Bioimplant

Abstract

Provided is a bioimplant which is capable to inhibit the biofilm formation over a long period of time after an operation. The bioimplant of the present invention comprises a base material of metal, ceramic, or plastic and a thermal spraying film of a calcium phosphate-based material formed at least partially thereon and the silver concentration in the thermal-spray film is 0.05 wt % to 3.00 wt %.

Claims

1. A bioimplant, comprising a base material of the bioimplant; a coating film comprising a calcium phosphate-based material and a silver material formed on at least a part of a surface of the base material; wherein the calcium phosphate-based material comprises oxyapatite and hydroxyapatite, wherein the hydroxyapatite is formed from converting oxyapatite present in the coating into the hydroxyapatite by immersing the coating in deionized water, and wherein fine crystals of the hydroxyapatite are present on a surface of the coating film, wherein a size of the fine crystals of hydroxyapatite is in a range of 0.01 μm to 2.00 μm in length, thickness or width.

2. The bioimplant according to claim 1, wherein the silver material concentration in the coating film is in a range of 0.05 wt % to 3.00 wt %.

3. The bioimplant according to claim 1, wherein the base material comprises a metal.

4. The bioimplant according to claim 1, wherein the calcium phosphate-based material further comprises a compound or a mixture of two or more compounds selected from the group consisting of alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, and tetracalcium phosphate.

5. The bioimplant according to claim 1, wherein the bioimplant has a bone contact portion, at least part of the bone contact portion is covered with the coating film.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1A shows an scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of a surface of the spray coating without carrying out the hydration-treatment, and FIG. 1B shows an SEM image of the surface of a spray coating after carrying out the hydration-treatment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Technical Problems to be Solved

(2) As described in the above, one of the reasons of post-operative infection is that the microbes form the biofilm on the surface of the implant and this causes the antimicrobial agents to be not effective. Especially, for 24 hours after operation, a risk of the microbial infection is significantly high, because the immune function of a patient is significantly weakened. After that period, the patient slowly recovers own immune function. However, a highly possible state of microbial infection continues over a long period ranging from one week to several weeks after an operation. Especially, a patient having autoimmune disease such as diabetes and further having a weak resistance to the microbial infection (compromised host) has a high risk of microbial infection. Further, a patient who develops infection after implant operation has high infection rates ranging from several times to several tens times in comparison with normal case, when having an operation of replacing implant. Thus, a bioimplant which is capable to inhibit the biofilm formation over a long period of time after an operation is needed. However, it was difficult for the conventional bioimplant to be capable to inhibit the biofilm formation over such a long period of time.

(3) Thus, an object of the present invention is to provide a bioimplant which is capable to inhibit the biofilm formation over a long period of time after an operation.

Means to Solve the Problems

(4) The bioimplant according to the present invention, which was made to overcome the problems above, is characterized in that it comprises a base material of metal, ceramic or plastic and a thermal spraying film made of a calcium phosphate-based material formed at least partially thereon, the silver concentration in the thermal spraying film being 0.05 wt % to 3.00 wt %.

(5) In the present invention, the calcium phosphate-based material is preferably a compound or a mixture of two or more compounds selected from the group consisting of hydroxyapatite, α-tricalcium phosphate, β-tricalcium phosphate, and tetracalcium phosphate.

Effect of the Invention

(6) Since the bioimplant of the present invention can inhibit the biofilm formation over a long period of time after an operation, a curative effect of antimicrobial agents on infection can be maintained, and thereby decreasing risk of post-operative infection. Further, as used herein, “long period of time” refers to a period in which the risk of the post-operative infection is high, and the period ranges from one week to several weeks after an operation.

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

(7) Hereinafter, favorable embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail.

(8) The bioimplant according to the present invention is a bioimplant, comprising a base material of metal, ceramic, or plastic and a thermal spraying film made of a calcium phosphate-based material formed at least partially thereon, the silver concentration in the thermal spraying film being 0.05 wt % to 3.00 wt %.

(9) The bioimplant according to the present invention include metal, ceramic, and plastic implants, such as synthetic bones and fixation devices used for treatment of diseases and injuries, synthetic joints used for reconstruction of lost joint function, and synthetic tooth roots used for reconstruction of teeth.

(10) A metal, ceramic, or plastic material may be used as the base material of the bioimplant. A stainless steel alloy, a cobalt-chromium alloy, titanium, a titanium alloy, alumina, zirconia or the like may be used as the metal, but titanium and titanium alloys are preferable. The titanium alloys for use include alloys of titanium with at least one metal selected from aluminum, tin, zirconium, molybdenum, nickel, palladium, tantalum, niobium, vanadium, platinum and the like. Preferably, it is Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Alternatively, the ceramics for use include, for example, alumina, zirconia, composite alumina-zirconia ceramics and the like. Yet alternatively, the plastics for use include, for example, polyethylenes, fluorine resins, epoxy resins, PEEK resins, Bakelite and the like.

