Method and device for reducing leakage losses in a turbine

Abstract

A method for reducing the leakage of an organic working fluid operating within a turbine (10) of an Organic Rankine Cycle system, the method comprising the injection of a fluid flow rate (Q) into a volume (I) at a static pressure lower than the total pressure (P1) upstream of the turbine and located near of at least one labyrinth seal (L1, L11) of at least one stage of the turbine (10), said fluid flow rate (Q) having an initial exergetic content lower than the initial exergetic content of the organic working fluid located inside the turbine and flowing through said labyrinth seal (L1, L11).

Claims

1. A method for reducing the leakage of an organic working fluid operating within a turbine (10) of an Organic Rankine Cycle system, the method comprising the injection of a fluid flow rate (Q) into a volume (I) through at least one conduit (21, 22) passing through the housing (20) of the turbine, at a static outlet pressure (PI1), lower than a total pressure (P1) upstream of a turbine stage wherein the injection takes place and located near of at least one labyrinth seal (L1, L11) of at least one stage of the turbine (10), and wherein said fluid flow rate (Q) having an initial exergetic content lower than an initial exergetic content of the organic working fluid located inside the turbine, said fluid flow rate (Q) is flowing through said labyrinth seal (L1, L11) to oppose a leak of pressure; and wherein said volume (I) in which the injection of the fluid flow rate (Q) takes place, is accommodated at one stage of the turbine (10) different from the first stage and is at a lower static pressure with respect to the total pressure upstream of the corresponding turbine stage in which the injection takes place; and wherein said injection of the fluid flow rate (Q) is taking place through a conduit (21, 22) passing within body (20) of the turbine; and wherein in case the pressure of the fluid flow rate (Q) is higher than the total pressure (PI1), there will be a flow also through labyrinth seal (L11), directed towards the turbine's blades; and wherein in case the pressure of the fluid flow rate (Q) is lower than the total pressure (PI1), there will be a flow also through labyrinth seal (L11), directed towards a condenser (3); and wherein in case the pressure of the fluid flow rate (Q) is equal to the total pressure (PI1), there will be no flow also through labyrinth seal (L11), opposing a leak of pressure.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein said volume (I) is supplied between the two labyrinths (L1) and (L11) of the first stage of the turbine (10).

3. The method according to claim 1, wherein said fluid flow rate (Q) is injected directly inside a first labyrinth seal (L1) to a pressure downstream of a first stator, through a conduit (21, 22) passing within body (20) of the turbine.

4. The method according to claim 1, wherein said fluid flow rate (Q) is injected upstream of the first labyrinth seal (L1), through a conduit (21, 22) passing within body (20) of the turbine.

5. The method according to claim 1, wherein said fluid flow rate (Q) is injected into the volume (1) upstream of the first labyrinth seal (L1) and downstream of a second labyrinth seal (L11), through a conduit (21, 22) passing within body (20) of the turbine.

6. The method according to claim 1, wherein said flow rate (Q) of the organic working fluid is injected as vapor at a pressure level as the one present downstream of a first stator of said turbine (10).

7. The method according to claim 1, wherein said flow rate (Q) of the organic working fluid is injected in a liquid state.

8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the flow rate (Q) of the injected organic working fluid is in liquid state and vaporizes as vapor in correspondence of said at least one labyrinth seal (L1, L11) absorbing heat from hot walls of said turbine (10) and by vapor already present inside said volume () jn correspondence to the first stage of the turbine (10); and wherein said working fluid in liquid state is impacting against rotating surfaces and is distributed in form of drops increasing a thermal exchange surface with surrounding vapor; and wherein said working fluid is evaporating thus increasing its volume and its pressure inside said volume (I), limiting a leakage.

