Two-layer multi-strand cable with improved penetrability

Abstract

A cord (50) comprises: an internal strand (TI) comprising internal layer (C1) of Q=1 internal wire (F1), an intermediate layer (C2) of M intermediate wires (F2) wound around the internal layer (C1) with a pitch p2, an external layer (C3) of N external wires (F3) wound around the intermediate layer (C2) with a pitch p3; and L>1 external strands (TE) comprising an internal layer (C1′), an external layer (C3′). The external layer (CE) of the cord is wound around the internal layer (CI) of the cord in a direction of winding of the cord (50). Each external layer (C3, C3′) of each internal and external strand (TI, TE) is wound in the same direction of winding that is the opposite to the direction of winding of the cord (50). The external layer (CE) of the cord (50) is desaturated, and 0.36≤(p3−p2)/p3≤0.57.

Claims

1. A two-layer multi-strand cord comprising: an internal layer made up of an internal strand having three layers comprising: an internal layer made up of Q=1 internal wire; an intermediate layer made up of M intermediate wires wound around the internal layer with a pitch p2; and an external layer made up of N external wires wound around the intermediate layer with a pitch p3; and an external layer made up of L>1 external strands having at least two layers comprising: an internal layer made up of Q′ internal wires; and an external layer made up of N′ external wires wound around the internal layer, wherein the external layer of the cord is wound around the internal layer of the cord in a direction of winding of the cord, wherein the external layer of the internal strand is wound around the internal layer of the internal strand in a same direction of winding as the external layer of the external strand is wound around the intermediate layer of the external strand, the direction of winding of the external layer of the internal strand around the internal layer of the internal strand and the direction of winding of the external layer of the external strand around the intermediate layer of the external strand being opposite of the direction of winding of the cord; wherein the external layer of the cord is desaturated, and wherein the pitches p2 and p3 satisfy the relationship:
0.36≤(p3−p2)/p3≤0.57.

2. The cord according to claim 1 , wherein 0.38≤(p3−p2)/p3, and wherein (p3−p2)/p3≤0.55.

3. The cord according to claim 1, wherein pitch p2 is such that 8 mm≤p2≤16 mm, and pitch p3 is such that 10 mm≤p3≤40 mm.

4. The cord according to claim 1, wherein the internal strand has a diameter DI and each external strand has a diameter DE such that: when L=6, DI/DE≥1 and DI/DE≤1.40, when L=7, DI/DE≥1.30 and DI/DE≤1.70, when L=8, DI/DE≥1.60 and DI/DE≤2.0, and when L=9, DI/DE≥2.00 and DI/DE≤2.50.

5. The cord according to claim 1, wherein a sum SI2 of inter-wire distances of the intermediate layer of the internal strand is such that SI2<d3, where d3 is the diameter of each external wire of the internal strand.

6. The cord according to claim 1, wherein the intermediate layer of the internal strand is desaturated.

7. The cord according to claim 1, wherein the external layer of the internal strand is desaturated.

8. The cord according to claim 1, wherein L is equal to 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10.

9. The cord according to claim 1, wherein the internal wire of the internal strand has a diameter d1 greater than or equal to a diameter d3 of each external wire of the internal strand.

10. The cord according to claim 1, wherein the internal wire of the internal strand has a diameter d1 greater than or equal to a diameter d2 of each intermediate wire of the internal strand.

11. The cord according to claim 1, wherein Q=1, M=6, N=11, the internal wire of the internal strand has a diameter d1 greater than a diameter d2 of each intermediate wire of the internal strand, and the internal wire of the internal strand has a diameter d1 greater than a diameter d3 of each external wire of the internal strand.

12. The cord according to claim 1, wherein, with each intermediate wire of the internal strand having a diameter d2, and each external wire of the internal strand having a diameter d3, d2=d3.

13. The cord according to claim 1, wherein the external layer of each external strand is desaturated.

14. The cord according to claim 1, wherein the internal wire of the internal strand has a diameter d1 greater than or equal to a diameter d1′ of each internal wire of each external strand.

15. The cord according to claim 1, wherein the internal wire of the internal strand has a diameter d1 greater than or equal to a diameter d3′ of each external wire of each external strand.

16. The cord according to claim 1, wherein each external wire of the internal strand has a diameter d3 greater than or equal to a diameter d3′ of each external wire of each external strand.

17. A tire comprising at least one cord according to claim 1.

18. The tire according to claim 17 further comprising a carcass reinforcement anchored in two beads and surmounted radially by a crown reinforcement, which is surmounted by a tread, the crown reinforcement being joined to the beads by two sidewalls.

19. The tire according to claim 18, wherein the crown reinforcement comprises a protective reinforcement and a working reinforcement, the working reinforcement comprising the at least one cord, and the protective reinforcement being radially interposed between the tread and the working reinforcement.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

(1) The invention will be better understood from reading the following description, given solely by way of non-limiting example and with reference to the drawings in which:

(2) FIG. 1 is a view in cross section perpendicular to the circumferential direction of a tyre according to the invention;

(3) FIG. 2 is a detail view of the region II of the tyre of FIG. 1;

(4) FIGS. 3 and 4 are schematic views in section perpendicular to the axis of the cord (which is assumed to be straight and at rest) of [(0.38+(6+11)×0.35)+6×(0.38+(6+11)×0.30)]+0.28 cords according to first and second embodiments of the invention, respectively;

(5) FIGS. 5 and 6 are views similar to those of FIGS. 3 and 4, of [(0.38+(6+12)×0.35)+6×(0.38+(6+12)×0.30)]+0.28 cords according to third and fourth embodiments of the invention, respectively;

(6) FIG. 7 is a view, similar to that of FIG. 3, of a [(0.38+(6+11)×0.35)+6×((2+7)×0.40)]+0.28 cord according to a fifth embodiment of the invention;

(7) FIG. 8 is a view, similar to that of FIG. 3, of a [(0.38+(6+11)×0.35)+6×((3+8)×0.38)]+0.28 cord according to a sixth embodiment of the invention;

(8) FIG. 9 is a view, similar to that of FIG. 3, of a [(0.38+(6+11)×0.35)+6×((4+9)×0.35)]+0.28 cord according to a seventh embodiment of the invention;

(9) FIG. 10 is a view, similar to that of FIG. 3, of a [(1+5+×0.35+11×0.30)+6×(0.38+(6+11)×0.30)]+0.28 cord according to an eighth embodiment of the invention;

(10) FIG. 11 is a view, similar to that of FIG. 3, of a [0.45+(6+11×0.38)+6×((3+9+15)×0.30)]+0.28 cord according to a ninth embodiment of the invention;

(11) FIG. 12 is a view, similar to that of FIG. 3, of a [(0.38+(6+11)×0.35)+7×((2+7)×0.32)]+0.28 cord according to a tenth embodiment of the invention;

(12) FIG. 13 is a schematic view in projection onto a plane containing the axis of the internal strand prior to assembly of the cord according to the first embodiment of the invention; and

(13) FIG. 14 is a detailed view of the region XIV depicting a radial passage window delimited by wires of an intermediate layer and wires of an external layer of the external strand of FIG. 13.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(14) Any range of values denoted by the expression “between a and b” represents the range of values extending from more than a to less than b (namely excluding the end-points a and b), whereas any range of values denoted by the expression “from a to b” means the range of values extending from the end-point “a” as far as the end-point “b”, namely including the strict end-points “a” and “b”.

Example of a Tyre According to the Invention

(15) A frame of reference X, Y, Z corresponding to the usual respectively axial (X), radial (Y) and circumferential (Z) directions of a tyre has been depicted in the figures.

(16) The “median circumferential plane” M of the tyre is the plane which is normal to the axis of rotation of the tyre and which is situated equidistantly from the annular reinforcing structures of each bead.

(17) FIGS. 1 and 2 depict a tyre according to the invention and denoted by the general reference 10.

