APPARATUSES, SYSTEMS, AND METHODS FOR INLINE INJECTION OF GASES INTO LIQUIDS

Abstract

A gas injection system for injecting a gas into a liquid to form a solution includes a flow channel that conveys a liquid from an upstream inlet configured to receive the liquid and a downstream outlet configured to dispense the solution, sparger positioned in the flow channel, a solution pressure detection device configured to sense a pressure of the solution in the flow channel, and a liquid valve configured to regulate flow of the liquid in the flow channel based on the pressure sensed by the solution pressure detection device. The sparger is configured to inject the gas into the liquid through the porous surface as the liquid flows across the surface.

Claims

1. A method of injecting a gas comprising nitrogen into a liquid to form a beverage solution, the method comprising: conveying the liquid from upstream to downstream through a flow channel; injecting the gas into the liquid via a sparger located in the flow channel to form the beverage solution; regulating flow of the liquid into the flow channel via a liquid valve; regulating flow of the gas into the sparger via a gas valve; dispensing of the beverage solution from the flow channel via a tap that is operable by a user, wherein opening the tap causes the beverage solution to be dispensed and closing the tap prevents the beverage solution from being dispensed; and applying a backpressure on the beverage flow channel via a backpressure device located downstream of the tap, the backpressure causing the gas to remain in the beverage solution from the sparger to the backpressure device.

2. The method according to claim 1, further comprising dispensing the beverage solution via a nozzle located downstream of the backpressure device.

3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the tap comprises a diaphragm for controlling dispense of the beverage solution, and wherein closing the tap causes the diaphragm to prevent dispensing of the beverage solution, and wherein the backpressure device is located downstream of the diaphragm.

4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the backpressure device comprises a porous restrictor plate.

5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the porous restrictor plate comprises a plurality of holes through which the beverage solution is conveyed, each hole in the plurality of holes having a diameter of 3/1000 inch to 75/1000 inch.

6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the sparger has a non-porous surface and a porous surface, wherein the porous surface is concentric with the flow channel and configured to inject the nitrogen gas into the liquid as the liquid flows across the porous surface.

7. The method according to claim 6, wherein the porous surface is spaced apart from an inner perimeter surface of the flow channel by 1/16 inch to inch.

8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the liquid comprises a mixture of base liquid and concentrate liquid.

9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the liquid comprises coffee.

10. The method according to claim 1, further comprising chilling the liquid prior to conveyance to the sparger.

11. The method according to claim 1, further comprising sensing a pressure of the beverage solution downstream of the sparger, sensing pressure of the gas dispensed via the sparger; and then controlling the liquid valve and the gas valve based upon the pressure of the beverage solution and based upon the pressure of the gas.

12. The method according to claim 11, further comprising controlling the gas valve so as to maintain the pressure of the gas at a level above the pressure of the liquid as the liquid flows past the sparger such that the gas is continuously injected into the liquid via the sparger.

13. The method according to claim 12, further comprising determining, with a controller, an amount of the backpressure acting on the sparger based on the pressure of the beverage solution sensed by the solution pressure detection device and then controlling the gas valve and liquid valve to maintain the predetermined pressure of the beverage solution.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0019] Examples of the present disclosure are described with reference to the following drawing FIGURES. The same numbers are used throughout the FIGURES to reference like features and components.

[0020] FIG. 1 is an example gas injection machine.

[0021] FIG. 2 is an example tap.

[0022] FIG. 3 is an exploded view of an example tap.

[0023] FIG. 4 is an example gas injection device.

[0024] FIG. 5 is an example gas injection device.

[0025] FIG. 6 is an example gas injection device.

[0026] FIG. 7 is a cross section of an example gas injection device.

[0027] FIG. 8 is an example sparger.

[0028] FIG. 9 is a cross section of an example gas injection device.

[0029] FIG. 10 is an example system diagram.

