Multi detector mass spectrometer and spectrometry method filter

Abstract

The present invention can be directed to a mass spectrometer, relevant parts thereof like replacement kits or upgrading kits and/or mass spectrometry methods. A mass spectrometer according to the present invention can comprise at least one ion source for generating a beam of ions from a sample. Moreover at least one mass filter downstream of the ion source can be provided and adapted to select ions from the beam by their mass-to-charge ratio (m/z). Furthermore at least one collision cell arranged downstream of the mass filter can be arranged. At least one sector field mass analyser arranged downstream of the collision cell can be further provided and at least one ion multicollector comprising a plurality of ion detectors arranged downstream of the mass analyser, for detecting a plurality of different ion species in parallel and/or simultaneously.

Claims

1. A mass spectrometer for determining isotope ratios comprising (a) at least one ion source for generating a beam of elemental ions from a sample; (b) at least one mass filter downstream of the ion source operable to select ions from the beam by their mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) and to transmit only ions having mass within a mass window of at most 30 amu; (c) at least one collision cell arranged downstream of the mass filter and adapted for inducing mass shift reactions to a higher mass within the collision cell for a plurality of target ion species; (d) at least one sector field mass analyser, arranged downstream of the collision cell; and (e) at least one ion multicollector comprising a plurality of ion detectors arranged downstream of the mass analyser, for detecting the plurality of target ion species in parallel and/or simultaneously and determining isotope ratios, the ion species including different isotopes of the same element.

2. The mass spectrometer according to claim 1 wherein the ion source comprises an inductively coupled plasma ion source (ICP).

3. The mass spectrometer according to claim 1 further comprising a laser ablation cell for direct laser ablation of a sample, the laser ablation cell being arranged upstream of the ion source.

4. The mass spectrometer according to claim 1, wherein the collision cell contains at least one gas inlet for supplying at least one collision gas or reaction gas, so as to facilitate mass shift reactions and/or reduce the absolute kinetic energy and reduce the energy spread of the ions in the ion beam.

5. The mass spectrometer according to claim 1 wherein the mass filter comprises a quadrupole filter, an RF-only driven pre-filter section arranged upstream of the quadrupole filter and/or RF-only driven post-filter section arranged downstream of the quadrupole filter.

6. The mass spectrometer according to claim 5 wherein the quadrupole filter is adapted to be operable in a full mass transmission mode.

7. The mass spectrometer according to claim 5 wherein the pre-filter section and/or the post-filter section is adapted to be set to enhance control of the ion beam phase volume at the entrance of and/or within the quadrupole filter and/or to enhance transmission of the ion beam further downstream.

8. The mass spectrometer according to claim 1 wherein the at least one mass analyser comprises double focusing ion optics for simultaneously analysing a plurality of ion species.

9. The mass spectrometer according to claim 1 wherein the ion multicollector comprises at least one Faraday cup and/or at least one ion counter.

10. The mass spectrometer according to claim 1 wherein the ion multicollector comprises at least 3 Faraday cups and/or 2 ion counters.

11. The mass spectrometer according to claim 9 wherein the multicollector comprises at least one axial channel that comprises at least one switchable collector channel behind a detector slit for switching between a Faraday cup and an ion counter.

12. The mass spectrometer according to claim 1 wherein the mass filter is adapted to be operable to transmit mass within a predefined mass window.

13. The mass spectrometer according to claim 1 wherein the mass filter is adapted to be operable to transmit only ions having a mass within a mass window around a predefined mass, wherein the mass window has a width of at most 30%.

14. The mass spectrometer according to claim 1 wherein the mass filter is adapted to be operable to transmit only ions having a mass within a mass window around a predefined mass, wherein the width of the mass window is selected based on the ion mass range transmitted by the mass analyser to the multicollector.

15. The mass spectrometer according to claim 1 wherein the mass filter is adapted to be operable to (i) transmit only ions having a mass within a first mass window during a first time period in which the mass analyser is set to transmit ions of a first analysis mass range to the multicollector, the first mass window being selected based on the first analysis mass range, and (ii) transmit only ions having a mass within a second mass window during a second time period, following the first time period, in which the mass analyser is set to transmit ions of a second analysis mass range to the multicollector, the second mass window being selected based on the second analysis mass range, wherein the second analysis mass range is different to the first analysis mass range.