(18) The tyre 10 is for a heavy vehicle of construction plant type, for example for a “dumper”. Thus, the tyre 10 has a dimension of the type 53/80R63.

(19) The tyre 10 has a crown 12 reinforced by a crown reinforcement 14, two sidewalls 16 and two beads 18, each of these beads 18 being reinforced with an annular structure, in this instance a bead wire 20. The crown reinforcement 14 is surmounted radially by a tread 22 and connected to the beads 18 by the sidewalls 16. A carcass reinforcement 24 is anchored in the two beads 18 and in this instance wound around the two bead wires 20 and comprises a turnup 26 positioned towards the outside of the tyre 10, which is shown here fitted onto a wheel rim 28. The carcass reinforcement 24 is surmounted radially by the crown reinforcement 14.

(20) The carcass reinforcement 24 comprises at least one carcass ply 30 reinforced by radial carcass cords (not depicted). The carcass cords are positioned virtually parallel to one another and extend from one bead 18 to the other so as to form an angle comprised between 80° and 90° with the median circumferential plane M (plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the tyre which is situated midway between the two beads 18 and passes through the middle of the crown reinforcement 14).

(21) The tyre 10 also comprises a sealing ply 32 made up of an elastomer (commonly known as “inner liner”) which defines the radially internal face 34 of the tyre 10 and which is intended to protect the carcass ply 30 from the diffusion of air coming from the space inside the tyre 10.

(22) The crown reinforcement 14 comprises, radially from the outside towards the inside of the tyre 10, a protective reinforcement 36 arranged radially on the inside of the tread 22, a working reinforcement 38 arranged radially on the inside of the protective reinforcement 36 and an additional reinforcement 40 arranged radially on the inside of the working reinforcement 38. The protective reinforcement 36 is thus interposed radially between the tread 22 and the working reinforcement 38. The working reinforcement 38 is interposed radially between the protective reinforcement 36 and the additional reinforcement 40.

(23) The protective reinforcement 36 comprises first and second protective plies 42, 44, comprising protective metal cords, the first ply 42 being arranged radially on the inside of the second ply 44. Optionally, the protective metal cords make an angle at least equal to 10°, preferably in the range from 10° to 35° and more preferably from 15° to 30°, with the circumferential direction Z of the tyre.

(24) The working reinforcement 38 comprises first and second working plies 46, 48, the first ply 46 being arranged radially on the inside of the second ply 48. Each ply 46, 48 comprises at least one cord 50. Optionally, the working metal cords 50 are crossed from one working ply to the other and make an angle at most equal to 60°, preferably in the range from 15° to 40°, with the circumferential direction Z of the tyre.

(25) The additional reinforcement 40, also referred to as a limiting block, the purpose of which is to absorb in part the mechanical stresses of inflation, comprises, for example and as known per se, additional metallic reinforcing elements, for example as described in FR 2 419 181 or FR 2 419 182, making an angle at most equal to 10°, preferably in the range from 5° to 10°, with the circumferential direction Z of the tyre 10.

Cord According to a First Embodiment of the Invention

(26) FIG. 3 depicts the cord 50 according to a first embodiment of the invention.

(27) The cord 50 is metal and of the multistrand type with two cylindrical layers. Thus, it will be understood that there are two layers, not more, not less, of strands of which the cord 50 is made. The layers of strands are adjacent and concentric. The cord 50 is devoid of polymer compound and of elastomer compound when it is not integrated into the tyre.

(28) The cord 50 comprises an internal layer CI of the cord 50, and an external layer CE of the cord 50. The internal layer CI is made up of a single internal strand TI. The external layer CE is made up of L>1 external strands, which means to say of a plurality of external strands TE. In this instance, L=6, 7, 8, 9 or 10, for preference L=6, 7 or 8 and in this instance L=6.

(29) The cord 50 also comprises a wrapper F made up of a single wrapping wire.

(30) The internal strand TI has an infinite pitch.

(31) The external layer CE is wound around the internal layer C in a direction of winding of the cord, in this instance the S-direction. The external strands TE are wound in a helix around the internal strand TE with a pitch p such that 40 mm≤p≤100 mm and, for preference, 50 mm≤p≤90 mm. Here, p=70 mm.

(32) The wrapper F is wound around the external layer CE in a direction of winding of the wrapper, in this instance the opposite to the direction of winding of the cord, in this instance the Z-direction. The wrapping wire is wound in a helix around the external strands TE with a pitch pf such that 2 mm≤pf≤10 mm and, for preference, 3 mm≤pf≤8 mm. Here, pf=5.1 mm.

(33) The assembly made up of the internal CI and external CE layers, which means to say the cord 50 without the wrapper F, has a diameter D greater than or equal to 4 mm, and less than or equal to 6 mm, preferably less than or equal to 5 mm, and more preferably, less than or equal to 4.3 mm. Here D=4.9 mm.

(34) The external layer CE of the cord 50 is desaturated. The mean inter-strand distance E separating the two adjacent external strands TE is greater than or equal to 30 μm, more preferably greater than or equal to 40 μm and more preferably still, greater than or equal to 50 μm. In this embodiment, the inter-strand distance of the external layer of external strands is greater than or equal to 70 μm. Here, E=87.3 μm.

(35) The internal strand TI has a diameter DI and each external strand TE has a diameter DE which are such that the ratio DI/DE>1, for preference DI/DE≥1.05 and more preferably, DI/DE≥1.10. This ratio DI/DE is also such that DI/DE≤1.40, for preference DI/DE≤1.35 and more preferably DI/DE≤1.30. In this case, DI=1.78 mm, DE=1.58 mm and DI/DE=1.13.

(36) The external layer CE of the cord 50 is incompletely unsaturated. Specifically, SIE=6×0.087=0.52 mm, which is a value lower than DE=1.58 mm.

(37) Internal Strand TI of the Cord 50

(38) The internal strand TI has three layers. Thus, the internal strand TI comprises, in this instance is made up of, three layers, not more, not less.

(39) The internal strand TI comprises an internal layer C1 made up of Q=1 internal wire, an intermediate layer C2 made up of M intermediate wires F2 wound in a helix around the internal layer C1, and an external layer C3 made up of N external wires F3 wound in a helix around the internal layer C1 and around and in contact with the intermediate layer C2.

(40) Q=1, M=5 or 6 and N=10, 11 or 12, for preference here Q=1, M=5 or 6 and N=10 or 11 and here Q=1, M=6, N=11.

(41) The internal wire F1 has an infinite pitch.

(42) The intermediate layer C2 of the internal strand TI is wound around the internal layer C1 of the internal strand TI in a direction of winding Z opposite to the direction of winding S of the cord. The M intermediate wires F2 are wound in a helix around the internal wire F1 with a pitch p2 such that 8 mm≤p2≤16 mm, for preference 8 mm≤p2≤14 mm, and more preferably, 8 mm≤p2≤12 mm. Here p2=10 mm.

(43) The external layer C3 of the internal strand TI is wound around the intermediate layer C2 of the internal strand TI in a direction of winding Z that is the opposite of the direction of winding S of the cord and in the same direction Z as the intermediate layer C2 of the internal strand TI. The N external wires F3 are wound in a helix around the M intermediate wires F2 with a pitch p3 such that 10 mm≤p3≤40 mm, for preference 15 mm≤p3≤35 mm, more preferably 15 mm≤p3≤25 mm and more preferably still, 17 mm≤p3≤23 mm. Here p3=20 mm.

(44) The pitches p2 and p3 satisfy 0.36≤(p3−p2)/p3≤0.57.

(45) 0.38≤(p3−p2)/p3; for preference 0.40≤(p3−p2)/p3; more preferably 0.43≤(p3−p2)/p3; and more preferably still. 0.45≤(p3−p2)/p3.

(46) (p3−p2)/p3≤0.55 and for preference (p3−p2)/p3≤0.53.

(47) In this instance (p3−p2)/p3=0.50.

