Enhancement of output of optically pumped phosphor by use of surface nanostructures

Abstract

Phosphor elements comprising phosphors in a host material having a phosphorescence-emitting surface with surface nanostructures are disclosed. Phosphor wheels having such phosphor elements, methods of making such phosphor elements, and methods of using such phosphor elements are also disclosed.

Claims

1. A phosphor element comprising: a host material defining the shape of the phosphor element; and one or more phosphors dispersed in the host material that emit phosphorescence in response to an optical pump beam; wherein the phosphor element has a phosphorescence-emitting surface with surface nanostructures which do not comprise the host material; and wherein the surface nanostructures have a lateral dimension T.sub.x along an x-direction which is a statistical average spacing between adjacent surface nanostructures along the x-direction and a lateral dimension T.sub.y along a y-direction which is a statistical average spacing between adjacent surface nanostructures along the y-direction, wherein the x-direction and the y-direction are mutually orthogonal and the lateral dimensions T.sub.x and T.sub.y are different, and wherein the different lateral dimensions T.sub.x and T.sub.y are effective to lead to optical emission anisotropy in the phosphorescence.

2. The phosphor element of claim 1, wherein the surface nanostructures comprise a membrane made of a different material from the host material and attached to the phosphorescence-emitting surface.

3. The phosphor element of claim 1, wherein the surface nanostructures are laterally periodic in the x- and y-directions over the phosphorescence-emitting surface and the lateral dimensions T.sub.x and T.sub.y are the periodicity of the surface nanostructures in the x- and y-directions, respectively.

4. The phosphor element of claim 1, wherein the surface nanostructures are non-periodically distributed in the x- and y-directions over the phosphorescence-emitting surface and the lateral dimensions T.sub.x and T.sub.y are the statistical average spacing between adjacent surface nanostructures in the x- and y-directions, respectively.

5. The phosphor element of claim 1, wherein the surface nanostructures are frustoconical surface nanostructures.

6. The phosphor element of claim 1, wherein the surface nanostructures are rounded bump surface nanostructures.

7. The phosphor element of claim 1, wherein the surface nanostructures are tapered conical surface nanostructures.

8. The phosphor element of claim 1, wherein no anti-reflection coating is disposed on the phosphorescence-emitting surface.

9. The phosphor element of claim 1, wherein the host material is silicone or a transparent or translucent thermoplastic resin.

10. A phosphor wheel device comprising: a wheel having a central axis via which the wheel is rotatable; and a phosphor element as set forth in claim 1 disposed along a rim of the wheel and secured to the wheel.

11. A phosphor element comprising: a host material defining the shape of the phosphor element; and one or more phosphors dispersed in the host material that emit phosphorescence in response to an optical pump beam; wherein the phosphor element has a phosphorescence-emitting surface with surface nanostructures having a lateral dimension T.sub.x along an x-direction which is a statistical average spacing between adjacent surface nanostructures along the x-direction and a lateral dimension T.sub.y along a y-direction which is a statistical average spacing between adjacent surface nanostructures along the y-direction, wherein the x-direction and the y-direction are mutually orthogonal, the lateral dimensions T.sub.x and T.sub.y are different and the different lateral dimensions Tx and Ty are effective to lead to optical emission anisotropy in the phosphorescence.

12. The phosphor element of claim 11, wherein the surface nanostructures are frustoconical surface nanostructures.

13. The phosphor element of claim 11, wherein the surface nanostructures are rounded bump surface nanostructures.

14. The phosphor element of claim 11, wherein the surface nanostructures are laterally periodic in the x- and y-directions over the phosphorescence-emitting surface and the lateral dimensions T.sub.x and T.sub.y are the periodicity of the surface nanostructures in the x- and y-directions, respectively.

15. The phosphor element of claim 11, wherein the surface nanostructures are non-periodically distributed in the x- and y-directions over the phosphorescence-emitting surface and the lateral dimensions T.sub.x and T.sub.y are the statistical average spacing between adjacent surface nanostructures in the x- and y-directions, respectively.

16. A phosphor wheel device comprising: a wheel having a central axis via which the wheel is rotatable; and a phosphor element as set forth in claim 11 disposed along a rim of the wheel and secured to the wheel.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 diagrammatically illustrates a phosphor wheel device including six phosphor elements in the form of arc segments disposed along the rim. Section S-S of FIG. 1 shows a cross-section of a portion of one of the phosphor elements including surface nanostructures to enhance phosphorescence light output.