9. The method according to claim 7, wherein said flow rate (Q) of the organic working is in liquid state and is transformed into a two-phase mixture in correspondence to said at least one labyrinth seal (L1, L11); wherein part of said organic working fluid in liquid state is in form of droplets, wherein part of a mixture of said fluid evaporates, while another part remains in a liquid form; and wherein said mixture of vapor and drops will tend to flow more laboriously through the labyrinths (L1, L11) being more dense than vapor, thus limiting a leakage; and wherein leaking vapor will have a sonic speed equal to that in the vicinity of said labyrinth passage, while vapor liquid droplets are close to each other, obstructing vapor passage.

10. The method according to claim 9, wherein said flow rate (Q) of the organic working fluid is tapped downstream of a recuperator (2) of an organic Rankine cycle (ORC) plant.

11. The method according to claim 10, wherein said flow rate (Q) of the organic working fluid is tapped in liquid phase downstream of the recuperator (2), then is laminated and finally is vaporized into one additional heat exchanger (6).

12. An expansion turbine (10) comprising: a housing (20) steadily connected with at least a first stator stage (S1); at least one disk (30) steadily connected with at least a first rotor stage (R1); at least one labyrinth seal (L1, L11) located downstream of said at least one first stator stage; and further comprising at least one conduit (21, 22) passing through the housing (20) of the turbine, that fluid connects the exterior of the turbine with the inner volume (I) of the turbine and that is configured to inject a flow rate (Q) of a fluid in correspondence to said at least one labyrinth seal (L1, L11), said fluid flow rate (Q) having an initial exergetic content lower than an initial exergetic content of the organic working fluid located inside the turbine and flowing through said labyrinth seal (L1, L11), said fluid flow rate (Q) having a static pressure lower than the total pressure (P1) upstream of a turbine stage where the injection takes place and has an initial exergetic content lower than the initial exergetic content of the organic working fluid located inside the turbine and flowing through said labyrinth seal (L1, L11) to oppose a leak of pressure; and wherein said volume (I) in which the injection of the fluid flow rate (Q) takes place, is accommodated at one stage of the turbine (10) different from the first stage and is at a lower static pressure with respect to the total pressure upstream of the corresponding turbine stage in which the injection takes place; and wherein said injection of the fluid flow rate (Q) is taking place through a conduit (21, 22) passing within body (20) of the turbine; and wherein in case the pressure of the fluid flow rate (Q) is higher than the total pressure (PI1), there will be a flow also through labyrinth seal (L11), directed towards the turbine's blades; and wherein in case the pressure of the fluid flow rate (Q) is lower than the total pressure (PI1), there will be a flow also through labyrinth seal (L11), directed towards a condenser (3); and wherein in case the pressure of the fluid flow rate (Q) is equal to the total pressure (PI1), there will be no flow also through labyrinth seal (L11), opposing a leak of pressure.

13. The expansion turbine according to claim 12, wherein said turbine is configured so that fluid flow rate (Q) is injected through a first conduit (22) exactly inside the first labyrinth seal (L1).

14. The expansion turbine according to claim 12, wherein said fluid flow rate (Q) is injected through the first conduit (22) upstream of the first labyrinth seal (L1).

15. The expansion turbine according to claim 12, wherein said fluid flow rate (Q) is injected through a conduit (21) in the volume (I) upstream of the first labyrinth seal (L1) and downstream of a second labyrinth seal (L11).