(48) The intermediate layer C2 of the internal strand TI is desaturated and incompletely unsaturated. The inter-wire distance I2 of the intermediate layer C2 which on average separates the M intermediate wires is greater than or equal to 5 μm and is here equal to 8.2 μm. Because the intermediate layer C2 is incompletely unsaturated, the sum SI2 of the inter-wire distances I2 of the intermediate layer C2 is less than the diameter d2 of the intermediate wires F2 of the intermediate layer C2. Here, the sum SI2=6×0.0082=0.05 mm, which is a value strictly less than d2=0.35 mm.

(49) The sum SI2 of the inter-wire distances I2 of the intermediate layer C2 is less than the diameter d3 of the external wires F3 of the external layer C3 and preferably less than or equal to 0.8×d3. Here, the sum SI2=6×0.0082=0.05 mm, which is a value strictly less than d3=0.35 mm.

(50) The external layer C3 of the internal strand TI is desaturated and completely unsaturated. The inter-wire distance I3 of the external layer C3 which on average separates the N external wires is greater than or equal to 5 μm. For preference, the inter-wire distance I3 is greater than or equal to 10 μm, more preferably greater than or equal to 20 μm and more preferably still, greater than or equal to 30 μm. In this embodiment, the inter-wire distance I3 is preferably greater than or equal to 35 μm and is here equal to 45 μm. The sum SI3 of the inter-wire distances I3 of the external layer C3 is greater than the diameter d3 of the external wires F3 of the external layer C3. Here, the sum SI3=11×0.045=0.50 mm, which is a value strictly greater than d3=0.35 mm.

(51) Each internal, intermediate and external wire of the internal strand TI respectively has a diameter d1, d2 and d3. Each internal wire diameter d1, intermediate wire diameter d2 and external wire diameter d3 of the internal strand TI ranges from 0.15 mm to 0.60 mm, preferably from 0.20 mm to 0.50 mm, more preferably from 0.25 mm to 0.45 mm, more preferably still, from 0.28 mm to 0.42 mm.

(52) The internal wire F1 of the internal strand TI has a diameter d1 greater than or equal to the diameter d2 of each intermediate wire F2 of the internal strand TI. The internal wire F1 of the internal strand TI has a diameter d1 greater than or equal to the diameter d3 of each external wire F3 of the internal strand TI. Each diameter d2 of each intermediate wire F2 of the internal strand TI and each diameter d3 of each external wire F3 of the internal strand TI are such that d2=d3.

(53) In this instance, d1>d2 and d1>d3 and d1=0.38 mm, d2=d3=0.35 mm.

(54) External Strands TE of the Cord 50

(55) Each external strand TE has at least two layers. In this instance, each external strand TE has three layers. Each external strand TE comprises, in this instance is made up of, three layers, not more, not less.

(56) Each external strand TE comprises an internal layer C1′ made up of Q′ internal wire(s) F1′, an intermediate layer C2′ made up of M′ intermediate wires F2′ wound in a helix around the internal layer C1′, and an external layer C3′ made up of N′ external wires F3′ wound in a helix around the internal layer C1′ and around and in contact with the intermediate layer C2′.

(57) Q′=1, 2, 3 or 4, for preference Q′=1, 2 or 3 and more preferably here Q′=1.

(58) Where Q′=1, M′=5 or 6 and N′=10, 11 or 12, for preference Q′=1, M′=5 or 6 and N′=10 or 11 and here Q′=1, M′=6 and N′=11.

(59) The internal wire F1′ has an infinite pitch.

(60) The intermediate layer C2′ of each external strand TE is wound around the internal layer C1′ of each external strand TE in a direction of winding Z which is the opposite direction to the direction of winding of the cord, S. The M′ intermediate wires F2′ are wound in a helix around the internal wire(s) F1′ with a pitch p2′ such that 8 mm≤p2′≤16 mm, for preference, 8 mm≤p2′≤14 mm. Here, p2′=14 mm.

(61) The external layer C3′ of each external strand TE is wound around the internal C1′ and intermediate C2′ layers of each external strand TE in a direction of winding Z that is the opposite of the direction of winding of the cord S and in the same direction Z as the intermediate layer C2′ of each external strand TI. The external layer C3′ of each external strand TE is wound around the internal C1′ and intermediate C2′ layers of each external strand TE in the same direction Z as the external layer C3′ of the internal strand TI. The N′ external wires F3′ are wound in a helix around the M′ intermediate wires F2′ with a pitch p3′ such that 10 mm≤p3′≤40 mm, for preference 15 mm≤p3′≤35 mm, more preferably 15 mm≤p3′≤25 mm and more preferably still, 17 mm≤p3′≤23 mm. Here p3′=20 mm

(62) The intermediate layer C2′ of each external strand TE is desaturated and incompletely unsaturated. The inter-wire distance I2′ of the intermediate layer C2′ which on average separates the M′ intermediate wires is greater than or equal to 5 μm. The inter-wire distance I2′ is preferably greater than or equal to 10 μm, more preferably greater than or equal to 20 μm and more preferably still, greater than or equal to 30 μm. In this embodiment, the inter-wire distance I2′ is preferably greater than or equal to 35 μm and is here equal to 38 μm. Because the intermediate layer C2′ is incompletely unsaturated, the sum SI2′ of the inter-wire distances 12′ of the intermediate layer C2′ is less than the diameter d2′ of the intermediate wires F2′ of the intermediate layer C2′. Here, the sum SI2′=6×0.038=0.23 mm, which is a value strictly less than d2′=0.30 mm.

(63) Furthermore, the sum SI2′ of the inter-wire distances I2′ of the intermediate layer C2′ is less than the diameter d3′ of the external wires F3′ of the external layer C3′ and preferably less than or equal to 0.8×d3′. Here, the sum SI2′=6×0.038=0.23 mm, which is a value strictly less than d3′=0.30 mm.

(64) The external layer C3′ of each external strand TE is desaturated and completely unsaturated. The inter-wire distance I3′ of the external layer C3′ which on average separates the N′ external wires is greater than or equal to 5 μm. The inter-wire distance I3′ is preferably greater than or equal to 10 μm, more preferably greater than or equal to 20 μm and more preferably still, greater than or equal to 30 μm. In this embodiment, the inter-wire distance I3′ is preferably greater than or equal to 35 μm and more preferably greater than or equal to 50 μm, and is here equal to 55.4 μm. The sum SI3′ of the inter-wire distances I3′ of the external layer C3′ is greater than the diameter d3′ of the external wires F3′ of the external layer C3′. Here, the sum SI3′=11×0.0554=0.61 mm, which is a value strictly greater than d3′=0.30 mm.

(65) Each internal, intermediate and external wire of each external strand TE respectively has a diameter d1′, d2′ and d3′. Each internal wire diameter d1′, intermediate wire diameter d2′ and external wire diameter d3′ of each external strand TE ranges from 0.15 mm to 0.60 mm, preferably from 0.20 mm to 0.50 mm, more preferably from 0.25 mm to 0.45 mm, and more preferably still, from 0.28 mm to 0.42 mm.

(66) The internal wire F1′ of each external strand TE has a diameter d1′ greater than or equal to the diameter d2′ of each intermediate wire F2 of each external strand TE. The internal wire F1′ of each external strand TE has a diameter d1′ greater than or equal to the diameter d3′ of each external wire F3′ of each external strand TE. Each diameter d2′ of each intermediate wire F2′ of each external strand TE and each diameter d3′ of each external wire F3′ of each external strand TE are such that d2′=d3′.

(67) In this instance, d1′>d2′ and d1′>d3′ and d1′=0.38 mm, d2′=d3′=0.30 mm.

(68) The internal wire F1 of the internal strand TI has a diameter d1 greater than or equal to the diameter d1′ of each internal wire F1′ of each external strand TE, for preference the internal wire F1 of the internal strand TI has a diameter d1 equal to the diameter d1′ of each internal wire F1′ of each external strand TE. Here, d1=d1′=0.38 mm.

