Method of producing a PVD layer and a coated cutting tool

Abstract

A method for producing a coating on a substrate, wherein the coating includes a PVD layer (A), deposited by cathodic arc evaporation, being a compound of the formula Me.sub.xSi.sub.yAl.sub.zC.sub.aN.sub.bO.sub.c, wherein Me is one or more metals of groups 4, 5 and 6 in the IUPAC periodic table of elements. The PVD layer (A) is deposited by applying a pulsed bias voltage of from about 40 to about 450 V to the substrate and using a duty cycle of less than about 12% and a pulsed bias frequency of less than about 10 kHz. A coated cutting tool having a substrate and a coating is also disclosed, wherein the coating includes the PVD layer (A) with the compound of the formula Me.sub.xSi.sub.yAl.sub.zC.sub.aN.sub.bO.sub.c. The PVD layer (A) is crystalline having a FWHM (Full Width at Half Maximum) value for the cubic (111) peak in X-ray diffraction of 0.3 degrees (2theta).

Claims

1. A coated cutting tool comprising: a substrate; and a coating, wherein the coating comprises a PVD layer being a compound of the formula Me.sub.xSi.sub.yAl.sub.zC.sub.aN.sub.bO.sub.c, wherein, x+y+z=1, 0a1, 0b1, 0c0.2, a+b+c=1, and, 0x1, 0y0.4, 0z0.1, or, 0x1, 0y0.1, 0z0.75, wherein Me is one or more metals of groups 4, 5 and 6 in the IUPAC periodic table of elements, the PVD layer is crystalline having a FWHM (Full Width at Half Maximum) value for the cubic (111) peak in X-ray diffraction being 0.3 degrees (2theta).

2. The coated cutting tool according to claim 1, wherein the PVD layer has a FWHM value for the cubic (111) peak in X-ray diffraction being 0.25 degrees (2theta).

3. The coated cutting tool according to claim 1, wherein the PVD layer has a ratio of peak height intensity I(111)/I(200) in X-ray diffraction being 0.6.

4. The coated cutting tool according to claim 1, wherein the PVD layer has a residual stress being >3 GPa.

5. The coated cutting tool according to claim 1, wherein the PVD layer includes faceted crystal grains on its surface.

6. The coated cutting tool according to claim 1, wherein the thickness of the PVD layer is from about 0.5 to about 20 m.

7. The coated cutting tool according to claim 1, wherein the PVD layer is a compound of the formula:
Ti.sub.pZr.sub.qCr.sub.rSi.sub.sAl.sub.tC.sub.aN.sub.bO.sub.c, 0p1,0q1,0r1,0s0.4, 0t0.1,p+q+r+s+t=1, 0a1, 0b1, 0c0.2, a+b+c=1 or, Ti.sub.pZr.sub.qCr.sub.rSi.sub.sAl.sub.tC.sub.aN.sub.bO.sub.c, 0p1, 0q1, 0r1, 0s0.1, 0t0.75, p+q+r+s+t=1, 0a1, 0b1, 0c0.2, a+b+c=1.

8. The coated cutting tool according to claim 7, wherein in the formula for the PVD layer 0.9p1, 0q0.1, 0r0.1, 0s0.1, 0t0.1.

9. The coated cutting tool according to claim 7, wherein in the formula for the PVD layer 0.25p0.9, 0q0.1, 0r0.1, 0s0.1, 0.1t0.75.

10. The coated cutting tool according to claim 7, wherein in the formula for the PVD layer 0p0.1, 0q0.1, 0.2r1, 0s0.1, 0.1t0.8.

11. The coated cutting tool according to claim 7, wherein in the formula for the PVD layer 0.1p0.5, 0.1q0.5, 0r0.1, 0s0.1, 0.25t0.6.

12. The coated cutting tool according to claim 7, wherein in the formula for the PVD layer) 0p0.1, 0.4q1, 0r0.1, 0s0.1, 0t0.5.

