Method of producing eggshell-derived nanoparticles

Abstract

The method of producing eggshell-derived nanoparticles may include steps of adding eggshell powder to methanol to form a solution; adding the solution dropwise to boiling water under ultrasonic conditions; incubating the resulting solution under continuous stirring at 200-800 rpm; and drying the resulting solution to obtain the eggshell-derived nanoparticles. The method produces nanoparticles of between 5 and 100 nm. Cytotoxicity testing shows that the nanoparticles exhibit anticancer activity against human breast cancer and lung cancer cell lines.

Claims

1. A method of producing eggshell-derived nanoparticles having cytotoxic effect on mammalian cell lines consisting of the steps of: adding eggshell powder to methanol to form a solution; adding the solution dropwise to boiling water at a flow rate of about 0.2 mL/min and then sonicating for about 30-60 minutes; incubating the resulting solution with continuous stirring at 200-800 rpm at room temperature for about 10-15 minutes; and drying the resulting solution to obtain the eggshell-derived nanoparticles, wherein the nanoparticles have a spherical shape and an average size of less than 100 nm.

2. The method of producing eggshell-derived nanoparticles according to claim 1, wherein the step of drying the resulting solution is freeze-drying.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1A shows Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) micrographs of exemplary eggshell-derived nanoparticles produced by the present method at a magnification of 200000.

(2) FIG. 1B shows Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) micrographs of exemplary eggshell-derived nanoparticles produced by the present method at a magnification of 250000.

(3) FIG. 1C shows Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) micrographs of exemplary eggshell-derived nanoparticles produced by the present method at a magnification of 300000.

(4) FIG. 1D shows Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) micrographs of exemplary eggshell-derived nanoparticles produced by the present method at a magnification of 250000.

(5) FIG. 1E shows Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) micrographs of exemplary eggshell-derived nanoparticles produced by the present method at a magnification of 200000.

(6) FIG. 1F shows Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) micrographs of exemplary eggshell-derived nanoparticles produced by the present method at a magnification of 300000.

(7) FIG. 2 is a zetasizer plot of the particle size distribution of eggshell-derived nanoparticles produced by the present method.

(8) FIG. 3 is a plot of cell viability of the MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line as a function of the concentration of eggshell-derived nanoparticles prepared according to the present method in a suitable solvent.

(9) FIG. 4 is a plot of cell viability of the A-549 lung cancer cell line as a function of the concentration of eggshell-derived nanoparticles prepared according to the present method in a suitable solvent.

(10) Similar reference characters denote corresponding features consistently throughout the attached drawings.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

(11) A method of producing eggshell-derived nanoparticles may include the steps of adding eggshell powder to methanol to form a solution; adding the solution dropwise to boiling water under ultrasonic conditions. In an embodiment, the solution is added at a flow rate of about 0.2 mL/min and then sonicated for about 30-60 minutes. The method further includes subsequently incubating the resulting solution under agitation or stirring conditions. The stirring may be continuous at 200-800 rpm and the incubating may be at room temperature for about 10-15 minutes. Finally, the method requires drying the resulting solution to obtain the eggshell-derived nanoparticles. The drying step may include freeze drying.

(12) The present method of synthesizing eggshell-derived nanoparticles provides eggshell-derived nanoparticles with predictable properties and in scalable quantities. The eggshell-derived nanoparticle morphologies can vary, but are typically nearly spherical in shape, and the eggshell-derived nanoparticles produced by the above method may be polydispersed in size.

(13) The method for producing eggshell-derived nanoparticles can be useful in many fields, as the nanoparticles are shown to have anticancer activities, as discussed below. As eggs are an abundant and renewable resource, the present method is particularly desirable for synthesizing eggshell-derived nanoparticles.

(14) It should be understood that the amounts of materials for the methods described herein are exemplary, and appropriate scaling of the amounts are encompassed by the present disclosure, as long as the relative ratio of materials is maintained. As used herein, the term about, when used to modify a numerical value, means within ten percent of that numerical value. The term nanoparticle indicates particles having all dimensions less than 1 micron. The present method is illustrated by the following examples.

(15) In the following examples, we used (Chicken) Hen's white eggshells. The white hen's eggs were obtained from a local market in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Eggshells were collected and washed well with tap water and then with distilled water, and then dried by air. Eggshells were broken and crushed into small pieces by grinding in a heavy-duty grinder machine to pass 1-2 mm (the particle size of the starting material) screens to produce eggshell powder.

Example 1

Eggshell-Derived Nanoparticle Synthesis

(16) For the formation of exemplary eggshell-derived nanoparticles, 400 mg of eggshell powder was dissolved in 20 mL methanol to form a solution. The solution was added dropwise into 80 mL of boiling water at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min over a time period of 5 minutes under ultrasonic conditions, with an ultrasonic power of 750 W and a frequency of 20 kHz. After sonication for 30 min, the contents were stirred at 200-800 rpm at room temperature for about 15 min, and then freeze-dried, resulting in exemplary eggshell-derived nanoparticles.

Example 2

Eggshell-Derived Nanoparticle Characterization

(17) The exemplary eggshell-derived nanoparticles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) (JEM-2100F). TEM micrographs of exemplary eggshell-derived nanoparticles are shown in FIGS. 1A-1F. The exemplary eggshell-derived nanoparticle morphologies are typically spherical in shape and polydispersed in size, with average particle sizes ranging between 5 and 100 nm. The TEM images also show the as-produced exemplary eggshell-derived nanoparticles exhibit light agglomeration.

