sub.3 each, independently of one another, denote 0 or 1, and k.sub.4 denotes an integer from 1 to 10.

29. The LC medium according to claim 2, wherein the concentration of the first and second polymerizable compounds in the LC medium is from 15 to 25% by weight.

30. The LC medium according to claim 2, wherein the ratio of first polymerizable compounds to second polymerizable compounds in the LC medium is from 10:1 to 1:10.

31. The LC display of claim 20, wherein said display comprises a first substrate and a second substrate, wherein said LC medium is disposed between the first and second substrates, and wherein the polymerizable compounds of polymerizable component A) are polymerized by exposing regions of the medium to radiation through a mask and the polymerized compounds form polymer walls within the LC medium in the irradiated regions.

32. The display according to claim 31, wherein said substrates are flexible.

33. The LC display of claim 20, wherein said display comprises: a first substrate having a pixel electrode defining pixel areas, the pixel electrode being connected to a switching element disposed in each pixel area, and optionally a first alignment layer disposed on the pixel electrode, a second substrate having a common electrode layer, which may be disposed on the entire portion of the second substrate facing the first substrate, and optionally a second alignment layer, and wherein said LC medium is disposed between the first and second substrates, wherein the polymerizable compounds of polymerizable component A) are polymerized by exposing regions of the medium to radiation through a mask and the polymerized compounds form polymer walls within the LC medium in the irradiated regions.

34. The display according to claim 33, wherein said substrates are flexible.

35. The LC medium according to claim 1, wherein polymerizable component A) consists of polymerizable compounds, and liquid-crystalline component B) consists of mesogenic and/or liquid-crystalline compounds.

36. The LC medium according to claim 1, wherein the proportion of component B) in the LC medium is from 70 to 95% by weight and only contains low-molecular-weight compounds which are unpolymerizable.

37. The LC medium according to claim 1, wherein the concentration of the first and second polymerizable compounds in the LC medium is from 10 to 20% by weight.

38. The LC medium according to claim 1, wherein the first polymerizable compounds are selected from formulae IA and IC ##STR00303## wherein in each formula one R group denotes P-Sp-, and each of the other R groups are independently H, F, Cl, CN, or straight chain, branched or cyclic alkyl having 1 to 25 C atoms, wherein one or more non-adjacent CH.sub.2-groups are each optionally replaced by O, S, CO, COO, OCO, OCOO in such a manner that O- and/or S-atoms are not directly connected with each other, and wherein one or more H atoms are each optionally replaced by F or Cl.

39. The LC medium according to claim 2, wherein: component A) comprises one or more first polymerizable compounds selected from the following formulae ##STR00304## ##STR00305## ##STR00306## wherein in formulae I1 to I4 P and Sp have the meanings given in claim 2, W.sup.11, W.sup.12 and W.sup.13 are independently of each other H, F or C.sub.1-C.sub.12-alkyl, and the cycloalkyl groups are optionally substituted with one or more groups L as defined in claim 2; component A) comprises one or more second polymerizable compounds selected from the following formulae
P-Sp-G.sup.2II
P-Sp-(CHW.sup.11).sub.n2(CH.sub.2).sub.n1(CHW.sup.12).sub.n3CH.sub.3II1
P-Sp-(CH.sub.2).sub.n2(CF.sub.2).sub.n1CFW.sup.13W.sup.14II2 ##STR00307## wherein P is a polymerizable group, Sp is a spacer group or a single bond, G.sup.2 is a straight-chain, branched or monocyclic alkyl group with 1 to 20 C atoms that is optionally mono-, poly- or perfluorinated and is optionally substituted by one or more groups L and wherein one or more CH.sub.2-groups are optionally replaced by O, CO, OCO or COO such that O-atoms are not directly adjacent to one another, L is F, Cl, CN, NO.sub.2, NCO, NCS, OCN, SCN, C(O)N(R.sup.x).sub.2, C(O)Y.sup.1, C(O)R.sup.x, N(R.sup.x).sub.2, optionally substituted silyl, optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl having 5 to 20 ring atoms, or straight-chain or branched alkyl having 1 to 25, in which, in addition, one or more non-adjacent CH.sub.2 groups may each be replaced, independently of one another, by C(R.sup.0)C(R.sup.00), CC, N(R.sup.0), O, S, CO, COO, OCO, or OCOO in such a way that O and/or S atoms are not linked directly to one another, and in which, in addition, one or more H atoms may each be replaced by F, Cl, or CN, W.sup.11, W.sup.12 are each independently H, F or C.sub.1-C.sub.12-alkyl, W.sup.13, W.sup.14 are each independently H or F, n1 is an integer from 2 to 15, and n2, n3 are each independently 0 or an integer from 1 to 3; the concentration of the first and second polymerizable compounds in the LC medium is from 10 to 20% by weight; and the LC medium contains one or more compounds selected from the following formulae ##STR00308## in which alkyl and alkyl* each, independently of one another, denote a straight-chain alkyl radical having 1-6 C atoms, ##STR00309## in which alkyl and alkyl* each, independently of one another, denote a straight-chain alkyl radical having 1-6 C atoms, and alkenyl denotes a straight-chain alkenyl radical having 2 7 C atoms.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 schematically illustrates the polymer wall formation process in displays according to prior art and according to the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

(2) Above and below, the term bi- or polycyclic group will be understood to mean a group that consists of two or more fused rings, i.e. rings that share at last one common atom (in contrast to rings that are connected via covalent bonds between atoms belonging to different rings), wherein fusion of the rings occurs

(3) a) across a sequence of atoms (bridgehead), like for example in bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane (norbornane) or tricyclo[3.3.3.1]decane (adamantane), hereinafter also referred to as bridged bi- or polycyclic groups,

(4) b) across a bond between two atoms, like for example in bicyclo[4.4.0]decane (decalin), hereinafter also referred to as fused bi- or polycyclic groups.

(5) c) at a single atom (spiro atom), like for example in spiro[4.5]decane, hereinafter also referred to as spirocyclic groups.

(6) Unless indicated otherwise, the abbreviation RM is used above and below when referring to a reactive mesogen.

(7) Above and below, polymerisable compounds or RMs with one polymerisable reactive group are also referred to as monoreactive, polymerisable compounds or RMs with two polymerisable reactive groups are also referred to as direactive, and polymerisable compounds or RMs with three polymerisable reactive groups are also referred to as trireactive.

(8) Unless indicated otherwise, the expression LC mixture is used when referring to the LC host mixture (i.e. without the RMs or polymerizable compounds), while the expression LC medium is used when referring to the LC host mixture plus the RM(s) or polymerizable compounds.

(9) Unless stated otherwise, the polymerisable compounds and RMs are preferably selected from achiral compounds.

(10) As used herein, the terms active layer and switchable layer mean a layer in an electrooptical display, for example an LC display, that comprises one or more molecules having structural and optical anisotropy, like for example LC molecules, which change their orientation upon an external stimulus like an electric or magnetic field, resulting in a change of the transmission of the layer for polarized or unpolarized light.

(11) As used herein, the terms reactive mesogen and RM will be understood to mean a compound containing a mesogenic or liquid crystalline skeleton, and one or more functional groups attached thereto which are suitable for polymerisation and are also referred to as polymerisable group or P.

(12) Unless stated otherwise, the term polymerisable compound as used herein will be understood to mean a polymerisable monomeric compound.

(13) As used herein, the term low-molecular-weight compound will be understood to mean to a compound that is monomeric and/or is not prepared by a polymerisation reaction, as opposed to a polymeric compound or a polymer.

(14) As used herein, the term unpolymerisable compound will be understood to mean a compound that does not contain a functional group that is suitable for polymerisation under the conditions usually applied for the polymerisation of the RMs or polymerizable compounds.

(15) The term mesogenic group as used herein is known to the person skilled in the art and described in the literature, and means a group which, due to the anisotropy of its attracting and repelling interactions, essentially contributes to causing a liquid-crystal (LC) phase in low-molecular-weight or polymeric substances. Compounds containing mesogenic groups (mesogenic compounds) do not necessarily have to have an LC phase themselves. It is also possible for mesogenic compounds to exhibit LC phase behaviour only after mixing with other compounds and/or after polymerisation. Typical mesogenic groups are, for example, rigid rod- or disc-shaped units. An overview of the terms and definitions used in connection with mesogenic or LC compounds is given in Pure Appl. Chem. 2001, 73(5), 888 and C. Tschierske, G. Pelzl, S. Diele, Angew. Chem. 2004, 116, 6340-6368.

(16) The term spacer group, hereinafter also referred to as Sp, as used herein is known to the person skilled in the art and is described in the literature, see, for example, Pure Appl. Chem. 2001, 73(5), 888 and C. Tschierske, G. Pelzl, S. Diele, Angew. Chem. 2004, 116, 6340-6368. As used herein, the terms spacer group or spacer mean a flexible group, for example an alkylene group, which connects the mesogenic group and the polymerisable group(s) in a polymerisable mesogenic compound.

(17) Above and below,

(18) ##STR00003##

(19) denote a trans-1,4-cyclohexylene ring, and

(20) ##STR00004##

(21) denote a 1,4-phenylene ring.

(22) Above and below organic group denotes a carbon or hydrocarbon group.

(23) Carbon group denotes a mono- or polyvalent organic group containing at least one carbon atom, where this either contains no further atoms (such as, for example, CC) or optionally contains one or more further atoms, such as, for example, N, O, S, B, P, Si, Se, As, Te or Ge (for example carbonyl, etc.). The term hydrocarbon group denotes a carbon group which additionally contains one or more H atoms and optionally one or more heteroatoms, such as, for example, N, O, S, B, P, Si, Se, As, Te or Ge.

(24) Halogen denotes F, Cl, Br or I.

(25) CO, C(O) and C(O) denote a carbonyl group, i.e.

(26) ##STR00005##

(27) A carbon or hydrocarbon group can be a saturated or unsaturated group. Unsaturated groups are, for example, aryl, alkenyl or alkynyl groups. A carbon or hydrocarbon radical having more than 3 C atoms can be straight-chain, branched and/or cyclic and may also contain spiro links or condensed rings.

(28) The terms alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, etc., also encompass polyvalent groups, for example alkylene, arylene, heteroarylene, etc.

(29) The term aryl denotes an aromatic carbon group or a group derived therefrom. The term heteroaryl denotes aryl as defined above, containing one or more heteroatoms, preferably selected from N, O, S, Se, Te, Si and Ge.

(30) Preferred carbon and hydrocarbon groups are optionally substituted, straight-chain, branched or cyclic, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy and alkoxycarbonyloxy having 1 to 40, preferably 1 to 20, very preferably 1 to 12, C atoms, optionally substituted aryl or aryloxy having 5 to 30, preferably 6 to 25, C atoms, or optionally substituted alkylaryl, arylalkyl, alkylaryloxy, arylalkyloxy, arylcarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, arylcarbonyloxy and aryloxycarbonyloxy having 5 to 30, preferably 6 to 25, C atoms, wherein one or more C atoms may also be replaced by hetero atoms, preferably selected from N, O, S, Se, Te, Si and Ge.

(31) Further preferred carbon and hydrocarbon groups are C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl, C.sub.2-C.sub.20 alkenyl, C.sub.2-C.sub.20 alkynyl, C.sub.3-C.sub.20 allyl, C.sub.4-C.sub.20 alkyldienyl, C.sub.4-C.sub.20 polyenyl, C.sub.6-C.sub.20 cycloalkyl, C.sub.4-C.sub.15 cycloalkenyl, C.sub.6-C.sub.30 aryl, C.sub.6-C.sub.30 alkylaryl, C.sub.6-C.sub.30 arylalkyl, C.sub.6-C.sub.30 alkylaryloxy, C.sub.6-C.sub.30 arylalkyloxy, C.sub.2-C.sub.30 heteroaryl, C.sub.2-C.sub.30 heteroaryloxy.

(32) Particular preference is given to C.sub.1-C.sub.12 alkyl, C.sub.2-C.sub.12 alkenyl, C.sub.2-C.sub.12 alkynyl, C.sub.6-C.sub.25 aryl and C.sub.2-C.sub.25 heteroaryl.

(33) Further preferred carbon and hydrocarbon groups are straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkyl having 1 to 20, preferably 1 to 12, C atoms, which are unsubstituted or mono- or polysubstituted by F, Cl, Br, I or CN and in which one or more non-adjacent CH.sub.2 groups may each be replaced, independently of one another, by C(R.sup.x)C(R.sup.x), CC, N(R.sup.x), O, S, CO, COO, OCO, OCOO in such a way that O and/or S atoms are not linked directly to one another, and

(34) R.sup.x denotes H, F, Cl, CN, a straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkyl chain having 1 to 25 C atoms, in which, in addition, one or more non-adjacent C atoms may be replaced by O, S, CO, COO, OCO, OCOO and in which one or more H atoms may be replaced by F or Cl, or denotes an optionally substituted aryl or aryloxy group with 6 to 30 C atoms, or an optionally substituted heteroaryl or heteroaryloxy group with 2 to 30 C atoms.

(35) Preferred alkyl groups are, for example, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, 2-methylbutyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, cyclopentyl, n-hexyl, cyclohexyl, 2-ethylhexyl, n-heptyl, cycloheptyl, n-octyl, cyclooctyl, n-nonyl, n-decyl, n-undecyl, n-dodecyl, dodecanyl, trifluoromethyl, perfluoro-n-butyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, perfluorooctyl, perfluorohexyl, etc.

(36) Preferred alkenyl groups are, for example, ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl, pentenyl, cyclopentenyl, hexenyl, cyclohexenyl, heptenyl, cycloheptenyl, octenyl, cyclooctenyl, etc.

(37) Preferred alkynyl groups are, for example, ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, pentynyl, hexynyl, octynyl, etc.