(2) FIG. 2 diagrammatically shows an isolation view of the phosphor element of Section S-S of FIG. 1, with an enlarged view of several of the surface nanostructures.

(3) FIG. 3 diagrammatically shows a perspective view of the surface nanostructures of the phosphor element of FIGS. 1 and 2.

(4) FIGS. 4 and 5 diagrammatically show alternative embodiments of the surface nanostructures.

(5) FIG. 6 diagrammatically shows a mold suitably used to form the illustrative phosphor element described with reference to FIGS. 1-3 in some illustrative manufacturing embodiments in which the surface nanostructures are formed integrally during the injection molding process.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(6) As used herein, and as is conventional in the art, terms such as optical spectrum, optical, wavelength, frequency, light, light beam, and so forth are not limited to the visible spectrum but rather for a given filter may extend into, or reside entirely within, the infrared and/or ultraviolet spectral regions.

(7) Use of a phosphor element necessarily introduces optical losses into the (phosphorescence) light generation system, such as pump beam reflection losses at the surface of the phosphor element and absorption of the pump beam and phosphorescence inside the phosphor element. Pump beam reflection losses can generally be compensated by increasing the pump beam power (e.g., running a pump laser at higher optical power output). However, losses after the wavelength conversion by the phosphor are more difficult to compensate. This is because of a phenomenon known as phosphor quenching, in which the phosphorescence reaches a peak at a certain pump beam power above which the phosphorescence output decreases with further increase in optical pump power. Phosphor quenching is believed to be due at least in part to heating effects and can be limited by improved heat sinking of the phosphor element; nonetheless, for a given heat sinking arrangement phosphor quenching imposes an upper limit on the phosphorescence intensity that can be generated inside the phosphor element.

(8) To further improve the external phosphorescence output, it is known to dispose an anti-reflection (AR) coating onto the surface of the phosphor element. The AR coating reduces phosphorescence reflection losses at the surface thus raising the external phosphorescence output to a level closer to the internal phosphorescence level.

(9) However, it is recognized herein that the use of an AR coating can be problematic for certain types of phosphor elements. An AR coating is most effective when applied to a hard, smooth surface. In the case of host materials such as silicone formed by injection molding, the surface may be porous, have low hardness (colloquially, soft), have poor chemical compatibility with the AR coating material, and/or have relatively high roughness. These factors can lead to poor AR coating adhesion to the surface of the phosphor element, and/or can lead to the resulting AR coating being non-uniform with poor flatness leading to degraded anti-reflection performance.

(10) In embodiments disclosed herein, phosphorescence reflection losses are reduced by way of engineered surface nanostructures disposed at the phosphorescence emission surface of the phosphor element. In illustrative embodiments, these surface nanostructures are generally conical in shape and have lateral dimensions less than the wavelength of the phosphorescence light. In the presence of such surface nanostructures, the phosphorescence light interacts with the interface not as an abrupt refractive index change from n.sub.e of the phosphor element to n.sub.0=1.00 of air; but rather as a gradual change in effective refractive index that gradually changes from n.sub.e to 1.00 over the height of the surface nanostructures. In general, higher surface nanostructures provide a more gradual effective transition from n.sub.e to 1.00, and provide an enhanced phosphorescence transmission over a larger bandwidth.

(11) For light in the near-ultraviolet, visible, or near-infrared range, the free space wavelength is on the order of 300 nm to 1-2 microns. Appropriate nanostructure lateral dimensions are therefore on the order of tens to hundreds of nanometers (i.e. hundredths to tenths of a micron). Such surface nanostructures are readily fabricated by a wide range of manufacturing approaches, such as photolithography, laser writing, chemical etching, or so forth. In some embodiments in which the phosphor element is manufactured by injection molding, the surface nanostructures are fabricated integrally during the injection molding by incorporating the surface nanostructures into the mold. Thus, the surface nanostructures can be manufactured by low-cost and high-throughput techniques.

(12) Indeed, low hardness of the host material can simplify formation of the surface nanostructures; whereas, low hardness can make AR coating deposition difficult or impossible. Similarly, surface porosity or roughness at scales smaller than the engineered surface nanostructures actually promote the desired gradual transition of the effective refractive index; whereas, such porosity or roughness is problematic for depositing a smooth and uniform AR coating. Still further, AR coating adhesion issues are eliminated by using the disclosed surface nanostructures to promote phosphorescence light coupling out of the phosphor element.

