Detection device for bioluminescent detection of biomarkers from a biological fluid sample using luminescent sensing proteins

Abstract

A fully integrated sample-in-signal-out microfluidic paper-based analytical devices are provided relying on bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) switches for target analyte recognition and colorimetric signal generation. Simultaneous colorimetric detection and quantification of multiple antibodies in a single drop of whole blood is shown. The devices make use of BRET-based antibody sensing proteins integrated into vertically assembled layers of functionalized porous layer(s) of material. The device enables sample volume independent, eliminates addition of reagents to the sample, and has on-device blood plasma separation. User operation is a single drop of a sample and the acquisition of a photograph after sample introduction, with no requirement for precise pipetting, liquid handling or analytical equipment except for a camera. Using different antibodies as targets, simultaneous detection in whole blood was achieved. This device is believed to be ideally suited for user-friendly point-of-care-testing in low-resource environments based on BRET-sensors.

Claims

1. A detection device for bioluminescent detection of analytical targets from a fluid sample using luminescent sensing proteins, comprising: (a) a first lamination layer with an opening for receiving the fluid sample; (b) a separation membrane for separating part of the fluid sample received through the opening of the first lamination layer; (c) a first porous layer impregnated with a luciferin receiving the separated fluid sample, wherein the luciferin dissolves into the fluid sample; (d) a second porous layer patterned with detection areas separated by hydrophobic barriers, wherein the detection areas are impregnated with one or more different luminescent sensing proteins for the detection of the analytical targets, wherein the second porous layer receiving the luciferin dissolved fluid sample, as passed through the first porous layer, which then interacts with the one or more different luminescent sensing proteins to generate a bioluminescent signal; and (e) a second lamination layer, which together with the first lamination layer encases and immobilizes the separation layer, the first porous layer and the second porous layer into a single vertically stacked assembly detection device.

2. The detection device as set forth in claim 1, wherein the first and second porous layer are one single layer.

3. The detection device as set forth in claim 1, wherein the first porous layer is made out of paper, cellulose fibers, glass fibers, threads, bamboo, cloth, or any combination thereof.

4. The detection device as set forth in claim 1, wherein the second porous layer is made out of paper, cellulose fibers, glass fibers, threads, bamboo, cloth, or any combination thereof.

5. The detection device as set forth in claim 1, wherein the fluid sample is a biological fluid sample or a non-biological fluid sample.

6. The detection device as set forth in claim 1, wherein the separation membrane is a blood cell filtration membrane.

7. The detection device as set forth in claim 1, wherein the single vertically stacked assembly detection device enables a pump-free transport mechanism of the fluid sample by means of capillary forces, gravity or a combination thereof.

8. The detection device as set forth in claim 1, wherein the analytical targets are biomarkers, antibodies, antigens, proteins, drugs or nucleic acids.

9. The detection device as set forth in claim 1, wherein the detection device comprises a reference scale or reference system for the bioluminescent emission signals.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0015] FIG. 1A shows according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention a schematic representation of the LUMABS working principle with the green light emitting closed form and the blue light emitting open form protein sensor in the absence and presence of target antibody, respectively (NLuc: NanoLuc luciferase; mNG: mNeonGreen fluorescent protein).

[0016] FIG. 1B shows according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention a schematic representation of a multi-layer 3D-PAD. The plasma separation membrane (PSM) is placed on top, followed by a furimazine impregnated paper layer (light emitting substrate for NanoLuc enzyme, chemical structure shown in the inset) and a LUMABS impregnated patterned paper layer. All layers are kept together through lamination. Further information on the modification of each paper layer is available in FIGS. 5A-C.

[0017] FIG. 1C shows according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention a schematic outline of the use of a 3D-PAD for simultaneous detection of three different antibodies.

[0018] FIG. 2A shows according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention typical colorimetric response curves and photographs of actually observed bioluminescence emission signals obtained with multi-layer 3D-PADs after application of 20 L aqueous antibody samples for devices with signal detection areas modified with in FIG. 2A identical amounts of one of three different LUMABS (100 fmol for anti-HIV-LUMABS and anti-DEN-LUMABS, 250 fmol for anti-HA-LUMABS), each targeting a different antibody (anti-HIV1, anti-HA, anti-DEN1). Error bars indicate the standard deviations for triplicate experiments using readouts from 3 different signal detection areas on one single device. Data recorded 15 min after sample application.