(38) Preferred alkoxy groups are, for example, methoxy, ethoxy, 2-methoxy-ethoxy, n-propoxy, i-propoxy, n-butoxy, i-butoxy, s-butoxy, t-butoxy, 2-methylbutoxy, n-pentoxy, n-hexoxy, n-heptoxy, n-octoxy, n-nonoxy, n-decoxy, n-undecoxy, n-dodecoxy, etc.

(39) Preferred amino groups are, for example, dimethylamino, methylamino, methylphenylamino, phenylamino, etc.

(40) Aryl and heteroaryl groups can be monocyclic or polycyclic, i.e. they can contain one ring (such as, for example, phenyl) or two or more rings, which may also be fused (such as, for example, naphthyl) or covalently bonded (such as, for example, biphenyl), or contain a combination of fused and linked rings. Heteroaryl groups contain one or more heteroatoms, preferably selected from O, N, S and Se.

(41) Particular preference is given to mono-, bi- or tricyclic aryl groups having 6 to 25 C atoms and mono-, bi- or tricyclic heteroaryl groups having 5 to 25 ring atoms, which optionally contain fused rings and are optionally substituted. Preference is furthermore given to 5-, 6- or 7-membered aryl and heteroaryl groups, in which, in addition, one or more CH groups may be replaced by N, S or O in such a way that O atoms and/or S atoms are not linked directly to one another.

(42) Preferred aryl groups are, for example, phenyl, biphenyl, terphenyl, [1,1:3,1]terphenyl-2-yl, naphthyl, anthracene, binaphthyl, phenanthrene, 9,10-dihydro-phenanthrene, pyrene, dihydropyrene, chrysene, perylene, tetracene, pentacene, benzopyrene, fluorene, indene, indenofluorene, spirobifluorene, etc.

(43) Preferred heteroaryl groups are, for example, 5-membered rings, such as pyrrole, pyrazole, imidazole, 1,2,3-triazole, 1,2,4-triazole, tetrazole, furan, thiophene, selenophene, oxazole, isoxazole, 1,2-thiazole, 1,3-thiazole, 1,2,3-oxadiazole, 1,2,4-oxadiazole, 1,2,5-oxadiazole, 1,3,4-oxadiazole, 1,2,3-thiadiazole, 1,2,4-thiadiazole, 1,2,5-thiadiazole, 1,3,4-thiadiazole, 6-membered rings, such as pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, 1,3,5-triazine, 1,2,4-triazine, 1,2,3-triazine, 1,2,4,5-tetrazine, 1,2,3,4-tetrazine, 1,2,3,5-tetrazine, or condensed groups, such as indole, isoindole, indolizine, indazole, benzimidazole, benzotriazole, purine, naphthimidazole, phenanthrimidazole, pyridimidazole, pyrazinimidazole, quinoxalinimidazole, benzoxazole, naphthoxazole, anthroxazole, phenanthroxazole, isoxazole, benzothiazole, benzofuran, isobenzofuran, dibenzofuran, quinoline, isoquinoline, pteridine, benzo-5,6-quinoline, benzo-6,7-quinoline, benzo-7,8-quinoline, benzoisoquin-oline, acridine, phenothiazine, phenoxazine, benzopyridazine, benzopyrimidine, quinoxaline, phenazine, naphthyridine, azacarbazole, benzocarboline, phenanthridine, phenanthroline, thieno[2,3b]thiophene, thieno[3,2b]thiophene, dithienothiophene, isobenzothiophene, dibenzothiophene, benzothiadiazo-thiophene, or combinations of these groups.

(44) The aryl and heteroaryl groups mentioned above and below may also be substituted by alkyl, alkoxy, thioalkyl, fluorine, fluoroalkyl or further aryl or heteroaryl groups.

(45) The (non-aromatic) alicyclic and heterocyclic groups encompass both saturated rings, i.e. those containing exclusively single bonds, and also partially unsaturated rings, i.e. those which may also contain multiple bonds.

(46) Heterocyclic rings contain one or more heteroatoms, preferably selected from Si, O, N, S and Se.

(47) The (non-aromatic) alicyclic and heterocyclic groups can be monocyclic, i.e. contain only one ring (such as, for example, cyclohexane), or polycyclic, i.e. contain a plurality of rings (such as, for example, decahydronaphthalene or bicyclooctane). Particular preference is given to saturated groups. Preference is furthermore given to mono-, bi- or tricyclic groups having 5 to 25 ring atoms, which optionally contain fused rings and are optionally substituted. Preference is furthermore given to 5-, 6-, 7- or 8-membered carbocyclic groups, in which, in addition, one or more C atoms may be replaced by Si and/or one or more CH groups may be replaced by N and/or one or more non-adjacent CH.sub.2 groups may be replaced by O and/or S.

(48) Preferred alicyclic and heterocyclic groups are, for example, 5-membered groups, such as cyclopentane, tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydrothiofuran, pyrroli-dine, 6-membered groups, such as cyclohexane, silinane, cyclohexene, tetrahydropyran, tetrahydrothiopyran, 1,3-dioxane, 1,3-dithiane, piperidine, 7-membered groups, such as cycloheptane, and fused groups, such as tetrahydronaphthalene, decahydronaphthalene, indane, bicyclo[1.1.1]-pentane-1,3-diyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1,4-diyl, spiro[3.3]heptane-2,6-diyl, octahydro-4,7-methanoindane-2,5-diyl.

(49) Preferred substituents are, for example, solubility-promoting groups, such as alkyl or alkoxy, electron-withdrawing groups, such as fluorine, nitro or nitrile, or substituents for increasing the glass transition temperature (Tg) in the polymer, in particular bulky groups, such as, for example, t-butyl or optionally substituted aryl groups.

(50) Preferred substituents, hereinafter also referred to as L.sup.S, are, for example, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO.sub.2, NCO, NCS, OCN, SCN, C(O)N(R.sup.x).sub.2, C(O)Y.sup.1, C(O)R.sup.x, N(R.sup.x).sub.2, straight-chain or branched alkyl, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy or alkoxycarbonyloxy each having 1 to 25 C atoms, in which one or more H atoms may optionally be replaced by F or Cl, optionally substituted silyl having 1 to 20 Si atoms, or optionally substituted aryl having 6 to 25, preferably 6 to 15, C atoms,

(51) wherein R.sup.x denotes H, F, Cl, CN, or straight chain, branched or cyclic alkyl having 1 to 25 C atoms, wherein one or more non-adjacent CH.sub.2-groups are optionally replaced by O, S, CO, COO, OCO, OCOO in such a manner that O- and/or S-atoms are not directly connected with each other, and wherein one or more H atoms are each optionally replaced by F, Cl, P or P-Sp-, and

(52) Y.sup.1 denotes halogen.

(53) Substituted silyl or aryl preferably means substituted by halogen, CN, R.sup.0, OR.sup.0, COR.sup.0, COOR.sup.0, OCOR.sup.0 or OCOOR.sup.0, wherein R.sup.0 denotes H or alkyl with 1 to 20 C atoms.

(54) Particularly preferred substituents L are, for example, F, Cl, CN, NO.sub.2, CH.sub.3, C.sub.2H.sub.5, OCH.sub.3, OC.sub.2H.sub.5, COCH.sub.3, COC.sub.2H.sub.5, COOCH.sub.3, COOC.sub.2H.sub.5, CF.sub.3, OCF.sub.3, OCHF.sub.2, OC.sub.2F.sub.5, furthermore phenyl.

(55) ##STR00006##
is preferably or

(56) ##STR00007##

(57) in which L has one of the meanings indicated above.

(58) The polymerisable group P is a group which is suitable for a polymerisation reaction, such as, for example, free-radical or ionic chain polymerisation, polyaddition or polycondensation, or for a polymer-analogous reaction, for example addition or condensation onto a main polymer chain. Particular preference is given to groups for chain polymerisation, in particular those containing a CC double bond or CC triple bond, and groups which are suitable for polymerisation with ring opening, such as, for example, oxetane or epoxide groups.

(59) Preferred groups P are selected from the group consisting of CH.sub.2CW.sup.1COO, CH.sub.2CW.sup.1CO,

(60) ##STR00008##
CH.sub.2CW.sup.2(O).sub.k3, CW.sup.1CHCO(O).sub.k3, CW.sup.1CHCONH, CH.sub.2CW.sup.1CONH, CH.sub.3CHCHO, (CH.sub.2CH).sub.2CHOCO, (CH.sub.2CHCH.sub.2).sub.2CHOCO, (CH.sub.2CH).sub.2CHO, (CH.sub.2CHCH.sub.2).sub.2N, (CH.sub.2CHCH.sub.2).sub.2NCO, HOCW.sup.2W.sup.3, HSCW.sup.2W.sup.3, HW.sup.2N, HOCW.sup.2W.sup.3NH, CH.sub.2CW.sup.1CONH, CH.sub.2CH(COO).sub.k1-Phe-(O).sub.k2, CH.sub.2CH(CO).sub.k1-Phe-(O).sub.k2, Phe-CHCH, HOOC, OCN and W.sup.4W.sup.5W.sup.6Si, in which W.sup.1 denotes H, F, Cl, CN, CF.sub.3, phenyl or alkyl having 1 to 5 C atoms, in particular H, F, Cl, CH.sub.3 or C.sub.2H.sub.5, W.sup.2 and W.sup.3 each, independently of one another, denote H or alkyl having 1 to 5 C atoms, in particular H, methyl, ethyl or n-propyl, W.sup.4, W.sup.5 and W.sup.6 each, independently of one another, denote Cl, oxaalkyl or oxacarbonylalkyl having 1 to 5 C atoms, W.sup.7 and W.sup.8 each, independently of one another, denote H, Cl or alkyl having 1 to 5 C atoms, Phe denotes 1,4-phenylene, which is optionally substituted by one or more radicals L as defined above which are other than P-Sp-, k.sub.1, k.sub.2 and k.sub.3 each, independently of one another, denote 0 or 1, k.sub.3 preferably denotes 1, and k.sub.4 denotes an integer from 1 to 10.

(61) Very preferred groups P are selected from the group consisting of CH.sub.2CW.sup.1COO, CH.sub.2CW.sup.1CO,

(62) ##STR00009##
CH.sub.2CW.sup.2O, CH.sub.2CW.sup.2, CW.sup.1CHCO(O).sub.k3, CW.sup.1CHCONH, CH.sub.2CW.sup.1CONH, (CH.sub.2CH).sub.2CHOCO, (CH.sub.2CHCH.sub.2).sub.2CHOCO, (CH.sub.2CH).sub.2CHO, (CH.sub.2CHCH.sub.2).sub.2N, (CH.sub.2CHCH.sub.2).sub.2NCO, CH.sub.2CW.sup.1CONH, CH.sub.2CH(COO).sub.k1-Phe-(O).sub.k2, CH.sub.2CH(CO).sub.k1-Phe-(O).sub.k2, Phe-CHCH and W.sup.4W.sup.5W.sup.6Si, in which W.sup.1 denotes H, F, Cl, CN, CF.sub.3, phenyl or alkyl having 1 to 5 C atoms, in particular H, F, Cl, CH.sub.3 or C.sub.2H.sub.5, W.sup.2 and W.sup.3 each, independently of one another, denote H or alkyl having 1 to 5 C atoms, in particular H, methyl, ethyl or n-propyl, W.sup.4, W.sup.5 and W.sup.6 each, independently of one another, denote Cl, oxaalkyl or oxacarbonylalkyl having 1 to 5 C atoms, W.sup.7 and W.sup.8 each, independently of one another, denote H, Cl or alkyl having 1 to 5 C atoms, Phe denotes 1,4-phenylene, k.sub.1, k.sub.2 and k.sub.3 each, independently of one another, denote 0 or 1, k.sub.3 preferably denotes 1, and k.sub.4 denotes an integer from 1 to 10.

(63) Very particularly preferred groups P are selected from the group consisting of CH.sub.2CW.sup.1COO, in particular CH.sub.2CHCOO, CH.sub.2C(CH.sub.3)COO and CH.sub.2CFCOO, furthermore CH.sub.2CHO, (CH.sub.2CH).sub.2CHOCO, (CH.sub.2CH).sub.2CHO,

(64) ##STR00010##

(65) Further preferred polymerisable groups P are selected from the group consisting of vinyloxy, acrylate, methacrylate, ethacrylate, fluoroacrylate, chloroacrylate, oxetane and epoxide, most preferably from acrylate and methacrylate.

(66) If Sp is different from a single bond, it is preferably of the formula Sp-X, so that the respective radical P-Sp- conforms to the formula P-Sp-X, wherein Sp denotes alkylene having 1 to 20, preferably 1 to 12, C atoms, which is optionally mono- or polysubstituted by F, Cl, Br, I or CN and in which, in addition, one or more non-adjacent CH.sub.2 groups may each be replaced, independently of one another, by O, S, NH, N(R.sup.0), Si(R.sup.0R.sup.00), CO, COO, OCO, OCOO, SCO, COS, N(R.sup.00)COO, OCON(R.sup.0), N(R.sup.0)CON(R.sup.00), CHCH or CC in such a way that O and/or S atoms are not linked directly to one another, X denotes O, S, CO, COO, OCO, OCOO, CON(R.sup.0), N(R.sup.0)CO, N(R.sup.0)CON(R.sup.00), OCH.sub.2, CH.sub.2O, SCH.sub.2, CH.sub.2S, CF.sub.2O, OCF.sub.2, CF.sub.2S, SCF.sub.2, CF.sub.2CH.sub.2, CH.sub.2CF.sub.2, CF.sub.2CF.sub.2, CHN, NCH, NN, CHCR.sup.0, CY.sup.2CY.sup.3, CC, CHCHCOO, OCOCHCH or a single bond, R.sup.0 and R.sup.00 each, independently of one another, denote H or alkyl having 1 to 20 C atoms, and Y.sup.2 and Y.sup.3 each, independently of one another, denote H, F, Cl or CN. X is preferably O, S, CO, COO, OCO, OCOO, CONR.sup.0, NR.sup.0CO, NR.sup.0CONR.sup.00 or a single bond.