(13) With reference now to FIG. 1, an illustrative phosphor wheel device 10 includes a metal disk or wheel 12 made of copper, a copper alloy, an aluminum alloy, or so forth. One or more phosphor elements 14 are attached to an outer perimeter of the wheel 12, that is, are attached at or near the outer rim of the wheel 12. The illustrative phosphor elements 14 have the form factor of arc segments so as to comport with the circular rim of the phosphor wheel 10; however, it is to be understood that this is an illustrative application and more generally the phosphor element may have any form factor, and may be used either in a phosphor wheel or as a static phosphor element. The illustrative phosphor wheel 10 includes six phosphor elements 14 of equal size; however, more or fewer phosphor elements can be employed (including as few as a single annular phosphor element encompassing the entire 360 of the wheel rim). While the illustrative six phosphor elements 14 are commonly illustrated and labeled, it will be appreciated that different phosphor elements can include different phosphors (for example, to emit phosphorescence of different colors), and/or there may be gaps between neighboring phosphor elements (arc segments). In operation the metal wheel 12 is rotated about a central axis 16, for example, by connecting a motor shaft of a motor (not shown) to the central axis 16 and operating the motor to rotate the phosphor wheel 10 in an illustrated clockwise direction CW (counterclockwise rotation is also contemplated). Simultaneously with the rotation, pump light is applied to a local regionthis is diagrammatically indicated in FIG. 1 by a laser 18 applying an illustrative pump laser beam spot L. As the metal wheel 12 rotates it carries the phosphor elements 14 in sequence into contact with the laser beam L to emit phosphorescence. It will be readily appreciated that by suitable selection of the phosphors of the various phosphor elements 14, various color time sequences can be generated, such as red-green-blue-red-green-blue as may be appropriate in a DLP display application. While a pump laser 18 is illustrated, the pump beam L may be generated by another light source such as a light-emitting diode (LED), halogen lamp with focusing optics, or so forth.

(14) With continuing reference to FIG. 1, Section S-S diagrammatically illustrates a cross-section of a portion of one phosphor element 14 and its attachment to the metal wheel 12. It is noted that layer thicknesses and lateral dimensions are not drawn to scale in diagrammatic Section S-S of FIG. 1 (or in other drawings herein). The phosphor element 14 comprises phosphor particles 14.sub.1 (e.g. one or more phosphor powders; also referred to herein as phosphor) such as (by way of non-limiting illustration) yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG), cerium-doped YAG (YAG:Ce), lutetium YAG (LuYAG), silicate-based phosphors, silicon-aluminum-oxynitride (SiAlON) phosphors, or so forth, embedded in (i.e. dispersed in) a host material 14.sub.2 that is suitably optically transmissive for both the pump beam and the phosphorescence. Some suitable host materials include silicone, a transparent or translucent thermoplastic resin, or so forth. As is known in the art, these illustrative host materials are readily injection molded to form the phosphor elements 14 of a desired shape defined by the mold. In general, the host material 14.sub.2 defines the shape of the phosphor element 14.

(15) Optionally, one or more backside reflective coatings 20 may be applied to the back surface of the phosphor element 14. For example, the reflective coating 20 may be a dielectric or metal or hybrid dielectric/metal mirror coating 20. (The term front-side as used herein denotes the side of the phosphor element 14 at which phosphorescence is emitted, while the term back-side as used herein denotes the side of the phosphor element 14 which is attached to the heat sink 12 (where, again, in the illustrative example the metal wheel 12 of the phosphor wheel 10 serves as the heat sink for the phosphor element 14). In the illustrative embodiment the pump beam L is also applied to the front-side, which is generally a convenient arrangement; however, it is alternatively contemplated to apply the pump beam from the backside, e.g. through an opening in the supporting heat sink. The dielectric mirror coating 20 is designed to reflect the phosphorescence, and optionally is also designed to reflect the pump beam L. The reflective coating(s) 20 may be applied by sputter deposition, thermal evaporation, spray coating, or so forth. It is also contemplated to omit the reflective coating(s) 20, and/or to provide other optical coatings such as a wavelength-selective filter coating, a light-scattering coating, a Fresnel lens, or so forth.