13. The coated cutting tool according to claim 7, wherein in the formula for the PVD layer 0.2p0.6, 0q0.1, 0r0.1, 0s0.1, 0.35t0.75.

14. The coated cutting tool according to claim 7, wherein in the formula for the PVD layer 0.7p0.95, 0q0.1, 0r0.1, 0.01s0.3, 0t0.1.

15. The coated cutting tool according to claim 1, wherein in the formula for the PVD layer 0a0.25, 0.75b1, 0c0.05, a+b+c=1.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 shows combined X-ray diffractograms for the coatings of Samples 1-3.

(2) FIG. 2 shows combined X-ray diffractograms for the coatings of Samples 4-8.

(3) FIG. 3 shows combined X-ray diffractograms for the coatings of Samples 9-12.

(4) FIG. 4 shows combined X-ray diffractograms for the coatings of Samples 13-17.

(5) FIG. 5 shows an enlarged part of the X-ray diffractogram for Sample 4 around the (111) peak.

(6) FIG. 6 shows an enlarged part of the X-ray diffractogram for Sample 5 around the (111) peak.

(7) FIG. 7 shows an enlarged part of the X-ray diffractogram for Sample 6 around the (111) peak.

(8) FIG. 8 shows an enlarged part of the X-ray diffractogram for Sample 13 around the (111) peak.

(9) FIG. 9 shows an enlarged part of the X-ray diffractogram for Sample 14 around the (111) peak.

(10) FIG. 10 shows an enlarged part of the X-ray diffractogram for Sample 15 around the (111) peak.

(11) FIG. 11 shows an enlarged part of the X-ray diffractogram for Sample 16 around the (111) peak.

(12) FIG. 12 shows a SEM image of the surface of Sample 4.

(13) FIG. 13 shows combined X-ray diffractograms for the coatings of Samples 18-20.

(14) FIG. 14 shows combined X-ray diffractograms for the coatings of Samples 21-23.

(15) FIG. 15 shows an enlarged part of the X-ray diffractogram for Sample 18 around the (111) peak.

(16) FIG. 16 shows an enlarged part of the X-ray diffractogram for Sample 19 around the (111) peak.

(17) FIG. 17 shows an enlarged part of the X-ray diffractogram for Sample 20 around the (111) peak.

(18) FIG. 18 shows an enlarged part of the X-ray diffractogram for Sample 21 around the (111) peak.

(19) FIG. 19 shows an enlarged part of the X-ray diffractogram for Sample 22 around the (111) peak.

(20) FIG. 20 shows an enlarged part of the X-ray diffractogram for Sample 23 around the (111) peak.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(21) The present invention relates to a method for producing a coating on a substrate, the coating comprises a PVD layer (A) being a compound of the formula Me.sub.xSi.sub.yAl.sub.zC.sub.aN.sub.bO.sub.c, x+y+z=1, 0a1, 0b1, 0c0.2, a+b+c=1, and, 0x1, 0y0.4, 0z0.1, or, 0x1, 0y0.1, 0z0.75,

(22) wherein Me is one or more metals of groups 4, 5 and 6 in the IUPAC periodic table of elements, the PVD layer (A) is deposited by by cathodic arc evaporation applying a pulsed bias voltage of from about 40 to about 450 V to the substrate and using a duty cycle of less than about 12% and a pulsed bias frequency of less than about 10 kHz.

(23) In one embodiment the duty cycle can be less than about 11%. The duty cycle can further be from about 1.5 to about 10%, or from about 2 to about 10%.

(24) In one embodiment the duty cycle can be less than about 10%. The duty cycle can further be from 1.5 to about 8%, or from about 2 to about 6%.

(25) During the off-time the potential is suitably floating.

(26) The pulsed bias frequency can be more than about 0.1 kHz, or from about 0.1 to about 8 kHz, or from about 1 to about 6 kHz, or from about 1.5 to about 5 kHz, or from about 1.75 to about 4 kHz.

(27) The pulsed bias voltage can be from about 40 to about 450 V, or from about 50 to about 450 V, or from about 55 to about 450 V.

