METHODS, SYSTEMS, AND COMPOSITIONS FOR DELIVERY OF NANOBUBBLES IN WATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS

Abstract

Methods, systems, and devices for water treatment or for preventing fouling of components of water treatment systems can include the upstream introduction of nanobubbles in-line and/or in close proximity to a reverse osmosis membrane in the water treatment system. The nanobubbles can bind to and cluster (flocculate) nanoparticles (and possible larger solid particles) so that they can be removed and not foul water purification components such as reverse osmosis membranes. The nanobubbles can also interact with and change some characteristics of nanoparticles and thereby reduce fouling of some system components, such as reverse osmosis membranes, or other components. The systems, methods, and devices disclosed herein can help produce potable water safe for human consumption in a more cost-effective manner, e.g., by reducing maintenance costs and in some cases manufacturing costs.

Claims

1-60. (canceled)

61. A method for treating raw water containing suspended particles including suspended nanoparticles by way of introduction of nanobubbles for interacting with the suspended nanoparticles, the method comprising: collecting raw water in a reservoir, the water including suspended nanoparticles of calcium carbonate and other contaminates; filtering an amount of the other contaminates out of the water, thereby generating filtered water containing nanoparticles of calcium carbonate; detecting a concentration of the nanoparticles of calcium carbonate in the filtered water; mixing nanobubbles into the filtered water so as to raise a concentration of nanobubbles in the filtered water to a concentration at least as high as the concentration of the nanoparticles of calcium carbonate in the filtered water, thereby creating a mixture of filtered water and nanobubbles; pumping the mixture of filtered water and nanobubbles to a reverse osmosis membrane device having a membrane with pores having a size from 0.01 to 0.05 nanometers, wherein the mixture of filtered water and nanobubbles do not enter a reservoir prior to entering the reverse osmosis membrane device; clustering an amount of the nanobubbles with an amount of the nanoparticles in the mixture of filtered water and nanobubbles; permeating an amount of the water molecules included in the mixture of filtered water and nanobubbles through the pores of the reverse osmosis membrane onto a permeate side of the reverse osmosis membrane; retaining an amount of the water molecules and clustered nanobubbles and nanoparticles included in the mixture of filtered water and nanobubbles on a retentate side of the reverse osmosis membrane; and discharging the retained water molecules and clustered nanobubbles and nanoparticles through a rejection outlet of the reverse osmosis membrane device.

62. The method of claim 61 further comprising filtering the mixture of filtered water and nanobubbles before the step of pumping the mixture.

63. The method of claim 61, additionally comprising removing an amount of the clustered nanoparticles from the mixture of filtered water and nanobubbles with a gravity well before the step of permeating.

64. The method of claim 61, wherein the step of mixing nanobubbles comprises adding a quantity of nanobubbles into the filtered water so as to raise a concentration of nanobubbles in the filtered water output to a concentration greater than the concentration of the nanoparticles of calcium carbonate in the filtered water.

65. The method of claim 61, wherein the step of mixing nanobubbles comprises adding a quantity of nanobubbles into the filtered water so as to raise a concentration of nanobubbles in the filtered water output to a concentration at least five times greater than the concentration of the nanoparticles of calcium carbonate in the filtered water.

66. The method of claim 61, wherein the step of mixing nanobubbles comprises adding a quantity of nanobubbles into the filtered water so as to raise a concentration of nanobubbles in the filtered water output to a concentration at least ten times greater than the concentration of the nanoparticles of calcium carbonate in the filtered water.

67. The method of claim 61, wherein the step of mixing nanobubbles comprises adding nanobubbles into a flow of the filtered water at a point in close proximity to the reverse osmosis membrane.

68. The method of claim 61, wherein the step of mixing nanobubbles comprises adding nanobubbles in-line, into a flow of the filtered water.

