Apparatus and methods of forming and applying roll-on pilfer proof closures on the threaded neck of metal containers

Abstract

Methods and apparatus for sealing a threaded container are provided. More specifically, the present invention relates to a ROPP closure with a novel pilfer band that may be used to seal a bottle shaped container without pressing directly against the bottle or deforming the bottle. The bottle includes an annular ring that is novel. Optionally, the annular ring can be formed without die necking or expanding the bottle neck. At least one protrusion which extends inwardly at least partially into the bottle annular ring is formed on the ROPP closure after the ROPP closure is positioned on the bottle neck. In one embodiment, the ROPP closure includes one inwardly oriented protrusion which extends around the circumference of the ROPP closure. The protrusion can be formed by a roller. Optionally, the protrusion has a substantially uniform depth. In another embodiment, the ROPP closure includes a plurality of individuals studs which each extend at least partially into the bottle annular ring. The individual studs can be formed by one or more of a punch, a stud roller, a studded rail, a collet actuated tool, and a cam actuated tool of embodiments of the present invention.

Claims

1. A threaded metallic container sealed with a roll-on pilfer proof (ROPP) closure, comprising: a neck; container threads formed on at least a portion of the neck; an annular ring formed in the neck below the container threads, the annular ring configured to receive and retain a portion of the ROPP closure; an opening positioned on an uppermost portion of the neck; and the ROPP closure positioned on the neck and including: a closed end-wall; a body portion extending downwardly from the closed end-wall; closure threads formed in a portion of the body portion; a pilfer band releasably interconnected to the body portion; and at least one inwardly oriented protrusion formed in the pilfer band and extending into the annular ring of the threaded metallic container, wherein the pilfer band includes: an upper portion proximate to the body portion of the ROPP closure and located above the at least one inwardly oriented protrusion; a medial portion including the at least one inwardly oriented protrusion; and a lower portion located proximate to a lowermost portion of the ROPP closure, the lower portion extending below a lowermost portion of the annular ring.

2. The threaded metallic container of claim 1, wherein a serrated band or a score separates the upper portion of the pilfer band from the body portion of the ROPP closure.

3. The threaded metallic container of claim 1, wherein an interior diameter of the at least one inwardly oriented protrusion is less than an interior diameter of the lower portion of the pilfer band.

4. The threaded metallic container of claim 1, wherein the upper and lower portions of the pilfer band are generally cylindrical and the lower portion has an interior diameter that is about equal to an interior diameter of the upper portion.

5. The threaded metallic container of claim 1, wherein the annular ring is spaced axially from a lowermost portion of the container threads.

6. The threaded metallic container of claim 1, wherein the annular ring has a height of between approximately 0.025 inches and approximately 0.2 inches and the annular ring has a depth of at least about 0.03 inches.

7. The threaded metallic container of claim 1, wherein a portion of the neck above the annular ring and a portion of the neck below the annular ring have diameters that are substantially equal.

8. The threaded metallic container of claim 7, wherein the neck portion above the annular ring is generally cylindrical and the neck portion below the annular ring is generally cylindrical.

9. The threaded metallic container of claim 1, wherein the annular ring has a cross-sectional geometric profile with at least one of a U-shape, a V-shape, and an open box with three sides.

10. A method of retaining a roll-on pilfer proof (ROPP) closure on a threaded metallic bottle, comprising: providing the threaded metallic bottle, comprising: a neck; container threads formed on at least a portion of the neck; an annular ring formed in the neck and positioned below a lowermost portion of the container threads, the annular ring configured to receive and retain a portion of the ROPP closure; and an opening positioned on an uppermost portion of the neck; positioning the ROPP closure on the neck of the threaded metallic bottle, the ROPP closure including: a closed end-wall; a body portion extending downwardly from the closed end-wall; a pilfer band releasably interconnected to the body portion, the pilfer band including: an upper portion proximate to the body portion of the ROPP closure; a medial portion; and a lower portion located proximate to a lowermost portion of the ROPP closure, the lower portion extending below a lowermost portion of the annular ring; applying a downwardly oriented force to the closed end-wall of the ROPP closure; forming closure threads in a portion of the body portion of the ROPP closure; and pressing the medial portion of the pilfer band of the ROPP closure inwardly at least partially into the annular ring of the threaded metallic bottle to form at least one inwardly oriented protrusion in the medial portion that extends into the annular ring of the threaded metallic container, wherein the upper portion of the pilfer band is located above the at least one inwardly oriented protrusion, and wherein the ROPP closure is retained to prevent travel in a direction substantially parallel to a longitudinal axis of the threaded metallic bottle.

11. The threaded metallic container of claim 1, wherein the at least one inwardly oriented protrusion comprises an inwardly oriented protrusion extending around a circumference of the pilfer band.

12. The threaded metallic container of claim 11, wherein the inwardly oriented protrusion is formed by a roller which applies a force to the pilfer band.

13. The threaded metallic container of claim 1, wherein the at least one inwardly oriented protrusion comprises a plurality of individual studs in the pilfer band.

14. The threaded metallic container of claim 13, wherein the plurality of individual studs do not penetrate the pilfer band.

15. A threaded metallic bottle adapted to be sealed by a roll-on pilfer proof (ROPP) closure, comprising: a closed end-wall; a sidewall extending upwardly from the closed end-wall; a neck extending upwardly from the sidewall; threads formed on at least a portion of the neck; an opening positioned on an uppermost portion of the neck; and an annular ring formed in the neck below the threads, the annular ring configured to receive a portion of a pilfer band of the ROPP closure, wherein the annular ring has a substantially U-shaped cross-sectional profile, and wherein an upper neck portion above the annular ring is generally cylindrical and a lower neck portion below the annular ring is generally cylindrical.

16. The threaded metallic bottle of claim 15, further comprising a ROPP closure positioned on the neck, the ROPP closure including: closure threads engaging the threads of the threaded metallic bottle; and the pilfer band which includes: an upper portion severably interconnected to the ROPP closure; a medial portion including at least one protrusion extending inwardly into the annual ring; and a lower portion extending below a lowermost portion of the annular ring, wherein the ROPP closure cannot be disengaged from the neck of the threaded metallic bottle without severing the pilfer band at least partially from the ROPP closure.

17. The threaded metallic bottle of claim 16, wherein the at least one protrusion extends around the pilfer band.

18. The threaded metallic bottle of claim 16, wherein the at least one protrusion comprises a plurality of individual protrusions separated by non-deformed portions of the pilfer band, and wherein the individual protrusions do not extend through the pilfer band.

19. The threaded metallic bottle of claim 15, wherein the upper neck portion above the annular ring is substantially concentric to the lower neck portion below the annular ring.

20. The threaded metallic bottle of claim 19, wherein the upper neck portion has an exterior diameter that is approximately equal to an exterior diameter of the lower neck portion.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated herein and constitute a part of the specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention and together with the Summary of the Invention given above and the Detailed Description given below serve to explain the principles of these embodiments. In certain instances, details that are not necessary for an understanding of the disclosure or that render other details difficult to perceive may have been omitted. It should be understood, of course, that the present invention is not necessarily limited to the particular embodiments illustrated herein. Additionally, it should be understood that the drawings are not necessarily to scale.