(69) The internal wire F1 of the internal strand TI has a diameter d1 greater than or equal to the diameter d2′ of each intermediate wire F2′ of each external strand TE, for preference the internal wire F1 of the internal strand TI has a diameter d1 greater than the diameter d2′ of each intermediate wire F2′ of each external strand TE. Here, d1=0.38 mm>d2′=0.30 mm.

(70) The internal wire F1 of the internal strand TI has a diameter d1 greater than or equal to the diameter d3′ of each external wire F3′ of each external strand TE, for preference the internal wire F1 of the internal strand TI has a diameter d1 greater than the diameter d3′ of each external wire F3′ of each external strand TE. Here, d1=0.38 mm>d3′=0.30 mm.

(71) Each intermediate wire F2 of the internal strand TI has a diameter d2 greater than or equal to the diameter d2′ of each intermediate wire F2′ of each external strand TE. For preference, here, d2=0.35 mm>d2′=0.30 mm.

(72) Each external wire F3 of the internal strand TI has a diameter d3 greater than or equal to the diameter d3′ of each external wire F3 of each external strand TE. For preference, here, d3=0.35 mm>d3′=0.30 mm.

(73) Each wire has a strength at break, denoted Rm, such that 2500≤Rm≤3100 MPa. The steel for these wires is said to be of SHT (“Super High Tensile”) grade. Other wires may be used, for example wires of an inferior grade, for example of NT (“Normal Tensile”) or HT (“High Tensile”) grade, just as may wire of a superior grade, for example of UT (“Ultra Tensile”) or MT (“Mega Tensile”) grade.

(74) Method for Manufacturing the Cord According to the Invention

(75) The cord according to the invention is manufactured using a method comprising steps well known to those skilled in the art. Thus, it will be recalled that there are two possible techniques for assembling metal wires or strands:

(76) either by cabling: in which case the wires or strands undergo no twisting about their own axis, because of a synchronous rotation before and after the assembling point;

(77) or by twisting: in which case the wires or strands undergo both a collective twist and an individual twist about their own axis, thereby generating an untwisting torque on each of the wires or strands.

(78) The aforementioned internal strand is manufactured according to the known methods involving the following steps, preferably performed in line and continuously:

(79) first of all, a first step of assembling, by twisting or by cabling, the M intermediate wires around the Q=1 internal wire of the internal layer C1 at the pitch p2 and in the Z-direction to form the intermediate layer C2 at a first assembling point;

(80) followed by a second step of assembling, by twisting or by cabling, the N external wires around the M intermediate wires of the intermediate layer C2 at the pitch p3 and in the Z-direction to form the external layer C3 at a second assembling point;

(81) preferably a final twist-balancing step.

(82) A similar method is used to manufacture, mutatis mutandis, each external strand TE.

(83) What is meant here by “twist balancing” is, as is very well known to those skilled in the art, the cancellation of the residual torque (or the elastic return of the twist) applied to each wire of the strand, in the intermediate layer as in the external layer.

(84) After this final twist-balancing step, the manufacture of the strand is complete. Each strand is wound onto one or more receiving reels, for storage, prior to the later operation of cabling together the elementary strands in order to obtain the multi-strand cord.

(85) In order to manufacture the multi-strand cord of the invention, the method, as is well known to those skilled in the art, is to cable or twist together the strands previously obtained, using cabling or twisting machines rated for assembling strands.

(86) Thus, the L external strands TE are assembled around the internal strand TI at the pitch p and in the S-direction to form the cord 50. Possibly, in a last assembly step, the wrapper F is wound, at the pitch pf and in the Z-direction, around the assembly previously obtained.

(87) The cord is then incorporated by calendering into composite fabrics formed from a known composition based on natural rubber and carbon black as reinforcing filler, conventionally used for manufacturing crown reinforcements of radial tyres. This composition essentially has, in addition to the elastomer and the reinforcing filler (carbon black), an antioxidant, stearic acid, an oil extender, cobalt naphthenate as adhesion promoter, and finally a vulcanization system (sulfur, accelerator and ZnO).

(88) The composite fabrics reinforced by these cords have an elastomer compound matrix formed from two thin layers of elastomer compound which are superposed on either side of the cords and which have a thickness of between 1 and 4 mm, inclusive, respectively. The calendering pitch (the pitch at which the cords are laid in the elastomer compound fabric) ranges from 4 mm to 8 mm.

(89) These composite fabrics are then used as working ply in the crown reinforcement during the method of manufacturing the tyre, the steps of which are otherwise known to a person skilled in the art.

Cord According to a Second Embodiment of the Invention

(90) FIG. 4 depicts a cord 51 according to a second embodiment of the invention. Elements similar to those of the first embodiment are denoted by identical references. Unless mentioned otherwise, only the differences compared to the first embodiment are described.

(91) Internal Strand TI of the Cord 51

(92) The internal strand of the cord 51 according to the second embodiment is identical to that of the cord 50 according to the first embodiment.

(93) According to the invention, the pitches p2 and p3 satisfy 0.36≤(p3−p2)/p3≤0.57.

(94) External Strands TE of the Cord 51

(95) Unlike in the first embodiment, the pitch p2′ is such that 8 mm≤p2′≤16 mm, for preference 8 mm≤p2′≤14 mm and more preferably 8 mm≤p2′≤12 mm. Here, p2′=10 mm.

(96) In addition, the pitches p2′ and p3′ satisfy 0.36≤(p3′−p2′)/p3′≤0.57. Advantageously, the pitches p2′ and p3′ satisfy the relationship 0.38≤(p3′−p2′)/p3′; for preference 0.40≤(p3′−p2′)/p3′; more preferably 0.43≤(p3′−p2′)/p3′; and more preferably still, 0.45≤(p3′−p2′)/p3′. Advantageously, the pitches p2′ and p3′ satisfy the relationship (p3′−p2′)/p3′≤0.55 and for preference (p3′−p2′)/p3′≤0.53. Here, (p3′−p2′)/p3′=0.50.

(97) The inter-wire distance I2′ is equal to 35.4 μm, and SI2′=6×0.0354=0.21 mm, which is a value also strictly less than d3′=0.30 mm.

Cord According to Third and Fourth Embodiments of the Invention

(98) FIGS. 5 and 6 depict cords 52 and 53 according to third and fourth embodiments of the invention respectively. Elements similar to those of the first embodiment are denoted by identical references. The characteristics of these cords are collated in Table C.

Cord According to Fifth, Sixth and Seventh Embodiments of the Invention

(99) FIGS. 7, 8 and 9 depict cords 54, 55 and 56 according to fifth, sixth and seventh embodiments of the invention respectively. Elements similar to those of the first embodiment are denoted by identical references.

(100) Internal Strand TI of Cords 54, 55 and 56

(101) Each internal strand of each cord 54, 55 and 56 is identical to that of the cord 50 according to the first embodiment.

(102) According to the invention, the pitches p2 and p3, for each cord 54, 55 and 56, satisfy: 0.36≤(p3−p2)/p3≤0.57.

(103) External Strands TE of the Cord 54

(104) Unlike in the first embodiment of the cord 50, described hereinabove, each external strand TE of the cord 54 has two layers. Each external strand TE comprises, in this instance is made up of, two layers, not more, not less.

(105) Each external strand TE comprises an internal layer C1′ made up of Q′ internal wire(s) F1′ and an external layer C3′ made up of N′ external wires F3′ wound in a helix around and in contact with the internal layer C1′.

(106) Q′>1, for preference Q′=2, 3 or 4 and here Q′=2. Where Q′=2 and N′=7 or 8, for preference Q′=2 and N′=7.

(107) The internal wires F1′ are wound in a helix at a pitch p1=7.7 mm.

(108) The internal layer C1′ of each external strand TE is wound in a helix in a direction of winding Z that is the opposite of the direction of winding of the cord S.