[0019] FIG. 2B shows according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention typical colorimetric response curves and photographs of actually observed bioluminescence emission signals obtained with in FIG. 2B multi-layer 3D-PADs after application of 20 L aqueous antibody samples for devices with signal detection areas modified with 3 different amounts of anti-HIV-LUMABS. Error bars indicate the standard deviations for triplicate experiments using readouts from 3 separate devices per data point. Data recorded 15 min after sample application.

[0020] FIG. 2C shows according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention typical colorimetric response curves and photographs of actually observed bioluminescence emission signals obtained with multi-layer 3D-PADs after application of 20 L aqueous antibody samples for devices with signal detection areas modified with in FIG. 2C colorimetric response (normalized hue) of 3D-PADs responsive to multiple antibodies upon exposure to 33 nM of single antibodies or mixtures thereof. Error bars indicate the standard deviations for triplicate experiments using readouts from 3 separate devices per data point. Data recorded 15 min after sample application.

[0021] FIG. 3A shows according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention a schematic representation of the sample volume independent fully laminated 3D-PAD system.

[0022] FIG. 3B shows according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention experimentally obtained hue values after application of various volumes of aqueous anti-HIV1 solutions (1 nM or 10 nM) to devices modified with anti-HIV-LUMABS; error bars indicate the standard deviations for triplicate readouts from 3 signal detection areas on one single device; data recorded 15 min after sample application.

[0023] FIG. 3C shows according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention a schematic outline of the detection areas and photos showing the actual colorimetric response as recorded by the camera.

[0024] FIGS. 4A-C show according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention 3D-PADS applied to antibody assays in whole blood samples. FIG. 4A shows hue values obtained from variable amounts of porcine whole blood spiked with 50 nM anti-HA applied to an anti-HA targeting 3D-PAD; data recorded 21 min after sample application; photos above the graph show the actual colorimetric response as recorded by the camera. FIG. 4B shows time-dependent bioluminescence emission hue values recorded from anti-HA-LUMABS modified 3D-PADs after application of 20 L aqueous anti-HA samples or 30 L of anti-HA spiked porcine hole blood. In FIGS. 4A-B error bars indicate the standard deviations for readouts from 3 different signal detection areas on one single device. FIG. 4C shows images of signal detection areas of 3D-PADs responsive to multiple antibodies recorded 21 min after application of antibody-spiked porcine whole blood samples; spiked and found antibody concentrations are indicated in black and red numbers, respectively; confidence intervals represent standard deviations for triplicate readouts from 3 separate devices.

[0025] FIG. 5A shows according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention modification of the upper paper layer (furimazine impregnated) for 3D-PADs.

[0026] FIG. 5B shows according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention modification of the lower paper layer (LUMABS impregnated) for 3D-PADs.

[0027] FIG. 5C shows according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention the outline of wax pattern set in Adobe Illustrator CC; multiple detection areas impregnated with identical amounts of identical LUMABS (d-1), variable amounts of identical LUMABS (d-2), or different LUMABS (d-3).

[0028] FIG. 6 shows according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention multi-layer TAD design and actual images.

[0029] FIG. 7 shows according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention the TAD fabrication. LUMABS chosen from HIV-LUMABS, HA-LUMABS, and DEN-LUMABS. In cases of devices for assaying multiple antibodies with different LUMABS, a separate section of the thread can be used for each type of LUMABS.

[0030] FIG. 8A shows according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention of a signal readout with the image showing light emission from 6 sensing areas on a single device. HUE values calculated from RGB values are used for data processing.

[0031] FIG. 8B shows according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention of a signal readout with the regions of interest chosen automatically based on a defined cut off gray value.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0032] Some of the drawbacks of classical heterogeneous immunoassays were successfully addressed by introducing a new type of bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET)-based immunoassay that integrates antibody binding and signal generation in a single protein switch referred to as LUMABS (FIG. 1A), making any washing steps unnecessary.