[0030] FIG. 11 is an example plumbing diagram for the gas injection machine, the gas injection device depicted in dashed lines.

[0031] FIG. 12 is an example electrical diagram for the gas injection machine.

[0032] FIG. 13 is an example electrical configuration for the system.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0033] In the present disclosure, certain terms have been used for brevity, clarity and understanding. No unnecessary limitations are to be inferred therefrom beyond the requirement of the prior art because such terms are used for descriptive purposes only and are intended to be broadly construed. The different apparatuses, systems, and methods described herein may be used alone or in combination with other apparatuses, systems, and methods. Various equivalents, alternatives and modifications are possible within the scope of the appended claims.

[0034] The present disclosure is described herein using several definitions, as set forth below and throughout the application. Unless otherwise specified or indicated by context, the terms a, an, and the mean one or more. For example, a compound should be interpreted to mean one or more compounds.

[0035] As used herein, about, approximately, substantially, and significantly will be understood by persons of ordinary skill in the art and will vary to some extent on the context in which they are used. If there are uses of these terms which are not clear to persons of ordinary skill in the art given the context in which they are used, about and approximately will mean plus or minus10% of the particular term and substantially and significantly will mean plus or minus>10% of the particular term.

[0036] As used herein, the terms include and including have the same meaning as the terms comprise and comprising in that these latter terms are open transitional terms that do not limit claims only to the recited elements succeeding these transitional terms. The term consisting of, while encompassed by the term comprising, should be interpreted as a closed transitional term that limits claims only to the recited elements succeeding this transitional term. The term consisting essentially of, while encompassed by the term comprising, should be interpreted as a partially closed transitional term which permits additional elements succeeding this transitional term, but only if those additional elements do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristics of the claim.

[0037] Through research and experimentation, the present inventors have endeavored to develop apparatuses, systems, and methods that effectively inject or dissolve gas into a liquid inline. Furthermore, the present inventors have endeavored to develop apparatuses, systems, and methods that provide efficient and repeatable injection or dissolution of a gas into a liquid inline and mixing gas at constant proportions such that a final solution (e.g. coffee injected with nitrogen) has a consistent gas concentration level and a foam head. The inventors have recognized that carbon dioxide gas bonds well with water when chilled, but other forms of gas, such as nitrogen (N2), do not bond as well with water. The inventors have observed that the N2 and other gases almost instantly break out of solution once the pressure head is removed from the solution, and therefore, controlling and repeating dispenses of solutions with gases can be difficult.

[0038] Accordingly, the present inventors have invented machines that quickly and effectively inject or dissolve a gas (e.g. nitrogen, CO2) in a liquid, such as coffee. In certain examples, the concentration of the gas in the solution can be efficiently adjusted to various levels based on the preferences of the operator and/or consumer. The machine can include a gas injection device that has a porous member that is pressurized with gas. The gas is pressurized to a slightly higher pressure than the pressure of the liquid passing through the device such that the gas injects or dissolves into the liquid flowing past the porous surface. When the flow of the liquid stops, the pressure of the gas and the pressure of the liquid equalizes such that the gas does not inject into the liquid and the liquid does not enter or clog the gas injection device.

[0039] Referring to FIGS. 1-6, an example gas injection machine 6 includes a gas injection device 20 (see FIGS. 3-5) for injecting a gas into a liquid to form a solution (e.g. coffee with nitrogen gas). The solution is dispensed to the operator or user through a dispensing tap 9 (see FIG. 2) coupled to the machine 6 and/or another structure (e.g. a bar top, a counter, a table). In certain examples, the gas injection device 20 is positioned close to the tap 9. Referring to FIG. 3, an exploded view of an example tap 9 is depicted. The tap 9 includes a threaded rod 10 for attachment of a tap handle (not shown), a nut 12, a cam 13, a roll pin 14, a top cap 15, a diaphragm 16, multiple O-rings 17, a flow straightener 18, and a nozzle 19. The tap 9 and/or a pipe (not shown) between the gas injection device 20 and the tap 9 can create a backpressure on the solution. In certain examples, the backpressure is created by the nozzle 19. In certain examples, the tap 9 includes a backpressure device 60, such as a porous restrictor plate 61 defining multiple holes, that creates the backpressure. In one example, the restrictor plate 61 has five circular holes each having a diameter of 30/1000 inch. The number and arrangement of the holes can vary and the diameter of the holes can range for example from 3/1000 inch to 75/1000 inch.