16. An Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) system, comprising: a recuperator (2) configured to transfer heat from an organic working fluid in a vapor phase to the same organic working fluid in a liquid phase; and for recovering heat downstream of a turbine and upstream of a condenser (3); a condenser (3) downstream of the recuperator (2) configured to transfer heat from the organic working fluid in a vapor phase to a cold source (SF), returning the organic fluid in a liquid state; pump (4) downstream of the condenser (3) configured to feed the organic working fluid in a liquid phase to a heat exchanger (5) at a predetermined pressure (PI); heat exchanger (5), configured for heating, vaporizing and even overheating the organic working fluid by means of a hot source (SC); said exchanger (5) exchanges heat between organic fluid in liquid phase which is pumped by the pump (4); and exchanges organic fluid in a vapor phase from the turbine 10 is toward the condenser (3); said heat exchanger (5) further comprising a pre-heater, an evaporator and a super-heater; an expansion turbine (10) configured to expand the organic working fluid in a vapor phase from a pressure (PI) to a lower pressure (Pcond); and wherein said volume (I) in which the injection of the fluid flow rate (Q) takes place, is accommodated at one stage of the turbine (10) different from the first stage and is at a lower static pressure with respect to the total pressure upstream of the corresponding turbine stage in which the injection takes place; and wherein said injection of the fluid flow rate (Q) is taking place through a conduit (21, 22) passing within body (20) of the turbine; and wherein in case the pressure of the fluid flow rate (Q) is higher than the total pressure (PI1), there will be a flow also through labyrinth seal (L11), directed towards the turbine's blades; and wherein in case the pressure of the fluid flow rate (Q) is lower than the total pressure (PI1), there will be a flow also through labyrinth seal (L11), directed towards a condenser (3); and wherein in case the pressure of the fluid flow rate (Q) is equal to the total pressure (PI1), there will be no flow also through labyrinth seal (L11), opposing a leak of pressure; and wherein said turbine (10) comprises: a housing (20) steadily connected with at least a first stator stage (S1); at least one disk (30) steadily connected with at least a first rotor stage (R1); at least one labyrinth seal (L1, L11) located downstream of said at least one first stator stage; and further comprising at least one conduit (21, 22) that fluid connects the exterior of the turbine with the inner volume (I) of the turbine and that is configured to inject a flow rate (Q) of a fluid in correspondence to said at least one labyrinth seal (L1, L11), said fluid flow rate (Q) having an initial exergetic content lower than the initial exergetic content of the organic working fluid located inside the turbine and flowing through said labyrinth seal (L1, L11).

17. The Organic Rankine Cycle system according to claim 16, comprising an additional heat exchanger (6), downstream of the heat exchanger (5) and configured to vaporize by means of the hot source (SC) a flow rate (Q) of the organic working fluid, tapped in liquid phase downstream of the pump (4) or the recuperator (2).

18. The Organic Rankine Cycle system according to claim 17 wherein said additional heat exchanger (6) is crossed by a fraction of the hot source (SC) flow rate.

19. The Organic Rankine Cycle system according to claim 16, wherein said additional heat exchanger (6), placed in parallel to at least a portion of the heat exchanger (5) and configured to vaporize by means of the flow rate (Q1) of the hot source (SC) a flow rate (Q) of the organic working fluid, poured in a liquid phase downstream of the pump (4) or of the recuperator (2).

20. The Organic Rankine Cycle system according to claim 16, wherein said turbine (10) is characterized by a fluid flow rate (Q) being injected through a first conduit (22) exactly inside a first labyrinth seal (L1).

21. The Organic Rankine Cycle system according to claim 16, wherein said turbine (10) is characterized by a fluid flow rate (Q) being injected through a first conduit (22) upstream of a first labyrinth seal (L1).

22. The Organic Rankine Cycle system according to claim 16, wherein said turbine (10) is characterized by a fluid flow rate (Q) being injected through a second conduit (21) in a volume (I) upstream of a first labyrinth seal (L1) and downstream of a second labyrinth seal (L11) through a conduit (21, 22) passing within body (20) of the turbine.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) The invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, which illustrate some examples of non-limiting embodiments, in which:

(2) FIG. 1 is a detail of the high-pressure stages of an axial turbine according to the known art,

(3) FIG. 2 is a detail of the first stage of the turbine, still according to the known art,

(4) FIG. 3 is the same detail of FIG. 2, shown with a split labyrinth,

(5) FIG. 4 shows a detail of the first high pressure stage of a turbine, according to an embodiment of the present invention,