(67) Typical spacer groups Sp and -Sp-X are, for example, (CH.sub.2).sub.p1, (CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.q1CH.sub.2CH.sub.2, CH.sub.2CH.sub.2SCH.sub.2CH.sub.2, CH.sub.2CH.sub.2NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2 or (SiR.sup.0R.sup.00O).sub.p1, in which p1 is an integer from 1 to 12, q1 is an integer from 1 to 3, and R.sup.0 and R.sup.00 have the meanings indicated above.

(68) Particularly preferred groups Sp and -Sp-X are (CH.sub.2).sub.p1, (CH.sub.2).sub.p1O, (CH.sub.2).sub.p1OCO, (CH.sub.2).sub.p1COO, (CH.sub.2).sub.p1OCOO, in which p1 and q1 have the meanings indicated above.

(69) Particularly preferred groups Sp are, in each case straight-chain, ethylene, propylene, butylene, pentylene, hexylene, heptylene, octylene, nonylene, decylene, undecylene, dodecylene, octadecylene, ethyleneoxyethylene, methyleneoxybutylene, ethylenethioethylene, ethylene-N-methylimino-ethylene, 1-methylalkylene, ethenylene, propenylene and butenylene.

(70) The LC medium according to the present invention contains a polymerisable component A) comprising one or more first polymerisable compounds with a polymerisable group and a bi- or polycyclic hydrocarbon group, and one or more second polymerisable compounds with a polymerisable group and a straight-chain, branched or monocyclic hydrocarbon group.

(71) The hydrocarbon group contained in the first and second polymerisable compounds is preferably a non-aromatic group.

(72) In a first preferred embodiment the present invention the bi- or polycyclic hydrocarbon group in the first polymerisable compound is a bridged bi- or polycyclic hydrocarbon group, i.e. which consists of fused hydrocarbon rings, preferably fused cycloalkyl rings, where fusion occurs across a sequence of atoms (bridgehead), preferably a bipodal bridge, like in bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane (norbornane), bicyclo[2.2.2]octane or tricyclo[3.3.3.1]decane (adamantane).

(73) In a second preferred embodiment the present invention the bi- or polycyclic hydrocarbon group in the first polymerisable compounds is a fused bi- or polycyclic hydrocarbon group, i.e. which consists of fused hydrocarbon rings, preferably fused cycloalkyl rings, where fusion occurs across a bond between two atoms, like in bicyclo[3.2.0]heptane or bicyclo[4.4.0]decane (decalin).

(74) In a third preferred embodiment the present invention the bi- or polycyclic hydrocarbon group in the first polymerisable compounds is a spirocyclic group, i.e. which consists of fused hydrocarbon rings, preferably fused cycloalkyl rings, where fusion occurs at a single atom (spiro atom), like in spiro[3.3]heptane or spiro[4.5]decane.

(75) The bi- or polycyclic group os optionally substituted by one or more substituents. Preferred substituents are the groups L and L.sup.S as defined above and below.

(76) Preferably the bi- or polycyclic group is selected from the group consisting of bicyclo[1.1.1]pentyl, bicyclo[2.1.1]hexyl, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl (norbornyl), bicyclo[3.2.1]octyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, bicyclo[3.2.2]nonyl, bicyclo[3.3.1]nonyl, bicyclo[3.3.2]decyl, bicyclo[3.3.3]undecyl, tricyclo[3.3.3.1]decyl (adamantyl), tricyclo[5.2.1.0]decyl (tetrahydrodicyclopentadiyl), bicyclo[2.1.0]pentyl, bicyclo[2.2.0]hexyl, bicyclo[3.2.0]heptyl, bicyclo[4.2.0]octyl, bicyclo[3.3.0]octyl, bicyclo[4.3.0]nonyl, bicyclo[4.4.0]decyl (decalin), spiro[2.2]pentyl, spiro[3.2]hexyl, spiro[3.3]heptyl, spiro[4.3]octyl, spiro[4.4]nonyl, spiro[4.5]decyl, all of which are optionally substituted by one or more groups L or L.sup.S as defined above and below.

(77) Very preferably the bi- or polycyclic group is selected from the group consisting of bicyclo[1.1.1]pentyl, bicyclo[2.1.1]hexyl, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl (norbornyl), bicyclo[3.2.1]octyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, bicyclo[3.2.2]nonyl, bicyclo[3.3.1]nonyl, bicyclo[3.3.2]decyl, bicyclo[3.3.3]undecyl, tricyclo[3.3.3.1]decyl (adamantyl), all of which are optionally substituted by one or more groups L or L.sup.S as defined above and below.

(78) Most preferably the bi- or polycyclic group is selected from the group consisting of bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl (norbornyl), bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, tricyclo[3.3.3.1]decyl (adamantyl), all of which are optionally substituted by one or more groups L or L.sup.S as defined above and below.

(79) Preferably component A) of the LC medium comprises one or more first polymerisable compounds selected from formula I
P-Sp-G.sup.1I

(80) wherein P is a polymerisable group, Sp is a spacer group or a single bond, G.sup.1 is a bi-, tri- or tetracyclic hydrocarbon group, preferably a bridged or fused bi-, tri- or tetracyclic alkyl group, having 6 to 20 ring atoms which is optionally substituted by one or more groups L, L is F, Cl, CN, NO.sub.2, NCO, NCS, OCN, SCN, C(O)N(R.sup.x).sub.2, C(O)Y.sup.1, C(O)R.sup.x, N(R.sup.x).sub.2, optionally substituted silyl, optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl having 5 to 20 ring atoms, or straight-chain or branched alkyl having 1 to 25, particularly preferably 1 to 10, C atoms, in which, in addition, one or more non-adjacent CH.sub.2 groups may each be replaced, independently of one another, by C(R.sup.0)C(R.sup.00), CC, N(R.sup.0), O, S, CO, COO, OCO, OCOO in such a way that O and/or S atoms are not linked directly to one another, and in which, in addition, one or more H atoms may be replaced by F, Cl, CN, R.sup.x is H, F, Cl, CN, or straight chain, branched or cyclic alkyl having 1 to 25 C atoms, wherein one or more non-adjacent CH.sub.2-groups are optionally replaced by O, S, CO, COO, OCO, OCOO in such a manner that O- and/or S-atoms are not directly connected with each other, and wherein one or more H atoms are each optionally replaced by F or Cl, R.sup.0, R.sup.00 are H or alkyl having 1 to 20 C atoms, Y.sup.1 is halogen, preferably F or Cl.

(81) P is preferably acrylate, methacrylate or oxetane, very preferably acrylate or methacrylate.

(82) Sp is preferably of the formula Sp-X, so that the respective radical P-Sp-conforms to the formula P-Sp-X, wherein Sp and X are as defined above.

(83) Sp is very preferablyare (CH.sub.2).sub.p1, (CH.sub.2).sub.p1O, (CH.sub.2).sub.p1OCO, (CH.sub.2).sub.p1COO, (CH.sub.2).sub.p1OCOO, in which p1 is an integer from 1 to 12.

(84) L is preferably is selected from F, Cl, CN and straight-chain or branched alkyl having 1 to 25, particularly preferably 1 to 10, C atoms, in which, in addition, one or more non-adjacent CH.sub.2 groups may each be replaced, independently of one another, by C(R.sup.0)C(R.sup.00), CC, N(R.sup.0), O, S, CO, COO, OCO, OCOO in such a way that O and/or S atoms are not linked directly to one another, and in which, in addition, one or more H atoms may be replaced by F, Cl, Br, I or CN.

(85) L is very preferably selected from F, CN, and alkyl or alkoxy with 1 to 6 C atoms that is optionally fluorinated, preferably F, Cl, CN, CH.sub.3, OCH.sub.3, OCF.sub.3, OCF.sub.2H or OCFH.sub.2, very preferably F.

(86) G.sup.1 is preferably selected the group consisting of bicyclo[1.1.1]pentyl, bicyclo[2.1.1]hexyl, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl (norbornyl), bicyclo[3.2.1]octyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, bicyclo[3.2.2]nonyl, bicyclo[3.3.1]nonyl, bicyclo[3.3.2]decyl, bicyclo[3.3.3]undecyl, tricyclo[3.3.3.1]decyl (adamantyl), tricyclo[5.2.1.0]decyl (tetrahydrodicyclopentadiyl), bicyclo[2.1.0]pentyl, bicyclo[2.2.0]hexyl, bicyclo[3.2.0]heptyl, bicyclo[4.2.0]octyl, bicyclo[3.3.0]octyl, bicyclo[4.3.0]nonyl, bicyclo[4.4.0]decyl (decalin), spiro[2.2]pentyl, spiro[3.2]hexyl, spiro[3.3]heptyl, spiro[4.3]octyl, spiro[4.4]nonyl, spiro[4.5]decyl, all of which are optionally substituted by one or more groups L.

(87) G.sup.1 is very preferably selected from the group consisting of bicyclo[1.1.1]pentyl, bicyclo[2.1.1]hexyl, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl (norbornyl), bicyclo[3.2.1]octyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, bicyclo[3.2.2]nonyl, bicyclo[3.3.1]nonyl, bicyclo[3.3.2]decyl, bicyclo[3.3.3]undecyl, tricyclo[3.3.3.1]decyl (adamantyl), all of which are optionally substituted by one or more groups L.

(88) G.sup.1 is most preferably selected from the group consisting of, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl (norbornyl), bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, tricyclo[3.3.3.1]decyl (adamantyl) all of which are optionally substituted by one or more groups L.

(89) Preferred compounds of formula I are selected from the following formulae

(90) ##STR00011##

(91) wherein R on each occurrence identically or differently denotes P-Sp- or has one of the meanings given for R.sup.x above, and at least one of the groups R in each of formulae IA-IC denotes P-Sp-.

(92) Further preferred compounds of formula I are selected from the following formulae

(93) ##STR00012##

(94) wherein P and Sp have the meanings given in formula I or one of the preferred meanings given above, W.sup.11, W.sup.12 and W.sup.13 are independently of each other H, F or C.sub.1-C.sub.12-alkyl, preferably methyl, and the cycloalkyl groups are optionally substituted with one or more groups L as defined above.

(95) Very preferred compounds of formula I are selected from the following formulae

(96) ##STR00013##

(97) wherein n is 0 or an integer from 1 to 8, W is H, CH.sub.3 or C.sub.2H.sub.5 and W.sup.11, W.sup.12 and W.sup.13 are H, F or C.sub.1-C.sub.12-alkyl, preferably methyl.

(98) Further preferred compounds of formula I are selected from the following formulae

(99) ##STR00014## ##STR00015##

(100) Preferably component A) of the LC medium comprises one or more second polymerisable compounds selected of formula II
P-Sp-G.sup.2II

(101) wherein

(102) P and Sp have the meanings given in formula I or one of the preferred meanings given above and below, and

(103) G.sup.2 is a straight-chain, branched or monocyclic alkyl group with 1 to 20 C atoms that is optionally mono-, poly- or perfluorinated and is optionally substituted by one or more groups L as defined in formula I, and wherein one or more CH.sub.2-groups are optionally replaced by O, CO, OCO or COO such that O-atoms are not directly adjacent to one another.

(104) Preferred compounds of formula II are selected from the following formulae

(105) ##STR00016##

(106) wherein the individual radicals, independently of each other and on each occurrence identically or differently, have the following meanings P, Sp have the meanings given in formula I or one of the preferred meanings given above and below, W.sup.11, W.sup.12 are H, F or C.sub.1-C.sub.12-alkyl, W.sup.13, W.sup.14 are H or F, n1 is an integer from 2 to 15, n2, n3 are 0 or an integer from 1 to 3, n5 an integer from 1 to 5, n6, n7 0 or an integer from 1 to 15.

(107) Very preferred compounds of formula II are selected from the following formulae

(108) ##STR00017##

(109) wherein W is H, CH.sub.3 or C.sub.2H.sub.5, and W.sup.11, W.sup.12, W.sup.13, W.sup.14, n1, n2 and n3 are as defined in formula II1 and II2, n4 is 0 or an integer from 1 to 15, s is 0 or 1, and if s is 1 then n4 is not 0.

(110) Further preferred compounds of formula II are selected from the following formulae

(111) ##STR00018## ##STR00019## ##STR00020## ##STR00021##

(112) In another preferred embodiment of the present invention component A) of the LC medium comprises, alternatively or in addition to the first polymerisable compound of formula I, one or more first polymerisable compounds comprising two or more polymerisable groups and a bi- or polycyclic hydrocarbon group.

(113) These compounds are preferably selected from formula III
P.sup.1-Sp.sup.1-G.sup.1-Sp.sup.2-P.sup.2III

(114) wherein P.sup.1, P.sup.2 have one of the meanings of P given in formula I or its preferred meanings given above, Sp.sup.1, Sp.sup.2 have one of the meanings of Sp given in formula I or its preferred meanings given above, G.sup.1 has one of the meanings given in formula I or its preferred meanings given above, which is optionally substituted by one or more groups L and/or P-Sp-.

(115) wherein P and Sp have the meanings given in formula I or one of the preferred meanings given above, and the cycloalkyl groups are optionally substituted with one or more groups L.

(116) In another preferred embodiment of the present invention component A) of the LC medium comprises, alternatively or in addition to the second polymerisable compound of formula II, one or more second polymerisable compounds comprising two or more polymerisable groups and a straight-chain, branched or monocyclic hydrocarbon group.

(117) These compounds are preferably selected from formula IV
P.sup.1-Sp.sup.1-G.sup.2-Sp.sup.2-P.sup.2IV

(118) wherein P.sup.1, P.sup.2 have one of the meanings of P given in formula II or its preferred meanings given above, Sp.sup.1, Sp.sup.2 have one of the meanings of Sp given in formula II or its preferred meanings given above, G.sup.2 has one of the meanings given in formula II or its preferred meanings given above, which is optionally substituted by one or more groups L and/or P-Sp-.