[0040] Referring to FIGS. 4-6, example gas injection devices 20 are depicted (FIG. 4 is T-shaped configuration; FIG. 5 is an alternative T-shaped configuration; FIG. 6 is an elbow configuration). The configuration and/or shape of the gas injection device 20 is exemplary and can vary from that which is shown.

[0041] Referring to FIG. 7, a cross sectional view of an example gas injection device 20 is depicted. The gas injection device 20 defines a flow channel 22 that conveys a liquid from an upstream inlet 24 configured to receive the liquid to a downstream outlet 26 configured to dispense the solution. The solution is formed in the gas injection device 20 and includes a selected ratio of liquid and gas. The flow channel 22 has an inner perimeteral surface 28 that extends along an axis 29. The gas injection device 20 defines a hole 27 that extends transversely to the flow channel 22. The hole 27 includes a connector member (not shown), such as screw threads, quick disconnect device, or the like. The gas injection device 20 includes a sparger 30 (described herein) for injecting the gas into the liquid. Reference is also made to FIG. 9 which depicts cross sectional view of another example gas injection device 20 without the sparger 30.

[0042] Referring to FIGS. 8 and 9, the sparger or injector 30 has a connector member 33, a porous surface 31, and a non-porous surface 32. The sparger 30 is received in the hole 27 such that the sparger 30 is positioned in the flow channel 30 (see FIG. 7). The connector member 33 of the sparger 30 couples to the connector member 33 of the hole 27. The connector member 33 can be any suitable connector member such as friction joints, adhesive, screw threads, quick disconnect devices, and the like. In one example, the sparger 30 includes screw threads that engage or mate with screw threads of the hole 27. The porous surface 31 is tapered and is concentric with the inner perimeteral surface 28. In certain examples, the distance between the porous surface 31 and the inner perimeteral surface 38 is important for repeatably consistent injection of gas in the liquid. The distance between the porous surface 31 and the inner perimeteral surface 28 optimally ranges from 1/16 and inches. The porous surface 31 is stainless steel expanded mesh having a plurality of pores having diameters between 0.2 and 5.0 microns such that the bubble size of the gas in the solution in consistent. The length of the sparger 30 and/or the porous surface 31 is proportional to the expected effective life of the sparger 30 (e.g. a longer porous surface 31 has a longer effective life; a shorter porous surface 31 has a shorter effective life). The length of the porous surface 31 and/or the non-porous surface 23 can vary based on the specific application of the device 20 and/or required gas injection or dissolution performance.

[0043] The sparger 30 is configured to inject the gas into the liquid through the porous surface 31 as the liquid flows across the porous surface 31. The porous surface 31 is elongated such that the liquid flows tangentially across the porous surface 31 and the gas injects transversely into the liquid. The liquid flows under laminar flow conditions across the porous surface 31. In operation, the liquid flows through the flow channel 22 such that liquid scrubs gas in the form of bubbles from the porous surface 31. The non-porous surface 32 is positioned adjacent to and upstream of the porous surface 31. In certain examples, the non-porous surface 32 is positioned upstream of the porous surface 31, and the liquid flows under non-laminar flow conditions across the non-porous surface 32.