[0033] Antibody binding in LUMABS results in a readily detected change in emitted bioluminescence from green to blue. This ratiometric response offers significant advantages over intensity-based sensing approaches, which are inherently influenced by factors not related to target analyte concentration. These properties and the absence of background fluorescence and scattered excitation light allowed direct detection of antibodies in blood plasma with LUMABS using a mobile phone camera as detector. BRET-based switches are not limited to antibody detection as they can also be useful for therapeutic drug monitoring of low molecular weight compounds and nucleic acids.

[0034] BRET-based ratiometric sensing is particularly useful for colorimetric assays on paper platforms, since it eliminates important challenges for PADs associated with external light sources, environmental light conditions and intensity-based signaling. An additional benefit of paper-based BRET signal detection compared to solution phase assays is the suppressed absorption of the bioluminescent signal by blood components because of the short optical path length of thin paper layers. While the latter advantage has already been demonstrated by performing the final read-out on filter paper, current assay procedures still require complex and quantitative liquid handling steps such as cell separation, sample dilution, and substrate addition and mixing. These steps, while done in a laboratory setting, represent significant hurdles for the practical application of BRET-based diagnostics in user-friendly point-of-care-testing (POCT) by untrained users.

[0035] In the present invention, we have developed a fully integrated microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (PAD) for use with bioluminescent BRET sensors, which is provided herein with exemplary embodiments for LUMABS-based detection of (multiple) antibodies in spiked whole blood samples. FIG. 1B shows the design of the device, which has multiple paper layers that are vertically arranged in a laminated 3D-PAD design. The first layer (plasma separation membrane) serves as the sample pad, where cellular components are separated from a whole blood sample. The second layer contains the substrate (furimazine), which is dissolved into the vertically flowing sample liquid and carried along to the third layer containing the BRET switching protein (LUMABS). The arrangement of paper layers for furimazine (non-patterned upper paper layer) and LUMABS immobilization (patterned lower paper layer) was chosen for simplicity in device fabrication, since it eliminates the requirement for precise alignment of multiple patterned papers, which would be necessary to achieve multi-target assays on a single device in the case of reversed layer order (patterned LUMABS layer on top of patterned furimazine layer). Following formation of the antibody-LUMABS complex, the device is flipped and the bioluminescent signal collected by a standard digital camera (FIG. 1C). More detailed information on single device layers and on device fabrication in general is provided in FIGS. 5A-C.

[0036] The 3D-PAD design of this invention has several important features: [0037] (i) short flow paths compared to lateral flow designs, which allows for rapid assays with low sample volumes, including viscous blood serum or plasma, [0038] (ii) on-device blood cell removal from whole blood samples, [0039] (iii) separate storage of luciferase-integrating BRET sensors and corresponding substrates (luciferin) in close proximity, and [0040] (iv) patterned signaling layer for simultaneous detection of multiple targets and the possibility to include positive and negative standards

[0041] Another challenge associated with PADs in general is the fact that quantitative results depend on the applied sample volume, since signal intensity relies on the absolute amount of target analyte in the detection area rather than the concentration. We show that the closed space created by full lamination of a paper-based analytical device contributes to limiting the sample volume that can be absorbed by the paper substrate, which is important because it allows for sample volume independent measurements. The 3D-PADs were therefore designed as closed compartments by complete device lamination for sample volume independent measurements.

Results and Tests

[0042] Before assembly of the integrated device, we first used simple spot tests with an HIV1-p17 antibody targeting LUMABS on wax-patterned paper to confirm that the antibody concentration-dependent response of LUMABS on the paper platform is comparable to the one observed in bulk solution. Having established that performance of LUMABS on paper is similar to that in solution, we next tested the performance in an integrated device. First, devices with the three signal detection areas modified with identical amounts of a single type of LUMABS (anti-HIV-LUMABS, anti-DEN-LUMABS or anti-HA-LUMABS, respectively) (FIG. 5C (d-1)) were evaluated, allowing the collection of triplicate data points from a single sample application (20 L; FIG. 2A). The mean of the relative standard deviations for the hue values collected from the three detection areas of a single device was below 1% for all assays, indicating a low variation in sample distribution to the three detection areas (Table 1).

