DEVICE AND METHOD FOR CONTROLLING THE VOLUME OF A MICRO CHAMBER ARRANGEMENT

Abstract

Disclosed is a device for controlling a volume of an analysis chamber of a micro chamber arrangement to which a region of interest of an object is exposed. The volume is controlled using a volume reducing element which is deposited on a surface of the micro chamber arrangement. The device comprises a deposition unit configured to determine a position and an extent of the volume reducing element depending on (a) the region of interest and further depending on (b) a predetermined level by which a volume of the analysis chamber is reduced using the volume reducing structure. The deposition unit is further configured to deposit the volume reducing element depending on the determined position and extent.

Claims

1. A method for identifying two or more infections as related or non-related infections based on an estimated genetic relatedness of the two or more infections, comprising: receiving, for each of two or more infected patients, infection-relevant information comprising an antibiotic resistance profile for the patient's infection, a geo-temporal record for the patient, and a caregiver history for the patient; estimating, using a trained genetic relatedness model analyzing the received infection-relevant information for the two or more infected patients, a genetic relatedness of at least two of the two or more infections; comparing the estimated genetic relatedness between at least two of the two or more infections to a predetermined threshold; and identifying, based on the comparison, the at least two of the two or more infections as a related infection or a non-related infection, wherein the at least two of the two or more infections are identified as a related infection if the estimated genetic relatedness falls below the predetermined threshold, and wherein the at least two of the two or more infections are identified as a non-related infection if the estimated genetic relatedness exceeds the predetermined threshold.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the trained genetic relatedness model estimates genetic relatedness of the at least two of the two or more infections without sequencing data.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the genetic relatedness of the two or more infections comprises a predicted number of SNPs between at least two of the two or more infections.

4. The method of claim 1, further comprising: obtaining, if the at least two of the two or more infections are identified as related, sequencing data for each of the at least two of the two or more infections; and determining, using the obtained sequencing data, the relatedness of the at least two of the two or more infections.

5. The method of claim 1, further comprising: displaying, on an interactive user interface, a representation of the estimated genetic relatedness between the at least two of the two or more infections.

6. The method of claim 5, wherein the representation of the estimated genetic relatedness comprises a network graph of two or more patients and/or infections.

7. The method of claim 1, further comprising: adjusting, using an interactive user interface, the predetermined threshold.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein the predetermined threshold is based at least in part on the identity of a pathogen causing the two or more infections.

9. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of training the trained genetic relatedness model, comprising: receiving, from a database of infection data, infection-relevant information for a plurality of patients and pathogen sequencing data for an infection associated with each of the plurality of patients; calculating, using the sequencing data, genetic relatedness between the infections of two or more of the plurality of patients; generating, from the received infection-relevant information and the calculated genetic relatedness between the infections, a predictive model designed to provide an estimate of genetic relatedness between two or more infections using only infection-relevant information.

10. The method of claim 9, wherein the genetic relatedness model comprises a decision tree.

11. A system configured to identify two or more infections as related or non-related infections based on an estimated genetic relatedness of the two or more infections, comprising: infection-relevant information for each of two or more infected patients, comprising an antibiotic resistance profile for the patient's infection, a geo-temporal record for the patient, and a caregiver history for the patient; a trained genetic relatedness model configured to analyze the received infection-relevant information for the two or more infected patients and to estimate based on that analysis a genetic relatedness of at least two of the two or more infections; a processor configured to: (i) compare the estimated genetic relatedness between at least two of the two or more infections to a predetermined threshold; and (i) identify, based on the comparison, the at least two of the two or more infections as a related infection or a non-related infection, wherein the at least two of the two or more infections are identified as a related infection if the estimated genetic relatedness falls below the predetermined threshold, and wherein the at least two of the two or more infections are identified as a non-related infection if the estimated genetic relatedness exceeds the predetermined threshold; and a user interface configured to display a representation of the estimated genetic relatedness between the at least two of the two or more infections.

12. The system of claim 11, wherein the representation of the estimated genetic relatedness comprises a network graph of two or more patients and/or infections.