(119) Preferred compounds of formula IV are selected from the following formulae

(120) ##STR00022##

(121) wherein P.sup.1, P.sup.2, Sp.sup.1, Sp.sup.2 are as defined in formula IV, and W.sup.11, W.sup.12, W.sup.13, n1, n2 and n3 are as defined in formula II1 and II2, and the cyclohexylene ring in formula IV2 is optionally substituted by one or more identical or different groups W.sup.11.

(122) Very preferred compounds of formula IV are selected from the following formulae

(123) ##STR00023##

(124) wherein W, W.sup.11, W.sup.12, W.sup.13, W.sup.14, n1, n2 and n3 are as defined in formula II1 and II2, n4 is an integer form 1 to 6, and the cyclohexylene ring in formula IV2a is optionally substituted by one or more identical or different groups W.sup.11.

(125) Further preferred compounds of formula IV are selected from the following formulae

(126) ##STR00024## ##STR00025##

(127) Further preferred compounds of formula IV are selected from the following formulae

(128) ##STR00026##

(129) The concentration of the first and second polymerisable compounds, or compounds of formula I, II, III and IV, in the LC medium is preferably from 1 to 30% by weight, very preferably from 1 to 25% by weight.

(130) In a first preferred embodiment of the present invention, the concentration of the first and second polymerisable compounds, or compounds of formula I, II, III and IV in the LC medium is from 10 to 20% by weight.

(131) In a second preferred embodiment of the present invention, the concentration of the first and second polymerisable compounds, or compounds of formula I, II, III and IV in the LC medium is from 5 to 10% by weight.

(132) In a third preferred embodiment of the present invention, the concentration of the first and second polymerisable compounds, or compounds of formula I, II, III and IV in the LC medium is from 1 to 5% by weight.

(133) In a fourth preferred embodiment of the present invention, the concentration of the first and second polymerisable compounds, or compounds of formula I, II, III and IV in the LC medium is from 15 to 25% by weight.

(134) The ratio of first polymerisable compounds or compounds of formula I and III, and second polymerisable compounds or compounds of formula II and IV, in the LC medium is preferably from 50:1 to 1:50, very preferably from 10:1 to 1:10, most preferably from 4:1 to 1:4.

(135) The concentration of first and second polymerisable compounds with (exactly) one polymerisable group, or compounds of formula I and II, in the LC medium is preferably from 5 to 30% by weight.

(136) The concentration of first and second polymerisable compounds with (exactly) two polymerisable groups, or compounds of formula II and IV, in the LC medium is preferably from 0.1 to 10%, very preferably from 0.1 to 5%, most preferably from 0.1 to 2% by weight.

(137) Particular preference is given to LC media wherein the polymerisable component A) comprises one, two or three first polymerisable compounds or compounds of formula I and/or III, and one, two or three second polymerisable compounds or compounds of formula II and/or IV.

(138) In another preferred embodiment of the present invention, the polymerisable component A) of the LC medium comprises, in addition to the first and second polymerisable compounds as described above, one or more polymerisable compounds comprising an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring, preferably selected from reactive mesogens.

(139) Preferred reactive mesogens are selected of formula M
R.sup.aB.sup.1(Z.sup.bB.sup.2).sub.mR.sup.bM

(140) in which the individual radicals, on each occurrence identically or differently, and each, independently of one another, have the following meaning: R.sup.a and R.sup.b P, P-Sp-, H, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO.sub.2, NCO, NCS, OCN, SCN, SF.sub.5 or straight-chain or branched alkyl having 1 to 25 C atoms, in which, in addition, one or more non-adjacent CH.sub.2 groups may each be replaced, independently of one another, by C(R.sup.0)C(R.sup.00), CC, N(R.sup.00), O, S, CO, COO, OCO, OCOO in such a way that O and/or S atoms are not linked directly to one another, and in which, in addition, one or more H atoms may be replaced by F, Cl, Br, I, CN, P or P-Sp-, where, if B.sup.1 and/or B.sup.2 contain a saturated C atom, R.sup.a and/or R.sup.b may also denote a radical which is spiro-linked to this saturated C atom, wherein at least one of the radicals R.sup.a and R.sup.b denotes or contains a group P or P-Sp-, P a polymerisable group, Sp a spacer group or a single bond, B.sup.1 and B.sup.2 an aromatic, heteroaromatic, alicyclic or heterocyclic group, preferably having 4 to 25 ring atoms, which may also contain fused rings, and which is unsubstituted, or mono- or polysubstituted by L, wherein at least one of B.sup.1 and B.sup.2 denotes an aromatic or heteroaromatic group, Z.sup.b O, S, CO, COO, OCO, OCOO, OCH.sub.2, CH.sub.2O, SCH.sub.2, CH.sub.2S, CF.sub.2O, OCF.sub.2, CF.sub.2S, SCF.sub.2, (CH.sub.2).sub.n1, CF.sub.2CH.sub.2, CH.sub.2CF.sub.2, (CF.sub.2).sub.n11, CHCH, CFCF, CC, CHCHCOO, OCOCHCH, CR.sup.0R.sup.00 or a single bond, R.sup.0 and R.sup.00 each, independently of one another, denote H or alkyl having 1 to 12 C atoms, m denotes 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, n11 denotes 1, 2, 3 or 4, L P, P-Sp-, OH, CH.sub.2OH, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO.sub.2, NCO, NCS, OCN, SCN, C(O)N(R.sup.x).sub.2, C(O)Y.sup.1, C(O)R.sup.x, N(R.sup.x).sub.2, optionally substituted silyl, optionally substituted aryl having 6 to 20 C atoms, or straight-chain or branched alkyl, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy or alkoxycarbonyloxy having 1 to 25 C atoms, in which, in addition, one or more H atoms may be replaced by F, Cl, P or P-Sp-, P and Sp have the meanings indicated above, Y.sup.1 denotes halogen, R.sup.x denotes P, P-Sp-, H, halogen, straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkyl having 1 to 25 C atoms, in which, in addition, one or more non-adjacent CH.sub.2 groups may be replaced by O, S, CO, COO, OCO, OCOO in such a way that O and/or S atoms are not linked directly to one another, and in which, in addition, one or more H atoms may be replaced by F, Cl, P or P-Sp-, an optionally substituted aryl or aryloxy group having 6 to 40 C atoms, or an optionally substituted heteroaryl or heteroaryloxy group having 2 to 40 C atoms.

(141) Particularly preferred compounds of formula M are those in which B.sup.1 and B.sup.2 each, independently of one another, denote 1,4-phenylene, 1,3-phenylene, naphthalene-1,4-diyl, naphthalene-2,6-diyl, phenanthrene-2,7-diyl, 9,10-dihydro-phenanthrene-2,7-diyl, anthracene-2,7-diyl, fluorene-2,7-diyl, coumarine, flavone, where, in addition, one or more CH groups in these groups may be replaced by N, cyclohexane-1,4-diyl, in which, in addition, one or more non-adjacent CH.sub.2 groups may be replaced by O and/or S, 1,4-cyclohexenylene, bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane-1,3-diyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1,4-diyl, spiro[3.3]heptane-2,6-diyl, piperidine-1,4-diyl, decahydronaphthalene-2,6-diyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,6-diyl, indane-2,5-diyl or octahydro-4,7-methanoindane-2,5-diyl, where all these groups may be unsubstituted or mono- or polysubstituted by L as defined above.

(142) Very particularly preferred compounds of formula M are those in which B.sup.1 and B.sup.2 each, independently of one another, denote 1,4-phenylene, 1,3-phenylene, naphthalene-1,4-diyl or naphthalene-2,6-diyl.

(143) Further preferred compounds of formula M are selected from the group consisting of the following formulae:

(144) ##STR00027## ##STR00028## ##STR00029## ##STR00030## ##STR00031##

(145) in which the individual radicals, on each occurrence identically or differently, and each, independently of one another, have the following meaning: P.sup.1, P.sup.2, P.sup.3 a vinyloxy, acrylate, methacrylate, fluoroacrylate, chloroacrylate, oxetane or epoxy group, Sp.sup.1, Sp.sup.2, Sp.sup.3 a single bond or a spacer group where, in addition, one or more of the radicals P.sup.1-Sp.sup.1-, P.sup.1-Sp.sup.2- and P.sup.3-Sp.sup.3- may denote R.sup.aa, with the proviso that at least one of the radicals P.sup.1-Sp.sup.1-, P.sup.2-Sp.sup.2 and P.sup.3-Sp.sup.3- present is different from R.sup.aa, R.sup.aa H, F, Cl, CN or straight-chain or branched alkyl having 1 to 25 C atoms, in which, in addition, one or more non-adjacent CH.sub.2 groups may each be replaced, independently of one another, by (R.sup.0)C(R.sup.00), CC, N(R.sup.0), O, S, CO, COO, OCO, OCOO in such a way that O and/or S atoms are not linked directly to one another, and in which, in addition, one or more H atoms may be replaced by F, Cl, CN or P.sup.1-Sp.sup.2-, particularly preferably straight-chain or branched, optionally mono- or polyfluorinated alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy or alkoxycarbonyloxy having 1 to 12 C atoms (where the alkenyl and alkynyl radicals have at least two C atoms and the branched radicals have at least three C atoms), R.sup.0, R.sup.00 H or alkyl having 1 to 12 C atoms, R.sup.y and R.sup.z H, F, CH.sub.3 or CF.sub.3, X.sup.1, X.sup.2, X.sup.3 COO, OCO or a single bond, Z.sup.1 O, CO, C(R.sup.yR.sup.z) or CF.sub.2CF.sub.2, Z.sup.2, Z.sup.3 COO, OCO, CH.sub.2O, OCH.sub.2, CF.sub.2O, OCF.sub.2 or (CH.sub.2).sub.n11, where n11 is 2, 3 or 4, L F, Cl, CN or straight-chain or branched, optionally mono- or polyfluorinated alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy or alkoxycarbonyloxy having 1 to 12 C atoms, L, L H, F or Cl, r 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, s 0, 1, 2 or 3, t 0, 1 or 2, x 0 or 1.

(146) Especially preferred are direactive compounds of formulae M1 to M14, in particular those of formula M2 and M13.

(147) Further preferred are trireactive compounds M15 to M30, in particular those of formula M17, M18, M19, M22, M23, M24, M25, M26, M30 and M31.

(148) In the compounds of formulae M1 to M31 the group

(149) ##STR00032##
is preferably

(150) ##STR00033##

(151) wherein L on each occurrence, identically or differently, has one of the meanings given above or below, and is preferably F, Cl, CN, NO.sub.2, CH.sub.3, C.sub.2H.sub.5, C(CH.sub.3).sub.3, CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2, CH.sub.2CH(CH.sub.3)C.sub.2H.sub.5, OCH.sub.3, OC.sub.2H.sub.5, COCH.sub.3, COC.sub.2H.sub.5, COOCH.sub.3, COOC.sub.2H.sub.5, CF.sub.3, OCF.sub.3, OCHF.sub.2, OC.sub.2F.sub.5 or P-Sp-, very preferably F, Cl, CN, CH.sub.3, C.sub.2H.sub.5, OCH.sub.3, COCH.sub.3, OCF.sub.3 or P-Sp-, more preferably F, Cl, CH.sub.3, OCH.sub.3, COCH.sub.3 oder OCF.sub.3, especially F or CH.sub.3.

(152) Preferred compounds of formulae M1 to M31 are those wherein P.sup.1, P.sup.2 and P.sup.3 denote an acrylate, methacrylate, oxetane or epoxy group, very preferably an acrylate or methacrylate group.

(153) Further preferred compounds of formulae M1 to M31 are those wherein Sp.sup.1, Sp.sup.2 and Sp.sup.3 are a single bond.

(154) Further preferred compounds of formulae M1 to M31 are those wherein one of Sp.sup.1, Sp.sup.2 and Sp.sup.3 is a single bond and another one of Sp.sup.1, Sp.sup.2 and Sp.sup.3 is different from a single bond.

(155) Further preferred compounds of formulae M1 to M31 are those wherein those groups Sp.sup.1, Sp.sup.2 and Sp.sup.3 that are different from a single bond denote (CH.sub.2).sub.s1X, wherein s1 is an integer from 1 to 6, preferably 2, 3, 4 or 5, and X is X is the linkage to the benzene ring and is O, OCO, COO, OCOO or a single bond.

(156) Particular preference is given to LC media comprising one, two or three polymerisable compounds of formula M.

(157) Preferably the proportion of polymerisable compounds of formula M in the LC medium is from 0.01 to 5%, very preferably from 0.05 to 1%, most preferably from 0.1 to 0.5%.

(158) Besides the polymerisable component A) as described above, the LC medium according to the present invention comprises an LC component B), or LC host mixture, comprising one or more, preferably two or more LC compounds which are selected from low-molecular-weight compounds that are unpolymerisable, and at least one of which is selected of formula CY and PY. These LC compounds are selected such that they stable and/or unreactive to a polymerisation reaction under the conditions applied to the polymerisation of the polymerisable compounds.

(159) Examples of such compounds are the compounds of formula CY and PY above and below and the compounds of formulae T, AN, AY, ZK and DK.

(160) Preference is given to LC media in which the LC component B), or the LC host mixture, has a nematic LC phase, and preferably has no chiral liquid crystal phase. The LC component B), or LC host mixture, is preferably a nematic LC mixture. Further preferably the LC component B) or LC host mixture, and the LC medium have a negative dielectric anisotropy .

(161) Preference is furthermore given to achiral polymerisable compounds, and to LC media in which the compounds of component A) and/or B) are selected exclusively from the group consisting of achiral compounds.