69. A method reducing maintenance required for a reverse osmosis water treatment system, comprising: filtering raw water to form filtered flowing water, wherein the filtered flowing water contains nanoparticles of calcium carbonate; introducing an amount of nanobubbles to the filtered flowing water, thereby raising a concentration of nanobubbles in the filtered flowing water at least as high as a concentration of the nanoparticles of calcium carbonate in the filtered flowing water, and wherein the nanobubbles cluster the nanoparticles of calcium carbonate in the filtered flowing water to form water with clustered nanoparticles of calcium carbonate; and contacting the water with clustered nanoparticles of calcium carbonate with a reverse osmosis (RO) membrane, wherein the nanobubbles are introduced into the flowing water in an amount effective to reduce clogging of the RO membrane with nanoparticles of calcium carbonate.

70. The method of claim 69, wherein the nanobubbles are introduced into the filtered flowing water in an amount effective to at least double a maintenance cycle required for defouling the RO membrane.

71. The method of claim 69, wherein the nanobubbles are introduced into the filtered flowing water in an amount effective to extend a maintenance cycle required for defouling the RO membrane by at least ten-fold.

72. A method for treating water, comprising: filtering raw water to form filtered water, wherein the filtered water contains nanoparticles; adding nanobubbles into the filtered water thereby creating a water mixture of water and nanobubbles, whereby a concentration of the nanobubbles in the water mixture is raised at least as high as a concentration of the nanoparticles in the water mixture; and passing an amount of the water mixture into contact with a reverse osmosis membrane of a reverse osmosis filter device, so as to pass water molecules of the water mixture through pores of the reverse osmosis membrane.

73. The method of claim 72, additionally comprising collecting raw water in a reservoir, wherein the water includes a suspension the nanoparticles and other contaminates, wherein filtering the raw water filters an amount of the other contaminates out of the water.

74. The method of claim 72, additionally comprising detecting a concentration of the nanoparticles in the water before the step of passing.

75. The method of claim 72, wherein the pores of the reverse osmosis membrane have a size from 0.01 to 0.05 nanometers.

76. The method of claim 72, wherein the water mixture includes a clustering of an amount of the nanobubbles with an amount of the nanoparticles.

77. The method of claim 76, further comprising filtering the water mixture before the step of passing.

78. The method of claim 76, additionally comprising removing an amount of clustered nanoparticles from the water mixture with a gravity well before the step of passing.

79. The method of claim 72, wherein the concentration of nanobubbles in the filtered water is greater than the concentration of the nanoparticles.

80. The method of claim 72, wherein the concentration of nanobubbles in the filtered water is at least five times the concentration of the nanoparticles.

81. The method of claim 72, wherein the concentration of nanobubbles in the filtered water is at least ten times the concentration of the nanoparticles.

82. The method of claim 72, wherein there are no reservoirs between the step of mixing nanobubbles and the passing step.

83. The method of claim 72, wherein the step of mixing nanobubbles into the filtered water is performed at a location that is in close proximity to the reverse osmosis filter device.

84. The method of claim 72, wherein the step of mixing nanobubbles into the filtered water comprises adding nanobubbles in-line into a flow of the filtered water.

85. The method of claim 72, wherein the nanoparticles comprises nanoparticles of calcium carbonate.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0027] The features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from a consideration of the following detailed description presented in connection with the accompanying drawings in which:

[0028] FIG. 1A is a schematic diagram of a prior art water treatment system.

[0029] FIG. 1B is a schematic view of a nanobubble for describing zeta potential. The zeta potential of nanobubbles in neutral pH water at room temperature generally falls between 30 and 40 mV as a result of ions concentrated on the bubble surface (from Takahashi, M., 2005, Zeta potential of microbubbles in aqueous solutions: electrical properties of the gas-water interface, J. Phys. Chem. B 109:21858-21864).

[0030] FIG. 1C is a schematic perspective view of a reverse osmosis membrane device including a coiled membrane device inside a housing.

[0031] FIG. 1D is an enlarged perspective view of the membrane of FIG. 1C, illustrating water flow along and through the membrane.

[0032] FIG. 1E is a further enlarged, partial sectional view of the membrane, illustrating the flow of water molecules flowing through the membrane to the permeate side and contaminant molecules flowing along the membrane and remaining on the retentate side of the membrane.

[0033] FIG. 1F is a schematic diagram illustrating relative sizes of the pores of a reverse osmosis membrane and various contaminants removed by the reverse osmosis membrane, not drawn to scale.