13. The system of claim 11, wherein the trained genetic relatedness model estimates genetic relatedness of the at least two of the two or more infections without sequencing data.

14. The system of claim 11, wherein the predetermined threshold is based at least in part on the identity of a pathogen causing the two or more infections.

15. The system of claim 11, wherein the genetic relatedness of the two or more infections comprises a predicted number of SNPs between at least two of the two or more infections.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

[0034] FIG. 1A is a schematic illustration of a micro chamber arrangement which forms an analysis chamber. The volume of the analysis chamber is adaptable using the device according to the exemplary embodiment disclosed herein;

[0035] FIG. 1B is a cross-section through the analysis chamber taken along line A-A of FIG. 1A;

[0036] FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a data processing system and an image acquisition system of the device for controlling the volume of an analysis chamber of a micro chamber arrangement according to the exemplary embodiment;

[0037] FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of the data processing system and a printing device of the device for controlling the volume of the analysis chamber according to the exemplary embodiment;

[0038] FIGS. 4A to 4C schematically illustrate different stages of a process for manufacturing a micro chamber arrangement, wherein the process is carried out using the device of the exemplary embodiment;

[0039] FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view through the micro chamber arrangement taken along line B-B of FIG. 4C;

[0040] FIG. 6B is a schematic illustration of a micro chamber arrangement according to a second exemplary embodiment;

[0041] FIG. 6B a is a schematic illustration of a micro chamber arrangement according to a third exemplary embodiment;

[0042] FIG. 6C is a schematic illustration of a mask used for manufacturing the micro chamber arrangement according to the third exemplary embodiment;

[0043] FIG. 7A is a schematic illustration of a manufacturing process for manufacturing a micro chamber arrangement according to a fourth exemplary embodiment, wherein the process is carried out using the device of the exemplary embodiment;

[0044] FIG. 7B a is a schematic illustration of the micro chamber arrangement according to the fourth exemplary embodiment; and

[0045] FIG. 7C is a schematic illustration of a mask used for manufacturing the micro chamber arrangement according to the fourth exemplary embodiment.

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

[0046] FIGS. 1A and 1B are schematic illustrations of an exemplary micro chamber arrangement 1. FIG. 1B is a cross-section taken along line A-A of FIG. 1A. The micro chamber arrangement provides an analysis chamber 6 having a volume which is less than 2000 microliter or less than 1000 microliter or less than 500 microliter. The volume may be greater than 50 microliter or greater than 100 microliter. The analysis chamber is formed using a planar gap between a substrate 4 and a cover 3 of the micro chamber arrangement 1. The analysis chamber of the micro chamber arrangement 1 is configured to accommodate at least one object for extracting nucleic acids from the object. The object is a slice-shaped section of tissue which is placed on an object receiving surface of the substrate 4 of the micro chamber arrangement 1. A thickness of the section may be less than 50 micrometers or less than 10 micrometers. The lateral extent of the object is limited by the size of the tissue processing cassette which is used to embed the object in paraffin. The lateral dimensions of the object therefore typically do not exceed 2040 mm.

[0047] The substrate 4 may be made of glass, transparent plastic, and/or composites of glass and plastic. The substrate 4 may be a microscope slide, which, for example, has dimensions of 25751 millimeter (sidesideheight). A label 7 is attached to a surface portion of the substrate 4 which is not covered by the cover 3.

[0048] By way of example, the analysis chamber 6 has dimensions of 22400.5 millimeters (sidesideheight) corresponding to a volume of 440 microliters.

[0049] In order to extract nucleic acids from the object, an analysis liquid, which may include a lysis buffer, is introduced into the analysis chamber 6 through one of the fluid ports 10 and 11, which are formed by openings provided in the cover 3 of the micro chamber arrangement 1. The other one of the fluid ports 10 and 11 is used to discharge the analysis liquid from the analysis chamber 6. By way of example, the cover 3 may be made of glass, transparent plastic, and/or composites of glass and plastic. A spacer element 5 is provided between the substrate 4 and the cover 5. Although not necessary, in the embodiment shown on FIG. 1A the spacer is on and in direct contact the substrate 4. Thus the volume of the analysis chamber is further defined by the spacer element located around the sample. The spacer element 5 may function as a liquid-tight seal, preventing analysis liquid from leaking out of the analysis chamber 6.