(162) Preferably the proportion of the LC component B) in the LC medium is from 70 to 95% by weight.

(163) The LC media and LC host mixtures of the present invention preferably have a nematic phase range 80 K, very preferably 100 K, and preferably a rotational viscosity 250 mPa.Math.s, very preferably 200 mPa.Math.s, at 20 C.

(164) The birefringence n of LC media and LC host mixtures according to the invention is preferably below 0.16, very preferably from 0.06 to 0.14, most preferably from 0.07 to 0.12.

(165) The LC media and LC host mixtures according to the invention preferably have a negative dielectric anisotropy from 0.5 to 10, in particular from 2.5 to 7.5, at 20 C. and 1 kHz.

(166) In the compounds of formula CY and PY, preferably, both L.sup.1 and L.sup.2 denote F or one of L.sup.1 and L.sup.2 denotes F and the other denotes Cl, or both L.sup.3 and L.sup.4 denote F or one of L.sup.3 and L.sup.4 denotes F and the other denotes Cl.

(167) The compounds of the formula CY are preferably selected from the group consisting of the following sub-formulae:

(168) ##STR00034## ##STR00035## ##STR00036## ##STR00037##

(169) in which a denotes 1 or 2, alkyl and alkyl* each, independently of one another, denote a straight-chain alkyl radical having 1-6 C atoms, and alkenyl denotes a straight-chain alkenyl radical having 2-6 C atoms, and (O) denotes an oxygen atom or a single bond. Alkenyl preferably denotes CH.sub.2CH, CH.sub.2CHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2, CH.sub.3CHCH, CH.sub.3CH.sub.2CHCH, CH.sub.3(CH.sub.2).sub.2CHCH, CH.sub.3(CH.sub.2).sub.3CHCH or CH.sub.3CHCH(CH.sub.2).sub.2.

(170) Especially preferred are compounds selected from formulae CY2, CY8, CY10 and CY16.

(171) The compounds of the formula PY are preferably selected from the group consisting of the following sub-formulae:

(172) ##STR00038## ##STR00039## ##STR00040##

(173) in which alkyl and alkyl* each, independently of one another, denote a straight-chain alkyl radical having 1-6 C atoms, and alkenyl denotes a straight-chain alkenyl radical having 2-6 C atoms, and (O) denotes an oxygen atom or a single bond. Alkenyl preferably denotes CH.sub.2CH, CH.sub.2CHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2, CH.sub.3CHCH, CH.sub.3CH.sub.2CHCH, CH.sub.3(CH.sub.2).sub.2CHCH, CH.sub.3(CH.sub.2).sub.3CHCH or CH.sub.3CHCH(CH.sub.2).sub.2.

(174) Especially preferred are compounds selected from formulae PY2, PY8, PY10 and PY16.

(175) Preferably the concentration of the compounds of formula CY and PY and their subformulae in the LC medium is from 10 to 70% by weight, very preferably from 15 to 50% by weight.

(176) Preferably the concentration of the compounds of formula CY and its subformulae in the LC medium is from 2 to 50% by weight, very preferably from 3 to 30% by weight.

(177) Preferably the concentration of the compounds of formula PY and its subformulae in the LC medium is from 2 to 50% by weight, very preferably from 3 to 30% by weight.

(178) In another preferred embodiment of the present invention the LC component B), or LC host mixture, of the LC medium comprises one or more mesogenic or LC compounds comprising a straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkenyl group (hereinafter also referred to as alkenyl compounds), wherein said alkenyl group is stable to a polymerisation reaction under the conditions used for polymerisation of the polymerisable compounds contained in the LC medium.

(179) These alkenyl compounds are preferably selected from formula AN and AY

(180) ##STR00041##

(181) in which the individual radicals, on each occurrence identically or differently, and each, independently of one another, have the following meaning:

(182) ##STR00042## R.sup.A1 alkenyl having 2 to 9 C atoms or, if at least one of the rings X, Y and Z denotes cyclohexenyl, also one of the meanings of R.sup.A2, R.sup.A2 alkyl having 1 to 12 C atoms, in which, in addition, one or two non-adjacent CH.sub.2 groups may be replaced by O, CHCH, CO, OCO or COO in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another, Z.sup.x CH.sub.2CH.sub.2, CHCH, CF.sub.2O, OCF.sub.2, CH.sub.2O, OCH.sub.2, COO, OCO, C.sub.2F.sub.4, CFCF, CHCHCH.sub.2O, or a single bond, preferably a single bond, L.sup.1-4 H, F, Cl, OCF.sub.3, CF.sub.3, CH.sub.3, CH.sub.2F or CHF.sub.2H, preferably H, F or Cl, x 1 or 2, z 0 or 1.

(183) Preferred compounds of formula AN and AY are those wherein R.sup.A2 is selected from ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl, pentenyl, hexenyl and heptenyl.

(184) Further preferred compounds of formula AN and AY are those wherein L.sup.1 and L.sup.2 denote F, or one of L.sup.1 and L.sup.2 denotes F and the other denotes Cl, and L.sup.3 and L.sup.4 denote F, or one of L.sup.3 and L.sup.4 denotes F and the other denotes Cl.

(185) The compounds of the formula AN are preferably selected from the following sub-formulae:

(186) ##STR00043## ##STR00044##

(187) in which alkyl and alkyl* each, independently of one another, denote a straight-chain alkyl radical having 1-6 C atoms, and alkenyl and alkenyl* each, independently of one another, denote a straight-chain alkenyl radical having 2-7 C atoms. Alkenyl and alkenyl* preferably denote CH.sub.2CH, CH.sub.2CHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2, CH.sub.3CHCH, CH.sub.3CH.sub.2CHCH, CH.sub.3(CH.sub.2).sub.2CHCH, CH.sub.3(CH.sub.2).sub.3CHCH or CH.sub.3CHCH(CH.sub.2).sub.2.

(188) Very preferred compounds of the formula AN are selected from the following sub-formulae:

(189) ##STR00045##

(190) in which m denotes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, i denotes 0, 1, 2 or 3, and R.sup.b1 denotes H, CH.sub.3 or C.sub.2H.sub.5.

(191) Very particularly preferred compounds of the formula AN are selected from the following sub-formulae:

(192) ##STR00046##

(193) Most preferred are compounds of formula AN1a2 and AN1a5.

(194) The compounds of the formula AY are preferably selected from the following sub-formulae:

(195) ##STR00047## ##STR00048## ##STR00049## ##STR00050##

(196) in which alkyl and alkyl* each, independently of one another, denote a straight-chain alkyl radical having 1-6 C atoms, and alkenyl and alkenyl* each, independently of one another, denote a straight-chain alkenyl radical having 2-7 C atoms. Alkenyl and alkenyl* preferably denote CH.sub.2CH, CH.sub.2CHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2, CH.sub.3CHCH, CH.sub.3CH.sub.2CHCH, CH.sub.3(CH.sub.2).sub.2CHCH, CH.sub.3(CH.sub.2).sub.3CHCH or CH.sub.3CHCH(CH.sub.2).sub.2.

(197) In a preferred embodiment of the present invention the LC host mixture, or component B), contains one or more compounds selected from formulae AY14, AY15 and AY16, very preferably one or more compounds of formula AY14.

(198) Very preferred compounds of the formula AY are selected from the following sub-formulae:

(199) ##STR00051##

(200) in which m and n each, independently of one another, denote 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, and alkenyl denotes CH.sub.2CH, CH.sub.2CHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2, CH.sub.3CHCH, CH.sub.3CH.sub.2CHCH, CH.sub.3(CH.sub.2).sub.2CHCH, CH.sub.3(CH.sub.2).sub.3CHCH or CH.sub.3CHCH(CH.sub.2).sub.2.

(201) Preferably the proportion of compounds of formula AN and AY in the LC medium is from 2 to 60% by weight, very preferably from 5 to 45% by weight, most preferably from 10 to 40% by weight.

(202) Preferably the LC medium or LC host mixture contains 1 to 5, preferably 1, 2 or 3 compounds selected from formulae AN and AY.

(203) The addition of alkenyl compounds of formula AN and/or AY enables a reduction of the viscosity and response time of the LC medium.

(204) In another preferred embodiment the LC host mixture, or component B), comprises one or more compounds of formula T

(205) ##STR00052##

(206) in which the individual radicals, on each occurrence identically or differently, and each, independently of one another, have the following meaning: R.sup.1, R.sup.2 alkyl, alkoxy, oxaalkyl or alkoxyalkyl having 1 to 9 C atoms or alkenyl or alkenyloxy having 2 to 9 C atoms, all of which are optionally fluorinated, L.sup.T1-L.sup.T6 H, F or Cl, preferably H or F, wherein preferably at least one of L.sup.T1 to L.sup.T6 is F or Cl, preferably F,

(207) The compounds of the formula T are preferably selected from the group consisting of the following sub-formulae:

(208) ##STR00053## ##STR00054## ##STR00055##

(209) in which R denotes a straight-chain alkyl or alkoxy radical having 1-7 C atoms, R* denotes a straight-chain alkenyl radical having 2-7 C atoms, (O) denotes an oxygen atom or a single bond, and m denotes an integer from 1 to 6. R* preferably denotes CH.sub.2CH, CH.sub.2CHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2, CH.sub.3CHCH, CH.sub.3CH.sub.2CHCH, CH.sub.3(CH.sub.2).sub.2CHCH, CH.sub.3(CH.sub.2).sub.3CHCH or CH.sub.3CHCH(CH.sub.2).sub.2.

(210) R and R* preferably denote methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy or pentoxy.

(211) Very preferred are compounds of formulae T1, T2, T3, T5 and T21, especially those of formula T1 and T2 and T5.

(212) Very preferred are compounds of formula T1-T24 wherein (O) denotes an oxygen atom, m is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 and R is methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl of pentyl or hexyl, which are preferably straight-chained.

(213) Preferably, the LC medium does not contain more than 15% of compounds of formula T or T1-T24 or any other compounds with a terphenyl group.

(214) Preferably the proportion of compounds of formula T or T1-T24 or any other compounds with a terphenyl group in the LC medium is from 5 to 15%, very preferably from 5 to 10%.

(215) Preferably the LC medium contains 1 to 5, very preferably 1 or 2 compounds of formula T or T1-T24.

(216) Further preferred embodiments of the present invention are listed below, including any combination thereof.

(217) Preferably the LC medium contains an LC component B), or LC host mixture, based on compounds with negative dielectric anisotropy. Such LC media are especially suitable for use in PS-VA and PS-UB-FFS displays. Particularly preferred embodiments of such an LC medium are those of sections a)-z) below: a) LC medium which additionally comprises one or more compounds of the following formula:

(218) ##STR00056## in which the individual radicals have the following meanings:

(219) ##STR00057## R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 each, independently of one another, denote alkyl having 1 to 12 C atoms, in which, in addition, one or two non-adjacent CH.sub.2 groups may be replaced by O, CHCH, CO, OCO or COO in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another, Z.sup.y denotes CH.sub.2CH.sub.2, CHCH, CF.sub.2O, OCF.sub.2, CH.sub.2O, OCH.sub.2, COO, OCO, C.sub.2F.sub.4, CFCF, CHCHCH.sub.2O or a single bond, preferably a single bond. The compounds of the formula ZK are preferably selected from the group consisting of the following sub-formulae:

(220) ##STR00058## in which alkyl and alkyl* each, independently of one another, denote a straight-chain alkyl radical having 1-6 C atoms, and alkenyl denotes a straight-chain alkenyl radical having 2-6 C atoms. Alkenyl preferably denotes CH.sub.2CH, CH.sub.2CHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2, CH.sub.3CHCH, CH.sub.3CH.sub.2CHCH, CH.sub.3(CH.sub.2).sub.2CHCH, CH.sub.3(CH.sub.2).sub.3CHCH or CH.sub.3CHCH(CH.sub.2).sub.2. Especially preferred are compounds of formula ZK1. Particularly preferred compounds of formula ZK are selected from the following sub-formulae:

(221) ##STR00059## wherein the propyl, butyl and pentyl groups are straight-chain groups. Most preferred are compounds of formula ZK1a. b) LC medium which additionally comprises one or more compounds of the following formula:

(222) ##STR00060## in which the individual radicals on each occurrence, identically or differently, have the following meanings: R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 each, independently of one another, denote alkyl having 1 to 12 C atoms, where, in addition, one or two non-adjacent CH.sub.2 groups may be replaced by O, CHCH, CO, OCO or COO in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another, preferably alkyl or alkoxy having 1 to 6 C atoms,

(223) ##STR00061## e denotes 1 or 2. The compounds of the formula DK are preferably selected from the group consisting of the following sub-formulae:

(224) ##STR00062## ##STR00063## in which alkyl and alkyl* each, independently of one another, denote a straight-chain alkyl radical having 1-6 C atoms, and alkenyl denotes a straight-chain alkenyl radical having 2-6 C atoms. Alkenyl preferably denotes CH.sub.2CH, CH.sub.2CHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2, CH.sub.3CHCH, CH.sub.3CH.sub.2CHCH, CH.sub.3(CH.sub.2).sub.2CHCH, CH.sub.3(CH.sub.2).sub.3CHCH or CH.sub.3CHCH(CH.sub.2).sub.2. c) LC medium which additionally comprises one or more compounds of the following formula:

(225) ##STR00064## in which the individual radicals have the following meanings:

(226) ##STR00065## with at least one ring F being different from cyclohexylene, f denotes 1 or 2, R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 each, independently of one another, denote alkyl having 1 to 12 C atoms, where, in addition, one or two non-adjacent CH.sub.2 groups may be replaced by O, CHCH, CO, OCO or COO in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another, Z.sup.x denotes CH.sub.2CH.sub.2, CHCH, CF.sub.2O, OCF.sub.2, CH.sub.2O, OCH.sub.2, COO, OCO, C.sub.2F.sub.4, CFCF, CHCHCH.sub.2O or a single bond, preferably a single bond. L.sup.1 and L.sup.2 each, independently of one another, denote F, Cl, OCF.sub.3, CF.sub.3, CH.sub.3, CH.sub.2F, CHF.sub.2. Preferably, both radicals L.sup.1 and L.sup.2 denote F or one of the radicals L.sup.1 and L.sup.2 denotes F and the other denotes Cl. The compounds of the formula LY are preferably selected from the group consisting of the following sub-formulae:

(227) ##STR00066## ##STR00067## ##STR00068## in which R.sup.1 has the meaning indicated above, alkyl denotes a straight-chain alkyl radical having 1-6 C atoms, (O) denotes an oxygen atom or a single bond, and v denotes an integer from 1 to 6. R.sup.1 preferably denotes straight-chain alkyl having 1 to 6 C atoms or straight-chain alkenyl having 2 to 6 C atoms, in particular CH.sub.3, C.sub.2H.sub.5, n-C.sub.3H.sub.7, n-C.sub.4H.sub.9, n-C.sub.5H.sub.11, CH.sub.2CH, CH.sub.2CHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2, CH.sub.3CHCH, CH.sub.3CH.sub.2CHCH, CH.sub.3(CH.sub.2).sub.2CHCH, CH.sub.3(CH.sub.2).sub.3CHCH or CH.sub.3CHCH(CH.sub.2).sub.2. d) LC medium which additionally comprises one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of the following formulae:

(228) Anmerkung: T1/Seite 67) und G1 sind identisch

(229) ##STR00069## in which alkyl denotes C.sub.1-6-alkyl, L.sup.x denotes H or F, and X denotes F, Cl, OCF.sub.3, OCHF.sub.2 or OCHCF.sub.2. Particular preference is given to compounds of the formula G1 in which X denotes F. e) LC medium which additionally comprises one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of the following formulae:

(230) ##STR00070## ##STR00071## ##STR00072## in which R.sup.5 has one of the meanings indicated above for R.sup.1, alkyl denotes C.sub.1-6-alkyl, d denotes 0 or 1, and z and m each, independently of one another, denote an integer from 1 to 6. R.sup.5 in these compounds is particularly preferably C.sub.1-6-alkyl or -alkoxy or C.sub.2-6-alkenyl, d is preferably 1. The LC medium according to the invention preferably comprises one or more compounds of the above-mentioned formulae in amounts of 5% by weight. f) LC medium which additionally comprises one or more biphenyl compounds selected from the group consisting of the following formulae:

(231) ##STR00073## in which alkyl and alkyl* each, independently of one another, denote a straight-chain alkyl radical having 1-6 C atoms, and alkenyl and alkenyl* each, independently of one another, denote a straight-chain alkenyl radical having 2-6 C atoms. Alkenyl and alkenyl* preferably denote CH.sub.2CH, CH.sub.2CHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2, CH.sub.3CHCH, CH.sub.3CH.sub.2CHCH, CH.sub.3(CH.sub.2).sub.2CHCH, CH.sub.3(CH.sub.2).sub.3CHCH or CH.sub.3CHCH(CH.sub.2).sub.2. The proportion of the biphenyls of the formulae B1 to B3 in the LC mixture is preferably at least 3% by weight, in particular 5% by weight. The compounds of the formula B2 are particularly preferred. The compounds of the formulae B1 to B3 are preferably selected from the group consisting of the following sub-formulae:

(232) ##STR00074## in which alkyl* denotes an alkyl radical having 1-6 C atoms. The medium according to the invention particularly preferably comprises one or more compounds of the formulae B1a and/or B2c. g) LC medium which additionally comprises one or more quaterphenyl compounds selected from the group consisting of the following formulae:

(233) ##STR00075## wherein R.sup.Q is alkyl, alkoxy, oxaalkyl or alkoxyalkyl having 1 to 9 C atoms or alkenyl or alkenyloxy having 2 to 9 C atoms, all of which are optionally fluorinated, X.sup.Q is F, Cl, halogenated alkyl or alkoxy having 1 to 6 C atoms or halogenated alkenyl or alkenyloxy having 2 to 6 C atoms, L.sup.Q1 to L.sup.Q6 independently of each other are H or F, with at least one of L.sup.Q1 to L.sup.Q6 being F. Preferred compounds of formula Q are those wherein R.sup.Q denotes straight-chain alkyl with 2 to 6 C-atoms, very preferably ethyl, n-propyl or n-butyl. Preferred compounds of formula Q are those wherein L.sup.Q3 and L.sup.Q4 are F. Further preferred compounds of formula Q are those wherein L.sup.Q3, L.sup.Q4 and one or two of L.sup.Q1 and L.sup.Q2 are F. Preferred compounds of formula Q are those wherein X.sup.Q denotes F or OCF.sub.3, very preferably F. The compounds of formula Q are preferably selected from the following subformulae

(234) ##STR00076## wherein R.sup.Q has one of the meanings of formula Q or one of its preferred meanings given above and below, and is preferably ethyl, n-propyl or n-butyl. Especially preferred are compounds of formula Q1, in particular those wherein R.sup.Q is n-propyl. Preferably the proportion of compounds of formula Q in the LC medium is from >0 to 5% by weight, very preferably from 0.1 to 2% by weight, most preferably from 0.2 to 1.5% by weight. Preferably the LC medium contains 1 to 5, preferably 1 or 2 compounds of formula Q. The addition of quaterphenyl compounds of formula Q to the LC medium mixture enables to reduce ODF mura, whilst maintaining high UV absorption, enabling quick and complete polymerisation, enabling strong and quick tilt angle generation, and increasing the UV stability of the LC medium. Besides. the addition of compounds of formula Q, which have positive dielectric anisotropy, to the LC medium with negative dielectric anisotropy allows a better control of the values of the dielectric constants .sub. and .sub. and in particular enables to achieve a high value of the dielectric constant .sub. while keeping the dielectric anisotropy constant, thereby reducing the kick-back voltage and reducing image sticking. h) LC medium which additionally comprises one or more compounds of formula C:

(235) ##STR00077## wherein R.sup.C denotes alkyl, alkoxy, oxaalkyl or alkoxyalkyl having 1 to 9 C atoms or alkenyl or alkenyloxy having 2 to 9 C atoms, all of which are optionally fluorinated, X.sup.C denotes F, Cl, halogenated alkyl or alkoxy having 1 to 6 C atoms or halogenated alkenyl or alkenyloxy having 2 to 6 C atoms, L.sup.C1, L.sup.C2 independently of each other denote H or F, with at least one of L.sup.C1 and L.sup.C2 being F. Preferred compounds of formula C are those wherein R.sup.C denotes straight-chain alkyl with 2 to 6 C-atoms, very preferably ethyl, n-propyl or n-butyl. Preferred compounds of formula C are those wherein L.sup.C1 and L.sup.C2 are F. Preferred compounds of formula C are those wherein X.sup.C denotes F or OCF.sub.3, very preferably F. Preferred compounds of formula C are selected from the following formula

(236) ##STR00078## wherein R.sup.C has one of the meanings of formula C or one of its preferred meanings given above and below, and is preferably ethyl, n-propyl or n-butyl, very preferably n-propyl. Preferably the proportion of compounds of formula C in the LC medium is from >0 to 10% by weight, very preferably from 0.1 to 8% by weight, most preferably from 0.2 to 5% by weight. Preferably the LC medium contains 1 to 5, preferably 1, 2 or 3 compounds of formula C. The addition of compounds of formula C, which have positive dielectric anisotropy, to the LC medium with negative dielectric anisotropy allows a better control of the values of the dielectric constants .sub. and .sub. and in particular enables to achieve a high value of the dielectric constant .sub. while keeping the dielectric anisotropy constant, thereby reducing the kick-back voltage and reducing image sticking. Besides, the addition of compounds of formula C enables to reduce the viscosity and the response time of the LC medium. i) LC medium which additionally comprises one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of the following formulae:

(237) ##STR00079## in which R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 have the meanings indicated above and preferably each, independently of one another, denote straight-chain alkyl having 1 to 6 C atoms or straight-chain alkenyl having 2 to 6 C atoms. Preferred media comprise one or more compounds selected from the formulae 01, 03 and 04. k) LC medium which additionally comprises one or more compounds of the following formula:

(238) ##STR00080## in which

(239) ##STR00081## R.sup.9 denotes H, CH.sub.3, C.sub.2H.sub.5 or n-C.sub.3H.sub.7, (F) denotes an optional fluorine substituent, and q denotes 1, 2 or 3, and R.sup.7 has one of the meanings indicated for R.sup.1, preferably in amounts of >3% by weight, in particular 5% by weight and very particularly preferably 5-30% by weight. Particularly preferred compounds of the formula FI are selected from the group consisting of the following sub-formulae:

(240) ##STR00082## in which R.sup.7 preferably denotes straight-chain alkyl, and R.sup.9 denotes CH.sub.3, C.sub.2H.sub.5 or n-C.sub.3H.sub.7. Particular preference is given to the compounds of the formulae F.sub.11, F.sub.12 and F.sub.13. l) LC medium which additionally comprises one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of the following formulae:

(241) ##STR00083## in which R.sup.8 has the meaning indicated for R.sup.1, and alkyl denotes a straight-chain alkyl radical having 1-6 C atoms. m) LC medium which additionally comprises one or more compounds which contain a tetrahydronaphthyl or naphthyl unit, such as, for example, the compounds selected from the group consisting of the following formulae:

(242) ##STR00084## ##STR00085## in which R.sup.10 and R.sup.11 each, independently of one another, denote alkyl having 1 to 12 C atoms, where, in addition, one or two non-adjacent CH.sub.2 groups may be replaced by O, CHCH, CO, OCO or COO in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another, preferably alkyl or alkoxy having 1 to 6 C atoms, and R.sup.10 and R.sup.11 preferably denote straight-chain alkyl or alkoxy having 1 to 6 C atoms or straight-chain alkenyl having 2 to 6 C atoms, and Z.sup.1 and Z.sup.2 each, independently of one another, denote C.sub.2H.sub.4, CHCH, (CH.sub.2).sub.4, (CH.sub.2).sub.3O, O(CH.sub.2).sub.3, CHCHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2, CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CHCH, CH.sub.2O, OCH.sub.2, COO, OCO, C.sub.2F.sub.4, CFCF, CFCH, CHCF, CH.sub.2 or a single bond. n) LC medium which additionally comprises one or more difluorodibenzo-chromans and/or chromans of the following formulae:

(243) ##STR00086## in which R.sup.11 and R.sup.12 each, independently of one another, have one of the meanings indicated above for R.sup.11, ring M is trans-1,4-cyclohexylene or 1,4-phenylene, Z.sup.m C.sub.2H.sub.4, CH.sub.2O, OCH.sub.2, COO or OCO, c is 0, 1 or 2, preferably in amounts of 3 to 20% by weight, in particular in amounts of 3 to 15% by weight. Particularly preferred compounds of the formulae BC, CR and RC are selected from the group consisting of the following sub-formulae:

(244) ##STR00087## ##STR00088## ##STR00089## in which alkyl and alkyl* each, independently of one another, denote a straight-chain alkyl radical having 1-6 C atoms, (O) denotes an oxygen atom or a single bond, c is 1 or 2, and alkenyl and alkenyl* each, independently of one another, denote a straight-chain alkenyl radical having 2-6 C atoms. Alkenyl and alkenyl* preferably denote CH.sub.2CH, CH.sub.2CHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2, CH.sub.3CHCH, CH.sub.3CH.sub.2CHCH, CH.sub.3(CH.sub.2).sub.2CHCH, CH.sub.3(CH.sub.2).sub.3CHCH or CH.sub.3CHCH(CH.sub.2).sub.2. Very particular preference is given to mixtures comprising one, two or three compounds of the formula BC-2. o) LC medium which additionally comprises one or more fluorinated phenanthrenes and/or dibenzofurans of the following formulae:

(245) ##STR00090## in which R.sup.11 and R.sup.12 each, independently of one another, have one of the meanings indicated above for R.sup.11, b denotes 0 or 1, L denotes F, and r denotes 1, 2 or 3. Particularly preferred compounds of the formulae PH and BF are selected from the group consisting of the following sub-formulae:

(246) ##STR00091## in which R and R each, independently of one another, denote a straight-chain alkyl or alkoxy radical having 1-7 C atoms. p) LC medium which additionally comprises one or more monocyclic compounds of the following formula

(247) ##STR00092## wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 each, independently of one another, denote alkyl having 1 to 12 C atoms, where, in addition, one or two non-adjacent CH.sub.2 groups may be replaced by O, CHCH, CO, OCO or COO in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another, preferably alkyl or alkoxy having 1 to 6 C atoms, L.sup.1 and L.sup.2 each, independently of one another, denote F, Cl, OCF.sub.3, CF.sub.3, CH.sub.3, CH.sub.2F, CHF.sub.2. Preferably, both L.sup.1 and L.sup.2 denote F or one of L.sup.1 and L.sup.2 denotes F and the other denotes Cl, The compounds of the formula Y are preferably selected from the group consisting of the following sub-formulae:

(248) ##STR00093## in which, Alkyl and Alkyl* each, independently of one another, denote a straight-chain alkyl radical having 1-6 C atoms, Alkoxy denotes a straight-chain alkoxy radical having 1-6 C atoms, Alkenyl and Alkenyl* each, independently of one another, denote a straight-chain alkenyl radical having 2-6 C atoms, and O denotes an oxygen atom or a single bond. Alkenyl and Alkenyl* preferably denote CH.sub.2CH, CH.sub.2CHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2, CH.sub.3CHCH, CH.sub.3CH.sub.2CHCH, CH.sub.3(CH.sub.2).sub.2CHCH, CH.sub.3(CH.sub.2).sub.3CHCH or CH.sub.3CHCH(CH.sub.2).sub.2. Particularly preferred compounds of the formula Y are selected from the group consisting of the following sub-formulae:

(249) ##STR00094## wherein Alkoxy preferably denotes straight-chain alkoxy with 3, 4, or 5 C atoms. q) LC medium which, apart from the polymerisable compounds according to the invention, in particular of the formula I or sub-formulae thereof and the comonomers, comprises no compounds which contain a terminal vinyloxy group (OCHCH.sub.2). r) LC medium in which the LC host mixture comprises 1 to 8, preferably 1 to 5, compounds of the formulae CY1, CY2, PY1 and/or PY2. The proportion of these compounds in the LC host mixture as a whole is preferably 5 to 70%, particularly preferably 10 to 35%. The content of these individual compounds is preferably in each case 2 to 20%. s) LC medium in which the LC host mixture comprises 1 to 8, preferably 1 to 5, compounds of the formulae CY9, CY10, PY9 and/or PY10. The proportion of these compounds in the LC host mixture as a whole is preferably 5 to 60%, particularly preferably 10 to 35%. The content of these individual compounds is preferably in each case 2 to 20%. t) LC medium in which the LC host mixture comprises 1 to 10, preferably 1 to 8, compounds of the formula ZK, in particular compounds of the formulae ZK1, ZK2 and/or ZK6. The proportion of these compounds in the LC host mixture as a whole is preferably 3 to 25%, particularly preferably 5 to 45%. The content of these individual compounds is preferably in each case 2 to 20%. u) LC medium wherein the proportion of compounds of formulae CY, PY and ZK in the LC host mixture as a whole is greater than 70%, preferably greater than 80%. v) LC medium in which the LC host mixture contains one or more compounds containing an alkenyl group, preferably selected from formulae AN and AY, very preferably selected from formulae AN1, AN3, AN6 and AY14, most preferably from formulae AN1a, AN3a, AN6a and AY14. The concentration of these compounds in the LC host mixture is preferably from 2 to 70%, very preferably from 3 to 55%. w) LC medium in which the LC host mixture contains one or more, preferably 1 to 5, compounds selected of formula PY1-PY8, very preferably of formula PY2. The proportion of these compounds in the LC host mixture as a whole is preferably 1 to 30%, particularly preferably 2 to 20%. The content of these individual compounds is preferably in each case 1 to 20%. x) LC medium wherein component B) or the LC host mixture contains one or more, preferably 1, 2 or 3, compounds selected from formulae T1, T2, T3, T5 and T21, very preferably from formula T2. The content of these compounds in the LC host mixture as a whole is preferably 1 to 20%. z) LC medium in which the LC host mixture contains one or more, preferably 1, 2 or 3, compounds of formula BF1, and one or more, preferably 1, 2 or 3, compounds selected from formulae AY14, AY15 and AY16, very preferably of formula AY14. The proportion of the compounds of formula AY14-AY16 in the LC host mixture is preferably from 2 to 35%, very preferably from 3 to 30%. The proportion of the compounds of formula BF1 in the LC host mixture is preferably from 0.5 to 20%, very preferably from 1 to 15%. Further preferably the LC host mixture according to this preferred embodiment contains one or more, preferably 1, 2 or 3 compounds of formula T, preferably selected from formula T1, T2, T3 and T5, very preferably from formula T1 or T2. The proportion of the compounds of formula T in the LC host mixture medium is preferably from 0.5 to 15%, very preferably from 1 to 10%.

(250) In the LC medium according to the present invention, the use of an LC host mixture comprising compounds of formula CY and/or PY together with the use of a polymerisable component comprising a combination of a first and a second polymerisable compound as described above leads to advantageous properties in LC displays. In particular, one or more of the following advantages could be achieved: easy and quick formation of polymer walls by polymerisation-induced phase separation of the polymer formed by the first and second polymerisable compounds, formation of polymer walls with highly defined shape and constant thickness, constant cell gap, high flexibility of the display cell in case plastic substrates are used, high resistance of the display cell against mechanical pressure, and low variation of the cell gap under pressure, good adhesion of the polymer walls to the substrates, low number of defects, reduced formation of domains with different electrooptical properties like response time or contrast, high transparency, good contrast, fast response times.

(251) The display manufacture process is known to the skilled person and is described in the literature, for example in U.S. Pat. No. 6,130,738 and EP2818534 A1.

(252) The present invention also relates to a process for the production of an LC display as described above and below, comprising the steps of providing an LC medium as described above and below into the display, and polymerising the polymerisable compounds in defined regions of the display.

(253) Preferably the polymerisable compounds are photopolymerised by exposure to UV irradiation.

(254) Further preferably the polymerisable compounds are photopolymerised by exposure to UV irradiation through a photomask.

(255) The photomask is preferably designed such that it comprises regions that are transparent to the UV radiation used for photopolymerisation, and regions that are not transparent to the UV radiation used for photopolymerisation, and wherein the transparent regions form a pattern or image that corresponds to the desired shape of the polymer walls. As a result the polymerisable compounds are only polymerised in those parts of the display that are covered by the transparent regions of the photomask, thus forming polymer walls of the desired shape.

(256) In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the display is subjected to a second UV irradiation step, preferably without a photomask applied, after the first UV irradiation step as described above. Thereby it is possible to complete polymerisation of monomers that were not or only partially polymerised in the first step.

(257) For example, an LC display according to the present invention can be manufactured as follows. Polymerisable compounds as described above and below are combined with a suitable LC host mixture. This resulting LC medium can then be included into the display by using conventional manufacturing processes. The resulting LC medium can be filled for example using capillary forces into the cell gap formed by two substrates.

(258) Alternatively, the LC medium can be deposited as a layer onto a substrate, and another substrate is placed on top of the LC layer under vacuum in order to prevent inclusion of air bubbles. The LC medium is in either case located in the cell gap formed by the two substrates, as exemplarily illustrated in FIG. 1a. These substrates usually are covered by an alignment layer which is in direct contact with the LC medium. The substrates itself can carry other functional components like TFTs, black matrix, colour filter, or similar.

(259) Subsequently, polymerization induced phase separation is initiated by exposure of the LC medium, which is either in the nematic or the isotropic phase, to UV radiation with collimated light through a photomask, as exemplarily illustrated in FIG. 1b. This leads to the formation of polymer wall structures, restoration of the LC host, and alignment of the LC phase with the alignment layer, as exemplarily illustrated in FIG. 1c.

(260) Polymerisation of the polymerisable compounds in the LC medium is preferably carried out a room temperature. At the polymerisation temperature the LC medium can be in the nematic or isotropic phase, depending on the concentration of the polymerisable compounds. For example, if the polymerisable compounds are present in higher concentration, for example above 10-15%, it is possible that the LC medium is in the isotropic phase at room temperature.

(261) This process can advantageously utilize display manufacturing processes that are established in the industry. Thus, both the display filling process, for example by one-drop-filling (ODF), and the radiation initiated polymerization step after sealing the display, which is known for example from polymer stabilised or PS-type display modes like PS-VA, are established techniques in conventional LCD manufacturing.

(262) A preferred LC display of the present invention comprises: a first substrate including a pixel electrode defining pixel areas, the pixel electrode being connected to a switching element disposed in each pixel area and optionally including a micro-slit pattern, and optionally a first alignment layer disposed on the pixel electrode, a second substrate including a common electrode layer, which may be disposed on the entire portion of the second substrate facing the first substrate, and optionally a second alignment layer, an LC layer disposed between the first and second substrates and including an LC medium comprising a polymerisable component A) and a liquid-crystalline component B) as described above and below, wherein the polymerisable component A) is polymerised.

(263) The LC display may comprise further elements, like a colour filter, a black matrix, a passivation layer, optical retardation layers, transistor elements for addressing the individual pixels, etc., all of which are well known to the person skilled in the art and can be employed without inventive skill.

(264) The electrode structure can be designed by the skilled person depending on the individual display type. For example for VA displays a multi-domain orientation of the LC molecules can be induced by providing electrodes having slits and/or bumps or protrusions in order to create two, four or more different tilt alignment directions.

(265) The first and/or second alignment layer controls the alignment direction of the LC molecules of the LC layer. For example, in TN displays the alignment layer is selected such that it imparts to the LC molecules an orientation direction parallel to the surface, while in VA displays the alignment layer is selected such that it imparts to the LC molecules a homeotropic alignment, i.e. an orientation direction perpendicular to the surface. Such an alignment layer may for example comprise a polyimide, which may also be rubbed, or may be prepared by a photoalignment method.

(266) The substrate can be a glass substrate. The use of an LC medium according to the present invention in an LC display with glass substrates can provide several advantages. For example, the formation of polymer wall structures in the LC medium helps to prevent the so-called pooling effect where pressure applied on the glass substrates causes unwanted optical defects. The stabilizing effect of the polymer wall structures also allows to further minimize the panel thickness. Moreover, in bent panels with glass substrates the polymer wall structures enable a smaller radius of curvature.

(267) For flexible LC displays preferably plastic substrates are used. These plastic substrates preferably have a low birefringence. Examples are polycarbonate (PC), polyethersulfone (PES), polycyclic olefine (PCO), polyarylate (PAR), polyetheretherketone (PEEK), or colourless polyimide (CPI) substrates.

(268) The LC layer with the LC medium can be deposited between the substrates of the display by methods that are conventionally used by display manufacturers, for example the one-drop-filling (ODF) method. The polymerisable component of the LC medium is then polymerised for example by UV photopolymerisation.

(269) The polymerisation can be carried out in one step or in two or more steps. It is also possible to carry out the polymerisation in a sequence of several UV irradiation and/or heating or cooling steps. For example, a display manufacturing process may include a first UV irradiation step at room temperature to start polymerisation, and subsequently, in a second polymerisation step to polymerise or crosslink the compounds which have not reacted in the first step (end curing).

(270) Upon polymerisation the polymerisable compounds react with each other to a polymer which undergoes macroscopical phase-separation from the LC host mixture and forms polymer walls in the LC medium.

(271) Suitable and preferred polymerisation methods are, for example, thermal or photopolymerisation, preferably photopolymerisation, in particular UV induced photopolymerisation, which can be achieved by exposure of the polymerisable compounds to UV radiation.

(272) Optionally one or more polymerisation initiators are added to the LC medium. Suitable conditions for the polymerisation and suitable types and amounts of initiators are known to the person skilled in the art and are described in the literature. Suitable for free-radical polymerisation are, for example, the commercially available photoinitiators Irgacure651, Irgacure184, Irgacure907, Irgacure369 or Darocure1173 (Ciba AG). If a polymerisation initiator is employed, its proportion is preferably 0.001 to 5% by weight, particularly preferably 0.001 to 1% by weight.

(273) The polymerisable compounds according to the invention are also suitable for polymerisation without an initiator, which is accompanied by considerable advantages, such, for example, lower material costs and in particular less contamination of the LC medium by possible residual amounts of the initiator or degradation products thereof. The polymerisation can thus also be carried out without the addition of an initiator. In a preferred embodiment, the LC medium contains a polymerisation initiator.

(274) The LC medium may also comprise one or more stabilisers or inhibitors in order to prevent undesired spontaneous polymerisation of the RMs, for example during storage or transport. Suitable types and amounts of stabilisers are known to the person skilled in the art and are described in the literature. Particularly suitable are, for example, the commercially available stabilisers from the Irganox series (Ciba AG), such as, for example, Irganox 1076. If stabilisers are employed, their proportion, based on the total amount of RMs or the polymerisable component (component A), is preferably 10-500,000 ppm, particularly preferably 50-50,000 ppm.

(275) Preferably the LC medium according to the present invention does essentially consist of a polymerisable component A) and an LC component B) (or LC host mixture) as described above and below. However, the LC medium may additionally comprise one or more further components or additives.

(276) The LC media according to the invention may also comprise further additives which are known to the person skilled in the art and are described in the literature, such as, for example, polymerisation initiators, inhibitors, stabilisers, surface-active substances or chiral dopants. These may be polymerisable or non-polymerisable. Polymerisable additives are accordingly ascribed to the polymerisable component or component A). Non-polymerisable additives are accordingly ascribed to the non-polymerisable component or component B).

(277) Preferred additives are selected from the list including but not limited to comonomers, chiral dopants, polymerisation initiators, inhibitors, stabilizers, surfactants, wetting agents, lubricating agents, dispersing agents, hydrophobing agents, adhesive agents, flow improvers, defoaming agents, deaerators, diluents, reactive diluents, auxiliaries, colourants, dyes, pigments and nanoparticles.

(278) In a preferred embodiment the LC media contain one or more chiral dopants, preferably in a concentration from 0.01 to 1% by weight, very preferably from 0.05 to 0.5% by weight. The chiral dopants are preferably selected from the group consisting of compounds from Table B below, very preferably from the group consisting of R- or S-1011, R- or S-2011, R- or S-3011, R- or S-4011, and R- or S-5011.

(279) In another preferred embodiment the LC media contain a racemate of one or more chiral dopants, which are preferably selected from the chiral dopants mentioned in the previous paragraph.

(280) Furthermore, it is possible to add to the LC media, for example, 0 to 15% by weight of pleochroic dyes, furthermore nanoparticles, conductive salts, preferably ethyldimethyldodecylammonium 4-hexoxybenzoate, tetrabutyl-ammonium tetraphenylborate or complex salts of crown ethers (cf., for example, Haller et al., Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 24, 249-258 (1973)), for improving the conductivity, or substances for modifying the dielectric anisotropy, the viscosity and/or the alignment of the nematic phases. Substances of this type are described, for example, in DE-A 22 09 127, 22 40 864, 23 21 632, 23 38 281, 24 50 088, 26 37 430 and 28 53 728.

