Method in a Chromatography System

Abstract

There is provided a method and a corresponding system for determining binding capacities of a chromatography column. The method includes detecting a feed signal representative of the composition of a feed material provided to the inlet of the column. The method further includes detecting an effluent signal representative of the composition of the effluent from the column. The method further includes using the feed signal and the effluent signal to determine binding capacities of the column.

Claims

1. A method for determining binding capacities of a chromatography column, comprising: detecting a feed signal representative of the composition of a feed material provided to the inlet of the column; detecting an effluent signal representative of the composition of the effluent from the column; and using the feed signal and the effluent signal to determine binding capacities of the column.

2. A method according to claim 1, comprising continuously determining the binding capacities of the column during the chromatography process.

3. A method according to claim 1, comprising detecting the feed signal and the effluent signal using the same type of detector.

4. A method according to claim 1, further comprising using the feed signal and the effluent signal to determine a deltasignal being the feed signal minus the effluent signal and a deltasignalmax being the feed signal minus the effluent signal when the effluent signal shows a plateau due to the fact that substantially all the non binding components have passed the column.

5. A method according to claim 4, comprising compensating for a time delay when determining the deltasignal and the deltasignalmax, said time delay representing the time it takes for a non-binding component to pass the column.

6. A method according to claim 4, comprising using the deltasignal to determine a breakthrough point (c) and/or a saturation point (d) of the column, said breakthrough point and saturation point being calculated as a respective certain predefined percentage of the deltasignalmax.

7. A method according to claim 1, comprising detecting an effluent signal from each chromatography column in a periodic counter current, PCC, system and using these effluent signals together with the feed signal to continuously determine binding capacities of the different chromatography columns of the PCC system during the chromatography process.

8. A method according to claim 1, comprising detecting the UV absorbance in the feed material and the effluent.

9. A method according to claim 1, comprising detecting the pH, conductivity, light scattering, fluorescence, IR or visible light in the feed material and the effluent.

10. A chromatography system comprising at least one chromatography column, comprising: a first detector adapted to detect a feed signal being representative of the composition of a feed material provided to the inlet of the at least one column; a second detector adapted to detect an effluent signal being representative of the composition of the effluent from a first column of the system; and a determining unit connected to said detectors and adapted to determine binding capacities of the first column based on said feed signal and said effluent signal.

11. A chromatography system according to claim 10, wherein said determining unit is adapted to continuously during the chromatography process determine binding capacities of said at least one column based on said feed signal and said effluent signal.

12. A chromatography system according to claim 10, comprising at least two columns in a periodic counter current system and further comprising further detectors, one after each further column, each further detector being adapted to detect an effluent signal being representative of the composition of the effluent from each further column, each detector being connected to the determining unit, said determining unit being adapted to continuously during the chromatography process determine binding capacities of each chromatography column based on the feed signal and the effluent signals.

13. A chromatography system according to claim 10, wherein all the detectors are of the same type.

14. A chromatography system according to claim 10, wherein said determining unit is adapted to use the feed signal and the effluent signal(s) to determine for each column a deltasignal being the feed signal minus the effluent signal and a deltasignalmax being the feed signal minus the effluent signal when the effluent signal shows a plateau due to the fact that substantially all the non binding components have passed the column.

15. A chromatography system according to claim 14, wherein said determining unit further is adapted to compensate for a time delay when determining the deltasignal and the deltasignalmax, said time delay representing the time it takes for non-binding components to pass the column.

16. A chromatography system according to claim 14, wherein said determining unit further is adapted to use the deltasignal to determine a breakthrough point (c) and/or a saturation point (d) of the column, said breakthrough point and saturation point being calculated as a respective certain predefined percentage of the deltasignalmax.

17. A chromatography system according to claim 10, further comprising a control unit connected to the determining unit and adapted to continuously monitor said determined binding capacities during the chromatography process and in real time control the start and stop of different chromatography process steps in dependence of said determined binding capacities.