[0050] Based on the extracted nucleic acids, molecular diagnostics (abbreviated as MDX) of pathologically altered cells of the object can be performed. Specifically, using molecular diagnostic, it is possible to detect specific sequences in DNA or RNA that may or may not be associated with a disease. Molecular diagnostics may include analysis procedures such as PCR (several techniques are comprised under this term, like q-PCR, RT-PCR, qrt-PCR, digital PCR, etc), or RNA or DNA sequencing.

[0051] As will be explained in detail further below, it has been shown that the region of interest of the object which is exposed to the analysis liquid can be comparatively small, leading to an undesirable high dilution of the extracted nucleic acids. Notably, for the extraction and clean-up processes, it is desirable that the volume of the analysis chamber 6 is less than 200 microliters or even less than 50 microliters. It has further been shown that it is desirable for the analysis chamber 6 to have a known volume which preferably is constant for different objects. However, simply reducing the volume by reducing the width of the planar gap between the substrate 4 and the cover 3 influences the filling behavior of the liquid leading to undesirable air entrapment which may result in incomplete coverage of the object with the analysis liquid.

[0052] The inventors have found that it is possible to provide a device and a method for adapting the volume of the analysis chamber depending on the position and the extent of the region of interest from which nucleic acids are to be extracted and further depending on predefined criterions for the volume of the analysis chamber. It has been shown that this allows efficient prevention of undesirable dilution of the extracted nucleic acids. It has further been shown that the same type of micro chamber arrangement can be adapted to different objects so that for each of these objects, the volume of the analysis chamber can be reduced to a predefined value which is the same for each object. Using the same micro chamber arrangement for different objects allows implementation of a standard workflow. Further, having a constant analysis chamber volume for different objects allows implementation of controlled downstream processing. As such, efficient integration of digital pathology and molecular diagnostics can be obtained.

[0053] FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a data processing system 12 and a first image acquisition system 13 which is used for identifying one or more regions of interest of an object 39 which is a section from a biopsy or from a resection. The one or more regions of interest are identified by staining the object 39. The identified one or more regions of interest are later used to isolate, on an unstained object taken from the same biopsy or from the same resection, at least one region of interest which corresponds to the region of interest identified using the stained object 39 and to control the volume of the analysis chamber of the micro chamber arrangement 1 (shown in FIG. 1). However, the invention is not limited to the configuration of the micro chamber arrangement shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B. It is conceivable that alternative configurations of the micro chamber arrangement are used for controlling the volume of the analysis chamber according to the techniques as described herein. Typically, tissue sections have an inherent heterogeneity which includes different reactive cell populations. However, the reliability of the diagnostic results critically depends on the relative abundance of the cell population which is to be examined. It is therefore desirable to expose to the analysis liquid only a portion (i.e. a region of interest) of the object in which the cell population to be examined is present in sufficient abundance. Specifically, tumor tissues generally consist of many different cell types, not only cancer cells, and even the cancer cells can differ a great deal in molecular constitution in different areas of the tumor.

[0054] As is illustrated in FIG. 2, the object 39 which is used to identify the one or more regions of interest is placed on a microscope slide 40. In order to identify the one or more regions of interest, the object 39 is stained using a stain 15. The stain 15 may be selected depending on a clinical indication. By way of example, the sample may be stained using hematoxylin. Alternatively or additionally, immuno-histochemistry (IHC) and/or immunofluorescent stains may be used. Using the one or more stains, particular features of the object may be highlighted. The stained object 39 is inspected using an image acquisition system 13. The image acquisition system 13 may be a digital scanner, in particular a line sensor-based digital scanner. The digital scanner may be configured as a whole slide imaging (WSI) system. It is also conceivable that a camera and/or a microscope is used to acquire the digital image data for identifying the region of interest of the stained object 39. The digital image data may be acquired using transmitted light imaging and/or reflected light imaging. The image acquisition system used for acquiring the image data may be configured to yield images having, for example, a size of at least 1,0001,000 pixels or at least 3,0003,000 pixels, or at least 10,00010,000 pixels, or at least 100,000100,000 pixels.