(6) FIG. 5 shows a detail of the first high pressure stage of a turbine, according to a further embodiment of the present invention,

(7) FIG. 5a shows a detail of the first high pressure stage of a turbine, according to a further embodiment of the present invention,

(8) FIG. 6 shows a temperature-power diagram (FIG. 6a) and a temperature-entropy diagram (6b) of a typical organic Rankine cycle,

(9) FIG. 7 is a thermodynamic temperature-entropy diagram in which different laminating curves of the liquid are shown, which are used to generate the vapor to be injected into the turbine,

(10) FIG. 8 schematically shows a plant with an ORC cycle (FIG. 8a) and its corresponding temperature-power diagram (FIG. 8b), according to a further aspect of the present invention,

(11) FIG. 9 schematically shows a variant of the plant with an ORC cycle of the previous Figure (FIG. 9a) and its corresponding temperature-power diagram (FIG. 9b).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION OR OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

(12) The invention relates to systems operating according to an organic Rankine cycle (ORC) or with a traditional water vapor as better explained at the end of the detailed description. In the following an ORC plant it more specifically described but similar arguments and conclusions can be obtained in the case of a traditional steam cycle. With reference to FIG. 8a which will be further described hereinafter for the purposes related to the present invention, a plant for ORC cycles, as is known, comprises at least a supply pump 4 for supplying an organic working fluid, in a liquid phase, to at least one heat exchanger 5. In the heat exchanger, which in turn can comprise a pre-heater, an evaporator and a super-heater, the organic liquid is heated until its transformation in the vapor phase and until its eventual overheating or it is hypercritically heated in case of a supercritical cycle. The heat is supplied by a hot source, for example a diathermic oil. At the outlet from the heat exchanger, the vapor passes through an expansion turbine 10 which produces the useful work of the cycle, i.e. the production of mechanical energy. The working fluid finally passes through a condenser 3 which brings it in the liquid phase in order to be supplied again by the pump 4 to the heat exchanger. Advantageously, in order to increase the effectiveness of the cycle, between the turbine 10 and the condenser 3 a recuperator 2 can be inserted, i.e. a heat exchanger which exchanges heat between the organic fluid in liquid phase which is pumped by the pump 4 towards the heat exchanger 5, and the organic fluid in a vapor phase which from the turbine 10 is directed toward the condenser 3.

(13) FIG. 4 shows a detail of the first high pressure stage of the turbine 10, according to one aspect of the present invention.

(14) The turbine 10 then includes a first row of stators S1 and a first row of rotors R1. The blades of the stator stage S1 are integral with the housing 20 of the turbine, while the blades of the rotor stage R1 are integral with a disc 30 of the turbine. The same turbine 10 also may include further rows of stators and row of rotors and can also be an axial, radial (centripetal or centrifugal) or a mixed radial/axial turbine. The description of the method and of the device according to the invention will be referred purely by way of example to the first high pressure stage, as in FIG. 4, as this is the stage in which the fluid pressure is highest and therefore the losses due to leakage are more considerable in terms of loss of turbine efficiency. Naturally all can be said about the first turbine stage can also be implemented in one or more successive stages, also in correspondence of the labyrinths placed between the turbine case and the top of the rotor blades. The organic fluid at the turbine inlet, and hence upstream of the stator S1 stage has a total pressure P1, downstream of the same stator stage (i.e. upstream of the first rotor stage R1), will have a lower static pressure PI1, whereas downstream of the first rotor stage R1, the fluid will have a further pressure reduction and the value of the static pressure is be equal to P2, then consequently P2<PI1<P1. The amount of the pressure reductions depends on the reaction of the turbine stage considered.