18. A chromatography system according to claim 10, wherein said detectors are UV detectors.

19. A chromatography system according to claim 10, wherein said detectors are pH, conductivity, light scattering, fluorescence, IR or visible light detectors.

20. A method for controlling a chromatography system comprising at least one column, comprising the steps of: determining binding capacities of the at least one chromatography column according to claim 1; and controlling the start and stop of the different chromatography process steps according to the determined binding capacities.

21. A method according to claim 20, comprising continuously determining the binding capacities during the chromatography process and in real time controlling the start and stop of the different chromatography process steps according to the determined binding capacities.

22. A method for controlling a periodic counter current chromatography system comprising at least two columns, comprising the steps of: detecting a feed signal representative of the composition of a feed material provided to the inlet of the columns; detecting effluent signals representative of the composition of the effluent from each column in the system; determining the binding capacities of each chromatography column according to claim 1; and controlling the feed to and between the columns in dependence of the determined binding capacities.

23. A method according to claim 22, further comprising continuously determining the binding capacities during the chromatography process and in real time controlling the feed to and between the columns in dependence of the determined binding capacities.

24. A method according to claim 22, comprising controlling the flow rates for the feed and buffer pumps in dependence of the determined binding capacities.

25. A method according to claim 22, comprising compensating for any differences in the different column properties and/or flow rates by adjusting for how long, and in which position, different columns should be in the loading zone according to the determined binding capacities.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0015] FIG. 1 shows schematically a chromatography system comprising one chromatography column and two detectors according to the invention.

[0016] FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the signals from the two detectors in FIG. 1.

[0017] FIG. 3 shows schematically a three column periodic counter current (3C-PCC) system comprising four detectors according to the invention.

[0018] FIG. 4a, b, and c shows schematically three valves of FIG. 3.

[0019] FIG. 5 shows schematically a four column periodic counter current (4C-PCC) system according to the invention.

[0020] FIG. 6 is a diagram showing the signals detected from the five detectors in the 4C-PCC system shown in FIG. 5.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

[0021] To circumvent the difficulties discussed in relation to prior art a real time control algorithm based on feedback like control principle is provided by the present invention. Accordingly, methods for assessing state of different columns at any given moment of the process are of particular interest. For instance, knowing of a binding capacity of a chromatography column at a particular level of breakthrough would allow one to asses if the column can still bind solutes and how much solute still can be bound before the column reaches full saturation. Similarly, it is of paramount interest from the process yield perspective to know if the initial breakthrough capacity has been reached, as at this point the solute will be found in the effluent stream from the column and, if no proper action is taken, would be direct to waste or would be collected together with other non-binding components.

[0022] FIG. 1 shows schematically a part of a simple chromatography system according to the invention. This chromatography system comprises one chromatography column 1. It further comprises a feed line 3 connected to an inlet end 5 of the chromatography column 1. The sample to be passed through the column 1 can be added through the feed line 3. The system further comprises an effluent line 9 connected to the opposite end, i.e. the outlet end 7 of the chromatography column 1. The sample having passed the chromatography column 1 can pass through the effluent line 9. The chromatography system comprises further according to the invention a first detector 11 positioned somewhere along the feed line 3. The first detector 11 is adapted to detect a feed signal being representative of the composition of the feed material (sample) passing in the feed line. Furthermore the chromatography system comprises a second detector 13 positioned somewhere along the effluent line 9 and adapted to detect an effluent signal being representative of the composition of the sample flowing out from the column 1 through the effluent line 9. The first and the second detectors 11, 13 are suitably the same type of detectors and in one embodiment this is a UV detector, i.e. measuring the UV absorbance of the sample. Other possible types of detectors are measuring pH, conductivity, light scattering, fluorescence, IR or visible light. If the different detectors in the system not are the same type of detectors the detected signals need to be correlated when used for the further calculations according to the invention.