(109) The external layer C3′ of each external strand TE is wound around the internal layer C1′ of each external strand TE in a direction of winding Z that is the opposite of the direction of winding of the cord S and in the same direction Z as the internal layer C1′ of each external strand TE. The N′ external wires F3′ are wound in a helix around the internal wires F1′ with a pitch p3′ such that 10 mm≤p3′≤40 mm, for preference 15 mm≤p3′≤35 mm, and more preferably still, 15 mm≤p3′≤25 mm. Here p3′=15.4 mm

(110) External Strands TE of the Cord 55

(111) Unlike in the fifth embodiment of the cord 54, described hereinabove, each external strand TE is such that Q′=3. Where Q′=3 and N′=7, 8 or 9, for preference Q′=3 and N′=8.

(112) External Strands TE of the Cord 56

(113) Unlike in the fifth embodiment of the cord 54, described hereinabove, each external strand TE is such that Q′=4. Where Q′=4 and N′=7, 8, 9 or 10, for preference Q′=4 and N′=9.

(114) For each cord 54, 55, and 56 described hereinabove, the other characteristics of each external strand TE, notably the characteristics relating to I3′, S13′ and the relationships between the diameters d1, d2, d3, d1′, d3′, as well as the characteristics relating to DI, DE, DI/DE, D and E, are collated in and directly deducible from Table C.

Cord According to an Eighth Embodiment of the Invention

(115) FIG. 10 depicts a cord 57 according to an eighth embodiment of the invention. Elements similar to those of the first embodiment are denoted by identical references. Unless mentioned otherwise, only the differences compared to the first embodiment are described. The cord 57 according to the eighth embodiment differs from the cord 50 according to the first embodiment in terms of its internal strand TI.

(116) Internal Strand TI of the Cord 57

(117) Unlike in the internal strand of the cord 50 according to the first embodiment, Q=1, M=5, N=11.

(118) The inter-wire distance I2 is equal to 57.5 μm.

(119) The sum SI2 of the inter-wire distances I2 of the intermediate layer C2 is less than the diameter d3 of the external wires F3 of the external layer C3 and preferably less than or equal to 0.8×d3. Here, the sum SI2=5×0.0575=0.29 mm, which is a value strictly less than d3=0.30 mm.

(120) The inter-wire distance I3 is equal to 74.7 μm. The sum SI3 of the inter-wire distances I3 of the external layer C3 is greater than the diameter d3 of the external wires F3 of the external layer C3. Here, the sum SI3=11×0.0747=0.82 mm, which is a value strictly greater than d3=0.30 mm.

(121) In this instance, d1=d2 and d1>d3 and d1=d2=0.35 mm, d3=0.30 mm.

(122) According to the invention, the pitches p2 and p3 satisfy: 0.36≤(p3−p2)/p3≤0.57.

(123) The other characteristics of the cord 57, notably the characteristics relating to DI, DE, DI/DE, D and E, are collated in and directly deducible from Table D.

Cord According to a Ninth Embodiment of the Invention

(124) FIG. 11 depicts a cord 58 according to a ninth embodiment of the invention. Elements similar to those of the first embodiment are denoted by identical references. Unless mentioned otherwise, only the differences compared to the first embodiment are described.

(125) Unlike in the first embodiment of the cord 50, described hereinabove, the cord 58 according to the ninth embodiment is such that D=5.7 mm.

(126) The diameter DI of the internal strand TI and the diameter DE of the external strand TE are such that DI=1.97 mm, DE=1.85 mm and DI/DE=1.06.

(127) The mean inter-strand distance E separating two adjacent external strands TE is here E=41 μm.

(128) Internal Strand TI of the Cord 58

(129) Unlike in the first embodiment of the cord 50, described hereinabove, the internal strand TI of the cord 56 according to the ninth embodiment is such that d1>d2=d3 and here, d1=0.45 mm, d2=d3=0.38 mm.

(130) According to the invention, the pitches p2 and p3 satisfy: 0.36≤(p3−p2)/p3≤0.57.

(131) The inter-wire distance I2 of the intermediate layer C2 which on average separates the M intermediate wires is here equal to 25.7 μm.

(132) The sum SI2 of the inter-wire distances I2 of the intermediate layer C2 is less than the diameter d3 of the external wires F3 of the external layer C3 and preferably less than or equal to 0.8×d3. Here, the sum SI2=6×0.0257=0.16 mm, which is a value strictly less than d3=0.38 mm.

(133) The inter-wire distance I3 of the external layer C3 which on average separates the N external wires is here equal to 57.5 μm. The sum SI3 of the inter-wire distances I3 of the external layer C3 is greater than the diameter d3 of the external wires F3 of the external layer C3. Here, the sum SI3=11×0.0575=0.63 mm, which is a value strictly greater than d3=0.38 mm.

(134) External Strands TE of the Cord 50

(135) Unlike the external strands of the cord 50 according to the first embodiment, each external strand TE is such that Q′=3.

(136) Q′=3, M′=8 or 9 and N′=13, 14 or 15, for preference Q′=3, M′=8 or 9, N′=14 or 15, more preferably Q′=3, M′=9, N′=14 or 15 and more preferably still, Q′=3, M′=9 and N′=15.

(137) The internal layer C1′ of each external strand TE is wound in a direction of winding Z that is the opposite of the direction of winding S of the cord. As an alternative, this direction could be identical to the direction of winding S of the cord. The Q′ internal wires F1′ are wound in a helix with a pitch p1′ such that 5 mm≤p1′≤10 mm. Here p1′=6.5 mm.

(138) Unlike in the first embodiment, the M′ intermediate wires F2′ are wound in a helix around the internal wires F1′ at a pitch p2′=12 mm and the N′ external wires F3′ are wound in a helix around the intermediate wires F2′ at a pitch p3′=18 mm.

(139) The inter-wire distance I2′ of the intermediate layer C2′ which on average separates the M′ intermediate wires is here equal to 16.5 μm.

(140) The sum SI2′ of the inter-wire distances I2′ of the intermediate layer C2′ is less than the diameter d3′ of the external wires F3′ of the external layer C3′ and preferably less than or equal to 0.8×d3′. Here, the sum SI2′=9×0.0165=0.15 mm, which is a value strictly less than d3′=0.30 mm.

(141) The inter-wire distance I3′ of the external layer C3′ which on average separates the N′ external wires is here equal to 11.5 μm. The sum SI3′ of the inter-wire distances I3′ of the external layer C3′ is greater than the diameter d3′ of the external wires F3′ of the external layer C3′. Here, the sum SI3′=15×0.0115=0.17 mm, which is a value strictly greater than d3′=0.30 mm.

(142) Furthermore, d1′=d2′=d3′=0.30 mm. In addition, d1=0.45 mm>d1′=0.30 mm.

Cord According to a Tenth Embodiment of the Invention

(143) FIG. 12 depicts a cord 59 according to a tenth embodiment of the invention. Elements similar to those of the fifth embodiment are denoted by identical references. Unless mentioned otherwise, only the differences compared to the fifth embodiment are described. The cord 59 according to the tenth embodiment differs from the cord 54 according to the fifth embodiment in terms of its external strands TE and in terms of the number L of external strands TE.

(144) Unlike in the fifth embodiment of the cord 54, described hereinabove, the cord 59 according to the tenth embodiment is such that the external layer CE is made up of L=7 external strands TE. The assembly made up of the internal C1 and external CE layers, which means to say the cord 59 without the wrapper F, has a diameter D=4.3 mm.

(145) The diameter DI of the internal strand TI and the diameter DE of each external strand TE are such that the ratio DI/DE≥1.30, for preference DI/DE≥1.35 and more preferably DI/DE≥1.40. This ratio DI/DE is also such that DI/DE≤1.70, for preference DI/DE≤1.65 and more preferably DI/DE≤1.60. In this case, DI=1.78 mm, DE=1.28 mm and DI/DE=1.39.