(2) FIGS. 1A-1D illustrate a method of sealing a metallic bottle with a ROPP closure using a prior art capping apparatus;

(3) FIG. 1E is a partial cross-sectional front elevation view of a portion of a neck of a prior art metallic bottle before the metallic bottle is sealed with a ROPP closure;

(4) FIG. 1F is another partial cross-sectional front elevation view of the neck portion of the prior art metallic bottle of FIG. 1E after the metallic bottle has been sealed with a prior art ROPP closure;

(5) FIG. 2 is a partial cross-sectional front elevation view of a portion of a neck of a metallic bottle of one embodiment of the present invention before the metallic bottle is sealed with a ROPP closure and depicting the annular ring;

(6) FIGS. 2A-2C are partial cross-sectional front elevation views of a portion of a neck of another metallic bottle and illustrating tooling and a method of forming an annular ring in the neck portion of the metallic bottle;

(7) FIG. 3 is another partial cross-sectional front elevation view of the neck of the metallic bottle of FIG. 2 with a ROPP shell of an embodiment of the present invention positioned on a neck portion of the metallic bottle;

(8) FIG. 4 is a partial cross-sectional front elevation view of a capping apparatus of one embodiment of the present invention sealing the metallic bottle and converting the ROPP shell of FIG. 3 into a ROPP closure of one embodiment of the present invention;

(9) FIG. 5 is another partial cross-sectional front elevation view of the neck of the metallic bottle of FIG. 2 sealed with a ROPP closure of one embodiment of the present invention;

(10) FIG. 6 is a partial cross-sectional front elevation view of the neck of the metallic bottle of FIG. 5 after the ROPP closure has been removed from the metallic bottle and illustrating the pilfer band retained on the bottle neck;

(11) FIG. 7 is a front elevation view of a metallic bottle including an annular ring according to one embodiment of the present invention;

(12) FIG. 8 is a front prospective view of the metallic bottle of FIG. 7 including a pilfer band retained on the bottle neck after a ROPP closure has been removed from the metallic bottle;

(13) FIG. 9 is a partial front elevation view of a metallic bottle of the embodiment of FIG. 7 sealed with a ROPP closure including a pilfer band with a plurality of inwardly projecting studs of one embodiment of the present invention;

(14) FIG. 10 is another partial front elevation view of the metallic bottle of FIG. 9 showing an upper portion of the ROPP closure separated from the pilfer band and illustrating the pilfer band retained on the neck portion of the metallic bottle;

(15) FIG. 11 is a cross sectional top plan view taken along line 11-11 of FIG. 9 showing the inwardly oriented studs of the pilfer band projecting into the annular ring of the metallic bottle;

(16) FIG. 12 is a perspective view of a pilfer band of one embodiment of the present invention cut open to show an interior surface of the pilfer band and a plurality of inwardly oriented studs;

(17) FIG. 13A is a cross-sectional front elevation view of another embodiment of a capping apparatus of the present invention which includes a stud roller;

(18) FIG. 13B is a cross-sectional top plan view of the capping apparatus taken along line 13B-13B of FIG. 13A and illustrating the stud roller forming studs in a pilfer band of a ROPP closure;

(19) FIG. 13C is a partial front elevation view of the stud roller of FIG. 13A;

(20) FIG. 13D is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of a portion of the stud roller of FIG. 13C;

(21) FIG. 13E is a cross-sectional view of a punch taken along line 13E-13E of FIG. 13C;

(22) FIG. 14 is a top plan view of a studded rail engaging a pilfer band on a ROPP closure sealing a bottle according to one embodiment of the present invention;

(23) FIG. 15A is a partial cross-sectional front elevation view of a stud forming tool configured to form inwardly oriented studs in a pilfer band of a ROPP closure;

(24) FIG. 15B is a top plan view of the stud forming tool of FIG. 15A;

(25) FIG. 16A is a partial top plan view depicting a tool with a plurality of individual punches activated by a cam according to another embodiment of the present invention;

(26) FIG. 16B is another view of the tool of FIG. 16B illustrating the cam in another position of use;

(27) FIG. 16C is a top plan view of a carrier of the tool of FIG. 16A illustrating a punch in an engaged position;

(28) FIG. 16D is a top plan view of the carrier of FIG. 16C and illustrating the punch in a disengaged position; and

(29) FIG. 16E is a top plan view of a stud forming tool of another embodiment of the present invention.

(30) To assist in the understanding of one embodiment of the present invention the following list of components and associated numbering found in the drawings is provided herein:

(31) TABLE-US-00001 Number Component 2 Bottle 4 Neck portion 6 Curl 8 Bottle threads 10 ROPP closure 12 Body portion of ROPP closure 14 ROPP liner 16 Closure threads 17 Serrated band or area of weakness 18 Pilfer band 19 Bottom edge of pilfer band 20 Top portion of ROPP closure 22 Prior art capping apparatus 24 Pressure block ejector 25 Pressure block 26 Thread roller 28 Pilfer roller 30 Skirt of metallic bottle 32 Channel of closure 36 Bottle 37 Longitudinal axis of the bottle 38 Neck portion 38A Neck portion above annular ring 38B Neck portion below annular ring 39 Neck portion 40 Threads of bottle 41 Body or sidewall 42 Closed-end 43 Curl 44 Annular ring of bottle 45 Depth of annular ring 46 Upper portion of annular ring 47 Lower portion of annular ring 48 Rollers 49 Height of annular ring 50 ROPP shell 51 Closed end-wall 52 Body portion of ROPP shell 54 Area of weakness (serrated band or score) 56 Pilfer band 58 Length of ROPP shell 59 Length of Pilfer band 60 Capping apparatus 62 Pressure block ejector 64 Pressure block 66 Thread roller 68 Pilfer roller 70 ROPP closure 72 Closed end-wall 74 Closure channel 76 Closure body 78 Closure threads 80 Pilfer band 81 Upper portion of pilfer band 82 Protrusion of pilfer band 83 Lower portion of pilfer band 84 Lowermost edge of pilfer band 85 Interior surface of pilfer band 86 Stud or indentation 88 Non-deformed portion of pilfer band 89 Uppermost edge of pilfer band 90 Depth of protrusion or stud 92 Width or height of protrusion or stud 94 Pilfer band height 100 Stud roller 102 Shaft 104 Head 105 Pocket 106 Punches 107 Distal end of punch 108 Punch diameter 109 Punch length 110 Studded rail 111 Pocket height 112 Body 114 First side 120 Tool for forming studs 122 Segments 124 Disengaged position 126 Engaged position 128 Collet 130 Cam actuated stud forming tool 131 Body 132 Carrier 133 Aperture 134 Interior surface 135 Exterior surface 136 Opening or chamber 138 Cam 140 Cam axis R1 First radius R2 Second radius R3 Third radius

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(32) The present invention has significant benefits across a broad spectrum of endeavors. It is the Applicant's intent that this specification and the claims appended hereto be accorded a breadth in keeping with the scope and spirit of the invention being disclosed despite what might appear to be limiting language imposed by the requirements of referring to the specific examples disclosed. To acquaint persons skilled in the pertinent arts most closely related to the present invention, a preferred embodiment that illustrates the best mode now contemplated for putting the invention into practice is described herein by, and with reference to, the annexed drawings that form a part of the specification. The exemplary embodiment is described in detail without attempting to describe all of the various forms and modifications in which the invention might be embodied. As such, the embodiments described herein are illustrative, and as will become apparent to those skilled in the arts, may be modified in numerous ways within the scope and spirit of the invention. Additionally, it is contemplated that various features and devices shown and/or described with respect to one embodiment or figure may be combined with or substituted for features or devices of other embodiments or figures regardless of whether or not such a combination or substitution is specifically shown or described herein.