[0023] Furthermore, according to the invention, the first and second detectors 11, 13 are both connected to a determining unit 15. Said unit analyzes the signals detected in the first and second detectors 11, 13 in order to determine binding capacities of the chromatography column. Possible signals from the first and second detectors 11, 13 are shown in FIG. 2 in a diagram showing signal strength over time. The feed signal is denoted 21 and is the signal from the first detector 11. It is essentially a straight line since the feed sample is in this case and during this time window constant in composition. The effluent signal is denoted 23 and is the signal from the second detector 13. The effluent signal 23 will start rise from zero at point a, as soon as some of the sample has passed the column 1 and entered the passage of the effluent line 9 where the second detector 13 is positioned. The signal will then rise until point b, where it levels out into a plateau 25. This plateau 25 arises when all the non binding components in the feed have passed the column. A breakthrough point c is further defined after the plateau 25 when the signal 23 starts to rise again. This is due to the fact that the chromatography media in the column 1 starts to get saturated and some of the parts of the sample that should have been bound in the column start to break through the column. A breakthrough point d is further defined as the signal 23 approaches the signal 21. This point is defined as a saturation point and represents the moment when chromatography media is almost fully saturated with the binding components of the sample.

[0024] According to the invention at any given point in time a Deltasignal is calculated which is defined to be the feed signal 21 chosen from signals measured between the given time reduced by a specified time delay and the given time minus the effluent signal 23 measured at the given time. The feed signal 21 measures the feature (in one embodiment UV absorbance) for both non binding and binding components of the feed. The time delay is defined as a time for a non binding compound in the sample to travel from the feed detector 11 (FIG. 1) to the effluent detector 13 (FIG. 1). The time delay can be measured applying the residence time distribution theory, or it can be measured by subtracting the time when signal 21 first reaches the highest plateau e from the time when signal 23 reaches the plateau 25. This is illustrated as arrow 29 in FIG. 2. The deltasignal at one specific point in time is illustrated as arrow 28 in FIG. 2. As indicated this arrow 28 can be inclined if the time delay is compensated for.

[0025] According to the invention a Deltasignalmax 27 is calculated which is defined to be the feed signal 21 minus the signal level for the effluent signal 23 when it is in the plateau 25. This Deltasignalmax 27 can then be used for defining suitable levels for the breakthrough point and the saturation point for example. The breakthrough point c can suitably be defined to be a certain predefined percentage of the Deltasignalmax, for example somewhere in the span of 1-10% or more suitably in the span of 1-3% and the Saturation point d can suitably be defined to be a certain predefined percentage of the Deltasignalmax, for example somewhere in the span of 60-90% or more suitable in the span of 70-80%.

[0026] Determining the breakthrough point and the saturation point automatically and in real time is advantageous. This is also advantageous because the determination is independent of the feed concentration, since the feed signal is automatically compensated for.

[0027] In a further aspect of the invention these determinations of binding capacities, for example breakthrough and saturation points, are used for automatically controlling the start and stop of the different chromatography process steps, i.e. when a certain breakthrough or saturation point level has been reached a control system can control the chromatography system to proceed to the next process step such as redirecting column effluent to a different collection point, or to stop loading step and initiate column wash step.

[0028] In another aspect of the invention the chromatography system comprises more than one chromatography columns, in a so called periodic counter current (PCC) system. In the periodic counter current system, most of the time the feed is passed through at least two columns connected in series. The series is often called a loading zone and addition and removal of columns in/from the loading zone is based on predetermined breakthrough and saturation points for the last and the first column in series, respectively. In FIG. 3 such a system according to the invention comprising three columns is shown schematically. The benefits of the invention are even more explicit in this example because one common problem in PCC systems is that in order to be able to get an efficient system operation the columns used in the system need to be as identical as possible and the feed composition and flow rates should be constant, or at least their changes with process time should be known a priori. With the invention, any differences in the columns' binding capacities and/or flow rates can be compensated for by adjusting how long, and in which position, the different columns should be in the loading zone according to the determined breakthrough and saturation points.