(146) The mean inter-strand distance E separating two adjacent external strands TE is here E=38 μm.

(147) External Strands TE of the Cord 59

(148) Unlike each external strand TE of the cord 54 according to the fifth embodiment, each external strand TE of the cord 59 according to the tenth embodiment is such that d1′=d3′=0.32 mm.

(149) The inter-wire distance I3′ of the external layer C3′ which on average separates the N′ external wires is here equal to 93.3 μm. The sum SI3′ of the inter-wire distances I3′ of the external layer C3′ is greater than the diameter d3′ of the external wires F3′ of the external layer C3′. Here, the sum SI3′=7×0.0933=0.65 mm, which is a value strictly greater than d3′=0.32 mm.

(150) In addition, d1=0.38 mm>d1′=d3′=0.32 mm and d3=0.35 mm>d3′=0.32 mm.

(151) The features of the various cords described hereinabove are summarized in Tables C and D below.

(152) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE C Cord 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 TI Q/M/N 1/6/11 1/6/11 1/6/12 1/6/12 1/6/11 1/6/11 1/6/11 d1/d2/d3 0.38/0.35/0.35 0.38/0.35/0.35 0.38/0.35/0.35 0.38/0.35/0.35 0.38/0.35/0.35 0.38/0.35/0.35 0.38/0.35/0.35 direction for C1/pitch —/Inf —/Inf —/Inf —/Inf —/Inf —/Inf —/Inf p1 (mm) direction for C2/pitch Z/10 Z/10 Z/10 Z/10 Z/10 Z/10 Z/10 p2 (mm) direction for C3/pitch Z/20 Z/20 Z/20 Z/20 Z/20 Z/20 Z/20 p3 (mm) (p3-p2)/p3 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 I2 (pm)/SI2 (mm) 8.2/0.05 8.2/0.05 8.2/0.05 8.2/0.05 8.2/0.05 8.2/0.05 8.2/0.05 I3 (pm)/SI3 (mm) 45.0/0.50 45.0/0.50 12/0.14 12/0.14 45.0/0.50 45.0/0.50 45.0/0.50 DI (mm) 1.78 1.78 1.78 1.78 1.78 1.78 1.78 TE Q′/M′/N′ 1/6/11 1/6/11 1/6/12 1/6/12 2/—/7 3/—/8 4/—/9 d1′/d2′/d3′ 0.38/0.30/0.30 0.38/0.30/0.30 0.38/0.30/0.30 0.38/0.30/0.30 0.40/—/0.40 0.38/—/0.38 0.35/—/0.35 direction for C1′/pitch inf inf inf inf Z/7.7 Z/7.7 Z/7.7 p1′ (mm) direction for C2′/pitch Z/14 Z/10 Z/14 Z/10 — — — p2′ (mm) direction for C3′/pitch Z/20 Z/20 Z/20 Z/20 Z/15.4 Z/15.4 Z/15.4 p3′ (mm) (p3′-p2′)/p3′ 0.50 0.30 0.50 0.30 — — — I2′ (μm)/SI2′ (mm) 38/0.23 35.4/0.21 38/0.23 35.4/0.21 — — — I3′ (μm)/SI3′ (mm) 55.4/0.61 55.4/0.61 25.7/0.31 25.7/0.31 113/0.79 70.5/0.56 51.7/0.47 DE (mm) 1.58 1.58 1.58 1.58 1.6 1.58 1.55 L 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 D (mm) 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 5.0 4.9 4.9 E (μm) 87.3 87.3 87.3 87.3 76.8 87 103 DI/DE 1.13 1.13 1.13 1.13 1.11 1.13 1.15 Direction of winding of the S S S S S S S cord

(153) TABLE-US-00004 TABLE D Cord 57 58 59 TI Q/M/N 1/5/11 1/6/11 1/6/11 d1/d2/d3 0.35/0.35/ 0.45/0.38/ 0.38/0.35/ 0.30 0.38 0.35 direction for C1/pitch p1 (mm) inf Inf —/Inf direction for C2/pitch p2 (mm) Z/10 Z/10 Z/10 direction for C3/pitch p3 (mm) Z/20 Z/20 Z/20 (p3-p2)/p3 0.50 0.50 0.50 I2 (μm)/SI2 (mm) 57.5/0.29 25.7/0.16 8.2/0.05 I3 (pm)/SI3 (mm) 74.7/0.82 57.5/0.63 45.0/0.50 DI (mm) 1.65 1.97 1.78 TE Q′/M′/N′ 1/6/11 3/9/15 2/—/7 d1′/d2′/d3′ 0.38/0.30/ 0.30/0.30/ 0.32/—/ 0.30 0.30 0.32 direction for C1′/pitch p1′ (mm) inf Z/6.5 Z/7.7 direction for C2′/pitch p2′ (mm) Z/14 Z/12 — direction for C3′/pitch p3′ (mm) Z/20 Z/18 Z/15.4 (p3′-p2′)/p3 0.30 0.30 — I2′ (μm)/SI2′ (mm) 38/0.23 16.5/0.15 — I3′ (μm)/SI3′ (mm) 55.4/0.61 11.5/0.17 93.3/0.65 DE (mm) 1.58 1.85 1.28 L 6 6 7 D (mm) 4.8 5.7 4.3 E (μm) 22.6 41 38 DI/DE 1.04 1.06 1.39 Direction of winding of the cord S S S

(154) Comparative Tests and Measurements

(155) Cord Permeability Test

(156) Such a permeability test is well known to those skilled in the art and makes it possible to determine the longitudinal permeability to air of the cords tested, by measuring the volume of air passing along a test specimen under constant pressure over a given period of time. The principle of such a test, which is well known to those skilled in the art, is to demonstrate the effectiveness of the treatment of a cord to make it impermeable to air; it has been described for example in standard ASTM D2692-98.

(157) Such a test is carried out on as-manufactured and non-aged cords. The raw cords are coated on the outside beforehand with an elastomer compound referred to as coating compound. For this purpose, a series of 10 cords laid parallel (distance between cords: 20 mm) is placed between two layers or “skims” (two rectangles measuring 80×200 mm) of a diene elastomer compound in the raw state, each skim having a thickness of 5 mm; all of this is then immobilized in a mould, with each of the cords being kept under sufficient tension (for example 3 daN) to guarantee that it lies straight as it is being placed in the mould, using clamping modules; it is then vulcanized (cured) for around 10 to 12 hours at a temperature of around 120° C. and at a pressure of 15 bar (rectangular piston measuring 80×200 mm). After that, the entirety is removed from the mould and 10 test specimens of cords thus coated are cut out, for characterizing, in the shape of parallelepipeds measuring 7×7×60 mm.

(158) The compound used as a coating elastomer compound is a diene elastomer compound conventionally used in tyres, based on natural (peptized) rubber and carbon black N330 (65 phr), also containing the following usual additives: sulfur (7 phr), sulfenamide accelerator (1 phr), ZnO (8 phr), stearic acid (0.7 phr), antioxidant (1.5 phr), cobalt naphthenate (1.5 phr) (phr meaning parts by weight per hundred parts of elastomer); the E10 modulus of the coating elastomer compound is around 10 MPa.

(159) The test is carried out on a 6 cm length of cord, which is therefore coated with its surrounding elastomer compound (or coating elastomer compound) in the cured state, in the following way: air is injected into the inlet end of the cord at a pressure of 1 bar and the volume of air at the outlet end is measured using a flow meter (calibrated for example from 0 to 500 cm3/min). During the measurement, the sample of cord is immobilized in a compressed airtight seal (for example, a seal made of dense foam or of rubber) so that only the amount of air passing along the cord from one end to the other, along its longitudinal axis, is taken into account by the measurement; the airtightness of the airtight seal itself is checked beforehand using a solid elastomer-compound test specimen, that is to say one devoid of cord.