(33) Referring now to FIG. 2, a threaded neck portion 38 of a bottle 36 of one embodiment of the present invention is illustrated. The bottle 36 can optionally be formed of one of a metal, a plastic, and a glass. In one embodiment, the bottle 36 is formed of metal. The bottle 36 generally includes a neck portion 38 with threads 40 and a curl 43 formed at an uppermost portion of the neck portion proximate to an opening.

(34) A groove or annular ring 44 is formed on a portion of the neck 38. An upper portion 46 of the annular ring 44 is positioned proximate to the threads 40. The annular ring 44 has a predetermined geometry and a predetermined depth 45. Optionally, the annular ring 44 can have a cross-sectional profile that forms a portion of a circle or of an ellipse; however, as will be appreciated by one skilled in the art, other geometries can be used. For example, in one embodiment, the annular ring 44 has substantially linear sidewalls and a substantially linear end-wall. In this embodiment, the annular ring 44 has a cross section of three sides of a quadrilateral. The three sides of the quadrilateral may optionally be generally perpendicular. In another embodiment, the annular ring 44 has two substantially linear sidewalls that intersect at an angle. Accordingly, in this embodiment, the annular ring 44 has a generally V-shaped cross section.

(35) The annular ring 44 may have any predetermined depth 45. In one embodiment, the depth 45 is at least about 0.03 inches. In another embodiment, the depth is at least about 0.04 inches. In still another embodiment, the depth is at least about 0.045 inches. In yet another embodiment, the depth 45 is at least about 0.05 inches. In another embodiment, the depth is between about 0.3 inches and about 0.1 inch. In one embodiment, the depth of the annular ring 44 is between about 0.025 inches and about 0.08 inches. Optionally, the depth 45 of the annular ring may be related to a diameter of the neck portion 38 of the metallic bottle 36. Accordingly, for a bottle 36 with a smaller diameter the depth 45 is at least about 0.04 inches and for a second bottle with a larger diameter, the depth is at least about 0.05 inches. In one embodiment, the depth 45 is less than a depth of a skirt of known bottles 2.

(36) The annular ring 44 has a predetermined height 49. Optionally, the height 49 is at least about 0.03 inches. In one embodiment, the height is at least about 0.06 inches. In one embodiment, the height 49 is less than about 0.20 inch. In another embodiment, the height is less than about 0.25 inches. In one embodiment, the height 49 is between about 0.03 inches and about 0.2 inches. In another embodiment, the height 49 of the annular ring is between about 0.1 inch and about 0.18 inch.

(37) In one embodiment, a portion of the neck 38A above the annular ring 44 has a diameter that is about equal to a diameter of a portion of the neck 38B below the annular ring 44. The neck portion 38A may also be approximately concentric with the neck portion 38B.

(38) Accordingly, in one embodiment of the present invention, the annular ring 44 is formed in a portion of the neck 38 with a substantially uniform diameter. More specifically, in one embodiment, the annular ring 44 may be formed in a portion of the neck 38 that is generally parallel to a longitudinal axis of the bottle 36. In another embodiment, a longitudinal cross-section of the neck portion 38A and a longitudinal cross-section of the neck portion 38B are co-planar.

(39) Optionally, the bottle 36 is formed of one of a metal, a plastic, and a glass. When the bottle 36 is formed of metal, the annular ring 44 may be formed by spin shaping the neck portion 38. More specifically, the annular ring 44 can be formed without expanding the neck portion 38 outwardly or die necking the neck portion inwardly. In one embodiment, the annular ring 44 may be formed in a single operation by a metal forming tool. In one embodiment, the metal forming tool is a roller.

(40) In one embodiment, the annular ring 44 is formed by a thread forming apparatus which forms the bottle threads 40. Optionally, the thread forming apparatus may include an exterior tool that applies a force to an exterior surface of the neck portion 38. The exterior tool may be substantially aligned with a desired centerline of the annular ring 44. The exterior tool may rotate around a longitudinal axis of the bottle 36 one or more time to form the annular ring 44. The thread forming apparatus may additionally include an interior tool that supports at least one interior surface portion of the neck 38. For example, in one embodiment, the interior tool may contact the interior surface portion of the neck 38 proximate to at least one of the upper portion 38A or the lower portion 38B. In one embodiment, the neck portion 38 is pinched between surfaces of the exterior tool and the interior tool proximate to the upper and lower portions 38A, 38B.

(41) Referring now to FIGS. 2A-2C, an annular ring 44A of the present invention may also be formed by necking the neck portion 38 and then pressing spinning tools, such as rollers, against predetermined portions of the neck 38. More specifically, and referring to FIG. 2A, after the bottle threads 40 are formed, the neck portion 38 has a first diameter. The neck portion 39 below the bottle threads 40 may be necked to a reduced diameter as generally illustrated in FIG. 2B. In one embodiment, the reduced diameter of the neck 39 is about half-way between the first diameter and an interior diameter of the annular ring 44A to be formed.

(42) Referring now to FIG. 2C, rollers 48 press against predetermined portions of the neck portion 39 to form the annular ring 44A. In one embodiment, an exterior roller 48A applies a force to an exterior surface of the neck portion 39 substantially centered on a centerline of the annular ring 44A being formed. Additionally, or alternatively, one or more interior rollers 48B, 48C apply a force to interior surfaces of the neck portion 39 above and below the centerline of the annular ring 44A. As generally illustrated in FIG. 2C, an upper portion 38A of the neck portion 39 has a first diameter, the annular ring 44A has a second diameter, and a lower portion 38B of the neck portion 39 below the annular ring 44A has a third diameter. In one embodiment, the third diameter is approximately mid-way between the first diameter and the second diameter. More specifically, in one embodiment, the third diameter is approximately equal to the average of the first and second diameters. Accordingly, the diameter of the upper portion 38A is about equal to the diameter of the upper portion 38A illustrated in FIG. 2. The diameter of the lower portion 38B of neck 39 is less than the diameter of the lower portion 38B illustrated in FIG. 2.