(281) The LC media which can be used in accordance with the invention are prepared in a manner conventional per se, for example by mixing one or more of the above-mentioned compounds with one or more polymerisable compounds as defined above, and optionally with further liquid-crystalline compounds and/or additives. In general, the desired amount of the components used in lesser amount is dissolved in the components making up the principal constituent, advantageously at elevated temperature. It is also possible to mix solutions of the components in an organic solvent, for example in acetone, chloroform or methanol, and to remove the solvent again, for example by distillation, after thorough mixing. The invention furthermore relates to the process for the preparation of the LC media according to the invention.

(282) It goes without saying to the person skilled in the art that the LC media according to the invention may also comprise compounds in which, for example, H, N, O, Cl, F have been replaced by the corresponding isotopes like deuterium etc.

(283) The following examples explain the present invention without restricting it. However, they show the person skilled in the art preferred mixture concepts with compounds preferably to be employed and the respective concentrations thereof and combinations thereof with one another. In addition, the examples illustrate which properties and property combinations are accessible.

(284) The following abbreviations are used:

(285) (n, m, z: in each case, independently of one another, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6)

(286) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE A AIK-n-F AIY-n-Om AY-n-Om B-nO-Om B-n-Om 00 B-nO-O5i 01 CB-n-m 02 CB-n-Om 03 PB-n-m 04 PB-n-Om 05 BCH-nm 06 BCH-nmF 07 BCN-nm 08 C-1V-V1 09 CY-n-Om 0 CY(F,Cl)-n-Om CY(Cl,F)-n-Om CCY-n-Om CCY(F,Cl)-n-Om CCY(Cl,F)-n-Om CCY-n-m CCY-V-m CCY-Vn-m CCY-n-OmV CBC-nmF 0 CBC-nm CCP-V-m CCP-Vn-m CCP-nV-m CCP-n-m CPYP-n-(O)m CYYC-n-m CCYY-n-(O)m CCY-n-O2V CCH-nOm 0 CCC-n-m CCC-n-V CY-n-m CCH-nm CC-n-V CC-n-V1 CC-n-Vm CC-V-V CC-V-V1 CC-2V-V2 0 CVC-n-m CC-n-mV CCOC-n-m CP-nOmFF CH-nm CEY-n-Om CEY-V-n CVY-V-n CY-V-On CY-n-O1V 0 CY-n-OC(CH.sub.3)CH.sub.2 CCN-nm CY-n-OV CCPC-nm CCY-n-zOm CPY-n-Om CPY-n-m CPY-V-Om CQY-n-(O)m CQIY-n-(O)m 0 CCQY-n-(O)m CCQIY-n-(O)m CPQY-n-(O)m CPQIY-n-(O)m CPYG-n-(O)m CCY-V-Om CCY-V2-(O)m CCY-1V2-(O)m CCY-3V-(O)m CCVC-n-V 0 CCVC-V-V CPYG-n-(O)m CPGP-n-m CY-nV-(O)m CENaph-n-Om COChrom-n-Om COChrom-n-m CCOChrom-n-Om CCOChrom-n-m CONaph-n-Om 0 CCONaph-n-Om CCNaph-n-Om CNaph-n-Om CETNaph-n-Om CTNaph-n-Om CK-n-F CLY-n-Om CLY-n-m LYLI-n-m CYLI-n-m 0 LY-n-(O)m COYOICC-n-m COYOIC-n-V CCOY-V-O2V CCOY-V-O3V COY-n-Om CCOY-n-Om D-nOmFF PCH-nm PCH-nOm 00 PGIGI-n-F 01 PGP-n-m 02 PP-n-m 03 PP-n-2V1 04 PYP-n-mV 05 PYP-n-m 06 PGIY-n-Om 07 PYP-n-Om 08 PPYY-n-m 09 PPGU-n-F 0 YPY-n-m YPY-n-mV PY-n-Om PY-n-m PY-V2-Om DFDBC-n(O)-(O)m Y-nO-Om Y-nO-OmV Y-nO-OmVm YG-n-Om 0 YG-nO-Om YGI-n-Om YGI-nO-Om YY-n-Om YY-nO-Om

(287) In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the LC media according to the invention comprise one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of compounds from Table A.

(288) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE B C 15 CB 15 CM 21 R/S-811 CM 44 0 CM 45 CM 47 CN R/S-2011 R/S-3011 R/S-4011 R/S-5011 R/S-1011

(289) Table B shows possible chiral dopants which can be added to the LC media according to the invention.

(290) The LC media preferably comprise 0 to 10% by weight, in particular 0.01 to 5% by weight, particularly preferably 0.1 to 3% by weight, of dopants. The LC media preferably comprise one or more dopants selected from the group consisting of compounds from Table B.

(291) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE C 0 0 0 0

(292) Table C shows possible stabilisers which can be added to the LC media according to the invention.

(293) (n here denotes an integer from 1 to 12, preferably 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8, terminal methyl groups are not shown).

(294) The LC media preferably comprise 0 to 10% by weight, in particular 1 ppm to 5% by weight, particularly preferably 1 ppm to 1% by weight, of stabilisers. The LC media preferably comprise one or more stabilisers selected from the group consisting of compounds from Table C.

(295) In addition, the following abbreviations and symbols are used: V.sub.0 threshold voltage, capacitive [V] at 20 C., n.sub.e extraordinary refractive index at 20 C. and 589 nm, n.sub.o ordinary refractive index at 20 C. and 589 nm, n optical anisotropy at 20 C. and 589 nm, .sub. dielectric permittivity perpendicular to the director at 20 C. and 1 kHz, .sub. dielectric permittivity parallel to the director at 20 C. and 1 kHz, dielectric anisotropy at 20 C. and 1 kHz, cl.p., T(N,I) clearing point [ C.], .sub.1 rotational viscosity at 20 C. [mPa.Math.s], K.sub.1 elastic constant, splay deformation at 20 C. [pN], K.sub.2 elastic constant, twist deformation at 20 C. [pN], K.sub.3 elastic constant, bend deformation at 20 C. [pN].

(296) Unless explicitly noted otherwise, all concentrations in the present application are quoted in percent by weight, and preferably relate to the corresponding mixture as a whole, comprising all solid or liquid-crystalline components, without solvents.

(297) Unless explicitly noted otherwise, all temperature values indicated in the present application, such as, for example, for the melting point T(C,N), the transition from the smectic (S) to the nematic (N) phase T(S,N) and the clearing point T(N,I), are quoted in degrees Celsius ( C.). M.p. denotes melting point, cl.p.=clearing point. Furthermore, C=crystalline state, N=nematic phase, S=smectic phase and I=isotropic phase. The data between these symbols represent the transition temperatures.

(298) All physical properties are and have been determined in accordance with Merck Liquid Crystals, Physical Properties of Liquid Crystals, Status November 1997, Merck KGaA, Germany, and apply for a temperature of 20 C., and n is determined at 589 nm and at 1 kHz, unless explicitly indicated otherwise in each case.

(299) The term threshold voltage for the present invention relates to the capacitive threshold (V.sub.0), also known as the Freedericks threshold, unless explicitly indicated otherwise. In the examples, the optical threshold may also, as generally usual, be quoted for 10% relative contrast (V.sub.10).

Example 1

(300) The nematic LC host mixture N1 is formulated as follows.

(301) TABLE-US-00004 PY-3-O2 13.50% cl.p. 74.6 C. CY-3-O2 9.00% n 0.1082 CCY-3-O1 8.00% 3.2 CCY-3-O2 3.00% .sub. 3.7 CCY-4-O2 3.00% .sub.1 94 mPa s CPY-2-O2 10.00% CPY-3-O2 10.00% CC-3-V 36.50% BCH-32 6.50% PPGU-3-F 0.50%

Example 2

(302) The nematic LC host mixture N2 is formulated as follows.

(303) TABLE-US-00005 CY-3-O2 17.50% cl.p. 76.0 C. CCY-3-O2 10.00% n 0.1033 CCY-4-O2 2.50% 3.1 CPY-2-O2 11.00% .sub. 3.5 CPY-3-O2 11.00% .sub.1 113 mPa .Math. s CCH-34 10.00% CCH-23 12.00% PCH-301 11.00% PCH-302 7.00% BCH-32 8.00%

Example 3

(304) The nematic LC host mixture N3 is formulated as follows.

(305) TABLE-US-00006 CY-3-O2 10.00% cl.p. 76.5 C. PY-3-O2 10.00% n 0.1027 CCY-3-O1 7.00% 3.2 CCY-3-O2 10.00% .sub. 3.7 CPY-2-O2 8.00% .sub.1 115 mPas CPY-3-O2 10.00% CCH-34 6.00% CCH-23 20.00% PCH-301 7.00% PP-1-3 3.00% CCP-3-1 9.00%

Example 4

(306) The nematic LC host mixture N4 is formulated as follows.

(307) TABLE-US-00007 CY-3-O2 15.00% cl.p. 75.5 C. CCY-3-O3 8.50% n 0.1018 CCY-4-O2 10.00% 3.0 CPY-2-O2 5.00% .sub. 3.4 CPY-3-O2 10.00% .sub.1 112 mPa .Math. s CCH-34 10.00% CCH-23 22.00% PYP-2-3 11.50% PCH-301 8.00%

Use Examples

(308) Mixture Preparation:

(309) LC mixtures for polymer wall formation were prepared by mixing LC host, monomer and photoinitiator and then homogenizing the resulting mixture by heating above the clearing point. The structures of the monomer (including its formula and name in the composition table) are listed below. The mixture compositions are shown in Table 1.

(310) ##STR00277## ##STR00278##

(311) TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 1 Mixture Compositions [Monomer [Monomer [Monomer IRG- [Host] 1] 2] Monomer 3/4*] 651 No. Host (%) Monomer 1 (%) Monomer 2 (%) 3/4* (%) [%] 101 N1 86.87 M1c 6.00 M2c 6.00 D1c 1.00 0.13 102 N1 86.87 M1c 6.00 M2c 6.00 D1a 1.00 0.13 103 N1 84.85 M1a 4.67 M2b 9.33 TT1b 1.00 0.15 104 N1 84.85 M1a 4.67 M2b 9.33 TT1a 1.00 0.15 105 N1 84.85 M1a 4.67 M2b 9.33 D1a 1.00 0.15 106 N1 86.57 M1c 6.14 M2c 6.14 D1a 1.02 0.13 107 N1 87.07 M1c 6.00 M2c 6.00 TT1a 0.50 0.13 D2a 0.30* 108 N1 86.87 M1c 6.00 M2c 6.00 D1a 1.00 0.13 109 N1 86.87 M1c 6.00 M2c 6.00 TT1a 1.00 0.13 110 N1 86.87 M1c 6.00 M2c 6.00 TT1b 1.00 0.13 111 N1 87.37 M1c 6.00 M2c 6.00 TT1a 0.50 0.13 201 N2 87.37 M1c 6.00 M2c 6.00 TT1a 0.50 0.13 202 N2 86.87 M1c 6.00 M2c 6.00 D1a 1.00 0.13 301 N3 87.37 M1c 6.00 M2c 6.00 TT1a 0.50 0.13 302 N3 86.87 M1c 6.00 M2c 6.00 D1a 1.00 0.13 401 N4 87.37 M1c 6.00 M2c 6.00 TT1a 0.50 0.13 402 N4 86.87 M1c 6.00 M2c 6.00 D1a 1.00 0.13

(312) Monomers/Initiator:

(313) The monomers ethyl hexyl methacrylate (EHMA, Aldrich, 290807) of formula IIa1, ethyl hexyl acrylate (EHA, Aldrich, 290815) of formula IIa2 and isobornyl methacrylate (IBOMA, Aldrich, 392111) of formula IIa1 were purified by column chromatography. The photoinitiator 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone (IRG-651, Aldrich, 196118) was used as received.

(314) Test Cells:

(315) The test cells comprise two glass substrates coated with ITO, which are kept apart by spacer particles or foils at a layer thickness of 3-4 microns and glued together by an adhesive (usually Norland, NEA 123). On top of the electrode layers polyimide alignment layers (Nissan SE-6514 or SE2414) are applied which are rubbed parallel or antiparallel.

(316) Wall Formation:

(317) The test cells are filled with the LC medium and placed on a black, non-reflecting surface. A photomask was placed on top of the test cells and the sample was subjected for 30 min to UV radiation (Hg/Xe arch lamp, LOT QuantumDesign Europe, LS0205, intensity at sample 4 mW/cm.sup.2 measured at 365+/10 nm FWHM). Radiation of the emission spectrum below 320 nm were removed by a dichroic mirror.

(318) Characterization:

(319) Samples were analyzed under a polarization microscope. The isotropic polymer walls could clearly be distinguished from areas containing birefringend LC. The width of the walls and inclusions of LC into the polymer walls, and defects in the pixel area caused by contamination of polymer, or misalignment of the LC caused by the wall formation process were observed.

(320) Mechanical Stress Test:

(321) Test cells were subjected to a mechanical stress by applying pressure to the top substrate by a 0.5 mm.sup.2 tip with a force of 10 N for 10 s. Damages to the polymer wall structure were evaluated with the polarization microscope.

(322) It was observed that the polymer wall structure did not show significant damages caused by mechanical stress.

(323) Electron Micrographs:

(324) The structure of the polymer walls and contamination of the pixel area by polymer was investigated by taking electron micrographs. The samples were prepared by either lifting off the top substrate for top-view images, or breaking the glass slides in half for viewing the cross section of the walls. The LC was removed by flushing the sample with cyclohexane, subsequently the substrates was dried in an air flow and sputter coated with a conductive layer (gold).

(325) Electro-Optical Characterization:

(326) The electro-optical properties of the liquid crystal host were characterized by applying an electrical potential between 0 and 10V in steps of 0.05V. The resulting response was recorded by measuring the transmission change of the sample in between crossed polarizers (DMS 301 equipped with integration sphere).

(327) It was observed that the electrooptcial properties of the liquid crystal host were not significantly affected by the polymer wall structures.