(160) The higher the longitudinal impermeability of the cord, the lower the mean air flow rate measured (averaged over the ten specimens). As the measurement is taken with a precision of ±0.2 cm3/min, measured values of less than or equal to 0.2 cm3/min are considered to be zero; they correspond to a cord that can be described as airtight (completely airtight) along its axis (i.e. in its longitudinal direction).

(161) Indicator of the Penetrability of the Strands by an Elastomer Compound

(162) The ability of a strand to be penetrated by an elastomer compound was determined in the following tests by simulating the size of the radial passage windows formed by two adjacent wires F2 of the intermediate layer C2 and by two adjacent wires F3 of the external layer C3. Such windows are illustrated in FIG. 13 which depicts a schematic view of the internal strand along its main axis P and in FIG. 14 which depicts the radial passage window S defined hereinabove.

(163) Such an indicator of the penetrability of the strand gives an image of the impermeability of the strand to air. Specifically, the larger the size of the windows, the higher the penetrability indicator, the more elastomer compound is liable to penetrate the strand and the more impermeable the strand is to air. The permeability could also be determined by the permeability test described hereinabove applied to the strand. Nevertheless, for the sake of the speed at which the strands can be evaluated, the inventors favoured simulation and calculation of the windows S over the permeability test.

(164) Influence of the Directions of Winding

(165) Table 1 below tests collates the results of the permeability test and of the penetrability indicator test for two control cords T1 and T2.

(166) The results of these tests are indicated in base 100. Thus, a result higher than 100 for any one of these tests means that the cord or the strand tested exhibits superior impermeability or penetrability to the control cord or strand, in this instance the cord T1 or the strands of the cord T1.

(167) A comparison of the control cords T1, T2 shows that the fact that the external layers C3 and C3′ are wound in the same direction which is the opposite of the direction of winding of the L external strands TE (cord T1) is an essential feature of the invention that makes it possible to ensure the good impermeability of the cord.

(168) TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 1 Cord T1 T2 TI Q/M/N 1/6/11 1/6/11 d1/d2/d3 0.38/0.35/0.35 0.38/0.35/0.35 direction for C1/pitch p1 (mm) —/Inf —/Inf direction for C2/pitch p2 (mm) Z/14 S/14 direction for C3/pitch p3 (mm) Z/20 S/20 TE Q′/M′/N′ 1/6/11 1/6/11 d1′/d2′/d3′ 0.38/0.30/0.30 0.38/0.30/0.30 direction for C1′/pitch p1′ (mm) inf inf direction for C2′/pitch p2′ (mm) Z/14 Z/14 direction for C3′/pitch p3′ (mm) Z/20 Z/20 (p3′-p2′)/p3′ 0.30 0.30 Direction of winding of the cord S S Penetrability indicator for the external 100 100 strand (base 100, T1) Impermeability (base 100 T1) 100 <10

(169) Evaluation of the Penetrability Indicator for the Internal Strand According to the Pitch p3 of the Cord 50

(170) Various internal strands analogous to the internal strand of the cord 50 according to the invention were simulated by varying the value of p2 for various values of p3, with all the other structural features of the cord remaining unchanged in comparison with the above description.

(171) The results of these simulations are collated in the various Tables 2 to 4 in base 100 with respect, in each instance, to a control strand such that (p3−p2)/p3=0.30. Thus, for a window size value St for the tested strand and for a window size value S0 for the control strand, the penetrability indicator is equal to St*100/S0. Thus, a result higher than 100 means that the strand tested exhibits superior penetrability to the corresponding control strand. It is estimated that the size of the windows is significantly higher when the penetrability indicator is greater than or equal to 120, which means to say when the size of the windows in the strand tested is 20% higher than that of the control strand.

(172) Each Table 2 to 4 respectively corresponds to a pitch p3 equal to 20, 23, 25 mm.

(173) It will be noted that, although the inter-wire distance I2 increases when p2 increases, the maximum value for the radial passage windows is obtained for I2 values which are not necessarily the highest values. Thus, before carrying out the invention, a person skilled in the art, starting from the assumption that the lower I2, the lower the penetrability of the strand, would have difficulty in predicting a maximum penetrability for p2 values that yield relatively low values for I2.

(174) Within the interval for the ratio (p3−p2)/p3 that ranges from 0.36 to 0.57, and for each p3 value tested, the value for the penetrability indicator is significantly higher than that obtained for the corresponding control strand.

(175) TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 2 Internal strand of the cord 50 tested with p3 = 20 mm direction for C1/ —/inf —/inf —/inf —/inf —/inf —/inf —/inf —/inf —/inf —/inf —/inf —/inf —/inf pitch p1 (mm) direction for C2/ Z/14 Z/13 Z/12.8 Z/12.5 Z/12.0 Z/11.5 Z/11.0 Z/10.5 Z/10.0 Z/9.5 Z/9.0 Z/8.6 Z/8 pitch p2 (mm) direction for C3/ Z/20 Z/20 Z/20 Z/20 Z/20 Z/20 Z/20 Z/20 Z/20 Z/20 Z/20 Z/20 Z/20 pitch p3 (mm) (p3-p2)/p3 0.30 0.35 0.36 0.38 0.40 0.43 0.45 0.48 0.50 0.53 0.55 0.57 0.60 I2 (μm) 11.6 11.0 10.9 10.7 10.3 9.9 9.4 8.8 8.2 7.5 6.6 5.8 4.4 Penetrability indicator 100 105 126 136 162 206 306 748 915 234 165 125 47 for the internal strand

(176) TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 3 Internal strand of the cord 50 tested with p3 = 23 mm direction for C1/pitch p1 (mm) —/inf —/inf —/inf —/inf —/inf —/inf —/inf —/inf —/inf —/inf —/inf —/inf direction for C2/pitch p2 (mm) Z/16.0 Z/15.5 Z/14.8 Z/14 Z/13 Z/12 Z/11.0 Z/10.5 Z/9.9 Z/9.0 Z/8.5 Z/8.0 direction for C3/pitch p3 (mm) Z/23 Z/23 Z/23 Z/23 Z/23 Z/23 Z/23 Z/23 Z/23 Z/23 Z/23 Z/23 (p3-p2)/p3 0.30 0.33 0.36 0.39 0.43 0.48 0.52 0.54 0.57 0.61 0.63 0.65 I2 (μm) 12.4 12.2 11.9 11.6 11.0 10.3 9.4 8.8 8.1 6.6 5.6 4.4 Penetrability indicator 100 103 124 154 244 1025 299 191 133 67 31 20 for the internal strand

(177) TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 4 Internal strand of the cord 50 tested with p3 = 25 mm direction for C1/pitch p1 (mm) —/inf —/inf —/inf —/inf —/inf —/inf —/inf —/inf —/inf —/inf —/inf —/inf direction for C2/pitch p2 (mm) Z/17.4 Z/16.5 Z/16 Z/15 Z/14 Z/13 Z/12 Z/11.5 Z/10.8 Z/10.0 Z/9.5 Z/9.0 direction for C3/pitch p3 (mm) Z/25 Z/25 Z/25 Z/25 Z/25 Z/25 Z/25 Z/25 Z/25 Z/25 Z/25 Z/25 (p3-p2)/p3 0.30 0.34 0.36 0.40 0.44 0.48 0.52 0.54 0.57 0.60 0.62 0.64 I2 (μm) 12.7 12.5 12.4 12.0 11.6 11.0 10.3 9.9 9.2 8.2 7.5 6.6 Penetrability indicator 100 104 120 158 257 1181 318 196 129 78 43 31 for the internal strand

(178) Evaluation of the Penetrability Indicator for the Internal Strand of the Cords 51 to 59

(179) In a way similar to the cord 50 according to the first embodiment of the invention, various external strands of the cords 51 to 59 according to the various embodiments of the invention were simulated by varying the value of p2 while fixing the value of p3 to the value described hereinabove, with all the other structural features of each cord remaining unchanged in comparison with the above description.