(28) The most optimal range for the pulsed bias voltage to be used may vary depending on the specific PVD reactor used.

(29) In one embodiment the pulsed bias voltage can be from about 55 to about 400 V, or from about 60 to about 350 V, or from about 70 to about 325 V, or from about 75 to about 300 V, or from about 75 to about 250 V, or from about 100 to about 200 V.

(30) In another embodiment the pulsed bias voltage can be from about 45 to about 400 V, or from about 50 to about 350 V, or from about 50 to about 300 V,

(31) The pulsed bias voltage is suitably unipolar.

(32) The PVD layer (A) is suitably deposited at a chamber temperature of between 400 and 700 C., or between 400-600 C., or between 450-550 C.

(33) The PVD layer (A) is suitably deposited in a PVD vacuum chamber as disclosed in US 2013/0126347 A1 equipped with cathode assemblies where the cathodes are both provided with a ring-shaped anode placed around them, and using a system providing a magnetic field with field lines going out from the target surface and entering the anode.

(34) The gas pressure during the deposition of the PVD layer (A) can be from about 0.5 to about 15 Pa, or from about 0.5 to about 10 Pa, or from about 1 to about 5 Pa.

(35) The substrate can be selected from the group of cemented carbide, cermet, ceramic, cubic boron nitride and high speed steel.

(36) The substrate is suitably shaped as a cutting tool.

(37) The cutting tool can be a cutting tool insert, a drill, or a solid end-mill, for metal machining.

(38) The present invention further relates to a coated cutting tool comprising a substrate and a coating, wherein the coating comprises a PVD layer (A) being a compound of the formula Me.sub.xSi.sub.yAl.sub.zC.sub.aN.sub.bO.sub.c, wherein, x+y+z=1, 0a1, 0b1, 0c0.2, a+b+c=1, and, 0x1, 0y0.4, 0z0.1, or, 0x1, 0y0.1, 0z0.75, wherein Me is one or more metals of groups 4, 5 and 6 in the IUPAC periodic table of elements, the PVD layer (A) is crystalline having a FWHM (Full Width at Half Maximum) value for the cubic (111) peak in X-ray diffraction being 0.3 degrees (2theta). The further possible features of the PVD layer (A) described herein refer to both the PVD layer (A) defined in method and to the PVD layer (A) defined in the coated cutting tool.

(39) Very sharp cubic diffraction peaks are seen when performing X-ray diffraction analysis of the PVD layer (A). This implies high crystallinity. One also suitably gets a preferred (111) out-of-plane crystallographic orientation for a number of layer compositions where one usually gets a preferred (200) orientation by prior art methods. Such layer compositions are, for example, Ti.sub.0.33Al.sub.0.67N, Ti.sub.0.5Al.sub.0.5N, (Ti,Si)N and Cr.sub.0.3Al.sub.0.7N.

(40) The PVD layer (A) suitably has a FWHM value for the cubic (111) peak in XRD diffraction being 0.25 degrees (2theta), or 0.2 degrees (2theta), or 0.18 degrees (2theta). For a case when the PVD layer (A) is TiN the FWHM value for the cubic (111) peak in XRD diffraction can furthermore even be 0.16 degrees (2theta).

(41) The PVD layer (A) suitably has a FWQM (Full Width at Quarter Maximum) value for the cubic (111) peak in XRD diffraction being 0.6 degrees (2theta), or 0.5 degrees (2theta), or 0.45 degrees (2theta), or 0.4 degrees (2theta), or 0.35 degrees (2theta), or 0.3 degrees (2theta). For a case when the PVD layer (A) is TiN the FWQM value for the cubic (111) peak in XRD diffraction can furthermore even be 0.25 degrees (2theta).

(42) The PVD layer (A) suitably has a ratio of peak height intensity I(111)/I(200) in X-ray diffraction being 0.6, or 0.7, or 0.8, or 0.9, or 1, or 1.5, or 2, or 3, or 4.