16. The mass spectrometer according to claim 1, wherein the quadrupole mass filter is adapted to transmit a single mass with a mass window of at most 0.9 amu.

17. The mass spectrometer according to claim 1 further comprising a filter for removing non-ionic species that is arranged upstream from the mass filter.

18. The mass spectrometer according to claim 1 further comprising at least one source of gas and at least one inlet of gas.

19. Kit for a multi-detector mass spectrometer, particularly according to claim 1, comprising at least one mass filter to select ions from an ion beam by their mass-to-charge ratio (m/z), the mass filter being adapted to be arranged downstream of the ion source, being further adapted to be arranged upstream of at least one collision cell and at least one sector field mass analyser, arranged downstream of the collision cell and at least one ion multicollector comprising a plurality of ion detectors arranged downstream of the mass analyser, for detecting a plurality of different ion species in parallel and/or simultaneously.

20. A method of analysing the composition of at least one sample and determining at least one elemental ratio comprising: (a) generating a beam of elemental ions from a sample in an ion source; (b) selecting ions of the ion beam by at least one mass filter downstream of the ion source operable to selectively transmit only ions with mass to charge ratio (m/z) in a pre-determined range within a mass window of at most 30 amu; (c) transmitting the selected ions through at least one collision cell downstream of the mass filter wherein the target ions are mass-shifted and cooled to reduce spread of their kinetic energy; (d) separating the ions transmitted from the collision cell in a sector field analyser based on their mass to charge ratio; (e) detecting the target ions in a multicollector in parallel and/or simultaneously; and (f) determining and/or measuring isotope ratios of isotopes contained in the sample.

21. The method according to claim 20 wherein the ions are generated by an inductively coupled plasma ion source (ICP).

22. The method according to claim 20 wherein analysing the composition comprises determining an isotopic ratio in the sample.

23. The method according to claim 20 further comprising preparing the sample from a geological, geochemical and/or biogeochemical resource before step (a) and a step of determining and/or measuring of isotope ratios of isotopes contained in the sample after step (e).

24. The method according to claim 20 further comprising preparing the sample from a cosmological and/or cosmochemical resource before step (a).

25. The method according to claim 20 further comprising preparing the sample from a life science resource before step (a) and a step of determining and/or measuring isotope ratios of isotopes contained in the sample after step (e).

26. The method according to claim 20 wherein before step (a) a sample is provided and then ablated by laser.

27. The method according to claim 20, further comprising delivering at least one gas into the collision cell, for cooling down the ion beam in the collision cell, and at least one second gas, for inducing mass shift reactions in the collision cell.

28. The method according to claim 27 comprising a step of delivering He as a major gas into the collision cell.

29. The method according to claim 20 wherein the mass filter is operated (i) to transmit only ions having a mass within a first mass window during a first time period in which the mass analyser is set to transmit ions of a first analysis mass range to the multicollector, the first mass window being selected based on the first analysis mass range, and (ii) to transmit only ions having a mass within a second mass window during a second time period, following the first time period, in which the mass analyser is set to transmit ions of a second analysis mass range to the multicollector, the second mass window being selected based on the second analysis mass range, wherein the second analysis mass range is different to the first analysis mass range.

30. The method according to claim 20 wherein the mass filter is operated to mass select the ion beam to transmit only ions within a pre-determined mass range and the collision cell is provided with a reaction gas to react with at least one ion of interest in the mass selected ion beam thereby producing a mass-shifted ion of interest that lies outside the pre-determined mass range selected by the mass filter.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) The skilled person will understand that the drawings, described below, are for illustration purposes only. The drawings are not intended to limit the scope of the present teachings in any way.

(2) FIG. 1 shows an embodiment of a mass spectrometer according to the invention.

(3) FIG. 2 shows an enlarged portion of the mass spectrometer according to FIG. 1.

