Abstract
The power plant chemical control system includes at least one coolant electrochemical indication sensor electrically connected to the measurement data processing and transmission unit with its outlet connected to a central computer controlling the actuation devices and for injection of hydrogen and chemical reagents. The sensor is of a flow type with its hydraulic inlet connected by a sampling tube to the power plant process circuit and its hydraulic outlet hydraulically connected to the first heat exchanger and to the first throttling device with a reversible coolant supply circuit in series.
Claims
1. A power plant chemical control system, including at least one coolant electrochemical sensor electrically connected to the measurement data processing and transmission unit with its output connected to a central computer (CPC) controlling the actuation devices for injection of hydrogen and chemical reagents, wherein the coolant electrochemical sensor is of a flow type with its hydraulic inlet connected by a sampling tube to the power plant process circuit and its hydraulic outlet hydraulically connected to the first heat exchanger and the first throttling device with a reversible coolant supply circuit in series.
2. The system as defined in claim 1, wherein the coolant electrochemical indication sensor is installed in the primary process circuit of the power plant.
3. The system as defined in claim 1, wherein the coolant electrochemical indication sensor is installed in the secondary process circuit of the power plant.
4. The system as defined in claim 1, wherein the coolant electrochemical indication sensor is made in the form of a flow-type sensor of polarization resistance.
5. The system as defined in claim 1, wherein the coolant electrochemical indication sensor is made in the form of a flow-type sensor of electrochemical potential.
6. The system as defined in claim 1, wherein it includes a dissolved oxygen sensor, and/or a dissolved hydrogen sensor, and/or an electrical conductivity sensor, and/or a pH sensor installed between the second heat exchanger and the second throttling device or downstream of the throttling device; the second heat exchanger is hydraulically connected to the process circuit, and the said sensors are electrically connected to the second measurement data processing and transmission unit with its output connected to a central computer.
Description
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0019] This power plant chemical control system is illustrated by the drawing, where:
[0020] FIG. 1 shows a hydraulic circuit diagram of the primary circuit of the pressurized light-water reactor with the power plant chemical control system;
[0021] FIG. 2 shows an electric circuit diagram of the power plant chemical control system;
[0022] FIG. 3 shows a circuit diagram of the throttling device with a reversible coolant supply circuit.
THE BEST EMBODIMENT OF THE INVENTION
[0023] The primary circuit of the power plant with a chemical control system (refer to FIG. 1) consists of a reactor pressure vessel (1) with a pressurizer (2), the primary circulation circuit equipment, including pipeline (3) for the heated coolant supply to the steam generator (4) and its return through the pipeline (5), the main circulation pump (6) through the pipeline (7) to the reactor pressure vessel (1). The system for controlling and maintaining the primary circuit water chemistry quality includes an outlet (8) and an inlet pipelines (9) connecting the reactor pressure vessel (1) to the equipment of the blowdown and makeup systems consisting of a regenerative heat exchanger (10), a coolant purification system on ion-exchange filters (11), and a make-up pump (12). The reactor pressure vessel (1) is hydraulically connected by a sampling tube (13) to the flow-type sensor (14) for the coolant electrochemical indication, for example, comprising a polarization resistance sensor S1 (15) and an electrochemical potential sensor S2 (16) that are hydraulically connected in series with the first heat exchanger (17) and the first throttling device (18) with a reversible coolant supply circuit (19). S1 (15) and S2 (16) may be connected in series (as shown in FIG. 1) or in parallel, depending on their structure and operating conditions. The first throttling device (18), for example, can be made in the form of a housing with inlet and outlet nozzles, wherein a set of throttling orifices is installed (not shown in the drawing). The hydraulic outlet of the first throttling device (18) is connected to the first drain line (20). The flow-type sensor S1 (15) of the polarization resistance and the flow-type sensor S2 (16) of the coolant electrochemical indication of the unit (14) (refer to FIG. 2) are electrically connected to the inlets of the first measurement data processing and transfer unit U1 (21) with an outlet connected to a central computer, CPC (22), the control actuation device AD1 (23) for hydrogen injection and the actuation device AD2 (24) for injection of chemical reagents. The CPC (22) is equipped with a monitor (25) for visual control of the measurement data by the operator and making of managerial decisions during the power unit operation. S1 (15) and S2 (16), the first heat exchanger (17), the first throttling device (18) with a reversible circuit (19) and a measurement data processing and transfer unit U1 (21) are located within the sealed reactor circuit and are not available for maintenance when operated at power. The chemical control system of the power plant may include (refer to FIG. 1), for example, a dissolved oxygen sensor S3 (26), a dissolved hydrogen sensor S4 (27), an electrical conductivity sensor S5 (28) and a pH sensor S6 (29) installed between the second heat exchanger (30) and the second