[0034] FIG. 2 is a schematic view of nanobubbles binding to nanoparticles. The relatively large zeta potential of nanobubbles allows them to bind to nanoparticles. The combination of nanobubbles and nanoparticles can form relatively large clusters that will not foul reverse osmosis (RO) membranes.

[0035] FIGS. 3(a) and 3(b) are photographs of nanobubbles binding to nanoparticles. Nanobubbles bind to particles in solution, producing clusters that are heavier than individual particles and have a greater settling speed. The images are TEM images of freeze-fracture replicas of water+1% NaCl (a, with nanobubbles; b, without nanobubbles) (from Uchida, T et al., 2011, Transmission electron microscopic observations of nanobubbles and their capture of impurities in wastewater, Nanoscale Research Letters 6:295).

[0036] FIG. 4 shows a schematic view of an embodiment of a water purification system.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

[0037] Following is a list of elements corresponding to a particular element referred to herein:

[0038] 100 water purification system

[0039] 110 raw water tank

[0040] 120 feed pump

[0041] 125 pre-treatment component

[0042] 130 nanobubble generating device

[0043] 140 high pressure pump

[0044] 150 reverse osmosis (RO)

[0045] 160 inline UV

[0046] 170 product water storage tank

[0047] The inventions disclosed herein are described in the context of improving the operation of reverse osmosis water treatment systems because they have particular utility in that context. However, the inventions disclosed herein can be used in other contexts as well. As is apparent from the description of the inventions set forth below, a system incorporating any of the inventions disclosed herein can be embodied in a wide variety of forms.

[0048] In some embodiments, a water treatment system can include a nanobubble generation device dispose upstream from and in close proximity to a reverse osmosis membrane device. In some embodiments, a water treatment system can include a nanobubble generation device disposed in-line with a reverse osmosis membrane device either downstream from any reservoirs that may be in the system or wherein there are no reservoirs, disposed in close proximity to the reverse osmosis membrane. Further, in some embodiments, a water treatment system can include a nanobubble generation device configured to output a number of nanobubbles sufficient to adjust a ratio of nanobubbles to suspended nanoparticles to at least 1:1 or higher.

[0049] The water treatment system of FIG. 1A incorporates injection of small bubbles into the system upstream from the reverse osmosis equipment, for the purposes of increasing the buoyancy of suspended particles within the water to be treated such that the particles can be floated and removed from the system, upstream from the reverse osmosis equipment.

[0050] FIG. 1A is taken from FIG. 3 of U.S. Pat. No. 7,632,400. In the illustrated system, influent raw water is introduced into water tank 1. The system also includes an micronanobubble generation tank 3, a floatation tank 9, and a treated water tank 18, and reverse osmosis equipment including a membrane filter device 21, a membrane filter device pit 22, and a reverse osmosis membrane device 24.

[0051] In this system, water from the raw water tank 1 is pumped, with a pump 2, into a lower mixing section 10 of the floatation tank 9. The water in the raw water tank 10 is also mixed with water from the micronanobubble generation tank 3 which is provided with water from the treated water tank 18 by pump 19 through line L3. Additionally, the water in the generation tank 3 is provided with bubbles by way of micronanobubble generator 4 to create a water stream 8 with bubbles entrained therein. Air is injected into the generator 4 by way of an air suction pipe 6 and a valve 5. Water within the tank 3 is circulated by pump 7. Thus, the water in the raw water tank 1 includes a mixture of raw treatment water as well as water having bubbles entrained therein from the generation tank 3.