(15) For the sake of simplicity, a labyrinth L11 is further considered, being identical to the L1 labyrinth (FIGS. 3 and 4), located upstream of L1. The volume between the two labyrinths will produce to a P.sub.INTOLD pressure, which is intermediate between PI1 and P.sub.COND and is such that the flow rate of fluid leaking into the labyrinth between the PI1 and P.sub.INTOLD pressures is equal to that leaking between the P.sub.INTOLD and P.sub.COND. Let's now assume that a volume I is supplied between the two labyrinths with a fluid flow rate Q. Advantageously, the same working organic fluid could be used, the flow rate of which can be tapped, according to known methods and therefore it will be not described. For reasons of clarity, let us also assume that the fluid is present in the form, of vapor. The injection of fluid can take place by means of a duct 21 passing within the housing 20 of the turbine. The volume I into which the fluid is injected will be at a static pressure lower than the total pressure P1 upstream of the turbine.

(16) Evidently if the volume in which the injection of the fluid flow rate Q occurs is placed in the vicinity of one stage of the turbine 10, different from the first stage, such a volume will be at a lower static pressure than the total pressure, upstream of the corresponding rotor of the turbine stage in which the injection occurs.

(17) If the pressure P.sub.INTNEW reached in Volume I is exactly equal to PI1, the labyrinth L1 will be traversed by a vapor flow rate Q.sub.TRAF in practice identical to that which crossed it in the absence of the labyrinth L11, since the pressure difference upstream and downstream of L1 is the same as the case without injection (FIG. 2); also in this case the maze L11 will not be affected by any pressure difference and thus will not be crossed by any vapor flow.

(18) It is noted that the flow rate may not be exactly identical to Q.sub.TRAF if the characteristics of the injected (superheated) vapor were not identical to those present in the same room in the absence of injection. However, this does not alter in any case the meaning and the scope of the present invention.

(19) If the injection pressure is greater than PI1 instead, there will be a flow also through L11, directed towards the blades. Viceversa, if the pressure is lower than PI1, the flow rate crossing L11 will be directed towards the condenser. A small flow rate through the labyrinth L11 is still desirable to flow and cool L11 in case you accidentally slide between the rotating part and the stator one.

(20) In any case, the labyrinth L11 is subjected to a zero pressure difference PI1P.sub.INTNEW or otherwise a limited one, therefore L11 can be achieved with a less complex geometry with respect to L1.

(21) With reference to FIG. 5, the injection can take place directly within the labyrinth L1, through a conduit 22 which also passes through the housing 20 of the turbine, without the addition of a second group of labyrinths. Also, the injection can occur upstream of the single labyrinth L1, according to FIG. 5a.

(22) It is now necessary to consider that, according to the present invention, it is possible to generate vapor of fluid (or working organic fluid) to be injected in the labyrinths in such a way that such a vapor is generated with a lower exergy original content (as it is known, the exergy of a system is the maximum fraction of energy that can be converted into mechanical work) lower than that of the vapor flowing through the labyrinth traditional turbine, so as to obtain a higher yield of the turbine and the overall thermodynamic cycle.

(23) On FIG. 6 it is shown the temperature-power diagram (FIG. 6a) and the temperature-entropy (6b) of a typical ORC cycle. As it is known, the organic fluid receives heat from the high temperature source SC that consequently will lower its temperature, accomplishing the transformation thermodynamics from O1 to O2. In particular, the SC source releases heat to the organic fluid in BC (pre-heating), CD (evaporation) and D-E (overheating). The hot source can be diathermal oil or directly geothermal fluid or the combustion or recovery gases of water vapor. The turbine expands the fluid in EF, while the heat released in FG is transferred to AB (heat recovery), if a recuperator is present in the cycle. The further heat possessed by organic fluid is then transferred to a cold source SF (condensation).

(24) The injection of the organic working fluid in the labyrinths can be made according to three different modes, all selected so as to obtain the desired improvement in performance of the turbine: first mode: injection of vapor to a pressure level P.sub.INTNEW, next to the one present downstream of the first turbine stator (ie P.sub.INTNEWPI1); second mode: injection of working fluid in the liquid state with generation of vapor in the vicinity of the labyrinths; third mode: injection of working fluid in the liquid state with the generation of a two-phase mixture in the vicinity of the labyrinths.