[0055] The digital image data which are acquired from the object 39 are transmitted to the data processing system 12. The data processing system 12 is configured to read the digital image data. The data processing system 12 includes a graphical user interface which displays, on a display device 18, an image which is generated depending on the digital image data. The data processing system 12 is configured to automatically or semi-automatically (i.e. using user input received via one or more input devices such as the mouse 17 and/or the keyboard 16) determine one or more regions of interest depending on the digital image data.

[0056] The one or more regions of interest which are identified using the stained object 39 are used to identify one or more regions of interest of an unstained object from which nucleic acids are to be extracted. The unstained object is a section from the same biopsy or from the same resection as the stained object 39 used for identifying the region of interest. In particular, as will be described in detail in the following paragraphs, one or more regions of interest of the unstained object are determined relative to the substrate on which the unstained object is disposed, depending on the digital image data acquired from the stained object 39 and further depending on digital image data acquired from the unstained object disposed on the substrate 4 (shown in FIG. 1) of the microanalysis chamber 1.

[0057] The one or more regions of interest of the unstained object which are determined relative to the substrate are used to isolate the regions of interest and to control the volume of the analysis chamber in which the nucleic acids are to be extracted from the object. These processes will be described in more detail further below.

[0058] The device includes a second image acquisition system (not illustrated) which is configured to acquire digital image data from the unstained object. The acquired digital image data may be indicative of a position and extent of the unstained object relative to the substrate. The data processing system 12 is configured to semi-automatically (i.e. using user interaction) or automatically determine the position and extent of the one or more regions of interest of the unstained object relative to the substrate by comparing the digital image data acquired from the stained object 39 with the digital image data acquired from the unstained object. Comparing the digital image data may include identification of object features which are common or similar to both the image of the stained object 39 and the image of the unstained object. In order to facilitate the comparison between the digital data of the stained object with the digital image data of the unstained object, it is conceivable that the unstained object is also stained and/or deparaffinated before acquiring of the digital image data in order to highlight features required for identifying the corresponding region of interest in the object from which nucleic acids are to be extracted. By way of example, the object from which nucleic acids are to be extracted is stained using hematoxylin.

[0059] The second image acquisition system may be a camera, a microscope and/or a digital scanner. The second image acquisition system may be in a known spatial relationship (in particular a known position and orientation) relative to the substrate when acquiring the digital image data. In particular, the second image acquisition system may be in a known spatial relationship relative to the substrate, wherein the substrate is mounted to a sample mount of a printer which is used to isolate the region if interest and/or to deposit a volume reducing element for controlling the volume of the analysis chamber. These processes are described in detail in the following paragraphs. Additionally or alternatively, the digital image data may be acquired from one or more fiducial markers which are provided on the substrate and which are used to determine the position and the extent of the region of interest relative to the substrate. FIG. 3 illustrates how the device isolates the one or more determined regions of interest from the object 14.

[0060] The regions of interest are isolated by depositing a film-shaped capping structure 22 on a surface portion of the object 14 which is complementary to the identified one or more regions of interest. The film-shaped capping structure is deposited using a printer 19 (shown in FIG. 3), in particular an ink-jet printer, which is in signal communication with the data processing system 12. The data processing system 12 is configured to control the printer 19 to deposit ink 20 on the object so as to form the film-shaped capping structure 22 which covers the surface portion of the object 14 which is complementary to the one or more identified regions of interest. The film-shaped capping structure 22 may be formed by one or more ink layers. A thickness of the film-shaped capping structure may be less than 100 micrometers, less than 75 micrometers, or less than 50 micrometers. The thickness may be greater than 5 micrometers.