[0052] The floatation tank 9, in addition to water from the tank 1, is also provided with air pressurized by the compressor 17, and mixed with water from the floatation tank 9 by way of pump 15, through the pressure tank 16 and line L2 into the lower mixing section 10 of the floatation tank 9. Bubbles from both the water flowing in lines L1 and line L2, including both micronanobubbles and fine bubbles are mixed with suspended matter in the water flowing into the floatation tank 9. The U.S. Pat. No. 7,632,400 patent explains that the fine bubbles provided into the lower mixing portion 10 tend to adhere to the surface of suspended matter therein. The added micronanobubbles are finer and more adhesive than the fine bubbles generated in the floatation device tank 9. As such, both the micronanobubbles and the fine bubbles adhere to suspended matter in large numbers and make it possible to increase the floatation force to the suspended matter. As such, suspended matter is floated to the top of the floatation tank 9 and are separated out. Treated water from the floatation tank 9 moves to the treated water section 14 and flows into the treated water tank 18. Treated water from the treated water tank 18 is transferred to the membrane filter device by way of pump 20, into the membrane filter device pit 22 and through the reverse osmosis membrane device by way of pump 23.

[0053] It is significant to note that the bubbles generated in the system of FIG. 1A, by way of the bubble generation device 4 and the introduction of a mixture of air and water through the pressure tank 16, are injected into multiple reservoirs before reaching the reverse osmosis membrane device 24.

[0054] In particular, the bubbles generated by the device 4 are generated in a tank, or in other words, a reservoir which has an upper liquid level and an atmosphere thereabove, as illustrated in FIG. 1A. Water from the tank 3 is then mixed into the raw water tank 1, another reservoir having an upper surface of liquid water with an atmosphere thereabove. Both of these reservoirs allow for bubbles, an in particular buoyant bubbles, to float to the top and thus rupture at the surface of the water.

[0055] The bubbles that remain in mixture, in the tank 1, are then provided to the mixing section 10 of the flow tank 9, which is yet another reservoir. Those bubbles and the additional bubbles from the pressure tank 16, are then subject yet again to floatation and all of the water drawn into the treated water tank 18 is taken from an upper portion of the float tank identified as the treated water section 14. That water is then pumped into yet another open reservoir 18, filtered through the filter device 21, and into yet another reservoir 22 before being fed into the reverse osmosis membrane device 24.

[0056] Thus, the system of FIG. 1A provides both a significant amount of time for any nanobubbles that may be present in any of the water in the illustrated system to decay. Further, the descriptions of the system illustrated in FIG. 1A, set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 7,632,400, describe the use of bubbles as adhering to suspended particles and providing buoyancy thereto. As such, U.S. Pat. No. 7,632,400 suggests that the bubbles described therein are not nanobubbles because it is known that nanobubbles are generally not buoyant in liquid water. Rather, nanobubbles, i.e., bubbles having a diameter of approximately 1000-10 nm, are generally neutrally buoyant in liquid water, neither ascending nor descending at a significant speed in water. Nanobubbles are also distinguishable from larger microbubbles in terms of visibility to the naked eye. Water entrained with a significant amount of microbubbles would appear milky. In contrast, water entrained with a significant amount of nanobubbles appears clear to the naked eye.

[0057] FIG. 1C illustrates a prior art reverse osmosis membrane device, providing further context for the use of some of the inventions disclosed herein. The membrane device identified generally by the reference numeral 40 includes an inlet 42, an outlet 44 for treated water, and a reject water outlet 46. In this type of device, the membrane assembly 48 is a large sheet of multilayered material wrapped into a coil and disposed within a housing 50.

[0058] With reference to FIG. 1D, the innermost end of the membrane assembly 48 is attached to a center core 52. Water flowing through the membrane assembly 48, enters the center core, and is discharged through the treated water outlet 44. Water and the entrained contaminants that do not pass through the membrane assembly 48, are discharged through the reject water outlet 46.

[0059] Thus, in a reverse osmosis membrane device, not all of the liquid water to be treated passes through the membrane assembly 48. Rather, the water is directed to flow along the membrane assembly 48 while some of the water passes through the membrane assembly, at a generally slow flow rate through the pores 59 of the membrane assembly 48. Even in systems with pressure pumps, this remains the primary principle of operation of a reverse osmosis membrane device; not all of the water entering the device passes through the membrane pores. Rather, a significant amount of the water entering the device is discharged along with contaminants that do not pass through the pores 59 of the membrane assembly 48. Thus, the reverse osmosis principle of operation is described as using pressure to drive a solvent from a region of high solute concentration through a semipermeable membrane to a region of low solute concentration by applying a pressure in excess of the osmotic pressure.