(4) FIG. 3 shows a basic sketch of a multicollector in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

(5) FIG. 4 demonstrates a mass spectrum of a test solution containing Ti, Cu, Ba and Sc with the quadrupole mass filter set to full transmission (ion guide mode) and no gas in the collision cell.

(6) FIG. 5 corresponds to FIG. 4 but shows a collision cell flooded with He gas for collisional focusing.

(7) FIG. 6 shows a mass shifted TiO.sup.+ and ScO.sup.+ mass spectrum with Cu.sup.+ background and Ba.sup.++ contamination.

(8) FIG. 7 shows the same region of the spectrum as FIG. 6, but with the quadrupole mass filter set to only transmit .sup.48Ti.sup.+8 amu.

(9) FIG. 8 shows a mass spectrum of Test solution containing 2 ppm of Ca, Ti, V and Cr, with the quadrupole mass filter set to full transmission (ion guide mode), and no gas in the collision cell, the spectrum being measured at an axial detector of the multicollector.

(10) FIG. 9 shows a mass spectrum of Test solution containing 2 ppm of Ca, Ti, V and Cr, with collisional focusing by He and oxygen mass shift with O.sub.2 addition to the collision cell wherein a quadrupole mass filter is set to mass window mode .sup.48Ti.sup.+8 amu.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIOUS EMBODIMENTS

(11) In the following, exemplary embodiments of the invention will be described, referring to the figures. These examples are provided to provide further understanding of the invention, without limiting its scope.

(12) In the following description, a series of features and/or steps are described. The skilled person will appreciate that unless required by the context, the order of features and steps is not critical for the resulting configuration and its effect. Further, it will be apparent to the skilled person that irrespective of the order of features and steps, the presence or absence of time delay between steps, can be present between some or all of the described steps.

(13) Referring to FIG. 1 an example of a setup of the present invention is shown. Mass spectrometer 1 is shown with the mass spectrometer 1 optionally having a triaxial ICP torch 10. A sampler cone 11, one (or more) skimmer cone(s) 12, an extraction lens 13 and/or a further skimmer cone 14 and/or another ion optical device 14 can also be present in order to provide the ICP ion source such that a collimated ion beam can be produced by the ion source.

(14) A mass filter 20, such as a quadrupole 20, can be arranged directly downstream the elements mentioned before. Downstream the mass filter 20 a collision cell 30 can be arranged, which may be a HCD (high energy dissociation) cell, which can be heated up to 100-200 C.

(15) After the ions have passed through the collision cell an accelerator 40 can accelerate them to high voltage to be focused into the ion optics of a double focusing high resolution multicollector mass spectrometer to allow for simultaneous measurement of multiple isotopes and/or some monitoring species.

(16) An electro-static sector 41 can be arranged downstream of the accelerator 40 in order to disperse ions by the energy and thus provide focusing for ions of the same energy. Downstream the electro-static sector 41 a focussing lens 42 can be arranged upstream a magnetic sector 43. The magnetic sector 43 can disperse the ions by masses (mass-to-charge ratios). The electro-static sector 41 and the magnetic sector 43 can be arranged in a so-called Nier-Johnson-Geometry for use of a scanning magnetic sector 43 in order to sequentially focus ions with different m/z ratios.

(17) Downstream the magnetic sector 43, dispersion optics 44 can be arranged to change the mass dispersion and improve peak detection. Such optics are employed e.g. on the Neptune multi-collector mass spectrometer (Thermo Scientific). Further downstream, a detector platform 50 can be arranged. The instrument can, e.g., cover 16% relative mass range along the focal plane. The detector platform 50 can comprise 9 Faraday cups plus a maximum of 8 (eight) ion counters.

(18) FIG. 2 shows an enlarged portion of the elements according to FIG. 1. As mentioned, the ICP torch 10 and the ICP interface comprise sampler cone 11 the one or more skimmer cones 12, 14 and/or extraction lens 13 and/or another ion optical device 14 can be arranged. The quadrupole mass filter 20 can be arranged downstream of the ICP interface 11, 12, 13, 14.