(16) The phosphor element 14 (including the optional backside reflective coating 20) is bonded to the heat sink 12 (e.g. the illustrative metal wheel 12) by a suitable bonding material 22. Some contemplated bonding materials include epoxy, glue, solder, adhesive silicone (optionally a reflective silicone material including dispersed light-reflective particles such as dispersed alumina particles), or so forth. If the bonding material 22 is sufficiently reflective for the phosphorescent light (e.g. reflective silicone), then it is contemplated to omit the separate reflective coating 20 as the bonding material 22 may serve the function of providing backside reflection to enhance light output efficiency. In the case of soldering, a solderable metal stack (not shown) may be deposited on the backside of the phosphor element 14 (or on the backside of the reflective coating 20 if provided) to promote effective soldering. It is also contemplated to substitute a mechanical fixture (not shown) for securing the phosphor element 14 to the heat sink, in which case the bonding material 22 may be omitted or replaced by a thermally conductive paste or the like to provide improved thermal transfer to the heat sink.

(17) With continuing reference to FIG. 1 and with further reference to FIGS. 2 and 3, the phosphor element 14 includes surface nanostructures 24 on (or formed into) the front side of the phosphor element 14 from which the phosphorescence is emitted (that is, disposed on a phosphorescence-emitting surface 25). With particular reference to FIG. 2, which shows an isolation view of the phosphor element 14 (with any backside reflection coating 20 omitted), and with more particular reference to Inset A shown in FIG. 2, the surface nanostructures 24 are cone-shaped or have cone-shaped tapering. As seen in the perspective view of FIG. 3, the illustrative surface nanostructures 24 form a two-dimensional pattern.

(18) The illustrative surface nanostructures have lateral dimension T in two dimensions, and vertical dimension (height) H. In some embodiments, the surface nanostructures are periodic in two dimensions so that lateral dimension T can be viewed as a lateral period of the two-dimensional periodic surface nanostructures; however, periodicity is not required to provide the desired gradual transition of the effective refractive index for enhancing phosphorescence optical power output. Similarly, the illustrative surface nanostructures 24 have uniform height H, but again this is not required to provide the desired gradual change in effective refractive index over the height H of the surface nanostructures 24 for enhancing phosphorescence optical power output through the phosphorescence-emitting surface 25.

(19) In some embodiments, the surface nanostructures are non-periodically distributed in two dimensions (rather than being periodic in two lateral dimensions as in FIG. 3). In such embodiments, the lateral dimension T is suitably a statistical average spacing between adjacent surface nanostructures, and the variance of the spacing between adjacent surface nanostructures is preferably relatively small (e.g. variance of T being substantially smaller than T itself). In some embodiments, the surface nanostructures are of non-uniform height (rather than being of uniform height). In such embodiments, the vertical dimension H is suitably a statistical average height, and the height variance is preferably relatively small (e.g. variance of H being substantially smaller than H itself). In some embodiments both the lateral spacing and height are random as just described.

(20) Regarding the lateral dimension T, this is preferably about the same in both directions of the two-dimensional pattern. However, in some embodiments it is contemplated for the lateral dimension T to be different in the two directions (e.g. different values T.sub.x and T.sub.y in defined mutually orthogonal x- and y-directions along the phosphorescence-emitting surface 25). Typically, it will be desired for T.sub.x and T.sub.y to be at least approximately equal. If T.sub.x and T.sub.y are very different from one another, this could lead to optical emission anisotropyfor some applications, however, such emission anisotropy might be desirable.

(21) For phosphorescence in the near-ultraviolet, visible, or near-infrared range, the free space wavelength is on the order of 300 nm to a few microns, so that the nanostructure lateral dimension T is preferably between 50 nm and 2 microns inclusive. In general, T should be smaller than the phosphorescence wavelength. The height H determines the distance over which the effective refractive index gradually changes from the refractive index n.sub.e of the host material 14.sub.2 of the phosphor element 14 (e.g., on the order of 1.3-2.0 for typical host materials, although a value for n.sub.e outside this range is contemplated) to the refractive index n.sub.0=1.00 of air. In general, a larger value of H is preferable; however, if H is too large then the very tall surface nanostructures may be prone to damage. In some suitable embodiments, H is at least 100 nm. In some embodiments H is in the range 100 nm to 20 microns inclusive, although values of H outside this range are contemplated.