[0061] The printing process which is performed using the printer 19 may be a non-impact printing process, in particular a dot-matrix printing process and/or an ink-jet printing process using one or more nozzles 21 of the ink-jet printer for ejecting the ink 20 toward the substrate 4. The printer may be configured to move the nozzle 21 in directions parallel to the object receiving surface of the substrate 4. The ink may be solidify and/or may be solidifiable. The ink may solidify, for example by drying. Additionally or alternatively, the ink may be solidifiable by exposing the ink to heat, pressure, electromagnetic radiation (such as ultraviolet light) and/or chemicals. Additionally or alternatively, solidification of the ink may be performed using a cooling device for cooling the ink (e.g. when solid ink is used). It is conceivable that the device uses technologies for isolating the one or more regions of interest from the unstained object 14 which are different from the one described above. By way of example, it is conceivable that a tape is used to cover a portion of the object which is not part of the region of interest. Further, depending on the analysis which is performed, it is conceivable that no region of interest is isolated and the entire object is exposed to the analysis chamber. In this case, the entire object represents the region of interest.

[0062] FIG. 4B is a top view of the capping structure 22, the object 14 and the substrate 4. The film-shaped capping structure 22 leaves the region of interest 23 of the object 14 exposed. FIG. 4A shows the object 14 and the substrate 4 before deposition of the capping structure 22.

[0063] In order to control the volume of the analysis chamber 6 (shown in cross-section in FIG. 1B), the data processing system 12 is configured to deposit a volume reducing element within the analysis chamber 6. The volume reducing element reduces the volume of the analysis chamber available for the analysis liquid (which may include a lysis buffer). In the exemplary embodiment, the volume reducing element is deposited using the printer 19 (shown in FIG. 3). The material used for the volume reducing element and the spacer element may be similar or different. In the latter case, the spacer element and the volume reducing element may be two clearly distinct elements. FIG. 4C shows an exemplary volume reducing element 24 which is deposited on the substrate 4 and the film-shaped capping structure 22 and which is covered by the cover 3. The volume reducing element 24 is configured to leave the region of interest 23 exposed.

[0064] FIG. 5 is a cross-section taken along line B-B of FIG. 4C. As is illustrated in FIG. 5, the volume reducing element 24 has an extent, measured along a width direction of the planar gap formed by the substrate 4 and the cover 3, which substantially amounts to the width d of the planar gap. In the embodiment of the micro chamber arrangement 1, which is shown in FIGS. 4C and 5, the volume reducing element 24 is separated from the cover 3 by a gap having a width, which is less than 20% or less than 10% or less than 5% the width d (shown in FIG. 5) of the of the planar gap formed by the substrate 4 and the cover 3. The width of the separation gap formed by the volume reducing element 24 and the cover 3 may be less than 30 micrometers or less than 20 micrometers or less than 10 micrometers. Separation gaps of such widths do not allow the analysis liquid to enter into the separation gap. The volume reducing element may be configured to be hydrophobic which allows increasing the width of the separation gap without allowing the analysis liquid to enter the separation gap.

[0065] The separation gap between the volume reducing element 24 and the cover 3 allows for an accurate attachment of the cover 3 to the substrate 4 via the spacer element 5, irrespective of tolerances in the height of the volume reducing element 24 which may result from the printing and/or curing process. This ensures a highly accurate value for the volume of the analysis chamber and reliable liquid-tight seal. However, a still satisfactory accuracy for the analysis chamber volume and an acceptable seal can be obtained if the volume reducing element 24 is in contact with the cover 3.

[0066] The volume reducing element 24 is deposited layer-by-layer using the printer 19. In other words, layers of ink are deposited on top of other layers of previously deposited and solidified layers of ink. The volume reducing element 24 may be formed by more than 10, more than 20, or more than 50 layers which are stacked on top of each other. Each of the layers may have a thickness which is less than 100 micrometers or less than 80 micrometers or less than 50 micrometers. The thickness may be greater than 5 micrometers or greater than 10 micrometers. The thickness of the layers may be adapted by adapting a configuration of the printing head (such as a spacing between neighboring nozzles and/or an inside diameter of the nozzle) and/or by adapting pulse settings for dispensing the ink.