[0044] Referring to FIG. 10, the gas injection machine 6 includes a solution pressure detection device 40 configured to sense the pressure of the solution in the flow channel 22. In certain examples, a gas pressure detection device 50 is also included and senses the pressure of the gas in the sparger 30. The devices 40, 50 can be switches, sensors, and/or the like, and the devices 40, 50 can be vented to atmosphere. In certain examples, the solution pressure detection device 40 is an adjustable pressure switch that is capable of balancing the dynamic and static gas flow pressure to prevent air pockets from forming in the gas injection device 20. A manufacturer of suitable adjustable pressure switches is BARKSDALE (see model no. MSPS-XX100SFQ121). The adjustable pressure switch can be set based on the pressure of the solution, gas, liquid, and/or any combination herein and can be calibrated for each application of the gas injection device 20.

[0045] Referring to FIG. 10, the gas injection machine 6 includes a liquid valve 46 configured to regulate the flow of the liquid into the flow channel 22 based on the pressure sensed by the solution pressure detection device 40 and a gas valve 56 configured to regulate the flow of the gas into the sparger 30 based on the pressure sensed by the solution pressure detection device 40 and/or the gas pressure detection device 50. The valves 46, 56 are mixing valves, solenoid valves, check valves, or any other suitable valve. In certain examples, the gas valve 56 is configured to increase the flow of the gas to thereby increase the pressure of the gas above the pressure of the liquid such that the gas injects into the liquid through the porous surface 31 of the sparger 30. In certain examples, the gas valve 56 is configured to maintain the pressure of the gas substantially equal to the pressure of the liquid to thereby prevent the liquid from entering the sparger 30 and/or prevent the gas from back flowing to the liquid source. In certain examples, the liquid valve 46 and the gas valve 56 are configured to maintain a dynamic pressure delta range between the pressure of the gas and the pressure of the liquid of 0.75 to 5.0 pounds per square inch (PSI). In one example, the liquid valve 46 is configured to increase the flow of the liquid when the solution pressure detection device 40 senses a decrease in the pressure of the liquid.

[0046] FIG. 10 depicts an example system diagram 111 of the gas injection machine 6. In the example shown, the system 111 includes a controller 116 that is programmable and includes a processor 112 and a memory 114. The controller 116 can be located anywhere in the system 111 and/or located remote from the system 111 and can communicate with various components of the dispenser via wired and/or wireless links, as will be explained further herein below. Although FIG. 10 shows a single controller 116, the system 111 can include more than one controller 116. Portions of the method can be carried out by a single controller or by several separate controllers. Each controller 116 can have one or more control sections or control units. One having ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the controller 116 can have many different forms and is not limited to the example that is shown and described. For example, here the controller 116 carries out the dispensing control methods for the entire system 111, but in other examples dispensing control unit could be provided.

[0047] In some examples, the controller 116 may include a computing system that includes a processing system, storage system, software, and input/output (I/O) interfaces for communicating with devices such as those shown in FIG. 10, and about to be described herein. The processing system loads and executes software from the storage system, such as software programmed with a dispensing control method. When executed by the computing system, dispensing control software directs the processing system to operate as described herein below in further detail to execute the dispensing control method. The computing system may include one or many application modules and one or more processors, which may be communicatively connected. The processing system can comprise a microprocessor (e.g., processor 112) and other circuitry that retrieves and executes software from the storage system. Processing system can be implemented within a single processing device but can also be distributed across multiple processing devices or sub-systems that cooperate in existing program instructions. Non-limiting examples of the processing system include general purpose central processing units, applications specific processors, and logic devices.

[0048] The storage system (e.g., memory 114) can comprise any storage media readable by the processing system and capable of storing software. The storage system can include volatile and non-volatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information, such as computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data. The storage system can be implemented as a single storage device or across multiple storage devices or sub-systems. The storage system can further include additional elements, such as a controller capable of communicating with the processing system. Non-limiting examples of storage media include random access memory, read only memory, magnetic discs, optical discs, flash memory, virtual memory, and non-virtual memory, magnetic sets, magnetic tape, magnetic disc storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to store the desired information and that may be accessed by an instruction execution system. The storage media can be a non-transitory or a transitory storage media.