(18) The size distribution of the exemplary eggshell-derived nanoparticles was measured by a Zetasizer, the results of which are shown in FIG. 2. The average size of the exemplary eggshell-derived nanoparticles diameter was found to be between 5 and <100 nm.

Example 3

Evaluation of Cytotoxic Effects of Eggshell-Derived Nanoparticles

(19) Materials used in the following studies showing potential antitumor activities of the exemplary eggshell-derived nanoparticles were as follows.

(20) Mammalian cell lines for in vitro studies: MCF-7 cells (human breast cancer cell line) and A-549 (human lung carcinoma cell line) were obtained from VACSERA Tissue Culture Unit. ACSERA Tissue Culture Unit.

(21) Chemicals Used: Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), crystal violet and trypan blue dye were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, Mo., USA).

(22) Fetal Bovine serum, DMEM, RPMI-1640, HEPES buffer solution, L-glutamine, gentamycin and 0.25% Trypsin-EDTA were purchased from Lonza. Crystal violet stain (1%): 0.5% (w/v) crystal violet and 50% methanol were made up to volume with ddH.sub.2O and filtered through a Whatmann No. 1 filter paper.

(23) Cell line propagation was performed in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum, 1% L-glutamine, HEPES buffer and 50 g/ml gentamycin. All cells were maintained at 37 C. in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO.sub.2 and were subcultured two times per week.

(24) To assess cytotoxicity, a viability assay was performed according to the following. MCF-7 cells or A-549 cells were seeded in a 96-well plate at a cell concentration of 110.sup.4 cells per well in 100 l of growth medium. Fresh medium containing different concentrations of the exemplary eggshell-derived nanoparticles was added 24 h after seeding. Specifically, serial two-fold dilutions of the exemplary eggshell-derived nanoparticles in growth medium were added to confluent cell monolayers dispensed into the 96-well, flat-bottomed microtiter plates (Falcon, N.J., USA) using a multichannel pipette. The microtiter plates were incubated at 37 C. in a humidified incubator with 5% CO.sub.2 for an additional period of 24 h. Three wells were used for each concentration of the exemplary eggshell-derived nanoparticles. Control cells were incubated without exemplary eggshell-derived nanoparticles and with or without DMSO. The percentage of DMSO present in the wells (at most 0.1%) was found not to affect cell viability.

(25) After incubation with various concentrations of the exemplary eggshell-derived nanoparticles, viable cell yield was determined by a colorimetric method. In brief, after incubation, media were aspirated and crystal violet solution (1%) was added to each well for at least 30 minutes. The stain was removed and the plates were rinsed using tap water until all excess stain was removed. Glacial acetic acid (30%) was then added to all wells, mixed thoroughly, and then the absorbance of the plates was measured after gentle shaking on a Microplate Reader (SunRise, TECAN, Inc., USA) using a test wavelength of 490 nm. All results were corrected for background absorbance detected in wells without added stain. Treated cells were compared to the cell control in the absence of the tested compounds. All experiments were carried out in triplicate.

(26) The cell cytotoxic effect of each tested exemplary eggshell-derived nanoparticles concentration was calculated. The optical density was measured with the microplate reader, as mentioned, to determine the number of viable cells, and the percentage of viability was calculated as [1(ODt/ODC]100%, where ODt is the mean optical density of wells treated with the exemplary eggshell-derived nanoparticles and ODc is the mean optical density of untreated cells. The relation between surviving cells and drug concentration is plotted to get the survival curve of each tumor cell line after treatment with the specified compound. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50), which is the concentration required to cause toxic effects in 50% of intact cells, was estimated from graphic plots of the dose response curve for each concentration using Graphpad Prism software (San Diego, Calif. USA). See FIGS. 3 and 4 for the cytotoxicity effects of the exemplary eggshell-derived nanoparticles on MCF-7 cells and A-549 cells, respectively. The results from all trials are also shown in Tables 1 and 2.

(27) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Inhibitory activity against breast carcinoma cells (IC.sub.50 = 112 4.61 g/ml) Sample conc. Viability % (3 Replicates) Inhibitory S.D. (g/ml) 1st 2nd 3rd Mean % () 500 29.48 25.91 24.88 26.76 73.24 2.41 250 36.13 34.62 32.75 34.50 65.50 1.69 125 47.28 42.04 40.61 43.31 56.69 3.51 62.5 72.54 77.18 73.59 74.44 25.56 31.25 84.17 89.45 85.02 86.21 13.79 2.84 15.6 93.86 96.31 94.16 94.78 5.22 1.34 7.8 98.7 100 99.43 99.38 0.62 0.65 3.9 100 100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100 100 100 0

(28) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Inhibitory activity against lung carcinoma cells (IC.sub.50 = 64 4.80 g/ml) Sample conc. Viability % (3 Replicates) Inhibitory S.D. (g/ml) 1st 2nd 3rd Mean % () 500 23.28 23.14 20.32 22.25 77.75 1.67 250 32.04 30.61 29.58 30.74 69.26 1.24 125 41.27 38.94 37.82 39.34 60.66 1.76 62.5 48.39 53.17 49.25 50.27 49.73 2.55 31.25 63.71 74.08 65.96 67.92 32.08 5.45 15.6 89.64 91.72 85.44 88.93 11.07 3.20 7.8 98.4 96.83 93.72 96.32 3.68 2.38 3.9 100 99.15 98.45 99.20 0.80 0.78 0 100 100 100 100 0

(29) It is to be understood that the method of producing eggshell-derived nanoparticles is not limited to the embodiments described above, but encompasses any and all embodiments within the scope of the following claims.