(43) The rollers 48 may be the same as, or similar to, thread rollers known to those of skill in the art. Accordingly, the rollers 48 may be operable to rotate in one or more directions around an axis generally parallel to a longitudinal axis of the metallic bottle 36A. Additionally, or alternatively, one or more of the rollers 48 may be operable to rotate around the circumference of the metallic bottle 36A while applying a predetermined force to the neck portion 38A. Examples of thread rollers and methods of forming threads on containers are described in U.S. Patent App. Pub. No. 2015/0225107 which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

(44) Referring now to FIG. 3, a ROPP shell 50 is placed on the neck portion 38 to seal the bottle 36 after the bottle is filled with a product, such as a beverage. The ROPP shell 50 generally includes a closed end-wall 51, a cylindrical body portion 52 extending downwardly from the closed end-wall, and a pilfer band 56 releasably interconnected to the body portion 52 by an area of weakness 54. In one embodiment, the area of weakness 54 is a serrated band. Optionally, the area of weakness 54 may include a score.

(45) When positioned on the bottle 36, the ROPP shell 50 covers the bottle threads 40 and the pilfer band 56 extends downward past the annular ring 44 of the bottle 36. In one embodiment, the ROPP shell 50 has a length 58 that is greater than the length of the prior art ROPP shell 10. Additionally, or alternatively, the pilfer band 56 has a greater length 59 than the pilfer band 18 of the ROPP shell 10. More specifically, in one embodiment, the pilfer band length 59 is at least about 0.15 inches longer than a prior art pilfer band 18. In another embodiment, the pilfer band 59 of the present invention has a length 59 that is between about 0.15 inches and about 0.2 inches longer than pilfer band 18. In another embodiment, the ROPP shell length 58 is between about 0.15 inches and about 0.2 inches longer than the length of the prior art ROPP shell 10. At least a portion of the pilfer band 56 extends beyond a lowermost portion of the annular ring 44 proximate to the lower neck portion 38B. Thus, in one embodiment of the present invention, the ROPP shell 50 comprises more material than the prior art ROPP shell 10. However, the increased material cost of the ROPP shell 50 overcomes one or more of the deficiencies of the prior art ROPP shell 10 described above.

(46) Referring now to FIG. 4, a capping apparatus 60 subsequently forms the ROPP shell 50 into a ROPP closure 70. The capping apparatus 60 is similar to a prior art capping apparatus 22 and generally includes a pressure block ejector 62, a pressure block 64, a thread roller 66, and a pilfer roller 68.

(47) The pressure block ejector 62 and the pressure block 64 apply a top load to a closed end-wall 72 of the ROPP closure 70. The top load seals the ROPP closure 70 to an exterior of the bottle curl 43. The pressure block 64 may also reform a peripheral edge of the ROPP closure 70 to form a reform or channel 74 with a decreased diameter in the ROPP closure 70.

(48) After the capping apparatus 60 has sealed the bottle opening with the ROPP closure 70, the thread roller 66 forms threads 78 on a portion of the closure body 76. The thread roller 66 generally applies a force to an exterior surface portion of the ROPP closure 70 and uses the bottle threads 40 as a mandrel, winding downwardly around a circumference of the ROPP closure 70.

(49) The pilfer roller 68 applies a force to a portion of the pilfer band 80 to press a portion of the pilfer band 80 at least partially into the bottle annular ring 44. The pilfer roller 68 forms a protrusion 82 that extends inwardly from an interior surface of the pilfer band 80. The protrusion 82 is keyed to the annular ring 44. In one embodiment, the protrusion 82 has a depth that is less than the depth of the annular ring 44. The pilfer roller 68 may form the protrusion 82 before, after, or during formation of the closure threads 78 by the thread roller 66.

(50) The pilfer roller 68 is similar to the pilfer roller 28 of the prior art capping apparatus 22; however, the pilfer roller 68 does not contact the bottle 36 when forming the inwardly oriented protrusion 82. In one embodiment, the pilfer roller 68 contacts a portion of the pilfer band 80 between an upper edge 46 and a lower edge 47 of the annular ring 44. Thus, in contrast to pilfer roller 28, the pilfer roller 68 of the present invention contacts a portion of the ROPP closure 70 spaced from a lowermost edge 84 of the pilfer band 80. In another embodiment, the pilfer roller 68 contacts a portion of the pilfer band 80 substantially aligned with a center portion of the annular ring 44. In this manner, the pilfer roller 68 does not apply a force directly to the bottle 36.

(51) Referring now to FIG. 5, a portion of a bottle 36 sealed by a ROPP closure 70 of one embodiment of the present invention is illustrated. The protrusion 82 of the pilfer band 80 projects at least partially into the bottle annular ring 44 such that the pilfer band 80 may not be removed from the bottle 36. More specifically, the interior diameter of the protrusion 82 is less than the diameter of the upper portion 46 of the annular ring 44 and the upper neck portion 38A.

(52) In one embodiment, when sealed to a bottle 36, the pilfer band 80 includes an upper portion 81 proximate to the serrated band 54, a medial portion including the inwardly oriented protrusion 82, and a lower portion 83 that is located proximate to a lowermost edge 84 of the ROPP closure 70. Optionally, the upper and lower portions 81, 83 are generally cylindrical and have a substantially collinear cross-section. In one embodiment, the upper 81 and lower 83 portions are cylinders that are substantially concentrically aligned and having substantially equal diameters. In another embodiment, the upper and lower portions 81, 83 are generally parallel. In one embodiment, the upper portion 81 is interconnected to the medial portion by a first radius R1 and the lower portion 83 is interconnected to the medial portion by a second radius R2. In another embodiment, the first and second radii R1, R2 are substantially equal. In yet another embodiment, a longitudinal cross-section of the upper portion 81 and of the lower portion 83 are co-planar.

(53) The protrusion 82 extends inwardly from an interior surface 85 of the pilfer band 80. The protrusion 82 has a predetermined depth 90 measured from the interior surface 85 of the pilfer band. In one embodiment, the protrusion 82 has a depth 90 of between about 0.02 inches and about 0.03 inches. In another embodiment, the depth 90 is up to about 0.04 inches. In one embodiment, the protrusion depth 90 is between about 0.025 inches and about 0.1 inch. In another embodiment, the protrusion depth 90 is approximately half-way between an exterior diameter of the pilfer band 80 and an interior diameter of the bottle annular ring 44.

(54) The protrusion 82 may have a predetermined height 92. In one embodiment, the height is less than about 0.2 inches. In another embodiment, the height is less than about 0.1 inch. In another embodiment, the height 92 is at least about 0.03 inches. In one embodiment, the height is greater than about 0.06 inches. Optionally, the height 92 is between about 0.06 inches and about 0.2 inches. In another embodiment, the protrusion height 92 is between about 0.1 inch and about 0.2 inches. In one embodiment, the protrusion 82 is spaced from the lowermost edge 84 of pilfer band by a non-deformed portion 88 of the pilfer band.