[0060] Membranes used for reverse osmosis typically have a dense layer in the polymer matrixeither the skin of an asymmetric membrane or a polymerized layer within a thin film composite membranewhere the separation occurs. In most cases, the membrane is designed to allow only water molecules (appx 0.3 nm) to pass through this dense layer while preventing the passage of solutes (such as salt ions). This process requires high pressure to be exerted on the high concentration side of the membrane, usually 30 to 250 psi fresh and brackish water and 600 to 1,200 psi for sea water, which has around a 390 psi natural osmotic pressure that must be overcome. Oftentimes, an entire water treatment system incorporating a reverse osmosis membrane device, such as the device 40 illustrated in FIG. 1C, would include a sediment filter to trap particles, including rust and some CaCO.sup.3, optionally a second sediment filter with smaller pores, an activated carbon filter to trap organic chemicals and chlorine which tend to attack and degrade thin film composite membrane reverse osmosis membranes, a reverse osmosis filter, which is usually a thin film composite membrane, optionally, a second carbon filter to capture those chemicals not removed by the reverse osmosis membrane, and optionally an ultraviolet lamp for sterilizing any microbes that may escape filtering by the reverse osmosis membrane. Many different variations of this general arrangement exist.

[0061] FIG. 1E schematically illustrates the flow of water and contaminants along and through a membrane assembly 48. As shown in FIG. 1E, the membrane assembly 48 includes a membrane layer 56 and a permeable support layer 58. The membrane layer 56 can include pores 59 having sizes of about 0.0001 microns to 0.0005 microns. In the illustrated membrane assembly 48, there are two membrane layers 56 on the outer sides of the assembly 48, two semipermeable support layers 58 immediately inside of the membranes 56, and a purified water passage 60, in the center.

[0062] As the raw water flows along the outer surface of the membrane layers 56, water molecules pass through the reverse osmosis pores 59, but nearly all other contaminants, being much larger than the reverse osmosis pores 59, continue to flow along the outer surface of the membrane 56. The flow of water through the pores 59 in the membranes 56 can be quite slow which prevents contaminants, such as dissolved solids which often include salts (identified as Na+) calcium (identified as Ca++), chlorine (identified as Cl) and magnesium (identified as Mg++). The low flow rates of the water molecules through the pores 59 of the membrane layers 56 prevents the larger dissolved solids from being pressed onto the openings of the pores 59 and preventing flow therethrough.

[0063] FIG. 1F is a schematic diagram illustrating the relative sizes, (not to scale) of various dissolved solids relative to the size of the pores in a reverse osmosis membrane. In FIG. 1F, the reverse osmosis membrane pore 59 is in the center, and can be considered as having a diameter of approximately 0.0001-0.0005 microns. Six other types of dissolved solids sizes are also illustrated in FIG. 1F, including sea salt having a diameter of approximately 0.0007 microns, calcium carbonate molecules are illustrated as having a diameter of about 0.0009 microns, viruses are illustrated as having diameters of approximately 0.02 to 0.4 microns, and bacteria are illustrated as having diameters of approximately 0.4-1.0 microns. For comparison, an ultrafiltration pore size is illustrated as having a diameter of approximately 0.01 microns and a typical nanofiltration pore size of about 0.0008 microns.

[0064] One of the driving factors controlling the maintenance cycle and life span of reverse osmosis membranes is fouling with contaminants. One of the contaminants that fouls reverse osmosis membranes at a high rate is CaCO.sup.3. CaCO.sup.3 is a highly hydrophobic substance. Thus, when in solution, CaCO.sup.3 tends to move toward and make contact with anything that is not water. Thus, in the environment of a reverse osmosis membrane device, CaCO.sup.3 can come into contact with the interior of the housing 50 as well as the membrane layer 56. When CaCO.sup.3 comes into contact with non-water surfaces, it tends to stick to such surfaces.

[0065] An aspect of at least one of the inventions disclosed herein includes the realization that nanobubbles can significantly reduce or neutralize the stickiness of CaCO.sup.3 molecules in solution. For example, nanobubbles tend to be characterized by an outer layer of hydroxide ions (OH.sup.), which react readily with CaCO.sup.3, and thereby become less hydrophobic and thus less sticky when in solution and clustered with a nanobubble.