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Relevant analytical parameters for response curves shown in FIGS. 2A and FIG. 2B. Mean relative LUMABS type (amount).sup.[a] c.sub.50/nM hue.sub.0/degrees.sup.[b] st. dev./%.sup.[c] HIV (100 fmol) (FIG. 2a) 6.35 172.8 0.8 0.63 DEN (100 fmol) (FIG. 2a) 35.57 175.4 0.9 0.48 HA (250 fmol) (FIG. 2a) 8.48 171.5 0.6 0.47 HIV (100 fmol) (FIG. 2b) 5.65 172.1 2.1 0.86 HIV (500 fmol) (FIG. 2b) 55.66 171.1 0.3 0.58 HIV (1000 fmol) (FIG. 2b) 116.16 172.0 1.3 0.48 .sup.[a]Absolute amount of LUMABS deposited on a single signal detection area, .sup.[b]Standard deviations for measurements performed in triplicate, .sup.[c]Mean relative standard deviation of hue values obtained by triplicate measurements over the entire response curve.

[0043] Also, satisfactory batch-to-batch fabrication reproducibility was achieved for these manually assembled 3D-PADs, showing a relative standard deviation of the mean of the c50 values below 1% (c50=6.400.06 nM) for three batches of anti-HIV1 detecting devices fabricated on three different days. Next, the colorimetric response of devices having three signal detection areas modified with different amounts of anti-HIV-LUMABS (100, 500 and 1000 fmol) (FIG. 5C (d-2)) was evaluated by titration with 0.1-100 nM of anti-HIV1p17 antibody. The effective response range was found to depend on the amount of sensor protein, with the high amounts of LUMABS requiring a higher concentration of antibody to go from the blue-green closed state of the sensor to the blue light emitting antibody-bound open state. This property could be exploited to enable measurements over an extended concentration range that cannot be achieved using a single signal detection area. The corresponding images in FIG. 2B show the actually observed bioluminescence emission signals providing the basis for the measurement of hue values.

[0044] The availability of three detection areas can also be used to allow the multiplex detection of 3 different antibodies. FIG. 2C shows an experiment in which the signal detection areas of the lower paper layer were modified with three previously developed LUMABS sensors targeting anti-HIV1p17, anti-HA and anti-Dengue antibodies (FIG. 5C (d-3)). While the extent of the sensor response to their target antibody varies for the different LUMABS sensors, the selectivity is excellent, showing no cross-talk between different detection areas (FIG. 2C).

[0045] An important advantage of the ratiometric, hue-based readout approach used here is that the signal should be independent of the bioluminescence intensity. This is particularly important for bioluminescent sensors, as bioluminescence intensity typically decreases in time as a result of substrate turn-over and/or product inhibition. The results shown in the images of FIG. 2B for 0 nM anti-HIV1 illustrate this point. Whereas the signal intensity varies substantially between the three detection areas because of the different amounts of sensor protein, the color of the signal as represented by the hue value is the same and independent of signal intensity (Table 1). The hue values are stable and can be reliably detected as long as sufficient light is emitted, which is because the bright and glow-type bioluminescence of the NanoLuc/furimazine system extends beyond 30 minutes.

[0046] Volume-independent analysis and long-term stability represent two important aspects of device performance for point-of-care applications. The results shown in FIGS. 3A-C demonstrate that our 3D-PADs allow sample volume-independent analyses, provided the applied volume is above the threshold value required for full wetting of all paper layers and the transport of target antibody and furimazine substrate to the LUMABS-modified detection areas. In the PAD system, no significant differences in colorimetric response were found when varying the volume of applied sample liquid up to a factor of three (20 L-60 L). In a study on the storage stability of 3D-PADs, fully assembled devices modified with anti-HIV-LUMABS were kept under inert gas (Ar) atmosphere at 20 degrees Celsius for a period of 2 months and the response to anti-HIV1 antibodies was tested sporadically. Our data reveals that no significant deterioration was observed.