(55) When rotated in an opening direction (typically counter-clockwise), the ROPP closure 70 moves axially away from the closed bottom portion of the bottle 36. As the ROPP closure 70 continues rotating in the opening direction, the closure protrusion 82 contacts the ring upper portion 46. The upper portion 46 applies a force to the pilfer band 80. The force is sufficient to fracture the serrated band 54 of the ROPP closure 70. The pilfer band 80 then separates from the rest of the ROPP closure 70 such that the pilfer band 80 is retained on the neck portion 38 of the bottle 36. The ROPP closure 70 can then be removed from the bottle 36, as illustrated in FIG. 6.

(56) In one embodiment, the upper portion 81 of the pilfer band 80 has an interior diameter substantially equal to the exterior diameter of the upper neck portion 38A. Similarly, the lower portion 83 of the pilfer band 80 has an interior diameter substantially equal to an exterior diameter of the lower neck portion 38B. Accordingly, in one embodiment, there is generally no gap or space between upper band portion 81 and upper neck portion 38A and between lower band portion 83 and lower neck portion 38B. For example, as illustrated in FIG. 6, in one embodiment of the present invention, there is no gap between the upper or lower portions 81, 83 of the pilfer band and the bottle neck 38 when the ROPP closure is removed from the bottle. Thus, the upper and lower portions 81, 83 do not flare outwardly away from the bottle 36, decreasing, or eliminating, a cutting hazard.

(57) Referring now to FIG. 7, a front elevation view of a metallic bottle 36 according to one embodiment of the present invention is shown. The metallic bottle generally includes a closed-end 42, a body 41 that is generally cylindrical, a neck portion 38 with a decreased diameter extending from the body portion 41, threads 40 formed on a portion of the neck 38, and an annular ring 44 formed on the neck 38 between the body 41 and the threads 40.

(58) Referring now to FIG. 8, a metallic bottle 36 is illustrated with a pilfer band 80 retained on a neck portion 38 of the metallic bottle after a ROPP closure 70 has been removed from the metallic bottle. The pilfer band 80 includes a protrusion 82 such as illustrated in FIGS. 5-6. When the ROPP closure 70 is rotated in an opening direction, the protrusion 82 contacts a portion of an annular ring 44 formed on the neck portion 38 of the metallic bottle 36. The annular ring 44 prevents the protrusion 82 from moving toward the curl 43 of the metallic bottle 36 with the rest of the ROPP closure 70. As the ROPP closure 70 is rotated further in an opening direction, a serrated band 54 (generally illustrated in FIG. 5) of the ROPP closure becomes severed and the pilfer band 80 is retained on the bottle neck 38.

(59) Referring now to FIGS. 9-12, another ROPP closure 70A of the present invention is generally illustrated. ROPP closure 70A is similar to ROPP closure 70 and includes many of the same features. However, when used to seal a bottle 36, a plurality of indentations or studs 86 are formed in the pilfer band 80A. The studs 86 project at least a predetermined distance into an annular ring 44 formed in the bottle 36. Accordingly, the studs 86 engage the bottle annular ring 44 when the ROPP closure 70A is rotated in an opening direction in a manner similar to the protrusion 82 of ROPP closure 70. Thus, the annular ring 44 applies a force to the studs 86 which severs a band of weakness 54 (illustrated in FIG. 9) of the ROPP closure 70A. In this manner, the pilfer band 80A is retained on the bottle neck 38 as generally illustrated in FIG. 10.

(60) The studs 86 function in a manner similar to a protrusion 82 of pilfer bands 80 described herein. However, the protrusion 82 (which is generally illustrated in FIGS. 6, 8) has a substantially uniform cross-sectional profile and extends continuously around a circumference of the pilfer band. In contrast, the studs 86 are non-continuous around the circumference of the pilfer band.

(61) Each of the studs 86 is separated, in one embodiment, from adjacent studs. Thus, a non-deformed portion 88 of the pilfer band 80A may separate each of the studs 86. More specifically, in one embodiment, each stud 86 is spaced from two adjacent studs 86 by non-deformed portions 88 of the pilfer band 80A. The non-deformed portions 88 between the studs 86 decreases the amount of force applied to the bottle 36 during formation of the studs 86 and as the ROPP closure 70 is positioned and sealed on the neck of the metallic bottle 36. Accordingly, the metallic bottle 36 can be formed of less material, or material of a thinner gage, than metallic bottles sealed with prior art ROPP closures 10. In this manner, the ROPP closure 70A with a pilfer band 80A including inwardly oriented studs 86 enables the use of lighter and more economical metallic bottles 36 than prior art ROPP closures.

(62) In one embodiment, the studs 86 are substantially evenly spaced around a circumference of the pilfer band 80A. Alternatively, the studs 86 may be variably spaced around the pilfer band circumference. For example, in FIG. 9, non-deformed portion 88A has a greater width than non-deformed portion 88B.

(63) The studs 86 may have any shape. In one embodiment, the studs 86 can optionally include an innermost portion that is pointed. In one embodiment, a stud 86 may have a plurality of innermost portions (or peaks) similar to a mountain. Alternatively, the pilfer band 80A may be pierced such that one or more of the studs 86 include an aperture or hole at an innermost portion. In one embodiment, the studs 86 are formed by local metal thinning of the pilfer band 80A rather than gross metal movement.

(64) In one embodiment, the studs 86 have a generally oval cross section. In another embodiment, the studs 86 have a cross-section of an ellipse. Optionally, the studs 86 may have a tear drop cross-section. In one embodiment, the studs have a cross section of a circle, oval, triangle, square, or a star. Optionally, the studs 86 may comprise indicia, such as letters or numbers, embossed into the pilfer band 80A. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the studs 86 may be a portion of a logo or brand.

(65) Referring now to FIG. 11, the studs 86 extend inwardly from an interior surface 85 of the pilfer band 80A. The studs 86 have a predetermined depth 90 measured from the interior surface 85. In one embodiment, the studs 86 have a depth 90 of between about 0.02 inches and about 0.03 inches. In another embodiment, the depth 90 is up to about 0.03 inches. In one embodiment, the stud depth 90 is between about 0.025 inches and about 0.08 inches. Optionally, the stud depth 90 is approximately one-half of the difference between an exterior diameter of the pilfer band 80A and an interior diameter of the annular ring 44 of the bottle 36.

(66) Although only four studs 86 are illustrated in FIG. 11, it will be appreciated that the pilfer band 80A of the present invention may have any number of studs 86. In one embodiment, the number of studs 86 is related to the diameter of the pilfer band. Accordingly, a ROPP closure 70A for a bottle with a large neck diameter will have more studs 86 than a ROPP closure for a bottle with a small neck diameter. The size of the studs 86 is substantially exaggerated in FIG. 11 for clarity.