(19) Upstream the quadrupole mass filter 20 a pre-filter section 21 and/or downstream the quadrupole a post-filter section 22 can be positioned. The mass filter 20 can be user controlled to only transmit a single mass with a mass window as stated above and in the claims, e.g., with a width of 0.7 amu or less and/or to select a larger mass window capable of transmitting all isotopes of an element but discriminating against neighbouring masses, e.g., a window from mass 45 to mass 51, e.g., in case of Ti. The pre-filter section 21 and/or the post-filter section 22 can usually be set to full mass transmission mode with little or no DC potential in order to facilitate ion optical focussing. In case of no mass discrimination also the quadrupole 20 acts only as an ion guide and its DC potential can be set to zero as well (only RF mode).

(20) The present invention can apply RF-only driven pre- and post- filter sections 21,22 to the quadrupole 20 to achieve high transmission at the quadrupole entrance but also to better control the ion beam phase volume (i.e., both position and angle of ions entering or leaving an ion optical device) at the exit of the quadrupole in order to assure high transmission further down the ion optical arrangement.

(21) Just upstream the pre-filter section 21 the skimmer cone 14 or another ion optical device 14 can be arranged.

(22) Downstream the exit of the quadrupole 20 a lens (not shown) can be arranged which focuses the ion beam from the exit of the quadrupole mass filter 20 to the entrance of the collision cell 30.

(23) The mass filter 20 can be pumped to, e.g., 10.sup.6 to 10.sup.7 mbar. The mass filter is generally arranged to be held at lower pressure than the collision cell in operation.

(24) The collision cell 30 can be flooded with different gases and gas mixtures. The collision cell is pumped by a vacuum pump. The collision/reaction cell can operate at a pressure from about 5*10.sup.3 to about 10.sup.5 mbar. When a collision/reaction gas is provided in the cell, its pressure can be about 5*10.sup.3 mbar, depending on the flow rate of the gas into the cell. For example, when reaction/collision gas is provided in the cell at a flow rate of about 1 mL/min, the pressure in the cell can be about 210.sup.3 mbar. In most cases He is used for collisions and a reactive gas can be added to stimulate chemistry inside the collision cell 30. For instance the addition of O.sub.2 for some elements results in the formation of oxides. Other reactive gases could be NH.sub.3, SO.sub.2 or H.sub.2. Without a gas flow the pressure in the collision cell can be as low as the mass filter pressure mentioned before.

(25) FIG. 3 shows an embodiment and part of the multicollector according to the present invention. The basic sketch shows a detector arrangement or detector platform 50. In the perspective shown the ions come in from the top. A center detector 55 can be positioned in the center (axial position) which can be switchable between a Faraday cup or an ion counter. The center detector can be immobile (fixed position).

(26) An axial channel can be equipped with a switchable collector channel behind a detector slit where the ion beam can be switched between a Faraday cup and an ion counting detector. On each side of this fixed axial channel there can be 4 (four) moveable detector platforms, each of them can carry one Faraday cup and attached to it one or more miniaturized ion counting channels. Every second platform is motorized and can be adjusted under computer control. The detector platforms between the two motorized platforms except for the axial center cup which has a fixed position are pushed and pulled into position by the one or both of the adjacent platforms, allowing for full position control on all moveable platforms.

(27) In the arrangement shown ions with smaller mass are detected to the left of the center detector 55. In more detail. Faraday cup L1 with reference numeral 54 can be motorized or driven to change its position. To the further left Faraday cup L2 with reference numeral 53 may not have its own drive but may be driven or pushed by Faraday cup L1 54 to the left.

(28) Faraday cup L3 with reference numeral 52 can have its own drive. It can be connected to Faraday cup L4 with reference numeral 51 by a connector or clamp 52a which can clamp the elements. With this arrangement Faraday cup L3 52 when being moved to the left in FIG. 3 pushes Faraday cup L4 51. When being moved to the right, Faraday cup L3 52 can pull Faraday cup 51 by the connector 52a to the right and can also further push Faraday cup L2 53 to the right.