[0047] To evaluate the suitability of the 3D-PADs for antibody detection in biological samples, we next performed experiments with antibody-spiked porcine serum samples. The absolute bioluminescence emission intensities decreased when switching from aqueous buffer solutions to the blood serum matrix, which has been attributed to a lower activity of the NanoLuc enzyme in that matrix. For this reason, the amount of LUMABS deposited onto the signal detection areas was increased to 500 fmol for all three of the investigated sensor variants. Linear regression fits were applied to the linear segments of the experimental data. Response curves expanded for the low antibody concentration range were used to determine limits of detection using the 3 s method, yielding LODs of 2.8 nM, 7.1 nM and 19.3 nM for the detection of anti-HIV1, anti-HA and anti-DEN1, respectively. Having established the performance in blood serum, we finally tested the performance of the 3D-PADs using whole blood samples spiked with three different antibodies at variable concentrations. Here, red and white blood cells, as well as platelets are removed by the blood separation membrane integrated into the paper device. First, we established the minimally required volume of whole blood by applying different volumes of whole blood spiked with 50 nM of anti-HA (FIG. 4A). Not surprisingly, considering the solid constituents of whole blood (haematocrit value), the application of 20 L of sample did not result in sufficient sample transport to signal detection areas. Reliable assays required the application of 30 L or higher volumes of whole blood as shown by the constant hue signal obtained with 30 L to 60 L of whole blood. In addition, incubation times were increased from 15 min to 21 min to cope with the higher viscosity of whole blood compared to aqueous buffer solutions or serum and the time required for blood separation within the device. FIG. 4B shows that hue values increased during the first 18 min after whole blood sample application, while the response was nearly instantaneous in the case of aqueous antibody solutions.

[0048] FIG. 4C shows the results of quantitative recovery experiments in which whole blood samples were spiked with different concentrations of three different antibodies. Quantification was done using calibration data obtained with porcine serum samples, assuming that there are no significant differences in response behavior towards blood serum and blood plasma generated by the plasma separation membrane, respectively. Although the standard deviation is larger for the whole blood samples, there is a reasonable agreement between the spiked and the actually measured mean antibody concentration values for both blood samples containing single target antibodies and mixtures of multiple antibodies (FIG. 4C).

[0049] This invention is the first demonstration of a fully integrated paper-based analytical system relying on ratiometric bioluminescence detection in a single drop of whole blood in a highly user-friendly just add the sample manner. Because the response of the system is independent of the applied sample volume over a wide volume range, no complex reagent handling and no quantitative sample metering are required. Although a standard digital camera was used in this study for signal acquisition, other embodiments or applications of the 3D-PAD devices may use a smartphone camera, allowing integration of signal detection and application-based analysis without a dedicated measurement instrument. Embodiments and/or applications of these 3D-PADs are also not restricted to LUMABS-based detection of antibodies but may be combined with any BRET-based sensor protein, including recently developed sensors for small-molecule drugs (LUCIDs) and nucleic acids (BRET-beacons). As such, this invention represents an important advance in the field of POCT by enabling the transfer of paper-based analytical device technology into the market place.

Experimental Procedures

[0050] The following is an exemplary embodiment of experimental procedures.

Materials and Instruments

[0051] Ultrapure water (18.2 M cm) from a PURELAB flex water purification system was used throughout all experiments. LUMinescent AntiBody Sensing proteins (LUMABS) against HIV1-p17 antibody (anti-HIV-LUMABS), dengue virus type 1 antibody (anti-DEN-LUMABS) and hemagglutinin (anti-HA-LUMABS) were prepared following the previously reported procedure.sup.[1] and stored in freeze dried form at 80 degrees Celsius. NanoGlo Luciferase assay substrate (N1110, Furimazine, with enclosed Promega buffer) was purchased from Promega Corporation (Tokyo, Japan). anti-Dengue Virus Type I (Antibody, clone 15F3-1) (anti-DENT) was purchased from Merck Millipore (Tokyo, Japan). Hemagglutinin (HA) Tag Monoclonal Antibody (2-2.2.14) (anti-HA) was purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Kanagawa, Japan). HIV1-p17 (clone 32/1.24.89) antibody (anti-HIV1) was purchased from Zeptometrix (New York, America). PBS10 (phosphate buffered saline, pH 7.4) was purchased from Nippon Gene (Tokyo, Japan). Porcine whole blood with 0.3 wt % citric acid and porcine serum were purchased from Tokyo Shibaura Zouki Co (Tokyo, Japan). All other reagents were purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries Ltd. (Osaka, Japan).