(180) The results of these simulations are collated in the various Tables 5 to 8 in base 100 with respect, in each instance, to a control strand such that (p3−p2)/p3=0.30. Thus, for a window size value St for the tested strand and for a window size value S0 for the control strand, the penetrability indicator is equal to St*100/S0. Thus, a result higher than 100 means that the strand tested exhibits superior penetrability to the corresponding control strand. It is estimated that the size of the windows is significantly higher when the penetrability indicator is greater than or equal to 120, which means to say when the size of the windows in the strand tested is 20% higher than that of the control strand.

(181) It will be noted that, although the inter-wire distance I2 increases when p2 increases, the maximum value for the size of the radial passage windows is obtained for 12 values which are not necessarily the highest values. Thus, before carrying out the invention, a person skilled in the art, starting from the assumption that the lower I2, the lower the penetrability of the strand, would have difficulty in predicting a maximum penetrability for p2 values that yield relatively low values for I2.

(182) Within the interval for the ratio (p3−p2)/p3 that ranges from 0.36 to 0.57, and for each p3 value tested, the value for the penetrability indicator is significantly higher than that obtained for the corresponding control strand.

(183) TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 5 Internal strand of the cords 50, 51, 54, 55, 56 and 59 direction for C1/pitch p1 (mm) —/inf —/inf —/inf —/inf —/inf —/inf —/inf —/inf —/inf —/inf —/inf —/inf direction for C2/pitch p2 (mm) Z/14 Z/13 Z/12.8 Z/12.0 Z/11.5 Z/11.0 Z/10.5 Z/10.0 Z/9.5 Z/9.0 Z/8.6 Z/8 direction for C3/pitch p3 (mm) Z/20 Z/20 Z/20 Z/20 Z/20 Z/20 Z/20 Z/20 Z/20 Z/20 Z/20 Z/20 (p3-p2)/p3 0.30 0.35 0.36 0.40 0.43 0.45 0.48 0.50 0.53 0.55 0.57 0.60 I2 (μm) 11.6 11 10.9 10.3 9.9 9.4 8.8 8.2 7.5 6.6 5.8 4.4 Penetrability indicator 100 105 126 162 206 306 748 915 234 165 125 47 for the internal strand

(184) TABLE-US-00010 TABLE 6 Internal strand of cords 52, 53 direction for C1/pitch p1 (mm) —/inf —/inf —/inf —/inf —/inf —/inf —/inf —/inf —/inf —/inf —/inf —/inf direction for C2/pitch p2 (mm) Z/14 Z/13 Z/12.8 Z/12.0 Z/11.5 Z/11.0 Z/10.5 Z/10.0 Z/9.5 Z/9.0 Z/8.6 Z/8 direction for C3/pitch p3 (mm) Z/20 Z/20 Z/20 Z/20 Z/20 Z/20 Z/20 Z/20 Z/20 Z/20 Z/20 Z/20 (p3-p2)/p3 0.30 0.35 0.36 0.40 0.43 0.45 0.48 0.50 0.53 0.55 0.57 0.60 I2 (μm) 11.6 11 10.9 10.3 9.9 9.4 8.8 8.2 7.5 6.6 5.8 4.4 Penetrability indicator 100 105 126 162 206 306 748 915 234 165 125 47 for the internal strand

(185) TABLE-US-00011 TABLE 7 Internal strand of the cord 57 direction for C1/pitch p1 (mm) —/inf —/inf —/inf —/inf —/inf —/inf —/inf —/inf —/inf —/inf —/inf —/inf direction for C2/pitch p2 (mm) Z/14 Z/13 Z/12.8 Z/12.0 Z/11.5 Z/11.0 Z/10.5 Z/10.0 Z/9.5 Z/9.0 Z/8.6 Z/8 direction for C3/pitch p3 (mm) Z/20 Z/20 Z/20 Z/20 Z/20 Z/20 Z/20 Z/20 Z/20 Z/20 Z/20 Z/20 (p3-p2)/p3 0.30 0.35 0.36 0.40 0.43 0.45 0.48 0.50 0.53 0.55 0.57 0.60 I2 (μm) 60.4 59.9 59.8 59.3 58.9 58.5 58.0 57.5 56.9 56.2 55.5 54.3 Penetrability indicator 100 108 135 188 258 439 2020 667 267 158 126 79 for the internal strand

(186) TABLE-US-00012 TABLE 8 Internal strand of the cord 57 direction for C1/pitch p1 (mm) —/inf —/inf —/inf —/inf —/inf —/inf —/inf —/inf —/inf —/inf —/inf —/inf direction for C2/pitch p2 (mm) Z/14 Z/13 Z/12.8 Z/12.0 Z/11.5 Z/11.0 Z/10.5 Z/10.0 Z/9.5 Z/9.0 Z/8.6 Z/8 direction for C3/pitch p3 (mm) Z/20 Z/20 Z/20 Z/20 Z/20 Z/20 Z/20 Z/20 Z/20 Z/20 Z/20 Z/20 (p3-p2)/p3 0.30 0.35 0.36 0.40 0.43 0.45 0.48 0.50 0.53 0.55 0.57 0.60 I2 (μm) 30.4 29.6 29.4 28.6 28.0 27.3 26.6 25.7 24.5 23.4 22.3 20.3 Penetrability indicator 100 107 133 185 254 449 3901 487 208 152 127 76 for the internal strand

(187) Tables 5 to 8 show that, for varying cord constructions, the penetration of the elastomer compound into the internal strand by this elastomer compound is significantly improved for a ratio (p3−p2)/p3 ranging from 0.36 to 0.57 by comparison with the control cords for which (p3−p2)/p3=0.30.

(188) Of course, the invention is not restricted to the exemplary embodiments described above.

(189) For reasons of industrial feasibility, of cost and of overall performance, it is preferable to implement the invention with linear threads, that is to say straight threads, having a conventional circular cross section.

(190) It will also be possible to combine the characteristics of the various embodiments described or envisaged above, with the proviso that these characteristics are compatible with one another.

(191) In one embodiment not described hereinabove, in the case where L=8, DI/DE≥1.60, for preference DI/DE≥1.65 and more preferably DI/DE≥1.70 and DI/DE≤2.0, for preference DI/DE≤1.95 and more preferably, DI/DE≤1.90.

(192) In another embodiment not described hereinabove, in the case where L=9, DI/DE≥2.00, for preference DI/DE≥2.05 and more preferably DI/DE≥2.10 and DI/DE≤2.50, for preference DI/DE≤2.45 and more preferably, DI/DE≤2.40.

(193) In the embodiment in which Q′=3, M′=9, N′=14 or 15, it might be conceivable, in order to increase the penetrability of each external strand, for the internal wires of each external strand to have a diameter d1′ greater than the diameter d2′ of each intermediate wire of each external strand, and for the internal wires of each external strand to have a diameter d1′ greater than the diameter d3′ of each external wire of each external strand.

(194) In a first embodiment not described hereinabove, in the case where each external strand TE has two layers, or three layers, the intermediate layer of the internal strand is wound around the internal layer of the internal strand in a direction of winding identical to the direction of winding of the cord.

(195) In a first alternative of this first embodiment, in which Q′>1, the internal layer of each external strand is wound in a helix with a direction of winding identical to the direction of winding of the cord. In a second alternative of this first embodiment, in which Q′>1, the internal layer of each external strand is wound in a helix with a direction of winding opposite to the direction of winding of the cord.

(196) In a second embodiment of the cord not described hereinabove, in the case where each external strand TE has two layers, or three layers, the intermediate layer of the internal strand is wound around the internal layer of the internal strand in a direction of winding opposite to the direction of winding of the cord. In a first alternative of this second embodiment, in which Q′>1, the internal layer of each external strand is wound in a helix with a direction of winding identical to the direction of winding of the cord.

(197) The directions of winding of the embodiments and alternatives envisaged hereinabove may just as well be S as Z.