(29) To the right of the central detector 55 the detectors for higher masses can be arranged. In more detail, a Faraday cup H1 with reference numeral 56 can arranged and can have a drive or motor in order to be moved to each side. Faraday cup H2 with reference numeral 57 can have no drive or no motor but can be pushed to the right by H1 56. Further to the right Faraday cup H3 with reference numeral 58 can be motorized or driven. Similar to L3 Faraday cup H3 58 can push H2 57 to the left when moving to the left. Additionally it can pull by a second connector 59a Faraday cup H4 with reference numeral 59 to the left. Moving to the right H3 58 it can push H4 59.

(30) In the embodiment shown, a miniaturized ion counter 60 can be assembled on the right hand side of H4 59. One or more miniaturized ion counters can be arranged either side of any Faraday cup.

(31) As should be appreciated based on the foregoing description of the invention and some of its embodiments, the invention can provide advantages over mass spectrometers and methods of mass spectrometry that are known in the art. The precision and accuracy of the analyses can be considerably improved. For example, the invention allows for mass shift reactions in the collision cell, combined with mass filtering of the sample ions upstream of the collision cell, to improve specificity of measurement. Thus, some of the advantages of the present invention comprise attenuation, circumvention and/or even elimination of interferences, such as removing interfering molecular ions, particularly in the field of high resolution multicollector ICP-MS analyses. These advantages compensate the typical downsides of this nevertheless high precision and accurate isotope ratio analysis approach.

(32) A problem to be solved in the field of the invention is the direct analysis of isotope ratios in small sized samples, particularly those that are not chemically prepared, for instance, in the case of direct laser ablation of a sample and coupling the laser ablation cell directly to a mass spectrometer for high precision isotope ratio analysis. In the case of the present invention, the specificity of the analysis is delivered by the mass analyser and its ion introduction system rather than through extensive sample isolation steps.

(33) Some of the applications and operations of the invention will now be described with reference to an example in which a test sample is used to model a real type of sample in the form of a small heterogeneous meteorite sample and/or thin section(s), which should be analyzed for Ti isotope abundances in the presence of Ca, Sc, V, Cr, Mn and Cu using laser ablation and MC-ICPMS.

(34) Table 1 shows possible isobaric interferences in the Ti isotope mass range for such a sample type:

(35) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Element Isotopes Ca 44Ca 46Ca 48Ca Sc 45Sc Ti 46Ti 47Ti 48Ti 49Ti 50Ti V 50V 51V Cr 50Cr 52Cr 53Cr 54Cr Mn 55Mn

(36) In this case there are three isobaric interferences on the Ti isotopes, which cannot be mass resolved even with high mass resolution on a sector mass analyser. As the sample introduction is by way of laser ablation, there is no means of chemical sample preparation to separate the elements by chemistry before the sample goes into the mass spectrometer. All specificity has to be provided by the sample introduction and the mass spectrometer.

(37) The ablated sample material is transported from the laser ablation cell to the ICP source for instance by a flow of He gas or a mixture of He and Ar gas. The idea to overcome the isobaric interferences is to mass shift the ions by an oxidation reaction inside the collision cell by adding a small flow of a reactive gas, which is O.sub.2 gas in this example, to the He gas inside the collision cell 30. As a result of the different oxide formation rates of the elements inside the collision cell a significant attenuation or even complete elimination of the interferences in the shifted mass spectrum (isotopes are shifted 16 amu due to oxidation) can be achieved. This gives a significant improvement of the specificity in the shifted mass spectrum already but it may not solve all problems. To further improve the specificity of the setup the mass filter 20 installed before the collision cell is operated to pre-select a certain mass range which enters the collision cell. This setup is different to previous setups, where only a collision cell was installed between the ICP interface and a multicollector mass spectrometer.

(38) The quadrupole mass filter 20 can be user controlled to only transmit a single mass with a mass window of 0.7 amu or to select a larger mass windows capable of transmitting all isotopes of an element but discriminating against neighbouring masses e.g. mass 45 to mass 51 in case of Ti. The mass filter can also be set to full mass transmission mode where the quadrupole is operated with no DC potential so that there is no mass discrimination due to the quadrupole mass filter and the quadrupole acts only as an ion guide.