[0052] The filter paper used was a Whatman No. 1 filter paper (GE Healthcare, Tokyo, Japan). Hydrophobic wax patterns on A4 sized filter papers were designed in Adobe Illustrator CC software and printed with a ColorQube 8570 wax printer (Xerox, Norwalk, Conn., USA), followed by a heating process where printed wax was melted into the paper by placing it on a hot plate (Nissin 99 NHS-450ND) at 150 degrees Celsius for 180 s. Vivid plasma separation membranes grade GR (Pall Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) were cut into 7.9 mm circles by a hand craft punch (McGill, d=7.9 mm). To encase devices comprising multiple layers, hot lamination with a QHE325 laminator (Meiko Shokai, Tokyo, Japan) using 100 m thick (including top and bottom layer) hot lamination sheets (Jointex, Tokyo, Japan) was performed. Inlet holes on the top lamination sheet layer were cut by a Silhouette Cameo electronic knife blade cutting device (Silhouette, Lehi, Utah, USA). For capturing bioluminescence signals from multi-layer 3D-PADs, a DMC-FZ50 digital camera (Panasonic, Osaka, Japan) was used.

Paper Layer Modification

[0053] In general, to prevent the non-specific adsorption of target antibodies and LUMABS, all filter papers (wax-patterned or non-patterned) were first soaked for 15 min in 0.5 wt % bovine serum albumin (BSA) solution in PBS for blocking, subsequently immersed for 15 min into water to wash out excess amounts of BSA and allowed to completely dry for 30 min at 40 degrees Celsius, before any further modification. The filter paper was wax-patterned into spots of 4.0 mm diameter. LUMABS was applied as solution in PBS buffer containing 1 mg/mL of BSA. FIG. 5A shows the modification of the upper paper layer for 3D-PADs carrying the light emitting NanoLuc substrate furimazine. BSA-treated paper was cut into round shapes of 7.9 mm diameter, 15 L of 50 times diluted furimazine in ethanol was applied, followed by complete drying. FIG. 5B shows the schematic of the second paper layer (lowermost paper layer of the 3D-PAD) patterned into multiple signal readout areas (FIG. 5C). In cases of running triplicate assays for a single target antibody from a single sample application, all of the signal readout areas were impregnated with identical LUMABS solutions (in PBS buffer with 1 mg/ml BSA) (FIG. 5C (d-1)). When running assays for a single target antibody with different amounts of sensing proteins, different volumes of identical LUMABS solutions were deposited in different signal readout areas (FIG. 5C (d-2)). Finally, for the simultaneous detection of multiple targets in parallel, multiple LUMABS targeting different antibodies (anti-HIV, anti-DEN and anti-HA) were deposited in different signal readout areas (FIG. 5C (d-3)).

Multi-Layer Device Assembly

[0054] Devices were assembled in sets of 8 pieces. Onto a wax-patterned and LUMABS impregnated paper sheet (FIG. 5B) with two rows of 4 wax patterns, furimazine impregnated paper discs (FIG. 5A) were set to be centered on each of the underlying wax patterns, followed by placing a plasma separation membrane disc on top of each paper disc. This 3-layered structure (LUMABS impregnated paper, furimazine impregnated paper, blood separation membrane) was sandwiched between the two layers of the hot lamination film with the cut-out sample inlet holes of the top layer being aligned to the plasma separation membrane discs and passed through the hot laminator.

Optical Signal Acquisition

[0055] After passing of the respective incubation time, the bioluminescence emission signal was monitored in 3-minute intervals by taking a picture in a darkroom box made out of Styrofoam for eliminating ambient light interference. The settings of the digital camera were as follows: white balance fixed; exposure time 60 s; ISO 1600; f-value 2.8. Images were captured in camera RAW format, followed by conversion into JPEG format by the image processor of the Adobe Photoshop CC software (color temperature 3200 K, tint 150). Using the converted JPEG file, the hue value (on the 0-360 degrees scale) of the signal readout area(s) was measured with the image processing software ImageJ (National Institutes of Health).