[0029] In FIG. 3 a feed pump 31 is shown connected via a first detector 33 to a first valve block 35. A buffer pump 37 is also connected to this first valve block 35. The first valve block 35 is further connected to the inlet of a first column 39 via a first T-valve 41. An outlet end of the first column 39 is connected to a second T-valve 43 through a second detector 45. The first valve block 35 is further connected to the inlet of a second column 47 via a second valve block 49. An outlet end of the second column 47 is connected to a third valve block 51 via a third detector 53. Furthermore, a third T-valve 55 is connected between the second T-valve 43 and the third valve block 51. The third T-valve 55 is also connected to a fourth T-valve 57 which is also connected to the first T-valve 41 and the second valve block 49. Hereby the effluent from the first column 39 can be directed to the inlet of the second column 47 through T-valves 43, 55, 57 and block valve 49. Furthermore the first valve block 35 is connected to the inlet of a third column 59 via a fifth T-valve 61. An outlet end of the third column 59 is connected to a sixth T-valve 63 via a fourth detector 65. Furthermore a seventh T-valve 67 is connected between the third valve block 51 and the sixth T-valve 63. The seventh T-valve 67 is also connected to a eighth T-valve 69 which is also connected to the second valve block 49 and the fifth T-valve 61. Hereby the effluent from the second column 47 can be directed to the inlet of the third column 59. The effluent from the third column 59 can be directed to the inlet of the first column 39 through valves 63, 67, 51 55, 57 and 41. The construction of the first valve block 35 is schematically shown in FIG. 4a, the construction of the second valve block 49 is schematically shown in FIG. 4b and the constructions of the third valve block 51 is schematically shown in FIG. 4c. In these Figures each group of four boxes represent a T-valve (3 way valve). Furthermore, according to the invention the first, second, third and fourth detectors 33, 45, 53, 65 are all connected to a determining unit 71. The determining unit is adapted to use the detected signals from the detectors to determine breakthrough and saturation points for the three different columns. The determining unit 71 and all the valve blocks and T-valves and pumps are further connected to a control unit 73 (all the connections are not shown in the Figure) which is adapted to control the chromatography system in terms of when to remove or add columns from/into the loading zone, change flow rates, start new wash steps, etc. The detectors 33, 45, 53, 65 are in one embodiment UV detectors. Other examples of detectors that can be used for this invention have previously been discussed.

