method for experimentally determining the conductivity of unpropped fracture in hydraulic fracturing of shale reservoir

Abstract

The invention discloses a method for experimentally determining the conductivity of unpropped fracture in hydraulic fracturing of shale reservoir, comprising the following steps: select an outcrop sample with natural fractures in a shale reservoir section, and cut the outcrop sample with natural fractures along the extension direction of the natural fracture into no less than 8 square rock slabs; use a laser scanner to obtain the rough topography data of the fracture surface of each square rock slab and calculate the area tortuosity; pick out the rock samples; model the rough surface of the selected rock samples; import the treated surface model into the engraving machine, and select the downhole core or outcrop rocks in the same horizon for repeated production; calculate the shear slippage at different positions of unpropped fracture according to the data of shale reservoir; finally test the conductivity of the shale rock samples after shear slip.

Claims

1. A method for experimentally determining the conductivity of unpropped fracture in hydraulic fracturing of shale reservoir, comprising the following steps: Step 1: Collect an outcrop sample with natural fractures in a shale reservoir, and cut the sample into no less than 8 square rock slabs with natural fractures along the extension direction of the natural fracture; the extension direction of the natural fracture is considered as the length of the slab, and it should be ensured that the height difference between any two points on the natural fracture and the surface of the rock slab is less than 10 mm; Step 2: Use a laser scanner to obtain the rough topography data of the fracture surface of each square rock slab, and calculate the area tortuosity; Step 3: Select one square rock slab that represents the surface topography of the natural fracture in the shale reservoir according to the area tortuosity data obtained in Step 2; Step 4: Denoise the three-dimensional point cloud data of the square rock slabs selected in Step 3 by standard deviation filtering method, interpolate and normalize the point cloud data by Kriging interpolation method after noise reduction, then import the point cloud data into Geomagic software to convert it into a NURBS surface model, and finally, import the surface model into the engraving machine and use Artcame software that comes with the engraving machine to establish the engraving machine toolpath; Step 5: Use the downhole core of the shale reservoir section or outcrop rocks in the same horizon to make smooth square slabs with smooth and straight surface; Step 6: Engrave the smooth square rock slabs in Step 5 with an engraving machine to produce artificial rock samples with uniform surface topography; Step 7: Calculate the shear slippage of the unpropped fracture by the following formula, and then divide the fracture into sections by every 0.5 mm of change in slippage from the center of the fracture, and calculate the average slippage of each section; $u_s=\left(\frac{k+1}{4.Math..Math.G}\right).Math..Math.-\frac{{}_3-{}_1}{2}.Math.\sin .Math..Math.2.Math..Math..Math..Math.l.Math.\sqrt{1-{\left(x.Math.\text{/}.Math.l\right)}^2}$ Where, u.sub.s is the slippage of the unpropped fracture surface, in mm; k is Kolosov constant, k=34v; v is Poisson's ratio, dimensionless; G is the shear modulus, in MPa; .sub.3 is the maximum horizontal principal stress, in MPa; .sub.1 is the minimum horizontal principal stress, in MPa; is the angle between the natural fracture and the maximum horizontal principal stress, in ; l is the half-length of the unpropped fracture, in m; x is the coordinate of any point along the length of the fracture, in m; Step 8: Shear and stagger the artificial rock samples described in Step 6 in the length direction respectively according to the average shear slippage of each section of the unpropped fracture calculated in Step 7, then use a grinding miller to grind the artificial rock samples at both ends of the length direction to be flush, and bond semi-circular arc-shaped polymethyl methacrylate pads at both ends of the artificial rock sample to obtain shear-slip shale slabs at different positions on the unpropped fracture surface; Step 9: Determine the closing pressure in the unpropped fracture conductivity test according to the maximum horizontal principal stress, minimum horizontal principal stress, formation pressure, and effective stress coefficient of the shale reservoir, and determine the experimental temperature of the fracture conductivity test based on the formation temperature; Step 10: Put the shear-slip shale slabs at different positions on the unpropped fracture surface obtained in Step 8 into the diversion chamber, put the diversion chamber into the conductivity test device, heat the diversion chamber and load the closing pressure according to the closing pressure and experimental temperature determined in Step 9, and test the conductivity of the unpropped fracture at different positions to obtain the conductivity and distribution of unpropped fractures in hydraulic fracturing of shale reservoir.