Spot Tests and Microplate Assay

[0056] For initial paper spot tests, 1 L of 100 nM of anti-HIV-LUMABS (corresponding to an absolute amount of 100 fmol of sensor protein) was deposited into the test spots. After drying completely, 0.3 L furimazine (30 times diluted by Promega buffer), followed by 4 L of sample containing HIV1-p17 antibody at different concentrations (in PBS with 1 mg/mL BSA) were added to the test spots. For comparison purposes, the assay was also performed in a white 96-well microplate. 20 L of HIV1-p17 antibody sample solutions were supplemented with furimazine and LUMABS at a final concentration of 25 nM. In all cases (paper platform and microplate), photographs were taken in the darkroom box starting 15 min after deposition of all reagents.

Assays with Multi-Layer Devices in Aqueous Buffer Solutions or in Porcine Serum

[0057] If not mentioned otherwise, 20 L of the corresponding sample solution (in PBS buffer with 1 mg/mL BSA or in porcine serum) with a specified antibody concentration was applied to the sample inlet area of device. Photographs were taken in the darkroom box starting 15 min after sample application. For experiments evaluating the influence of applied sample amounts, sample volumes were varied between 20 L (minimum) and 60 L (maximum).

Selectivity and Cross-Reactivity Evaluation

[0058] The response of 3D-PADs with signal detection areas modified with different LUMABS (FIG. 5C (d-3)) to aqueous solutions of a single antibody or to mixed antibody solutions was evaluated. To adjust for differences in absolute hue values between different sensor proteins, hue values normalized to signals obtained with antibody-free solutions have been used.

Storage Stability Evaluation

[0059] Fully assembled 3D-PADs modified with anti-HIV-LUMABS were placed into capped vials filled with argon gas containing silica gel desiccant and stored in a freezer at 20 C. Bioluminescence signal evolvement in aqueous solutions was evaluated at room temperature after various storage periods. Concentrations of pre-deposited furimazine and anti-HIV-LUMABS were as mentioned above for multi-layer devices.

Antibody-Spiked Porcine Whole Blood Assays with Multi-Layer Devices

[0060] Porcine whole blood containing 0.3 wt % citric acid as an anticoagulant was spiked with various amounts of either a single antibody or a mixture of antibodies. Experiments were performed as in the case of working with aqueous buffers or serum, however with the applied sample volume generally being 30 L (20-60 L for experiments evaluating the sample volume dependency) and the incubation time before starting photograph acquisition being 21 min to account for the volume reduction by blood cell separation and lower sample flow speeds due to increased viscosity, respectively.

Curve Fitting Procedure

[0061] Curve fitting of the experimentally obtained data (antibody concentration vs. hue values) was done using equation 1 shown below, where c.sub.50 indicates the antibody concentration resulting in 50% of the maximal hue change and hue.sub.max and hue.sub.0 represent the maximal change in the measured hue value and the hue value in the absence of target antibody, respectively.

[00001]$\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{hue}.Math.=\frac{{\mathrm{hue}}_{\max }\left[\mathrm{antibody}\right]}{c_{50}+\left[\mathrm{antibody}\right]}+h.Math.u.Math.e_0& \left(\mathrm{equation}.Math..Math.1\right)\end{array}$

Other embodiments and teachings are provided in US Provisional Application 62/550,001 filed Aug. 25, 2017, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Alternate Embodiment

[0062] The embodiment shown in FIG. 1B can be varied by having a bioluminescent protein integrating microfluidic thread-based analytical device (TAD) for point-of-care testing (POCT) as shown in FIG. 6. In the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 6 for a blood sample, this alternate device has a blood separation membrane and a plastic film layer with sewn-in cotton thread, in which proteins and luciferin for signal generation are pre-deposited. The innate strength and flexibility of sewn thread patterns enable the design of miniaturized devices with minimal sample volume requirement. Use of threads with hydrophilic/hydrophobic segments patterned by a permanent ink marker resulted in homogeneous LUMABS distribution allowing simultaneous assaying of multiple antibodies using different LUMABS.

[0063] The LUMABS-based TADs developed in this embodiment offer user-friendly, quantitative and simultaneous POCT for multiple antibodies from a single drop of whole blood small enough to be collected from a finger prick. This TAD has four vertically arranged layers including lamination films for device fixation, a blood separation membrane for separating plasma from whole blood, and a sewn cotton thread layer in which LUMABS and furimazine (substrate for the luciferase) are pre-deposited in dry form, spatially separated in two intertwisted threads to prevent their premature mixing (FIG. 6).