[0030] In one embodiment of the invention the chromatography process carried out in the system of FIG. 3 comprises: [0031] (a) Continuously monitoring a signal in the feed line with the first detector 33 and in effluent from each of the columns 39, 47, 59 (with the second, third and fourth detectors 45, 53, 65) and calculating a difference between the feed signal shifted back in time by a predefined delay time and the effluent signals in the outflow line from each column 39, 47, 59; [0032] (b) passing feed comprising at least one target compound across a 1.sup.st adsorbent (chromatography media in the first column 39), and directing the outflow from the 1.sup.st adsorbent to a 2.sup.nd adsorbent (chromatography media in the second column 47) when the Deltasignal (definition as described above in relation to FIG. 2) measured between the feed line and the effluent from the 1.sup.st adsorbent reaches a predetermined value x1; [0033] (c) redirecting the feed to the 2.sup.nd adsorbent, and passing wash liquid across the 1.sup.st adsorbent to which target compound has bound when the Deltasignal measured between the feed line and the effluent from a 1.sup.st adsorbent reaches a predetermined value x2; [0034] (d) directing the wash liquid outflow to the 3.sup.rd adsorbent (chromatography media in the third column 59) and subsequently directing the outflow from the 2.sup.nd adsorbent to the 3.sup.rd adsorbent when the Deltasignal measured between the feed line and the effluent from a 2.sup.nd adsorbent reaches a predetermined value x1; [0035] (e) regenerating the 1.sup.st adsorbent; [0036] (f) redirecting the feed to said 3.sup.rd adsorbent, and passing wash liquid across the 2.sup.nd adsorbent to which target compound has bound when the Deltasignal measured between the feed line and the effluent from a 2.sup.nd adsorbent reaches a predetermined value x2; [0037] (g) directing the wash liquid outflow to the 1.sup.st adsorbent, and subsequently directing the outflow from the 3.sup.rd adsorbent to the 1.sup.st adsorbent when the Deltasignal measured between the feed line and the effluent from a 3.sup.rd adsorbent reaches a predetermined value x1; [0038] (h) regenerating the 2.sup.nd adsorbent; [0039] (i) redirecting the feed to said 1.sup.st adsorbent, and passing wash liquid across the 3.sup.rd adsorbent to which target compound has bound when the Deltasignal measured between the feed line and the effluent from a 3.sup.rd adsorbent reaches a predetermined value x2; [0040] (j) directing the wash liquid outflow to the 2.sup.nd adsorbent, and subsequently directing the outflow from the 1.sup.st adsorbent to the 2.sup.nd adsorbent when the Deltasignal measured between the feed line and the effluent from a 1.sup.st adsorbent reaches a predetermined value x1; [0041] (k) regenerating the 3.sup.rd adsorbent; [0042] (l) repeating steps (b)-(k);
wherein at least one target compound is collected in step (d), (g) and/or (j).

[0043] Predetermined values of x1 and x2 represent breakthrough and saturation points, respectively.

[0044] The current invention enables the use of non identical columns when operating a counter current system because any differences in the columns properties can be compensated for by automatically adjusting breakthrough and saturation switching points based on the Deltasignal and Deltsignalmax measured for each of the columns. It also enables operating a counter current system when unexpected changes in feed concentration occur as any change in the feed concentration, and thus a change in the mass loaded into each column can be compensated for by automatically adjusting the breakthrough and saturation switching points based on Deltasignal and Deltasignalmax that automatically compensates for variation in feed concentration.

[0045] In another embodiment of the invention, the chromatography system comprising more than two chromatography columns can be used for direct capture of a product from a feed stream originated from a perfusion cell culture. For a person skilled in art, it is well known that concentrations of components in such stream will vary with time, and without an automated control algorithm operation of the chromatography system would be impossible without a risk of significant losses of product due to wrongly a priori assigned redirection points.

EXAMPLE

[0046] The present example is provided for illustrative purposes only, and should not be construed as limiting the present invention as defined by the appended claims.

[0047] This example illustrates a continuous primary capture step for purification of a monoclonal antibody (MAb) from a mixture containing MAb and bovine serum albumin, BSA, on protein A chromatography resin using a four column periodic counter current (4C-PCC) system with deltaUVmax control according to the invention (i.e. in this example the detectors are UV detectors and the Deltasignalmax is called deltaUVmax). More specifically, four similar columns were packed with the Protein A chromatography resin MAB SELECT (GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden). The columns were connected to a custom modified AKTAEXPLORER (GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden) chromatography system (FIG. 5). The system was configured into a four column periodic counter current system, 4C-PCC with an automated control function based on continuous comparison of UV signals measured before and after each of the four columns. The system comprises three independent pumps, a feed pump 101, a first buffer pump 103 and a second buffer pump 105. The system further comprises a first column 107, a second column 109, a third column 111 and a fourth column 113. The system further comprises 5 UV detectors, a first UV detector 115 positioned on the feed line, a second UV detector 117 positioned after the first column 107, a third UV detector 119 positioned after the second column 109, a fourth UV detector 121 positioned after the third column 111 and a fifth UV detector 123 positioned after the fourth column 113. The system further comprises several rotary valves 125a-j and a flow splitter 127. The UV detectors 115, 117, 119, 121, 123 are position such that a feed stream and an effluent from each of the columns was passed through a UV detector (FIG. 5). Absorbance from each UV detector were recorded using UNICORN software (GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden). UNICORN is also used for control of all pumps and valves. Eluted from the protein A columns MAb was collected in a single pool.