[0049] In one non-limiting example, the controller 116 communicates with one or more components of the system 111 via a communication link 113, which can be a wired or wireless link. The controller 116 is capable of monitoring and controlling one or more operational characteristics of the system 111 and its various subsystems by sending and receiving control signals via the communication link 113. It should be noted that the extent of connections of the communication link 113 shown herein is for schematic purposes only, and in non-limiting examples the communication link 113 can in fact provide communication between the controller 116 and each of the sensors, devices, and various subsystems described herein, although not every connection is shown in the drawing for purposes of clarity.

[0050] The system 111 may include several modules. For example, the user interface module 119 may be connected to a remote 120, a control panel, a connection port, and/or the like. In another non-limiting example, a control module 121 such as an internet or network module may connect the dispenser to the internet. The control module 121 may be wireless or wired, and the control module 121 may allow a remote user to control the components of the dispenser. The controller 116 may further relay data to and/or receive data from components of the dispenser such as switches, valves, pumps 134, displays 136, and/or the like.

[0051] In certain examples, the solution pressure detection device 40, gas pressure detection device 50, liquid valve 46, and/or gas valve 56 can be electrically coupled to the controller 116 by communication links 113 and controlled by the controller 116. The solution pressure detection device 40 and/or the gas pressure detection device 50 can relay a signal to the controller 116 to indicate when the pressure of the solution or gas, respectively, exceeds a predetermined level. Alternately, the solution pressure detection device 40 and/or the gas pressure detection device 50 can relay a signal to the controller 116 indicative of the pressure of the solution pressure or gas pressure, respectively (e.g. solution pressure is 7.0 PSI; gas pressure is 2.5 PSI). The controller 116 controls the liquid valve 46 and/or the gas valve 56 by opening and closing each valve 46, 56 based on the pressures sensed by the solution pressure detection device 40 and/or the gas pressure detection device 50. In certain examples, the controller 11 maintains the solution at a pressure having a maximum delta of 0.75 to 1.0 PSI. The controller 116 maintains the pressure during dispense of the solution from the tap 9, when the operator cycles the machine 6 on and off, when the operator cycles the tap from an open position to a closed position, if the liquid from the liquid source is running low, and/or when a loss of liquid or gas pressure is sensed. The gas injection machine 6 and/or controller 116 can be configured as a closed-loop system wherein the controller 116 continuously receives signals from the solution pressure detection device 40 and/and the gas pressure detection device 50 and continuously controls the liquid valve 46 and/or the gas valve 56 to maintain the selected pressure of the solution. As the solution is dispensed, the controller 116 determines the amount of backpressure acting on the sparger 30 based on the solution pressure detection device 40 and/or the gas pressure detection device 50 and sends a signal to open or close the gas valve 56 and/or liquid valve 46.

[0052] Referring to FIG. 11, an example plumbing layout for the gas injection machine 6 is depicted. A gas inlet 201 couples to a gas source 198 (e.g. nitrogen), a base liquid inlet 202 couples to a base liquid source 199 (e.g. water), and concentrate liquid inlet 203 couples to a concentrate liquid source 200 (e.g. coffee concentrate). The gas conveys to a first regulator 204 that regulates flow of gas to the sparger 30 and a second regulator 205 that regulates flow of gas to the concentrate liquid source 200 thereby pressurizing the concentrate liquid source 200. A third regulator 206 regulates the flow of the base liquid to the tap 9 for flushing or cleaning the tap 9 and/or mixing valves (described herein). A first pair of mixing valves 207 mix base liquid and concentrate liquid and supply a mixed liquid (i.e. a liquid with based liquid and concentrate liquid) to the upstream inlet 24 of the gas injection device 20. Example mixing valves or flow control assemblies are commercially available from Cornelius (Part #620063709). The gas is conveyed to the sparger 30 and is injected into the mixed liquid by the sparger 30. The solution (e.g. mixed liquid with gas injected therein) conveys downstream from the gas injection device 20. A first pressure detection device 210 is included downstream of the gas injection device 20 to detect the pressure of the solution with gas injected therein. A second pressure detection device 211 is included downstream of a second pair of mixing valves 212 to detect the pressure of a solution without gas injected therein (e.g. for beverage orders for solutions without gas injected into the solution). The second pair of mixing valves 212 mix the base liquid and the concentrate and supply the mixed liquid to the tap 9. In certain examples, the base liquid 199 and/or the concentrate liquid source 200 is conveyed to the gas injection device 20 by a pump (not shown).