throttling device (31), according to the structure of the first throttling device (18) (refer to FIG. 1), or may be installed after the second throttling device (31). S3 (26), S4 (27), S5 (28) and S6 (29) may be connected in parallel (as shown in FIG. 1) or in series, depending on their structure and operating conditions. The inlet of the second heat exchanger (30) can be hydraulically connected to the reactor pressure vessel (1) by removal from the tube (13) (one entry point) or by a sampling tube (32) (two entry points, as shown in FIG. 1). The second drain line (33) is designed for coolant samples passing through S3 (26), S4 (27), S5 (28) and S6 (29). S3 (26), S4 (27), S5 (28) and S6 (29) are electrically connected (refer to FIG. 2) to the second measurement data processing and transmission unit U2 (34), the outlet of the U2 (34) is connected to a the central computer (22). S3 (26), S4 (27), S5 (28) and S6 (29) are located outside of the sealed circuit of the reactor, and they are available for servicing when operated at power. Cooling of the sample in the second heat exchanger (30) creates acceptable operating conditions for the low-temperature sensors S3 (26), S4 (27), S5 (28) and S6 (29) and, in combination with the second throttling device (31), allows to reduce the pressure and to stabilize the sample medium flow rate, ensuring acceptable, according to the technical requirements, discharge of the spent sample into the second drainage line (33). FIG. 3 shows the first throttling device (18) with more detailed picture of the reversible coolant supply circuit (19). The reversible circuit (19) contains tubes (35, 36) for the reversible coolant sample supply and valves (37, 38, 39, 40) ensuring the reverse flow of the sample through the first throttling device (18). In case of forward direction of the sample flow through the first throttling device (18) towards the first drain line (20) (FIG. 1 and FIG. 2), the valves 37 and 38 are open and valves 39 and 40 are closed. The reverse flow of the sample through the first throttling device (17) during its flushing occurs if valves 37 and 38 are closed and valves 39 and 40 are open.
[0024] This chemical control system of the power plant works as follows. The primary circuit coolant is automatically fed from the standard sampling points through the tube (13) to the set (14) of flow-type sensors for the electrochemical indication of the coolant containing, for example, S1 (15) for polarization resistance and S2 (16) for electrochemical potential; then the sample flow passes the first heat exchanger (17) and the first throttling device (18) with a reversible coolant supply circuit (19) for cleaning of the throttling device (18). The first heat exchanger (17) and the first throttling device (18) provide optimum values for the temperature, pressure and flow rate of the sample into the drain line (20). The signals from S1 (15) and S2 (16) are sent to the measurement data processing and transmitting unit U1 (21) and further to the CPC (22). At the same time, the working medium is fed through tube 32 (in one process connection option) or through tube 13 (in another process connection option) to the second heat exchanger (30) and passes at room temperature through S3 (26), S4 (27), S5 (28) and S6 (29) measuring the rated and diagnostic parameters related to the quality of the process circuit medium. The sample flow then passes through the second throttling device (31) and enters the drain line (33). The signals from S3 (26), S4 (27), S5 (28) and S6 (29) are sent to U2 (34) and then to the CPC (22). In the CPC (22), the processed measurement results of S (15), S2 (16), S3 (26), S4 (27), S5 (28) and S6 (29) are used to justify management decisions during power unit operation. Occasionally, the inner surfaces of the first throttling device (18) are cleaned from the iron corrosion products that are slightly adherent to the surface by changing the direction of the sample flow using valves 37, 38, 39, 40 of the reversible circuit (19). It is recommended to change the direction of the sample flow through the first throttling device (18) with a decrease in the sample flow rate by half compared to the initial value in the steady-state regime and, to prevent it, at the end of each transient mode stage. Regular flushing of the first throttling device (18) allows to keep the transport lag time and the stability of the sample flow to the sensitive elements of S1 (15), S2 (16), S3 (26), S4 (27), S5 (28) and S6 (29), which ensures receipt of reliable values of the rated and diagnostic parameters of the process circuit aqueous media during power operation, in transient modes or during washing, passivation and in outage modes. Selection of the values of rated and diagnostic quality parameters of the water chemistry of the process circuit by the criterion of the minimum corrosion activity of the filling medium and maintenance of the values within certain limits are required for safe operation of the power unit. In case of deviations in the parameter values beyond the established boundaries, actions are taken to correct violations within a specified time. If it is impossible to eliminate the causes for deviations in the measured parameter values of the process circuit within the specified period of time, decision is made to suspend or to stop further works at the power unit (STO 1.1.1.03.004.0980-2014 Water Chemistry of the Primary Circuit during Commissioning of the Nuclear Power Plant Unit under AES-2006 Project. Coolant Quality Standards and Supporting Means. STO1.1.1.03.004.0979-2014 Water Chemistry of the Secondary Circuit during Commissioning of the Nuclear Power Plant Unit under AES-2006 Project. Working Medium Quality Standards and Supporting Means at http://www.snti.ru/snips_rd3.htm).
INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY
[0025] The following is a specific example showing the effectiveness of this power plant chemical control system, including sensors for the electrochemical parameters of the coolant of the power installation process circuits forming a complex with heat exchangers and throttling devices with a reversible coolant supply circuit.
Example
[0026] The production prototype of the corrosion monitoring complex was mounted on one of the power units with RBMK-1000 reactor (high-power channel-type reactors). The power unit with RBMK-1000 reactor is a single-circuit power plant of a boiling type. The coolant is light water (H.sub.2O) moving along the multiple forced circulation circuit connecting the channel-type reactor, the turbine and the main circulation pump. The circuit diagram of the multiple forced circulation circuit is similar to that shown in FIG. 1 (items 1, 4, 6). Organization of automatic sampling and supply of the sample to the power plant chemical control system are also similar (refer to FIG. 1, items 13, 16-20). The first option of the chemical control system production prototype configuration consisted of a cell with electrodes of an electrochemical potential sensor, a heat exchanger/cooler, a throttling device as a set of throttle orifices. The set of throttle orifices was designed to provide a pressure drop from 8 to 0.15 MPa and to maintain the coolant sample flow rate at about 20 dm.sup.3/h. The electrochemical potential was measured using a typical measuring transducer and 4-20 mA signal tapping to the recording system on the typical recording chart. The water chemistry quality complied with the regulatory document (STO 1.1.1.02.013.0715-2009 Water Chemistry of the Main Process Circuit and Auxiliary Systems of Nuclear Power Plants with RBMK-1000 Reactors at http://www.snti.ru/snips_rd3.htm). Quality parameters changed during power operation within the following limits: from 25 to 40 g/kg for oxygen concentration; from 0 to 2 g/kg for hydrogen concentration; from 7 to 10 g/kg for iron corrosion products concentration; from 0.08 to 0.27 S/cm for the specific electrical conductivity. During the first stage of the tests, under the power unit operation at nominal power, there was a reduction in the sample flow rate. The coolant sample flow through the complex reduced by half (up to 10 dm.sup.3/h) after 200 hours and to 3 dm.sup.3/h after 800 hours, which corresponds to an extension in the transport lag time by six times, up to approximately 5 minutes, with the sampling tube length of 10 meters from the sampling point to the sensor. The extended transport lag time has a negative effect on the reliability of the values of the rated and diagnostic parameters of the process circuit water media. The coolant sample flow rate of (17-19) dm.sup.3/h was restored as a result of the following procedures: disconnection of the complex from the multiple forced circulation circuit, removal of a set of throttling orifices from the complex, mechanical removal of iron corrosion products deposits from the internal surfaces of the set of throttling orifices, assembly of the set of throttling orifices, installation of the set of throttling orifices in the hydraulic circuit of the complex and its commissioning. Regular monitoring of the sample flow rate showed that the flow rate is gradually decreasing at almost the same rate as at the beginning of the test. A similar formation of deposits of iron corrosion products in the form of magnetic iron oxides was recorded in the regulating valve for feed water supply to the drum boiler of the combined-cycle gas-turbine unit at one of the combined heat and power plants. Cleaning the valve of deposits was required at least once a month. In order to eliminate these drawbacks, the hydraulic complex path was updated with arrangement of a reversible coolant supply circuit to a throttling device similar to that shown in FIG. 3. The upgraded complex with a throttling device with a reversible coolant supply circuit enabled to perform long-term tests (at least 5000 hours) at the rated power of the power unit, during start-up (48 to 144 hours) and shutdown (48 to 100 hours) periods. Quality indicators changed during the start-up and shutdown periods within the following limits: from 25 to 140 g/kg for oxygen concentration; from 0 to 4 g/kg for hydrogen concentration; from 20 to 100 g/kg for iron corrosion products concentration; from 0.28 to 0.77 S/cm for the specific electrical conductivity. Timely switching of the coolant flow direction through the throttling device allowed to maintain the flow rate within the limits from 15 to 18 dm.sup.3/h acceptable for measurement reliability.