(25) For simplicity reasons, in the following description, the embodiment will be considered with the single labyrinth L1 (as shown in FIG. 5), where the same considerations will be obviously applicable also in the case there is the presence of an additional labyrinth L11 (as illustrated in FIG. 4).

(26) The first mode provides an injection into the vapor labyrinth to a next pressure PI1, i.e. the pressure downstream of the first stator; the vapor at this intermediate pressure is generally not available and must be specially generated. A solution is to draw off the organic fluid still in the liquid phase, for example at the outlet of regeneration B, laminate it and allow it to evaporate at a lower pressure in an additional heat exchanger (6 in FIG. 8a), by exploiting in the most convenient way the hot source SC.

(27) The vapor production to an intermediate pressure level (for example equal to PI1) involves the absorption of a considerable power, but still at a lower temperature compared to the upstream vapor turbine conditions with a pressure P1. The vapor upstream of the labyrinth L1 is in both cases (with and without injection) near to the static pressure PI1, but in the case without injection it is located at a higher total enthalpy level, almost equal to that in the turbine inlet. Hence, the vapor used to seal the labyrinth has an energy content (total enthalpy) lower than that of the vapor that leaks normally from the labyrinth. Furthermore, the power produced for the vapor at the turbine inlet conditions (point E in FIG. 6) is greater than that required to produce the same amount of vapor to the pressure PI1: for example, if the point E is 250 C. and 25 bars and the working fluid is cyclopenthane, the enthalpy difference from the point B (liquid at 25 bar, 130 C.) necessary to produce respectively superheated vapor in the conditions of the point E and saturated vapor at a pressure equal than PI1, for example at 12 bar is 530 kJ/kg compared with 350 kJ/kg.

(28) FIG. 7 is still a thermodynamic temperature-entropy diagram in which in addition to ORC cycle already illustrated in FIG. 6b are different possible choices of the lamination pressure are shown, at which to generate the vapor to be injected. The choice of the lamination pressure P.sub.INTNEW with respect to PI1, or if equal to PI1 or slightly higher or slightly lower is conditioned by the balancing of several factors: the higher the pressure, the lower the flow of precious vapor which leaks from the outlet from the stator to the condenser, but this implies the need to produce the auxiliary vapor at a higher temperature (FIG. 7, P.sub.INTEW>PI1); the more the pressure is low, the higher is the possibility that the fine vapor can leak towards the condenser, but it is possible to produce the auxiliary vapor at a lower temperature.

(29) The level of laminating pressure in fact determines the overall efficiency of the plant.

(30) In fact, if the liquid is evaporated at a sufficiently low temperature, it is possible to further lower the temperature of the hot source (from O2 to O3), and then recover more heat, as described in FIGS. 8a and 8b. In this case, the low pressure vapor generation can be realized by an additional heat exchanger 6, fed downstream of the main heat exchanger 5.

(31) Alternatively, with reference to FIG. 9, a certain flow rate Q1 of oil can be separated from the main circuit to a suitable intermediate temperature (in the example below about 200 C.) and with it in parallel with the additional heat exchanger 6.

(32) The solution of FIG. 9 is required when the oil temperature O2 is already very low (such as not to allow further heat recovery) or when the dimensioning of the additional heat exchanger 6 according to the diagram of FIG. 8 would lead to very large surfaces of exchange (in fact, according to the scheme of FIG. 9, the difference in temperature in the heat exchanger increases, then for the same power the exchanger has lower sizes and costs.