[0053] Referring to FIG. 12, an example plumbing diagram for the gas injection machine 6 is depicted, including components and features described above. A gas source 198 conveys the gas to a first shutoff valve 220 that allows the operator to stop flow of the gas into the gas injection machine 6. A second shutoff valve 221 is positioned downstream of the second regulator 205 and upstream of the concentrate liquid source 200. The second shutoff valve 221 allows the operator to prevent flow of the gas to the concentrate liquid source 200. A third shutoff valve 222 is positioned downstream of the first regulator 204 and allows the operator to prevent flow of the gas to the gas injection device 20. A check valve 223 is positioned upstream of the gas injection device 20 to prevent gas from the backing up into the concentrate liquid source 200. A water booster or pump 224 is coupled downstream of the base liquid source 199 convey the base liquid through the gas injection machine 6. Any suitable commercially available water booster or pump 224 can be utilized with the gas injection machine 6. In certain examples, the pump 224 is configured to supply the base liquid at greater than 35.0 pounds per square inch gage (psig) continuously and/or greater than 2.0 ounces per second. A base liquid chiller 226 is included to cool the base liquid. In certain examples, cooling the liquid before injecting the gas into the liquid can increase dissolution of the gas into the liquid, maintain the gas in solution, and/or control the temperature of the solution. Any suitable commercially available chiller 226 can be utilized with the gas injection machine 6. In certain examples, the chiller 226 has a cooling capacity of greater than 8.0 gallons per hour and/or a flow rate of greater than 2.0 ounces per second. A fourth shutoff valve 225 is positioned downstream of the base liquid source 199 and allows the operator to prevent flow of the base liquid into the gas injection machine 6. A solution chiller 227 is included to chill the solutions (e.g. solution with gas injected therein, solution without gas injected therein) as the solutions are conveyed to the taps 9. In certain examples, chilling the solutions conveyed from the gas injection device 20 maintains the gas in solution.

[0054] Referring to FIG. 13, an example electrical configuration is depicted. A 24 VAC transformer 230 is connected to a three-way switch 231 which allows the gas injection machine 6 to operate and also be turned on/off for cleaning, flushing, and/or other like operations. When the first pressure switch 210 and/or the second pressure switch 211 are activated, the 24 volts runs through the switches 210, 211 to the pairs of mixing valves 207, 212, respectively.

[0055] The present disclosure thus provides methods for injecting or dissolving the gas into the liquid to form the solution, including selecting the flow channel 22 that conveys the liquid from the upstream inlet 24 to the downstream outlet 26; positioning the sparger 30 having the porous surface 31 in the flow channel 22 such that the liquid flows across the porous surface 31 and injects the gas into the liquid through the porous surface 31; sensing the pressure of the solution in the flow channel 22 with the solution pressure detection device 40; and regulating the flow of the liquid with the liquid valve 46 based on the liquid pressure sensed by the solution pressure detection device 40. In certain examples, sensing the pressure of the gas in the sparger 30 with the gas pressure detection device 50; regulating the flow of the gas with the gas valve based on the gas pressure sensed by the gas pressure detection device 50; positioning the backpressure device 60 in the flow channel 22 downstream of the sparger 30 such that the backpressure device 60 applies a backpressure on the solution; and/or controlling the liquid valve 46 and the gas valve 56 with the controller 116 that is configured to receive signals from the solution pressure detection device 40 and the gas pressure detection device 50 such that the pressure of the gas is greater than the pressure of the liquid whereby the gas injects into the liquid.