[0066] Thus, in some embodiments, a water treatment system including a reverse osmosis membrane device, is provided with an increased concentration of nanobubbles in the vicinity of the reverse osmosis membrane device. In some embodiments, the addition of nanobubbles as such helps reduce fouling of the membrane device with CaCO.sup.3, by way of the mechanism of partial or complete neutralization of the hydrophobic nature of CaCO.sup.3 by way of clustering with nanobubbles therein.

[0067] Thus, in some embodiments, water purification systems can include introduction of nanobubbles to bind to and cluster nanoparticles that would otherwise foul water purification components (e.g., reverse osmosis membranes, etc.) downstream (see FIG. 2 and FIG. 3, which show a schematic view and TEM images, respectively, of nanobubbles binding to nanoparticles).

[0068] For example, the nanobubbles can be directly injected into flowing liquid upstream of the components that would otherwise be fouled by nanoparticles in the water. The nanobubbles bind to and cluster (flocculate) nanoparticles (and possible larger solid particles) in the water. These clustered nanoparticles are too large to become lodged in the small pores of certain downstream devices such as a reverse osmosis (RO) membrane. These clustered nanoparticles can be easily removed and not foul purification componentry further downstream. The systems, methods, and devices disclosed herein can help produce potable water safe for human consumption in a more cost-effective manner, e.g., by reducing maintenance costs and in some cases manufacturing costs (e.g., by enabling industries to recycle and reuse water). The systems, methods, and devices disclosed herein can be used in a variety of industries (not limited to water purification for direct human consumption), e.g., food processing plants where purified water is required.

[0069] Nanobubbles can be generated in-line using a variety of methods, such as but not limited to methods well known to one of ordinary skill in the art. Gurung et al., 2016, Geosystem Engineering 19:133-142 describes a few traditional methods for generating nanobubble such as cavitation, ultrasonication, electrolysis, a Venturi-type generator, etc. In some embodiments, the nanobubble generating device 130 described below can be in the form of a turbo mixer, such as those commercially available from Nikuni, commercially available as the Karyu Turbo Mixer. The Karyu Turbo Mixer includes a motor powered turbine that draws in raw water and gas and outputs a flow of water with micro and nanobubbles entrained therein. Such a device, as well as others, can generate nanobubbles in a controlled fashion and do not require dumping of the output into an open reservoir that is necessary for some other types of bubble generation devices. Rather, this type of nanobubble generating device can be installed in-line so as to provide a continuous output for feeding into the high pressure pump 140 and the reverse osmosis membrane device 150. Additionally, the Nikuni type turbo mixers can also inject any type of gas into the water flow, including atmospheric air, oxygen, or any gas.

[0070] Thus, in some embodiments, a water treatment system can include a pump used to pretreat the water containing impurities (e.g., sodium chloride, calcium carbonate, other compounds). Nanoparticles or possibly larger particles made up of the aforementioned compounds are bound to and then removed from the water using a device such as a reject line, filter or trap.

[0071] Microbubbles, which are larger than nanobubbles, have demonstrated the ability to induce flocculation, where the microbubbles collect on a larger particle, forming a floc that is less dense than water. This floc then rises due to buoyancy. The microbubbles can cluster around particles of oil or solids.

[0072] Nanobubble flocculation was compared with conventional coagulation treatment of chemical mechanical polishing wastewater from a semiconductor production facility. In this case, the nanobubble flocculation method in coordination with coagulation was found to be more cost effective than conventional coagulation techniques. The nanobubbles cluster around the particulates and can be removed using a gravity well or by skimming the surface of the solution depending on the buoyancy of the flocculation.