(11) The calcium phosphate-based material for use may be a compound or a mixture of two or more compounds selected from the group consisting of hydroxyapatite, α-tricalcium phosphate, β-tricalcium phosphate, and tetracalcium phosphate. It is preferably hydroxyapatite.

(12) (Production Method)

(13) The thermal spraying methods used for forming a thermal spraying film of a calcium phosphate-based material include flame spraying method, high-speed flame spraying method, plasma spraying method, and cold spraying method. For example in the case of the flame spraying method, a film is formed on the surface of a base material by melting a thermal spraying material or bringing it close to the melting state by placing it in a gas flame generated with oxygen and a flammable gas and spraying the resulting thermal spraying material on the base material. In the case of the normal flame spraying method, the thermal spraying temperature is about 2700° C. and the thermal spraying speed is Mach 0.6. Under normal thermal spraying condition, for example, a thermal spraying powder can be fed with 100 psi dry air into a gas frame torch generated with 50 psi oxygen gas and 43 psi acetylene gas and the resulting powder can be thermally sprayed at a thermal spraying distance of 60 to 100 mm.

(14) The thickness of the thermal spraying film is 5 to 100 μm, preferably 20 to 40 μm, since it is not possible to cover the thermal spraying area entirely when the thickness is less than 5 μm and the adhesion strength of the film declines because of the residual stress during thermal spraying when the thickness is more than 100 μm.

(15) It is preferable to carry out a heat-treatment of the prepared thermal spraying film. The heat-treatment can increase the crystallinity of a calcium phosphate-based material, and thereby improving the stability of the film. The heat-treatment may be carried out at a temperature range of 400 to 1000° C. for 0.5 to 7 hours under the reduced pressure of 10.sup.−2 Pa or less. It is preferable to carry out at a temperature range of 550 to 850° C. for 1 to 5 hours.

(16) Further, it is preferable to carry out a hydration-treatment of the prepared thermal spraying film after carrying out the heat-treatment. The hydration-treatment can convert oxyapatite to hydroxyapatite, and results in fine crystals of calcium phosphate being formed (e.g., separated out from the coating and/or deposited/precipitated) on the surface of the coating, thereby stabilizing an elution property of silver ion. As used herein, “separated out” refers to a process in which an insoluble crystalized material is exposed or separated, whereas a soluble material is dissolved. Also, as used herein, “deposited/precipitated” refers to a process in which new crystals are generated and accumulated on the surface of a coating. The formation of fine crystals of calcium phosphate on the surface of the coating stabilizes the elution property of silver ions because the fine crystals cover the surface of the coating, which reduces the rate of elution of silver ions. The hydration-treatment includes a step of adding water molecule to material and may be carried out, for example, by immersing the thermal spraying film in water at a temperature of 60-100° C. for 10-60 minutes, in accordance with some embodiments. FIG. 1A shows an scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of a surface of the spray coating without carrying out the hydration-treatment and FIG. 1B shows an SEM image of the surface of spray coating after carrying out the hydration-treatment. As shown in FIG. 1B, it is observed that needle-shaped crystals, plate-shaped crystals, and/or granular-shaped crystals are formed on the surface of the coating. In some embodiments, the size of the crystals in length, width or thickness is in the range of approximately 0.01 to 2.00 micrometers (μm).

(17) It is possible to control the silver concentration in the thermal spraying film by adjusting the amount of the raw silver material blended to the thermal spraying material, i.e., the calcium phosphate-based material. The silver concentration in the thermal spraying film is 0.05 wt % to 3.00 wt %, preferably 0.05 wt % to 2.50 wt %, more preferably 0.05 wt % to 1.00 wt %, and more preferably 0.1 wt % to 1.00 wt %. It is because the antimicrobial action is not sufficient when the silver concentration is less than 0.05 wt %. Alternatively when it is more than 3.00 wt %, the implant may become toxic to tissues and organs in the body. According to literature, use of a great amount of silver leads to Argylia disease (disease leading to graying in color of the entire skin), decrease of leucocytes, and damage to liver and kidney. Our studies also showed that there are deformation of cells and inhibition of neonatal bone formation when the silver concentration is more than 3.00 wt %.

(18) An example of the bioimplant according to the present invention is a synthetic joint consisting of a stem which is a bone contact portion inserted into the bone and a neck unit formed on the top end of the stem for fixation of bone head ball, wherein at least part of the bone contact portion is covered with a thermal spraying film of a calcium phosphate-based material and the silver concentration in the thermal-spray film is 0.05 wt % to 3.00 wt %. The synthetic joint is preferably made of titanium or a titanium alloy.