[0067] It has been shown that using an ink-jet printer for depositing a UV-curable ink, printing and curing of layers having a thickness of, for example, 0.5 millimeter can be done within a few minutes. The ink-jet printer can print at a high frequency (few kHz) so that within a few seconds, one layer of ink can be printed on the substrate and cured. With a typical layer thickness of approximately 15 micrometers and a printing and curing time of approximately 10 seconds, it takes 5.5 minutes to deposit the volume reducing element. It is conceivable to parallelize this process to deposit volume reducing elements simultaneously on multiple substrates which are arranged side-by-side in a row.

[0068] A height of the volume reducing element 24, as measured along a width direction of the planar gap formed by the substrate 4 and the cover 3, may have a value which is greater than 50 micrometers, greater than 80 micrometers or greater then 100 micrometers. The height may be less than 1500 micrometers or less than 1000 micrometers.

[0069] As can be seen in FIG. 4C, the position and extent of the volume reducing element 24 on the substrate 4 is adapted depending on the position and extent of the region of interest 23. This allows adaptation of a standardized and/or commercially available micro chamber arrangement to the position and extent of the region of interest 23 and thereby prevention of dilution of the extracted nucleic acids if the extent of the region of interest 23 is small. Furthermore, a constant volume of the analysis chamber 6 can be provided for a plurality of different objects using the standardized and/or commercially available micro chamber arrangement. This allows for a standardized workflow and controlled downstream processing.

[0070] As can be seen in FIG. 4C, the position and extent of the volume reducing element 24 on the substrate is further determined so that the fluid ports 10 and 11 are in fluid communication via a fluid channel, which is provided by the analysis chamber 6, wherein the region of interest 23 is arranged within the fluid channel.

[0071] The data processing system 12 is configured to automatically or semi-automatically (i.e. based on user interaction) determine the position and extent of the volume reducing element 24 (measured in a plane parallel to the object receiving surface) depending on the position and extent of the region of interest 23 relative to the substrate 4 (measured in the plane parallel to the object receiving surface) and further depending on a predetermined level by which the volume of the analysis chamber 6 is to be reduced. The position and extent of the region of interest relative to the substrate may be determined depending on the digital image data acquired from the object 14 using the second image acquisition system. The data processing system 12 may further be configured to determine the height of the volume reducing element 24 depending on the position and the extent of the region of interest 23 and the predetermined level. The height of the volume reducing element 24 determines the width of the separation gap between the volume reducing element 24 and the cover 3.

[0072] The determination of the position and extent of the volume reducing element 24 may further be performed depending on known behavior of the deposited liquid ink which solidifies or which is solidifiable to form at least a portion of the volume reducing element (such as an ink flow behavior). By way of example, in order to generate control signals for controlling the printer, the data processing system may modify the determined position and extent of the volume reducing element 24 so that after solidification of the ink, the solidified ink has the desired position and extent.

[0073] Semi-automatic determination of the position and extent of the volume reducing element 24 may be performed using the graphical user interface of the data processing system. The data processing system may be configured to determine the position and the extent of the region of interest 23 relative to the substrate 4 using one or more fiducial markers 8 and 9, which are provided on the substrate 4. The fiducial markers 8 and 9 may be configured to be detectable using the image acquisition system 13. Additionally or alternatively, the second image acquisition system may be in a known spatial relationship relative to the substrate when acquiring the digital image data for determining the position and extent of the region of interest relative to the substrate.

[0074] It is conceivable, that the device is configured so that the deposition of the film-shaped capping structure 22 and the volume reducing element 24 is performed in a substantially continuous deposition process which may be performed by the printer.