[0073] With reference to FIG. 4, the system 100 can comprise a feed pump 120 that pumps water from the raw water tank 110, which can be considered a reservoir, to a pre-treatment component 125. In some embodiments, the pre-treatment component 125 can comprise conventional media filters and/or micron filters. The system can further comprise a nanobubble generating device 130 configured to output nanobubbles into water flowing through the system toward the filter device 150, which can be in the form of a fine filter, ultra fine filter, or a reverse osmosis (RO) device 150. Thus, the filter device can include a filter element having pores from 0.01 nm up to 500 nm. In the embodiments in which the filter device is an RO device, the filter element can be in the form of a reverse osmosis membrane having pore sizes between 0.01-0.05 nm. Optionally, a high pressure pump 140 can be configured to pump water from the nanobubble generating device 130 to the reverse osmosis (RO) device 150, which includes a reverse osmosis membrane disposed therein. Downstream from the RO device 150, system 1000 can include a UV disinfection system 160, through which the permeate water can be passed and then into a treated water storage tank 170. Other configurations of the water treatment system 100 can also be used.

[0074] As noted above, by providing nanobubbles into the system 100 in proximity to the reverse osmosis membrane device 150, the nanobubbles so provided can provide one or more benefits, including clustering with nanoparticles flowing in the water that reaches the reverse osmosis membrane device 150, as well as reducing certain characteristics or affecting certain characteristics of some contaminants.

[0075] For example, as noted above, nanobubbles can have the effect of reducing the hydrophobic nature and thus the stickiness of CaCO.sup.3. As such, it has been found that such an addition of nanobubbles in proximity to a reverse osmosis membrane device 150 and/or in-line with a reverse osmosis membrane device 150, can provide a significant enhancement to the reduction in operation costs of such a system. Additionally, CaCO.sup.3 in other nanoparticles clustered with nanobubbles (bound to nanobubbles) can be removed with the RO reject. In some embodiments, the system 100 can be sized so as to have a 1 m3/h permeate output capacity.

[0076] Various parameters may be monitored, for example pressures (feed and reject, derived pressure drop across the membranes), flow (feed, reject, permeate and reject recirculation), feed and permeate electrical conductivities, and permeate pH.

[0077] As discussed above, it was surprisingly found that as a result of nanobubble treatments, membrane maintenance extended from about two weeks to over five months for water purification, an approximate ten-fold improvement of the duration of performance between maintenance cycles. Further, scaling was negligible as evidenced by no change in feed pressures and pressure drop across RO membranes, permeate flow rates, and permeate electrical conductivities.

[0078] As previously discussed, in some embodiments, a water system can include in-line generation of nanobubbles which can be combined with additional water purification technologies (e.g., RO) where the nanobubbles are implemented to cluster nanoparticles that otherwise would foul the additional purification technology used.

[0079] The disclosures of the following U.S. Patents are incorporated in their entirety by reference herein: U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,632,400; 7,803,272; 7,914,677.

[0080] In some embodiments, the nanobubble generating device 150 can be sized and/or configured and powered to produce a number of nanobubbles sufficient to raise a concentration of nanobubbles in the water flowing therethrough to be effective in extending the life cycle or maintenance cycle of the membrane within the reverse osmosis membrane device 150.

[0081] For example, a sample can be taken from the system at point 126, upstream from the nanobubble generating device 130. The sample can be analyzed to determine sizes, compositions, and concentrations of nanoparticles and nanobubbles in the water. The nanobubble generating device 130 can be configured to output a number of nanoparticles sufficient to increase the concentration of nanobubbles in the water flowing therethrough to be approximately the same as the concentration of nanoparticles in the water detected at point 126. To calibrate such a device, a sample can be taken from point 128 in the system 100 (FIG. 4) to determine if the amount of nanobubbles output by the nanobubble generating device is sufficient to raise the concentration of nanobubbles in the water flowing therethrough to be equal or greater than the concentration of nanoparticles.

[0082] By way of analysis of photographs, such as those illustrated in FIGS. 3(a) and 3(b), a single nanobubble can be capable of clustering with five nanoparticles. However, in the context of a system, such as the system 100 illustrated in FIG. 4, even if the flow of water into the reverse osmosis membrane device 150 includes a 1:1 concentration of nanobubbles and nanoparticles, there may not be sufficient time for all the nanoparticles to collide with or come into sufficiently close proximity to a nanobubble to cluster. Thus, it has been found that effective increases of the service life or maintenance cycle for reverse osmosis membranes can be significantly increased by providing a 1:1 or greater ratio of nanobubbles and nanoparticles in the system. For example, the ratios used can be 2:1 nanobubbles to nanoparticles, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1, 6:1, 7:1, 8:1, 9:1, 10:1, or higher.