[0048] The following single column chromatography cycle was used as a base for operating the 4C-PCC system in a continuous manner: 1) column equilibration with 3 column volume (CV) of buffer A; 2) column loading with feed; 3) column wash with 4CV of buffer A; 4) column elution with 4CV of buffer B; 5) column CIP with 4CV of buffer C; and, 6) column regeneration with 3 CV of buffer A. All steps were performed at 0.4 mL/min flow rate. [0049] Composition of solutions used is given below:

[0050] Buffer A: PBS, pH 7

[0051] Buffer B: 0.1 M Sodium citrate, pH=3.5

[0052] Buffer C: 50 mM NaOH

[0053] Feed: 2.00 g/L MAb and 3 mg/ml BSA (Sigma) dissolved in buffer A

[0054] Few hundred milliliters of solution containing the feed were continuously fed into the experimental 4C-PCC setup described above. The absorbance of the feed solution was measured continuously by the first UV detector 115 positioned on the feed line (FIG. 5). The purified MAb was eluted from the system in a discreet manner by applying the buffer B into the saturated column. The saturated column was washed prior to the elution step. In FIG. 6, signals recorded in the feed line and in the effluent from each of the chromatography columns 107, 109, 111, 113 during the first, a start-up, 4C-PCC cycle consisting of: 1) loading of the feed into the first column 107; 2) connecting the 1.sup.st and the 2.sup.nd columns 107, 109 in series; 3) directing the feed into the 2.sup.nd column 109 while washing the 1.sup.st column 107 into the 3.sup.rd column 111; 4) connecting the 2.sup.nd and the 3.sup.rd columns 109, 111 in series while applying the feed; 5) eluting the 1.sup.st column 107; 6) regenerating the 1.sup.st column 107; 7) directing the feed to the 3.sup.rd column 111 while washing the 2.sup.nd column 109 in to the 4.sup.th column 113; 8) connecting the 3.sup.rd and the 4.sup.th columns 111, 113 in series while continuously applying the feed; 9) eluting the 2.sup.nd column 109; 10) regenerating the 2.sup.nd column 109; 11) directing the feed to the 4.sup.th column 113 while washing the 3.sup.rd column 111 in to the 1.sup.st column 107; 12) connecting the 4.sup.th and the 1.sup.st columns 113, 107 in series while continuously applying the feed; 13) eluting the 3.sup.rd column 111; 14) regenerating the 3.sup.rd column 111; 15) directing the feed to the 1.sup.st column 107 while washing the 4.sup.th column 113 in to the 2.sup.nd column 109; 16) connecting the 1.sup.st and the 2.sup.nd columns 107, 109 in series while continuously applying the feed; 17) eluting the 4.sup.th column 113; 18) regenerating the 4.sup.th column 113; 19) repeating steps 3-18 one more time.

[0055] The repetitive UV pattern shown in FIG. 2 is depicted in FIG. 6, where UV signals recorded during 9 single column loadings, representing two 4C-PCC cycles, are presented. The curve denoted 201 is the signal originating from the first UV detector 115 in FIG. 5, i.e. this is the feed signal. The curve denoted 203 is the signal originating from the second UV detector 117 in FIG. 5, i.e. this is the effluent signal from the first column 107. The curve denoted 205 is the signal originating from the third UV detector 119 in FIG. 5, i.e. this is the effluent signal from the second column 109. The curve denoted 207 is the signal originating from the fourth UV detector 121 in FIG. 5, i.e. this is the effluent signal from the third column 111. The curve denoted 209 is the signal originating from the fifth UV detector 123 in FIG. 5, i.e. this is the effluent signal from the fourth column 113. The chromatograms representing concentration of MAb in effluents from each of the column as shown in FIG. 6 were obtained by setting deltaUV (i.e. in this example the detectors are UV detectors and the Deltasignal is called deltaUV) criteria for detection of the breakthrough and the saturation points at x=3% and x=70% of deltaUVmax signal, respectively, according to the principle described in this invention, where x is given by:

[00001]$x=\frac{d.Math.e.Math.l.Math.t.Math.a.Math.\mathrm{UVma}.Math..Math.x-\mathrm{de}.Math.l.Math.t.Math.a.Math.U.Math.V}{\mathrm{deltaUVmax}}.Math.100.Math.\%$

[0056] Summary of results obtained in this experiment is shown in Tables 1 and 2 below. Where the volume of feed solution and the calculated amount loaded onto each column is shown. These data are compared to the calculated results that would be obtained if no automated controlled according to this invention was used, i.e., using predesignated switching times of flow redirection as described in point 1-18 were used if the reference run were performed on the same system with the same columns. As shown in FIG. 6, the UV signal measured in the effluent from the first column 107 shows that a load onto the first column was shorter before the breakthrough of MAb was observed as compared to the loads applied to the other three column until the same levels of breakthrough. This premature breakthrough indicate that either the amount of the resin in this column or the resin itself was different than in the other two columns. In fact, prior to 4C-PCC experiment the first column 107 was treated to reduce its binding capacity and by doing so making it different from the other three columns.

[0057] Because the first column 107 was different than the second column 109 a premature breakthrough for this column would have been observed in an experiment when the 4C-PCC system was operated based on predefined column switching times. Under such conditions, a loss in MAb during step 1 of the cycle would have been observed. In addition, the amount of MAb loaded onto the second column 109 in step 2 would be larger than calculated and subsequently some of the MAb would be lost in the effluent from the second column 109 before this column would be connected to the third column 111 in step 4. This mismatch in amounts loaded onto the columns would then propagate through steps 5-18, and the amount of MAb not capture by the columns would steadily increase with each column switch. This loss in unbound MAb was avoided by implementing the control algorithm according to the current invention. In Table 1, estimated masses of MAb loaded onto each of the columns during the experiment are shown. The masses loaded were estimated based on the areas above respective UV curves measured in the effluent lines after each column. The mass washed out from one column and loaded on the second to the next column in series was neglected. As shown in Table 1 significantly different mass of MAb was loaded on to the first column 107 as compared to the mass loaded on the other three columns. The mass loaded on the first column 107 was between 20-30% smaller than the mass loaded on each of the other columns during two different cycles that was almost the same with no more than 5% difference between columns and cycles. If on the other hand, the 4C-PCC system was operated without the automated control with a switch time set to enable the loading of 77 mg per milliliter resin, the amount of MAb lost per cycle and column would be significant (Table 2) and would account for around 10% of mass loaded on to the system during the whole experiment.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Summary of 4C-PCC run. Mass of MAb in milligrams loaded on each columns during the two loading cycles.* Load 1 Load 2 Load 3 First column 54.3 56.6 55.8 Second column 77.1 74.2 Third column 74.4 76.5 Fourth column 73.8 74.9 *The first column was loaded three times

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Estimated mass that would be lost (found in the waste stream) per cycle and column if the 4C-PCC was operated at the constant switching time equivalent to the load of 77 g per liter resin. Load 1 Load 2 Load 3 First column 22.7 20.4 21.2 Second column 0.1 2.8 Third column 2.6 0.5 Fourth column 3.2 2.1

[0058] While the present invention has been described in accordance with various aspects and preferred embodiments, it is to be understood that the scope of the invention is not considered to be limited solely thereto and that it is the Applicant's intention that all variants and equivalents thereof also fall within the scope of the appended claims.