(67) Referring now to FIG. 12, each stud 86 has a width. In one embodiment, the studs 86 are substantially symmetric such that the width is approximately equal to the stud height 92. In one embodiment, the pilfer band 80A has a height 94 that is greater than the stud height 92. In one embodiment, the stud height 92 is substantially centered vertically on the pilfer band height 94. Accordingly, in one embodiment, a non-deformed portion 88 of the pilfer band 80A separates each stud 86 from a lowermost edge 84 of the pilfer band 80A. Optionally, the height 92 is less than about 0.2 inches. In another embodiment, the height 92 is less than about 0.1 inch. In another embodiment, the height 92 is at least about 0.03 inches. In one embodiment, the height 92 is greater than about 0.05 inches. Optionally, the height and the width of a stud 86 is between about 0.03 inches and about 0.2 inches. In another embodiment, the stud height and width are between about 0.05 inches and about 0.17 inches.

(68) In one embodiment, the lower portion 83 of the pilfer band 80A below each stud 86 is not wavy (such as similar to a flute of a crown closure). More specifically, in one embodiment, an exterior diameter of the lower portion 83 of the pilfer band 80A is substantially uniform. As one of skill in the art will appreciate, a wavy or accordion shaped lower portion 83 of the pilfer band 80A would not be rigid. Thus, a pilfer band including a wavy portion below the studs would not be sufficiently rigid to cause a serrated band 54 to rupture when the ROPP closure is rotated in an opening direction.

(69) In one embodiment, a non-deformed portion 88 of the pilfer band 80A separates each stud 86 from an uppermost edge 89 of the pilfer band 80A. Thus, the upper portion 81 of the pilfer band 80A is not wavy or accordion shaped. In one embodiment, the upper portion 81 has an exterior diameter that is substantially uniform. Optionally, each stud 86 is completely surrounded by non-deformed portions 88 of the pilfer band 80A.

(70) In one embodiment, the studs 86 are formed by a tool including at least one punch. The punch generally has a diameter of up to about 0.08 inches. In another embodiment, the punch diameter is between about 0.04 inches and about 0.07 inches. Optionally, the punch includes a tip that is generally spherical. In one embodiment, the studs 86 formed by the punch have a depth 90 of up to about 0.25 inches.

(71) Referring now to FIGS. 13A-13E, in one embodiment of the present invention, the studs 86 are formed by at least one stud roller 100 of capping apparatus 60A. The stud roller 100 generally comprises a shaft 102 and a head 104. The shaft 102 is configured to rotate axially around a longitudinal axis of the shaft. In one embodiment, the head 104 of the stud roller 100 has a shape that is generally cylindrical. Optionally, the capping apparatus 60A includes two stud rollers 100. In one embodiment, the stud rollers 100 replace pilfer rollers 68 of capping apparatus 60.

(72) A plurality of punches 106 extend from the head 104. In one embodiment, the punches 106 extend approximately radially from the head. When forming the studs 86 on a pilfer band 80A of a ROPP closure 70A, the stud roller 100 moves around a circumference of the ROPP closure positioned on a neck 38 of a bottle 36. In one embodiment, the bottle 36 is a metallic bottle. As the stud roller 100 moves around the circumference of the ROPP closure 70A, individual punches 106 rotate into contact with the pilfer band 80A to form the studs 86. In one embodiment, the punches 106 do not penetrate the material of the pilfer band 80A. Alternatively, one or more of the punches 106 at least partially penetrate the pilfer band 80A.

(73) Referring now to FIG. 13B, in one embodiment, a stud 86 formed by the stud roller 100 has a depth 90 of up to approximately 0.03 inches. In another embodiment, the depth 90 of the studs 86 formed by the punches 106 is between approximately 0.02 inches and approximately 0.03 inches. In another embodiment, the depth 90 is up to about 0.04 inches. In one embodiment, the stud depth 90 is between about 0.025 inches and about 0.1 inch. In another embodiment, the stud depth 90 is approximately half-way between an exterior diameter of the pilfer band 80A and an interior diameter of the bottle annular ring 44.

(74) Studs 86 formed by the stud roller 100 have a predetermined width 92 and height. Optionally, the width 92 is less than about 0.2 inches. In another embodiment, the width 92 is less than about 0.1 inch. In another embodiment, the width 92 is at least about 0.03 inches. In one embodiment, the width 92 is greater than about 0.05 inches. Optionally, the width 92 is between about 0.03 inches and about 0.2 inches. In another embodiment, the width 92 is between about 0.05 inches and about 0.17 inches. In still another embodiment, the height of a stud is equal to the stud width 92.

(75) Referring now to FIGS. 13C-E, detailed views of a stud roller 100 of one embodiment of the present invention are illustrated. Any number of punches 106 can extend from the head 104. The punches 106 are substantially evenly spaced around the circumference of the head 106. In one embodiment, the stud roller 100 includes from 10 to 22 punches 106. In another embodiment, the stud roller has 16 punches.

(76) In one embodiment, the head 104 of the stud roller 100 has a diameter of between approximately 1.1 inches and approximately 1.5 inches. Distal ends 107 of the punches define a second diameter. In one embodiment, the second diameter is between approximately 1.25 inches and approximately 1.65 inches.

(77) Optionally, a recess or pocket 105 can be formed in the head 104. The pocket may be configured to receive a cushion, such as an o-ring. In one embodiment, the o-ring (not illustrated) is formed of a flexible or elastomeric material, such as rubber. Optionally, the pocket 105 may have a height 111 of between about 0.05 inches and about 0.2 inches. In one embodiment, the pocket 105 is spaced between approximately 0.02 inches and approximately 0.2 inches from a bottom portion of the head 104. Additionally, or alternatively, the pocket 105 may be spaced between approximately 0.05 inches and approximately 0.2 inches from a top portion of the head 14 from which the shaft 102 extends.

(78) In one embodiment, the punches 106 have a diameter 108 of up to approximately 0.1 inch. In another embodiment, the punch diameter 108 is between about 0.04 inches and about 0.08 inches. The punches have a predetermined length 109 extending from the head 104. In one embodiment, the punch length 109 is less than about 0.1 inch. In another embodiment, the length 109 is greater than about 0.04 inches. In another embodiment, the stud length is between about 0.05 inches and about 0.09 inches.

(79) The punches 106 can include a radius R3. In one embodiment, the radius R3 is between about 0.02 inches and about 0.06 inches.

(80) Optionally, a tip or free end 107 of the punches 106 is generally spherical. In one embodiment, the tips of the punches 106 have a substantially uniform shape. Alternatively, at least one of the punches 106 has a tip with a different shape than others of the punches. In one embodiment, the punch free end 107 is substantially planar. Optionally, the planar free end 107 has a diameter of between approximately 0.003 inches and approximately 0.01 inches. A center of the punch free end 107 is spaced a predetermined distance from the top portion of the head 104. In one embodiment, the distance between the top portion of the head 104 and a centerline of the punch free end 107 is between approximately 0.01 inches and approximately 0.1 inch.