2. The method for experimentally determining the conductivity of unpropped fracture in hydraulic fracturing of shale reservoir according to claim 1, wherein the specific calculation process of area tortuosity in Step 2 is described as follows: $R_s=\frac{A_s}{A_n}$ Where, R.sub.s is the area tortuosity; A.sub.s is the actual area of the rough fracture surface; A.sub.n is the projected area of the rough fracture surface; According to the point cloud data of the fracture topography obtained by the laser scanner, the actual area of the rough fracture surface can be calculated in the following way: $A_s={\left[1+{\left(\frac{z\left(x,y\right)}{x}\right)}^2+{\left(\frac{z\left(x,y\right)}{y}\right)}^2\right]}^{1.Math.\text{/}.Math.2}.Math.\mathrm{dxdy}$ Where, A.sub.s is the actual area of the rough fracture surface; x is the x-coordinate of the point cloud data; y is the y-coordinate of the point cloud data; z is the z-coordinate of the point cloud data; The projected area of the fracture surface is calculated by the following formula:
A.sub.n=lw Where, A.sub.n is the projected area of the rough fracture surface; l is the length of the rock slab; w is the width of the rock slab.

3. The method for experimentally determining the conductivity of unpropped fracture in hydraulic fracturing of shale reservoir according to claim 1, wherein the square rock slabs in Step 3 are selected by the following steps: calculate the average area tortuosity of multiple square rock slabs, and then select a square rock slab with the area tortuosity closest to the average.

4. The method for experimentally determining the conductivity of unpropped fracture in hydraulic fracturing of shale reservoir according to claim 1, wherein the specific calculation process of standard deviation filtering method in Step 4 is described as follows: (1) Calculate the distance between each point {X.sub.n, Y.sub.n, Z.sub.n} and its adjacent 8 neighborhood points in the point cloud data array {X.sub.i, Y.sub.i, Z.sub.i} of the fracture surface obtained by scanning, and the X and Y coordinates of the neighborhood points are {X.sub.n1, Y.sub.n1}, {X.sub.n1, Y.sub.n}, {X.sub.n1, Y.sub.n+1}, {X.sub.n, Y.sub.n1}, {X.sub.n, Y.sub.n+1}, {X.sub.n+1, Y.sub.n1}, {X.sub.n+1, Y.sub.n} and {X.sub.n+1, Y.sub.n+1} respectively. (2) Make statistics of the distance calculated in Step (1), and calculate the average u and standard deviation r of the average distance. (3) Determine the relationship between the average distance u from the point {X.sub.n, Y.sub.n, Z.sub.n} to 8 neighborhood points and the distance threshold d=u5r; if it is greater than the distance d, the noise will be eliminated.

5. The method for experimentally determining the conductivity of unpropped fracture in hydraulic fracturing of shale reservoir according to claim 4, wherein the step size is set as 0.1 mm0.1 mm when the point cloud data is interpolated by Kriging interpolation method in Step 4.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0032] FIG. 1 is a stress diagram of unpropped fracture in the embodiments of the present invention.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0033] The present invention will be further described with the following embodiments and figures.

Embodiment 1

[0034] In the present invention, the method for experimentally determining the conductivity of unpropped fracture in hydraulic fracturing of shale reservoir comprises the following steps:

[0035] (1) Collect outcrop with natural fractures in a shale reservoir, and use a cutting machine to cut the outcrop into 8 square rock slabs with natural fractures at a length of 142 mm, a width of 37 mm, and a height of 50 mm; consider the extension direction of the natural fracture as the length of the slab, make the natural fracture in the middle of the square rock slab, and ensure that the height difference between any two points on the natural fracture and the surface of the rock slab is less than 10 mm;

[0036] (2) Separate the eight square rock slabs along the natural fracture, then acquire the rough topography data of the fracture surface of the separated rock slab by a laser scanner, and calculate the area tortuosity of the rough surface of the eight square rock slabs respectively. The result is shown in Table 1.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Calculation Results of Area Tortuosity No. of Rock Slab Aver- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 age Area 1.02 1.04 1.06 1.08 1.16 1.19 1.14 1.12 1.09 Tortu- osity

[0037] (3) According to the calculation data, the area tortuosity of No. 4 rock sample is approximate to the average, so select No. 4 rock sample as the typical rough topography of the unpropped fracture in the shale reservoir interval of Well N201.