[0083] Unexpectedly, it was found that by providing a 10:1 ratio of nanobubbles to nanoparticles in the system 100, in the water flowing from the nanobubble generating device 130 to the reverse osmosis membrane device 150 allowed for a ten-fold increase in the required maintenance cycle of the reverse osmosis membrane within the device 150. In other words, the system 100 could be operated without the need to service the membrane for over 20 weeks; a greater than ten-fold increase in operation over the normal period of operation of two weeks.

[0084] Samples taken from point 126 and point 128 of the system 100 described above can be analyzed using many known commercially available devices. For example, Malvern Panalytical sells and leases a variety of different devices that can be used, operating on the dynamic light scattering (DLS) principle for determining the sizes, compositions, and concentrations of nanobubbles and nanoparticles in typical water samples. One such model is known as the NS300, other devices can also be used.

[0085] Optionally, the system 100 can include a gravity well 129 or catchment. The gracity well can be constructed in accordance with design well known in the art. In some embodiments, the gravity well 129 is configured to allow heavier, clustered nanoparticles and nanobubbles to fall out of the flow of water from the nanobubble generating device 130, into a lower portion of the gravity well 129, which can include an opening that allows it to be cleaned, as desired. Devices such as gravity wells and catchments are not reservoirs as that term is used herein because gravity wells and the catchments contemplated herein do not release all or substantially all of the pumping pressure head from upstream pumps, nor do they include a free upper surface of water with a gaseous atmosphere thereabove, nor do they serve a s a flow buffer allowing water to be added or withdrawn independently, and different times and/or at different rates. Rather, gravity wells and other catchments contemplated herein include an enlarged cross section flow area compared to the pipes leaning into and out therefrom, but are closed and maintain all or substantially all of the pressure head of the water flow therethrough, losing head only due to resistance head associate with turbulence or other losses resulting from the flow through the device.

[0086] In some embodiments of the system 100, the reverse osmosis device 150 can be replaced with a fine or ultrafine filter. Such filters can have pores up to 500 nm in diameter. An aspect of at least one of the inventions disclosed herein includes the realization that clustering nanoparticles with nanobubbles can also have an unexpectedly significant effect in preventing fouling fine and ultra fine filters. This is because during normal use, fine and ultra fine filters can eventually become fouled with nanoparticles that become lodged within the pores of the filter. Once lodged in such pores, the nanoparticles cannot be easily removed (e.g., by back-flushing or cleaning). However, by adding nanobubbles into water flowing toward a fine or ultra fine filter can cause clustering, as described above, to the extent that clustered nanobubbles and nanoparticles grow to sizes significantly larger than 500 nm, and thus are unable to become lodged into the pores of fine or ultra fine filters. Additionally, as described above, as nanobubbles cluster and/or interact with some common nanoparticles, such as calcium carbonate, thereby reducing the fouling of such filters and allowing them to be reused after back flushing or other types of restorative maintenance.

[0087] Various modifications of the inventions, in addition to those described herein, will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description. Such modifications are also intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. Each reference cited in the present application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0088] Although there has been shown and described the preferred embodiments of the present inventions, it will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art that modifications may be made thereto which do not exceed the scope of the appended claims. Reference numbers recited in the claims are exemplary and for ease of review by the patent office only, and are not limiting in any way. In some embodiments, the figures presented in this patent application are drawn to scale, including the angles, ratios of dimensions, etc. In some embodiments, the figures are representative only and the claims are not limited by the dimensions of the figures. In some embodiments, descriptions of the inventions described herein using the phrase comprising includes embodiments that could be described as consisting of, and as such the written description requirement for claiming one or more embodiments of the present invention using the phrase consisting of is met.

[0089] The reference numbers recited in the below claims are solely for ease of examination of this patent application, and are exemplary, and are not intended in any way to limit the scope of the claims to the particular features having the corresponding reference numbers in the drawings.