(81) Referring now to FIG. 13E, in one embodiment, a radial cross-section of the punches 106 has a shape that is generally circular. Other shapes of the punches 106 are contemplated. In another embodiment, the cross-sectional shape of the punches is selected to form a stud 86 having one of circle, oval, triangle, square, and a star shape. Optionally, a tip of at least one of the punches 106 may be shaped to form indicia, such as a letter or a number, on the pilfer band 80A. More specifically, in one embodiment, a distal end 107 of a punch 106 may be shaped to form a letter or a number similar to a key of a typewriter.

(82) Referring now to FIG. 14, in another embodiment of the present invention, the studs 86 are formed by a studded rail 110. The studded rail 110 generally includes a body 112. A plurality of punches 106 extend from a first side 114 of the body 110. In one embodiment, the first side 114 of the body 112 has a concave shape. More specifically, in one embodiment, the first side 114 of the body has an arcuate shape with a generally uniform radius of curvature. Optionally, each of the punches 106 extends from the first side generally parallel to a radius of the first side 114.

(83) In one embodiment, the punches 106 are the same as, or similar to, the punches 106 of stud roller 100. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the punches 106 have a diameter 108 of up to approximately 0.1 inch. In another embodiment, the punch diameter 108 is between about 0.04 inches and about 0.08 inches. The punches have a predetermined length 109 extending from the first side 114 of the studded rail 110. In one embodiment, the punch length 109 is less than about 0.1 inch. In another embodiment, the length 109 is greater than about 0.04 inches. In another embodiment, the stud length is between about 0.05 inches and about 0.09 inches.

(84) Optionally, a free end or tip of each of the punches 106 is generally spherical. In another embodiment, the punches have tips configured to form studs 86 shaped as one or more of a circle, an oval, a triangle, a square, a letter, and a number. The studs 86 extend a predetermined distance into the annular ring 44 of the bottle 36. The studs 86 formed by the studded rail 110 may have the same dimensions and geometry as the studs formed by the stud roller 100. In one embodiment, the studs 86 formed by the studded rail 110 have a depth 90 of up to approximately 0.03 inches. In another embodiment, the depth 90 of the studs 86 formed by the punches 106 is between approximately 0.02 inches and approximately 0.03 inches. In another embodiment, the depth 90 is up to about 0.04 inches. In one embodiment, the stud depth 90 is between about 0.025 inches and about 0.08 inches.

(85) In operation, after a bottle 36 is filled with a product, a ROPP closure 70A is placed on a neck 38 the bottle. Threads are formed on the ROPP closure 70A by a thread roller 66 of a capping apparatus. The ROPP closure 70A is subsequently moved into contact with the punches 106 of the studded rail 110. In one embodiment, the studded rail 110 is separate from the capping apparatus 60. More specifically, in one embodiment, the studded rail 110 is positioned downstream from the capping apparatus. To form the studs 86, in one embodiment the bottle 36 and the ROPP closure 70A rotate around a longitudinal axis 37 of the bottle into contact with the punches 106. As the ROPP closure 70A rotates, successive punches 106 contact the pilfer band 80A to form individual studs 86 in the pilfer band. In one embodiment, the studded rail 110 is substantially stationary as the capped bottle 36 rotates against the studded rail. In another embodiment, the studded rail 110 moves with respect to the bottle 36 and the ROPP closure 70A to form the studs 86. Optionally, the bottle 36 and ROPP closure 70A can be substantially stationary as the studded rail 110 forms the studs. For example, in one embodiment, the studded rail 110 rotates around the ROPP closure 70A to form the studs 86.

(86) Referring now to FIGS. 15A-15B, another tool 120 for forming studs 86 in a ROPP closure 70A is generally illustrated. In one embodiment, the tool 120 includes a plurality of segments 122. Each of the plurality of segment 122 includes a punch 106.

(87) Optionally, in one embodiment, the punches 106 are the same as, or similar to, punches of one or more of the stud roller 100 and the studded rail 110. Accordingly, the punches 106 of tool 100 may form studs 86 having a variety of shapes, including one or more of a circle, an oval, a triangle, a square, a letter, and a number. In one embodiment, the punches 106 have the same dimensions as the punches described in conjunction with the stud roller 100 and the studded rail 110. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the dimensions and geometry of the studs 86 formed by tool 120 are the same as, or similar to, the studs 86 formed by the stud roller 100 or the studded rail 110.

(88) The punches 106 are oriented generally inwardly toward a ROPP closure 70A positioned on a neck portion 38 of a bottle 36. Optionally, the punches 106 are generally aligned with radii of the tool 120. In one embodiment, the plurality of segments 122 are arranged such that a cross-section of the tool 120 is generally circular and includes an opening or chamber to receive a ROPP closure 70A positioned on a bottle 36.

(89) In one embodiment, the plurality of segments 122 are individually movable with respect to the ROPP closure 70A. In one embodiment, the plurality of segments 122 can move between a disengaged position 124 and an engaged position 126. Optionally, the plurality of segments 122 move in response to a force received from a collet 128. More specifically, the movement of the punches between the disengaged position 124 and the engaged position 126 is actuated by a collet 128.

(90) In the engaged position, at least a distal end of the punch 106 contacts and applies a force to the ROPP closure 70A to form an indentation or a stud 86 in the pilfer band 80A. Optionally, the plurality of segments 122 are pivotally interconnected to the tool 120. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the plurality of segments 122 are configured to pivot between the disengaged position 124 and the engaged position 126. In another embodiment, a segment 122 moves generally parallel to a radii of the tool 120 between the disengaged position 124 and the engaged position 126.

(91) In operation, after a bottle 36 is filled with a product, a ROPP closure 70A is placed on a neck 38 of the bottle. Threads 78 are formed on the ROPP closure 70A by a thread roller 66 of a capping apparatus, such as capping apparatus 60A; however, the capping apparatus does not form studs or a protrusion in the pilfer band 80A. The capped bottle 36 is subsequently moved into a predetermined alignment with the stud forming tool 120. In one embodiment, the stud forming tool 120 is positioned downstream from the capping apparatus. The ROPP closure 70A is aligned with an opening of the tool 120 between the studs 106 while the segments are in the disengaged position 124. The tool 120 then moves the plurality of segments 122 to the engaged position 126 and the punches 106 contact the pilfer band 80A to form the studs 86. The tool 120 then moves the plurality of segments 122 to the disengaged position 124 and the capped bottle 36 is removed from the tool.

(92) The stud forming tool 120 may be installed in a prior art capping apparatus. For example, in one embodiment, the stud forming tool 120 may be installed in any prior art capping apparatus that has a vertical motion. The stud forming tool 120 does not require rotary motion. In another embodiment, the stud forming tool 120 is installed in a crown capping apparatus such as those known to one of skill in the art.

(93) Referring now to FIGS. 16A-16D, another tool 130 of the present invention is generally illustrated. The tool 130 is configured to form studs 86 on a ROPP closure 70A positioned on a neck 38 of a bottle 36. In one embodiment, the stud forming tool 130 is positioned downstream from a capping apparatus, such as a capping apparatus similar to capping apparatus 60 or 60A. Accordingly, the stud forming tool 130 receives a bottle 36 capped by a ROPP closure 70A on which closure threads have previously been formed.