Device Fabrication

[0064] A schematic of the TAD fabrication is shown in FIG. 7. At first, 1.5 L of BSA in PBS (1 mg/mL, pH 7.4) is applied to each of the six hydrophilic areas on commercially available cotton thread patterned with hydrophobic barriers using a permanent ink marker. After drying for 15 min at room temperature (RT), 1 L of the respective LUMABS (HIV-LUMABS, HA-LUMABS, or DEN-LUMABS; 100 nM solution in PBS of pH 7.4 containing 1 mg/mL BSA) is introduced to each of the blocked hydrophilic sections. Subsequently, 10 L furimazine in ethanol (30 fold diluted with ethanol) is deposited on the other half of the thread. After 15 min drying at RT, the two threads are twisted 50 times by the roller machine to bring LUMABS and furimazine in close proximity. Then, the twisted thread is sewn into the lamination film with pre-punched holes. Finally, the four layers including lamination films, blood separation membrane and cotton thread layer are assembled and heat laminated, to obtain the TAD.

Sample Preparation

[0065] Antibodies against HIV1-p17 (HIV), hemagglutinin (HA), and dengue virus type I (DEN) were spiked at different concentrations into porcine whole blood, except for assaying multiple antibodies with different LUMABS, where measurements were performed in PBS (pH 7.4) containing 1 mg/mL of BSA.

Bioluminescence Detection

[0066] Bioluminescence emission was recorded by a digital camera (60 s exposure) in the dark. The presence of target antibodies is indicated by a change in the color of the emitted bioluminescence from green to blue, which is quantified by means of the HUE parameter extracted from the acquired RGB values (FIG. 8A). The six regions of interest (ROI) on a single device are detected automatically by the ImageJ software through a defined cut off gray value (FIG. 8B). The error bars in response curves represent standard deviations from six signal detection areas of a single device, except for the detection of multiple different antibodies, where standard deviations were obtained from two sensing areas of three devices.

Results

[0067] To evaluate the bioluminescence response on TADs, 8 L whole blood samples spiked with antibodies at concentrations of 1 to 500 nM for anti-HA and anti-HIV or 5 to 1000 nM for anti-DEN were applied onto the sampling area. Based on linear curve fits applied to the low sample concentration ranges of the response curves, detection limits of 10 nM, 6.1 nM and 50 nM, respectively, were obtained for the three antibodies in whole blood. The antibody concentration-dependent change of the bioluminescence emission color from green to blue confirms the mixing and reaction of the spatially separately pre-deposited LUMABS and furimazine in the intertwisted threads upon target antibody introduction from whole blood samples, as well as the reliable removal of red blood cells by the blood separation filter integrated into the TADs, which would otherwise absorb the emitted bioluminescence. Furthermore, the obtained homogeneous signals from the six signal detection areas show that mixing of LUMABS deposited on each of the six hydrophilic areas separated by hydrophobic barriers patterned by the permanent ink marker is prevented and that target antibodies from whole blood samples are equally distributed to each of the signal detection areas.

[0068] The batch-to-batch reproducibility of the manually assembled devices was evaluated using whole blood samples at concentrations of 1 to 500 nM for anti-HIV. The investigated three batches of devices were independently fabricated on different days and tested on different days. The absence of statistically significant variations of the hue values observed for three replicate measurements are an indication for the excellent manufacturing reproducibility of the devices. The HUE value-based colorimetric bioluminescence emission signals in whole blood samples at concentrations of 0, 25 and 500 nM of anti-HIV were found to be stable between 6-18 min after sample application, indicating that there is no need for exactly timed signal readout.

[0069] Finally, the performance of TADs for the simultaneous detection of three different antibodies (all at 500 nM in PBS) was evaluated to confirm the absence of cross-talk between signal detection areas targeting different analytes. For this purpose, two of six detection areas on one device are modified with identical LUMABS. This result indicates that no cross-talk is observed in the case of assaying multiple different antibodies (32) on single TADs.