(33) Table 1 shows the performance increase that can be achieved thanks to the subject of the patent system in a typical case of ORC application. The standard case (without application of the present invention, that is, according to the known art) refers to a plant of cyclopenthane, as represented in FIG. 6. The other two cases instead refer to the same plant in which the injection system has been implemented in the labyrinths, respectively according to the diagrams of FIGS. 8 and 9. The vapor turbine inlet conditions are 25 bar and 250 C., while the pressure PI1 in this example is equal to 12 bar; the hot spring is diathermic oil to 315 C.

(34) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Property Standard Injection (FIG. 8) Injection (FIG. 9) Texit oil ( C.) 161 156 158 Total thermal 22215 22787 22719 absorbed power (kW) Extra power / 2.3 2.8 absorbed for generation of steam to be injected (%) Gross 4801 5016 4973 electrical power generated (kW) Gross 21.6 22.0 21.9 efficiency (%)

(35) In the cited examples, the thermal power absorbed by ORC in cases with injection increases, but the increase of generated electric power is greater than that obtained with a simple increase in plant size, therefore the performance of the cycle increases.

(36) Another way to highlight the efficiency of the system is to evaluate the increase of electric power obtained in relation to the increase of required thermal power. In the cases referred to the above example:

(37) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Injection FIG. 8 vs Injection FIG. 9 vs standard standard Thermal power (kW) +572 +504 Electric power (kW) +215 +172 Electric efficiency of the 37.6 34.1 added part

(38) The performance values of the added power section are therefore clearly superior to the performance of the basic cycle (35% vs 21%).

(39) The second mode of generation of vapor at lower pressure provides that the organic liquid is withdrawn in liquid form in the most convenient point in the system; and injected into the labyrinth, where it tends to evaporate because it absorbs heat from the hot walls of the turbine, but especially by the vapor already present in the chamber: the liquid impacting against the rotating surfaces tends to be distributed in form of drops that increase the thermal exchange surface with the surrounding vapor.

(40) The evaporating fluid increases its volume and the pressure inside the chamber, limiting the leakage. The advantage compared to the previous mode is that it uses fluid in the liquid state and not vapor, hence with a lower energy content. The disadvantage may be represented by the tensional stress that may be created in the material forming the stator and rotor components in localizing lowering of temperature due to the introduction of cold liquid. Furthermore, the organic fluid may leak out of the labyrinth still in the liquid state, segregating in certain areas of the turbine or impacting on downstream blades.

(41) The third mode of the vapor generation instead takes its cue from what has just been described as a possible disadvantage of the previous mode: the liquid is injected in the chamber delimited by the labyrinth, so as to spread, in form of droplets; part of the fluid evaporate, while another part remains in a liquid form. This mixture of vapor and drops will tend to flow more laboriously through the labyrinths games, limiting the leakage.

(42) For example, the labyrinth L1 is typically affected by a difference pressure highly above the critical pressure ratio, then the vapor that leaks will have a sonic speed equal to that in the vicinity of the minimum passage section. If to the vapor liquid droplets are united, these obstruct the passage of vapor in the vicinity of the throat, reducing the passage area for the vapor.

(43) The presence of drops decreases the vapor leakage, but the total flow exits the labyrinth increases because the liquid phase is approximately a thousand times more dense than vapor: in general you can still have an advantage due to the fact that the liquid phase is energetically poorer.

(44) In addition to the modes of the invention, as described above, it is to be understood that there are many further variants. It must be understood that these modes of implementation are only illustrative and do not limit the invention or its applications, nor its possible configurations. On the contrary, although the description above makes it possible to man craft of the implementation of the present invention at least one of its second configuration example, it should be understood that numerous variations are conceivable of the components described, without moving away from the object of the invention, as defined in the appended claims, interpreted literally and/or according to their legal equivalents.

(45) The invention relates to systems that operate according to an organic Rankine cycle (ORC) or traditional water vapor, in particular to the case where the expansion ratio around the object considered is at least 1.5, in a manner that the energetic content of the vapor injected to the labyrinth becomes significantly lower than that of the main flow in correspondence of that stage.