Examples—Experiment 1 (Sample Preparation)

(19) Hydroxyapatite containing a particular amount of silver oxide was sprayed onto one side of a pure titanium plate with a size of 50 mm×50 mm×2 mm by flame spraying method, to forma thermal-spray film having a thickness of about 40 μm. The flame spraying was carried out by introducing, with 100 psi dry air, the thermal spraying powder into a gas frame torch generated with 50 psi oxygen gas and 43 psi acetylene gas and spraying the fused powder at a thermal spraying distance of 60 to 100 mm.

(20) (Measurement of Silver Concentration)

(21) After sufficient drying at 100° C., each sample was weighed and then dissolved in a nitric acid solution (5 mL of nitric acid and 50 mL of purified water) while heating. The silver concentration in the film was determined by measuring the silver concentration in the solution quantitatively by ICP emission spectrophotometric analysis. Then, the sample after removal of the film by solubilization was dried sufficiently and weighed again, and the film weight was calculated from the difference in weight from the sample before solubilization. The silver concentration in film (wt %) was calculated by dividing the amount of silver in film by the weight of the film. The silver concentration of the film in this experiment was 0.3 wt %.

(22) (Test for Antimicrobial Activity)

(23) As a test for antimicrobial activity, an evaluation of performance of inhibiting biofilm formation was carried out. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was adhered to samples, and then the samples was immersed in a fetal bovine serum retained at a temperature of 37° C. and was cultivated under flow condition by stirring at 60 rpm. After culture for one week and two weeks, biofilm formed on the film was stained by fluorescent staining and biofilm coverage on the film was determined and morphology thereof observed by fluorescence microscope. Further, the biofilm coverage was determined from a surface area ratio of a fluorescence emission area obtained by using image analysis software.

Experiment 2

(24) A sample was prepared in a similar manner with experiment 1 except that Hydroxyapatite containing no silver oxide was used, and supplied to the test for antimicrobial activity.

(25) (Result)

(26) Table 1 shows the biofilm coverage. The biofilm coverage of the samples of one-week culture and two-week culture in the experiment 1 became lower than those of the control samples, indicating that the samples of the experiment 1 shows inhibiting the biofilm formation.

(27) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Biofilm coverage (%) After culture for 1 week After culture for 2 weeks Experiment 1 1.3 29.9 Experiment 2 5.7 48.9

Experiment 3

(28) This experiment was carried out to reconfirm the effect of the silver concentration in the film, and the samples having silver concentrations of 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.3 wt % were prepared.

(29) (Sample Preparation)

(30) Hydroxyapatite containing a particular amount of silver oxide was sprayed onto one side of a pure titanium plate with a diameter of 14 mm and a thickness of 1 mm by flame spraying method, to form a thermal-spray film having a thickness of about 40 μm. The samples having silver concentrations of 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.3 wt % were prepared by adjusting the amount of the silver oxide blended to the thermal spraying material,

(31) The flame spraying was carried out in a similar manner as described in Experiment 1.

(32) (Measurement of Silver Concentration)

(33) The measurement of silver concentration was carried out in a similar manner as described in Experiment 1.

(34) Test for Antimicrobial Activity)

(35) As a test for antimicrobial activity, a test of inhibiting biofilm formation was carried out. The test was carried out in a similar manner as described in Experiment 1 except that a culture medium was replaced every fourth day to avoid the culture medium of fetal bovine serum from being saturated with a bacteria.

(36) (Result)

(37) Table 2 shows the results of measurements of the biofilm coverage. The biofilm coverage of the samples of one-week culture and two-week culture in this experiment became lower in proportion to the silver concentration in the film. This indicated that biofilm formation is inhibited as the silver concentration in the film increases. Further, considering the results of this experiment and empirical knowledge on the bacterial growth, it is estimated that the samples maintain an effect of inhibiting biofilm formation for a long period time, such as about four weeks when the silver concentration is 0.05%, about six weeks when the silver concentration is 0.1%, and about ten weeks when the silver concentration is 0.3%.

(38) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Silver concentration Biofilm coverage (%) in film (wt %) After one-week culture After two-week culture 0 28.6 55.0 0.05 7.5 37.1 0.1 5.3 21.4 0.3 3.6 9.3

(39) Since the bioimplant of the present invention is capable to inhibit the biofilm formation over a long period of time after an operation, the risk of post-operative infection can be significantly decreased. Especially, a large effect can be expected when applying to patients having high risk of infection, for example, to a compromised host or a patient who develops infection after implant operation and have an operation of replacing implant.

(40) The foregoing outlines features of several exemplary embodiments of the invention so that those of ordinary skill in the art may better understand the aspects of the invention. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that they may readily use the present disclosure to make various changes, substitutions, and alterations to the embodiments disclosed herein to arrive at equivalent structures that are encompassed within the scope of the present invention. Thus, the scope of the invention should not be limited by the exemplary embodiments disclosed herein but rather the scope of the invention should be commensurate with the plain meaning of the claims issued from the present disclosure.