(39) As a test of the system a test solution containing 0.5 ppm Ti, Cu, Ba and Sc is aspirated into the spray chamber of the ICP inlet system. The quadrupole mass filter is first set at full transmission for all masses, which means it is operated in RF-only mode, where the quadrupole has no mass discrimination function and operates as an ion guide for all masses. All ions are focused into the collision cell.

(40) As a first test there was no gas in the collision cell. The ions are then accelerated from the exit of the collision cell into the ion optics of the double focussing multicollector mass spectrometer. The mass spectrum is recorded on the axial detector and shown in FIG. 4. One can clearly see the .sup.45Sc peak and all 5 Ti isotopes. Ba and Cu do not show up in this spectrum.

(41) As a next step the collision cell is flooded with He gas to achieve collisional focusing of the ion beam through the collision cell. This results in about a 60% signal increase compared to the mode with no gas for the collision cell as shown in FIG. 5. In this figure the dotted line relates to the spectrum without collision gas; the continuous line is used for the situation with collisional focusing. In case there would have been molecular species interfering with the elemental ions there would have been a chance to break the molecular bonds by collisions and to eliminate the molecular species from this part of the mass spectrum. Using collision gas improves sensitivity due to collisional focusing and potentially can fragment molecular interferences and thus leads to improved specificity.

(42) In order to further improve the specificity of the analysis O.sub.2 gas is added to the collision gas, the oxygen inside the collision cell results in the formation of oxides, promoting Ti.sup.+ to TiO.sup.+ and causing a mass shift the mass spectrum to a higher mass range. The oxide formation rate is different for different elements. This has the potential to be exploited in order to gain specificity. In this particular case, the oxide formation rate is similar for Ti and Sc so no specificity is gained.

(43) The Ti and Sc isotopes are shifted by oxide formation into the Cu mass range at mass 63 and 65, which are also transmitted when the mass filter is operated in full transmission mode. The resulting Cu and TiO spectrum is shown in FIG. 6.

(44) Furthermore, an amount of doubly charged barium from the solution can clearly be detected at mass 67, 67.5 and 68.

(45) The Cu and Ba backgrounds potentially could reduce the specificity and thus result in an even more complicated situation than in the elemental spectra. This is where the mass filtering action of the quadrupole mass filter can be utilised. The quadrupole is then set with a mass window function of 16 amu centered around .sup.48Ti. This means that Cu ions and Ba ions are discriminated by the mass filter action of the quadrupole mass filter and thus are no longer present in the ScO and TiO spectrum which is now interference free. The resulting mass spectrum is displayed in FIG. 7. Cu ions and Ba ions are removed from the mass spectrum because these ions are discriminated by the first quadrupole mass filter.

(46) Therefore, it can be seen that the method of the invention in one embodiment can comprise: operating the mass filter to mass select the ion beam to transmit only ions within a pre-determined mass range and providing the collision cell with a reaction gas to react with at least one ion of interest in the mass selected ion beam, preferably an elemental ion of interest, thereby producing a mass-shifted ion of interest that lies outside the pre-determined mass range selected by the mass filter. Preferably, the width of the pre-determined mass range is not greater than the mass of the reaction gas. For example, where the reaction gas is oxygen the width of the pre-determined mass range can be 16 amu or less.

(47) It has been shown above how collisional focusing can improve sensitivity and how mass shift reactions can shift the isotopes of interest into a different mass range where there are completely different backgrounds. Moreover, it has been discussed how mass shift reactions can be combined with mass filtering of a certain mass window using the quadrupole mass filter can eliminate spectral interferences in the mass shifted mass range so that the mass shifted mass spectrum appears on a clean background.

(48) Turning to another scenario, it can be shown how differential oxide formation in different elements can be used to improve specificity in reaction schemes. To demonstrate this a 2 ppm solution of Ca, Ti, Cr and V is aspirated in the spray chamber of the ICP source. For this test, the first quadrupole mass filter is operated in full transmission mode and the collision cell is operated without reaction gas. The resulting elemental spectra is shown in FIG. 8.