[0075] FIG. 6A illustrates a micro chamber arrangement 1 according to a second exemplary embodiment. The micro chamber arrangement 1 of the second exemplary embodiment may be manufactured using the device for controlling the volume of the analysis chamber as has been described in connection with FIGS. 2 and 3. In the micro chamber arrangement of the second exemplary embodiment, volume reducing elements 26 and 27 are disposed on the substrate 4, each of which having a longitudinal shape extending along a straight or curved longitudinal axis. The height of the volume reducing elements 26 and 27 may be configured as has been described in connection with the volume reducing element 24 (shown in FIG. 5). Specifically, the volume reducing element 26 and/or 27 may be separated from the cover 3 by a separation gap or may be abuttingly in contact with the cover 3.

[0076] Each of the volume reducing elements 26 and 27 has a width a, b, measured parallel to the object receiving surface of the substrate 4 which is less than five times, or less than three-times or less than two times the width d (shown in FIG. 5) of the planar gap formed by the substrate 4 and the cover 3. Each of the volume reducing elements 26 and 27 is configured to function as a barrier which is configured to prevent the analysis liquid which is introduced into analysis chamber from leaking out of the analysis chamber 6. Thereby, using the volume reducing elements 26 and 27, two air-filled spaces 28 and 29 are formed which are located outside the analysis chamber 6 and between the substrate 4 and the cover 3. As can be seen from FIG. 6A, the volume reducing elements 26 and 27 reduce the amount of ink which is necessary to reduce the volume of the analysis chamber 6 by the predetermined level. The longitudinal and comparatively narrow shape of the volume reducing elements 26 and 27 also reduce the stress which is introduced into the substrate 4 by the volume reducing elements 26 and 27.

[0077] FIG. 6B illustrates a micro chamber arrangement 1 according to a third exemplary embodiment. The micro chamber arrangement 1 of the third exemplary embodiment may be manufactured using the device for controlling the volume of the analysis chamber, as has been described in connection with FIGS. 2 and 3. The micro chamber arrangement of the third exemplary embodiment 1 has a volume reducing element 30, which, in a across-section through the analysis chamber 6 parallel to the object receiving surface of the substrate 4, forms an analysis chamber 6 which is a convex hull for at least the region of interest 23 and for at least the fluid ports 11 and 10. It has been shown that using such a configuration of the analysis chamber 6, it is possible to prevent undesirable air entrapment when the analysis liquid is introduced into the analysis chamber. The volume reducing element may further be optimized based on experience and/or flow simulations.

[0078] The volume reducing element 30 of the third exemplary embodiment may be generated using a mask 38 (shown in FIG. 6C) which is calculated using a procedure explained in the following paragraphs and which may be executed by the data processing system which has been described in connection with FIGS. 2 and 3.

[0079] In a plane parallel to the object receiving surface of the substrate 4, a positive mask is defined by the position and extent of the region of interest 23. The edges of the mask of the region of interest 23 may be shifted outwardly so that the edge of the positive mask is spaced outward from the edge of the region of interest 23 by at least a predefined distance and the region of interest 23 only represents a portion of the positive mask. Thereby, residues of the analysis liquid, which, as a result of capillary action, remain in the corners of the analysis chamber, do not cover the region of interest 23. This allows keeping the region of interest 23 free from residues of the analysis liquid after completion of the discharging process for discharging the analysis liquid from the analysis chamber 6. This prevents undesirable modification of the region of interest 23 so that the micro chamber arrangement 1 containing the object can be stored in a storage unit for later access and verification.

[0080] A morphological dilation operation may be applied to the positive mask using a structuring element having a rounded or circular shape of a predefined radius. By way of example, the radius may have a value of more than 0.2 millimeters and/or less than 10 millimeters or less than 5 millimeters or less than 1 millimeter. It has been shown that the morphological dilation operation provides improved microfluidic flow of the analysis liquid through the analysis chamber, preventing undesirable air entrapment.