[0038] (4) Denoise, interpolate and normalize the 3D point cloud data of No. 4 rock sample, and then import the point cloud data into Geomagic software to convert it into a NURBS surface model, and finally, import the surface model into the engraving machine and use Artcame software that comes with the engraving machine to establish the engraving machine toolpath;

[0039] (5) Cut the acquired shale outcrop without natural fracture into square rock samples at a length of 142 mm, a width of 37 mm, and a height of 30 mm by a cutting machine, and engrave the topography of No. 4 rock sample on the cut square rock samples by an engraving machine to obtain artificial rock samples with uniform topography.

[0040] (6) According to the geological data of Well N201, the maximum horizontal principal stress is 57.45 MPa, the minimum horizontal principal stress is 47.7 MPa, and the reservoir shear modulus G=24,201.6 MPa. According to imaging logging, the half length of the natural fracture is 1=9 m, and the angle between the natural fracture and the maximum horizontal principal stress is 30.

[0041] Calculate the shear slippage of the unpropped fracture by Formula (1), and then divide the fracture into sections by every 0.5 mm of change in slippage from the center of the fracture, and calculate the average slippage of each section;

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Shear Slippage at Different Positions of the Fracture Distance (a, m) Average between the center Shear slippage point of each section slippage (u, mm) and the fracture center (u.sub.s, m) Qty. of Sections per section 0 0.00584 First section 5.7 0.5 0.005831 1 0.005804 1.5 0.005758 2 0.005694 2.5 0.00561 3 0.005506 3.5 0.00535 Second section 5 3.5 0.00535 4 0.00523 4.5 0.00505 5 0.00485 5 0.00485 Third section 4.6 5.5 0.00462 6 0.00435 6 0.00435 Fourth section 4 6.5 0.004039 7 0.00377 7 0.00377 Fifth section 3.5 7.5 0.00323 7.5 0.00323 Sixth section 3 8 0.00268 8 0.00268 Seventh section 2.3 8.5 0.001919 8.5 0.001919 Eighth section 1 9 0

[0042] (7) Stagger the artificial rock samples engraved in Step (5) by shear slip according to the shear slippage calculated in Step (6), then use a grinding miller to grind the artificial rock samples at both ends of the length direction to be flush, and bond semi-circular arc-shaped polymethyl methacrylate pads at both ends of the artificial rock sample to obtain shear-slip shale slabs at different positions on the unpropped fracture surface;

[0043] (8) According to the geological data of Well N201, it is known that the formation temperature of the shale reservoir is 89 C., so it is determined that the conductivity test temperature of the unpropped fracture is 89 C. According to the rock stress measurement, it is determined that the minimum horizontal principal stress is 47.7 MPa and the maximum horizontal principal stress is 57.45 MPa. It is learned from the outcrop profile that the angle between the natural fracture and the maximum horizontal principal stress is 30, the formation pressure is 55 MPa, and the effective stress coefficient is 0.5. The closing pressure of the conductivity test of unpropped fracture is determined as 22.63 MPa.

[0044] (9) Set the temperature of the diversion chamber according to the test temperature set in step (8), set the loading pressure of the pressure testing machine according to the closing pressure set in Step (8), and test the conductivity at different positions (sections) of unpropped fracture.

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Testing Data of Flow Conductivity Closing Shear Flow Temperature Pressure Qty. of slippage conductivity S/N ( C.) (MPa) Sections (mm) (m.sup.2 .Math. cm) 1 89 22.63 1 5.7 94.23 2 89 22.63 2 5 71.47 3 89 22.63 3 4.6 62.67 4 89 22.63 4 4 54.83 5 89 22.63 5 3.5 33.66 6 89 22.63 6 3 23.17 7 89 22.63 7 2.3 15.33 8 89 22.63 8 1 10.92

[0045] The above are not intended to limit the present invention in any form. Although the present invention has been disclosed as above with embodiments, it is not intended to limit the present invention. Those skilled in the art, within the scope of the technical solution of the present invention, can use the disclosed technical content to make a few changes or modify the equivalent embodiment with equivalent changes. Within the scope of the technical solution of the present invention, any simple modification, equivalent change and modification made to the above embodiments according to the technical essence of the present invention are still regarded as a part of the technical solution of the present invention.