(94) The tool 130 generally includes a plurality of segments or carriers 132 and a cam 138. Each of the plurality of carriers 132 has an inwardly facing punch 106. More specifically, each of the plurality of carriers 132 include an interior surface 134. The punches 106 extend from the interior surfaces 134 of the plurality of carriers 132. In one embodiment, each of the plurality of carriers 132 includes one punch 106. The punches 106 have the same, or similar, dimensions as the punches 106 described in conjunction with the stud roller 100 and the studded rail 110.

(95) The interior surfaces 134 of each of the plurality of carriers 132 define an opening or chamber 136. The chamber 136 is configured to receive a ROPP closure 70A positioned on the neck of a bottle 36. In one embodiment, the chamber 136 defined by the interior surfaces 134 has a shape that is generally circular. In another embodiment, the chamber 136 has a shape that is not circular. The capped bottle 36 is positioned within the chamber 136 such that a pilfer band 80A of the ROPP closure is in a predetermined alignment with respect to the punches 106.

(96) Each punch 106 is configured to move from a disengaged position to an engaged position. In the disengaged position, the punch 106 does not contact the ROPP closure 70A. In contrast, in the engaged position, the punch applies a force to the ROPP closure 70A to form a stud 86 in the pilfer band 80A.

(97) In one embodiment, the punches 106 move to the engaged position in response to a force received from the cam 138. The cam 138 is configured to rotate around the plurality of carriers 132. In one embodiment, the cam contacts an exterior surface 135 of each of the plurality of carriers. In another embodiment, as the cam rotates around the plurality of carriers 132, the cam rotates around an axis 140. Optionally, the cam 138 has an exterior surface that is generally round. Alternatively, the exterior surface of the cam 138 is eccentric or elliptical. Optionally, the stud forming tool 130 can include two or more cams 138.

(98) As illustrated in FIGS. 16A-16B, in one embodiment, the punches 106 are immovably interconnected to the plurality of carriers 132. Accordingly, both a carrier 132 and an associated punch 106 move in response to a force received from the cam 138. More specifically, punch 106A associated with carrier 132A is illustrated in a disengaged position as the cam 138 is not in contact with carrier 132A. In one embodiment, each carrier of the plurality of carriers is biased outwardly in the disengaged position. In contrast, carrier 132B has moved inwardly compared to carrier 132A in response to a force received from cam 138. The inward movement of carrier 132B causes its associated punch 106B to move into an engaged position in contact with the closure pilfer band 80A to form a stud 86.

(99) Alternatively, as illustrated in FIGS. 16C-16D, the punches 106 can optionally be moveably interconnected to each of the plurality of carriers 132. Accordingly, as generally illustrated in FIG. 16C, when the cam 138 applies a force to a punch 106, the punch moves inwardly and a distal end 107 of the punch extends an increased distance from an interior surface 134 of the carrier 132. In this manner, the punch 106 moves to the engaged position.

(100) As illustrated in FIG. 16D, the cam 138 continues to move with respect to the carrier such that the cam does not contact the punch 106. The punch 106 then retracts or moves outwardly into the disengaged position. Optionally, in the disengaged position, a portion of the punch 106 may extend beyond an exterior surface 135 of the carrier 132. In one embodiment, the carrier 132 is substantially stationary as the punch 106 moves from a disengaged position to an engaged position.

(101) In one embodiment, the carrier 132 includes an aperture 133. The punch 106 extends through the aperture 133. Optionally, the punches 106 are biased outwardly with respect to the carriers 132. More specifically, the punches can be biased to the disengaged position.

(102) Referring now to 16E, another embodiment of the stud forming tool 130A of the present invention is generally illustrated. The stud forming tool 130A generally includes a body 131 and at least one cam 138. The body 131 generally includes an exterior surface 135A and an interior surface 134A which defines a chamber 136. In one embodiment, the body 131 has a shape similar to a ring. The chamber 136 is configured to receive a bottle 36 capped by a ROPP closure 70A the same as or similar to the chamber 136 of stud forming tool 130. In one embodiment, the chamber 136 has an interior diameter which is greater than an exterior surface of a pilfer band 80A of a ROPP closure 70A.

(103) A plurality of punches 106 extend through the body 131. A distal end 107 of each of the plurality of punches is oriented toward the chamber 136. The plurality of punches are movably interconnected to the body 131. Optionally, the plurality of punches 106 are biased outwardly in a disengaged position. In one embodiment, when in the disengaged position, a portion of each of the plurality of punches extends outwardly from the exterior surface 135A of the body 131. In one embodiment, the body 131 includes a plurality of apertures 133 through which the punches extend.

(104) In operation, a bottle 36 capped by a ROPP closure 70A (not illustrated for clarity) is positioned within the chamber 136. The cam 138 rotates around the body 131. As the cam moves, the cam contacts each of the plurality of punches 106. In response to a force received from the cam 138, each of the plurality of punches move inwardly from the disengaged position to the engaged position. Each of the plurality of punches 106 contact the pilfer band 80A to form a stud 86. In this manner, the plurality of punches 106 form a plurality of studs 86 in the pilfer band 80A of the ROPP closure 70A.

(105) Optionally, the stud forming tool 130A includes at least two cams 138A, 138B. In one embodiment, the cams 138A, 138B are offset such that only one punch 106 is contacted by a cam 138A, 138B at once. More specifically, the cams 138A, 138B can be oriented with respect to the body 131 such that when the first cam 138A contacts a punch 106, the second cam 138B does not contact a punch. Alternatively, in another embodiment, the cams 138A, 138B can contact two punches 106 such that the two punches move to the engaged position substantially simultaneously.

(106) In one embodiment, the dimensions and geometry of the studs 86 formed by tools 130, 130A are the same as, or similar to, the studs 86 formed by the stud roller 100 or the studded rail 110. Optionally, the stud forming tools 130, 130A can be installed on a prior art capping device. For example, in one embodiment, the stud forming tools 130, 130A are installed on a prior art capping device that has a vertical and rotary motion. In one embodiment, a plastic screw cap torqueing capper is modified to include one of the stud forming tools 130, 130A. Accordingly, the plastic screw capper can be modified to form studs 86 on a bottle 36 with the stud forming tool 130 or 130A of the present invention.

(107) The description of the present invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive or limiting of the invention to the form disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. The embodiments described and shown in the figures were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention, the practical application, and to enable those of ordinary skill in the art to understand the invention.

(108) While various embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail, it is apparent that modifications and alterations of those embodiments will occur to those skilled in the art. Moreover, references made herein to the present invention or aspects thereof should be understood to mean certain embodiments of the present invention and should not necessarily be construed as limiting all embodiments to a particular description. It is to be expressly understood that such modifications and alterations are within the scope and spirit of the present invention, as set forth in the following claims.