[0081] Then, in the plane parallel to the object receiving surface of the substrate 4, for each of the fluid ports 10, 11, a further positive masks is calculated. One or both of the fluid port masks may be modified by shifting the edge of the respective fluid port mask outwardly so that the edge is spaced outward from the edge of the respective fluid port by at least a predetermined distance. In a similar way as has been described in connection with the region of interest mask, a morphological dilation operator may be applied to one or both of the fluid port masks. Through these modifications of the mask, a volume reducing element can be obtained which facilitates alignment of the cover relative to the volume reducing element.

[0082] As a next step, a combined mask is generated by applying a logical OR operator to the region of interest mask and to the fluidic port masks. Then, a convex hull is calculated for the combined mask. The convex hull represents the mask 38 (illustrated in FIG. 6C) used for determining the volume reducing element 30 (illustrated in FIG. 6B) and represents a cross-section through the analysis chamber 6 in the plane parallel to the object receiving surface of the substrate 4.

[0083] FIGS. 7A and 7B illustrate a process for manufacturing a micro chamber arrangement 1 according to a fourth exemplary embodiment. The micro chamber arrangement according to the fourth exemplary embodiment includes a volume reducing element 34 (shown in FIG. 7B), which is generated using a mask 37 (shown in FIG. 7C). The mask 37 is calculated using a procedure which is described in the following paragraphs and which may be executed by the data processing system which has been described in connection with FIGS. 2 and 3.

[0084] In the plane parallel to the object receiving surface of the substrate 4, locations of pseudo fluid ports 31 and 32 (illustrated in FIG. 7A) are determined, each of which corresponding to one of the fluid ports 10 and 11. An extent of the pseudo fluid ports 31 and 32 may be equal to or different from the extent of the fluid ports 10 and 11. Each of the pseudo fluid ports 31 and 32 represent a positive mask. Further, also for each of the fluid ports 10 and 11, a positive mask is generated in a same manner as has been described in connection with the micro chamber arrangement according to the third exemplary embodiment (illustrated in FIGS. 6B and 6C). The positive mask of the fluid port 10 and the positive mask of its corresponding pseudo fluid port 32 are combined using a logical OR operator. Then, a convex hull is calculated for the combined mask of the fluid port 10 and its pseudo fluid port 32. The same procedure is applied to the positive masks of the fluid port 11 and its corresponding pseudo fluid port 31. Using the logical OR operator, both convex hulls and a region of interest mask are combined.

[0085] The region of interest mask may be generated in the same manner as has been described in connection with the third exemplary embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 6B and 6C. A morphological dilation operator may be applied to the combined mask in order to smoothen the edges. The resulting mask is shown in FIG. 7C which forms the basis for determining the volume reducing element 34 shown in FIG. 7B. The volume reducing element 34 forms two longitudinal channels 35, 36 for connecting the region of interest 23 to each of the fluid ports 10 and 11. Thereby, a small volume of the analysis chamber can be obtained, wherein the longitudinal channels reduce the risk of undesired air entrapment.

[0086] It is further conceivable that using the calculated masks 38 (shown in FIG. 6C) and 37 (shown in FIG. 7C) volume reducing elements of are generated which have a shape different from the shapes of the volume reducing elements 30 and 34 (illustrated in FIGS. 6B and 7B). By way of example, it is conceivable that based on the mask 38 or 37, one or more volume reducing elements are generated having a longitudinal shape so as to generate an air-filled space which is outside the analysis chamber and between the substrate and the cover, in a similar manner as has been described in connection with the micro analysis chamber of the second exemplary embodiment which is illustrated in FIG. 6A.

[0087] The above embodiments as described are only illustrative, and not intended to limit the technique approaches of the present invention. Although the present invention is described in details referring to the preferable embodiments, those skilled in the art will understand that the technique approaches of the present invention can be modified or equally displaced without departing from the protective scope of the claims of the present invention. In particular, although the invention has been described based on a projection radiograph, it can be applied to any imaging technique which results in a projection image. In the claims, the word comprising does not exclude other elements or steps, and the indefinite article a or an does not exclude a plurality. Any reference signs in the claims should not be construed as limiting the scope.