(22) With reference to FIGS. 4 and 5, the surface nanostructures can have tapered shapes other than the sharply peaked conical shapes of the illustrative surface nanostructures 24 of FIGS. 1-3. For example, FIG. 4 shows another embodiment in which surface nanostructures 24r are conical but have rounded peaks, or (depending on the detailed curvature) are rounded bumps. FIG. 5 shows another embodiment in which surface nanostructures 24fc are frustoconical in shape and have flat tops. It will also be appreciated that the surface nanostructures can have various rotational symmetries or can have no rotational symmetry. For example, the surface nanostructures may be circular cones, six-sided (hexagonal) cones, irregular cones, or so forth.

(23) With reference to FIG. 6, in one illustrative manufacturing embodiment the phosphor element 14 is manufactured by injection molding and the surface nanostructures 24 are integrally formed during the injection molding by way of the mold incorporating the desired surface nanostructures. FIG. 6 shows an illustrative example for forming the phosphor element 14 with the surface nanostructures 24 using a clamshell mold comprising a frontside mold piece 30 and a backside mold piece 32. The frontside mold piece 30 includes nano-features 34 that define the surface nanostructures 24. To perform the injection molding, the two mold pieces 30, 32 are put together and molding material (that is, the host material 14.sub.2 such as silicone with dispersed phosphor 14.sub.1) is injected into the mold via openings 36. (The injection openings 36 are shown in the backside mold piece 32, but additionally or alternatively could be in the frontside mold piece.) The injection molding is generally performed at an elevated temperature (compared with room temperature25 C.) so that the material is a flowing material (e.g. a viscous fluid) that flows into and conforms with the nano-features 34 to define the surface nanostructures 24. The material is cooled in the closed mold to form the phosphor element 14, with the nano-features 34 defining the surface nanostructures 24. FIG. 6 shows the mold 30, 32 after completing the injection molding, with the clamshell mold 30, 32 opened to remove the molded phosphor element 14. In some injection molding processes, a subsequent curing process may be performed to harden the injection-molded phosphor element 14.

(24) The approach of FIG. 6 in which the surface nanostructures are formed integrally with the injection molding process is convenient. However, other approaches may be used to form the surface nanostructures, such as photolithography, laser writing, chemical or electro-chemical etching, or so forth. The surface nanostructures 24 are made of the same host material 14.sub.2 that defines the shape of the phosphor element 14 and the surface nanostructures 24 are part of the overall shape of the phosphor element 14. Hence, there is no issue with adhesion of a different material to the phosphor element 14, as is the case for an AR coating that must adhere to the phosphor element. In another fabrication approach, the surface nanostructures 24 are contemplated to be fabricated on a separate thin membrane (not shown), which may be made of the host material 14.sub.2 or of a different material whose refractive index is well matched to that of the host material. This membrane with the surface nanostructures is then attached to the phosphorescence-emitting surface 25. If the membrane is made of the host material then the attachment of the membrane to the phosphorescence-emitting surface 25 is advantageously a cohesion process which ensures chemical compatibility. Regardless of the fabrication approach, in embodiments in which the surface nanostructures 24 comprise the host material 14.sub.2 they may, or may not, include the dispersed phosphor 14.sub.1. For example, in the embodiment of FIG. 6 the surface nanostructures 24 will inherently include the phosphor 14.sub.1 they are injection molded integrally with the rest of the phosphor element 14; whereas, if the surface nanostructures 24 are fabricated on a separate membrane of the host material then that membrane may optionally not include dispersed phosphor.

(25) In the illustrative embodiments, there is no anti-reflection (AR) coating disposed on the phosphorescence-emitting surface 25. This is typically preferred since the surface nanostructures 24 are typically most effectively employed in conjunction with phosphor elements for which an AR coating is not readily formed on the phosphorescence-emitting surface 25. However, it is contemplated to combine an AR coating with the surface nanostructures 24, e.g. by disposing the AR coating over the surface nanostructures 24.

(26) It will be appreciated that various of the above-disclosed and other features and functions, or alternatives thereof, may be desirably combined into many other different systems or applications. It will be further appreciated that various presently unforeseen or unanticipated alternatives, modifications, variations or improvements therein may be subsequently made by those skilled in the art which are also intended to be encompassed by the following claims.