(49) The .sup.46Ti.sup.+ and .sup.48Ti.sup.+ peaks are interfered with isobaric Ca isotopes. The .sup.50Ti.sup.+ peak is interfered by isobaric V and Cr isotopes. To demonstrate specificity in the present invention, mass filter quadrupole is set to a 16 amu window centred on .sup.48Ti and then a flow of O.sub.2 and He is introduced into the collision cell. The resulting mass shifted mass spectrum is shown in FIG. 9.

(50) Both Ca and Ti are mass shifted by oxide formation in the collision cell. However, the oxide formation rate of Ti is about 100 times more efficient than for Ca (ratio of Ca to Ti goes from 0.4 to 0.005). This significantly reduces the contribution of Ca interferences on Ti. Since the .sup.44Ca.sup.16O peak does not have any interference it can be used to monitor possible interferences on the TiO peaks and do interference corrections based on assumed Ca isotope abundances. The preferential oxide formation rate of Ti over Ca at least reduces the uncertainty in this correction by a factor of 10 which is a major improvement in specificity. The instrument can be further tuned for even higher specificity.

(51) In FIG. 8, .sup.50Ti.sup.+ is interfered by .sup.50V.sup.+ and .sup.50Cr.sup.+ ions. This holds true for the mass shifted spectrum in FIG. 9 as well. While there is no gain for discrimination of .sup.50V against .sup.50Ti because both elements have similar oxide formation rates there is quite a dramatic discrimination for Cr interference on Ti. The oxide formation rate for Cr is about 69 times smaller compared to Ti under these conditions.

(52) In the scenarios shown in FIG. 4 to FIG. 9 no simultaneous collection takes place. The mass scans of the Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Cu and Ba++ spectra are created by sweeping the voltage applied to the magnet to sequentially deflect each mass into the axial detector which then records the spectra.

(53) In summary, these examples show that the combination of an ICP/Quad-filter/CCT/MC-MS instrument can significantly improve specificity for highly precise and accurate isotope abundance measurements of interfered sample material. As such it can greatly improve the ability for direct sample analysis with, for instance, laser ablation and without extended chemical preparation. Selecting certain mass windows covering at least the isotopes to be studied followed by a collision cell for fragmentation and/or charge exchange and/or mass shift reactions allow for significantly improved specificity for isotope ratio analysis.

(54) As used herein, including in the claims, singular forms of terms are to be construed as also including the plural form and vice versa, unless the context indicates otherwise. Thus, it should be noted that as used herein, the singular forms a, an, and the include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

(55) Throughout the description and claims, the terms comprise, including, having, and contain and their variations should be understood as meaning including but not limited to, and are not intended to exclude other components.

(56) The present invention also covers the exact terms, features, values and ranges etc. in case these terms, features, values and ranges etc. are used in conjunction with terms such as about, around, generally, substantially, essentially, at least etc. (i.e., about 3 shall also cover exactly 3 or substantially constant shall also cover exactly constant).

(57) The term at least one should be understood as meaning one or more, and therefore includes both embodiments that include one or multiple components. Furthermore, dependent claims that refer to independent claims that describe features with at least one have the same meaning, both when the feature is referred to as the and the at least one.

(58) It will be appreciated that variations to the foregoing embodiments of the invention can be made while still falling within the scope of the invention. Alternative features serving the same, equivalent or similar purpose can replace features disclosed in the specification, unless stated otherwise. Thus, unless stated otherwise, each feature disclosed represents one example of a generic series of equivalent or similar features.

(59) Use of exemplary language, such as for instance, such as, for example and the like, is merely intended to better illustrate the invention and does not indicate a limitation on the scope of the invention unless so claimed. Any steps described in the specification may be performed in any order or simultaneously, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.

(60) All of the features and/or steps disclosed in the specification can be combined in any combination, except for combinations where at least some of the features and/or steps are mutually exclusive. In particular, preferred features of the invention are applicable to all aspects of the invention and may be used in any combination.