[0056] In certain examples, bias relays or bias regulators are included to monitor the pressures in the machine to control components that coupled to or plug into the controller system e.g. as an input pressure is applied to the system, the controller can be programmed to give it an input signal and the pressure output is modified based on the input signal. In certain examples, inclusion of one or more controllers, pressure controls, and/or flow controls increases the consistency of poured solutions was surprisingly repeatable once the machine is properly tuned. In certain examples, controlling, sensing, and/or auto-adjusting the pressure of the gas and/or liquid from the gas and liquid sources increases the consistency of the solution, especially in transitions between static and dynamic flows (e.g. stop-flow to moving-flow) of the solution. In certain examples, the controller is configured to control the pressures of the gas source and/or liquid source.

[0057] In certain examples, when the machine is not dispensing the solution, the liquid pressure and the gas pressure are higher than the pressure acting on the solution when a beverage is being dispensed. The higher pressures cause at least one pressure detection device to close at least one valve. In certain examples, the pressure detection devices maintain the gas pressure at a pressure that is higher than the pressure of the liquid when the solution is being dispensed. Maintaining the gas at a pressure that is higher that the pressure of the liquid can prevent the liquid from clogging or backflowing into the sparger.

[0058] In certain examples, the valves maintain flow rates and pressures across multiple incoming fluids (e.g. gases, liquids, carbonated beverages, such that multiple fluids mix together in the device. The valves can be set at any selected fluid mixing ratio (e.g. 1:1, 5:1, 30:1).

[0059] In certain examples, the dispensing system for injecting a gas flow into a fluid flow to create a solution includes a gas injection device including a porous element. The porous element receives a pressurized gas flow having a slightly higher pressure than the pressure of the fluid flow. The dispensing system includes a restrictor plate configured to apply a backpressure on the injection device, and a controller is configured to a continuously monitor changes in pressures acting on the dispensing system and send signals to the valves.

[0060] In certain examples, the gas flow and/or the liquid flow are controlled by modifying pressures in relatively small amounts. The pressures of the gas flow and/or liquid flow can range from 10.0 to 100.0 PSI and are controlled in increments of 0.25 to 0.75 PSI dynamic pressure. Through research and experimentation, the inventors have discovered that the dynamic pressure delta between the gas flow pressure and the liquid flow pressure can range from 0.1 to 3.0 PSI. It was further discovered, that the dynamic pressure delta range of 0.5 to 5.0 PSI was surprisingly effective in producing consistent solution properties. The gas flow and/or the liquid flow may also be subject to a backpressure created between the restrictor plate and/or the sparger. The backpressure created by the restrictor plate is dependent on the pressure for the gas flow and/or liquid flow and therefore can vary (e.g. the backpressure created by the restrictor plate 61 is 25.0 to 30.0 PSI). The present inventors have found that the combination of the applied pressure of the gas flow and/or liquid flow with the backpressure from the restrictor plate surprisingly and advantageously maintains consistent solution pours. Further, the combination maintains the injected gas in the solution downstream of the sparger.

[0061] In certain examples, the gas injection device includes a filter for filtering particles from the liquid and/or the gas to prevent clogging of the sparger.

[0062] This written description uses examples to disclose the invention, and also to enable any person skilled in the art to make and use the invention. The patentable scope of the invention is defined by the claims, and may include other examples that occur to those skilled in the art. Such other examples are intended to be within the scope of the claims if they have structural elements that do not differ from the literal language of the claims, or if they include equivalent structural elements with insubstantial differences from the literal languages of the claims.