(43) The peak height intensities I(111) and I(200) used herein, as well as the (111) peak used for determining the FWHM and FWQM values are Cu-K.sub.2 stripped.

(44) The PVD layer (A), suitably has a residual stress being >3 GPa, or >2 GPa, or >1 GPa, or >0.5 GPa, or >0 GPa.

(45) The PVD layer (A), suitably has a residual stress being <4 GPa, or <3 GPa, or <2 GPa, or <1 GPa.

(46) The residual stress of the PVD layer (A) is evaluated by X-ray diffraction measurements using the well-known sin.sup.2 method as described by I. C. Noyan, J. B. Cohen, Residual Stress Measurement by Diffraction and Interpretation, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1987 (pp 117-130). See also for example V Hauk, Structural and Residual Stress analysis by Nondestructive Methods, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1997. The measurements are performed using CuK-radiation on the (200) reflection. The side-inclination technique (-geometry) has been used with six to eleven, preferably eight, -angles, equidistant within a selected sin.sup.2-range. An equidistant distribution of -angles within -sector of 90 is preferred. To confirm a biaxial stress state, the sample shall be rotated for =0 and 90 while tilted in . It is recommended to investigate the possible presence of shear stresses and therefore both negative and positive -angles shall be measured. In the case of an Euler -cradle this is accomplished by measuring the sample also at =180 and 270 for the different -angles. The measurement shall be performed on an as flat surface as possible, preferably on a flank side of a cutting tool insert. For the calculations of the residual stress values the Possion's ratio, v=0.22 and the Young's modulus, E=447 GPa are to be used. The data is evaluated using commercially available software such as DIFFRAC.sup.Plus Leptos v. 7.8 from Bruker AXS preferably locating the (200) reflection, by the Pseudo-Voigt-Fit function. The total stress value is calculated as the average of the obtained biaxial stresses.

(47) The PVD layer (A) suitably comprises faceted crystal grains on its surface. By faceted is herein meant that there are flat faces on the grains.

(48) The faceted crystal grains of the PVD layer (A) suitably occupy >50%, or >75%, or >90%, of the surface area of the PVD layer (A).

(49) The thickness of the PVD layer (A) is suitably from about 0.5 to about 20 m, or from about 0.5 to about 15 m, or from about 0.5 to about 10 m, or from about 1 to about 7 m, or from about 2 to about 5 m.

(50) The PVD layer (A) is suitably a compound of the formula Ti.sub.pZr.sub.qCr.sub.rSi.sub.sAl.sub.tC.sub.aN.sub.bO.sub.c, 0p1, 0q1, 0r1, 0s0.4, 0t0.1, p+q+r+s+t=1, 0a1, 0b1, 0c0.2, a+b+c=1 or, Ti.sub.pZr.sub.qCr.sub.rSi.sub.sAl.sub.tC.sub.aN.sub.bO.sub.c, 0p1, 0q1, 0r1, 0s0.1, 0t0.75, p+q+r+s+t=1, 0a1, 0b1, 0c0.2, a+b+c=1.

(51) Suitably, in the formula for the PVD layer (A), 0a0.75, 0.25b1, 0c0.1, or, 0a0.5, 0.5b1, 0c0.1, or, 0a0.25, 0.75b1, 0c0.05, or, 0a0.1, 0.9b1, 0c0.02, or, a=0, b=1, c=0, a+b+c=1.

(52) In one embodiment, the PVD layer (A) is a compound comprising at least two of Ti, Zr, Cr, Si, and Al.

(53) In one embodiment, in the formula for the PVD layer (A) 0.95p1, 0q0.1, 0r0.1, 0s0.1, 0t0.1, or, 0.955p1, 0q0.05, 0r0.05, 0s0.05, 0t0.05, or, 0.985p1, 0q0.02, 0r0.02, 0s0.02, 0t0.02. In this embodiment an example of the PVD layer (A) is TiN.

(54) In one embodiment, in the formula for the PVD layer (A) 0.255p0.9, 0q0.1, 0r<0.1, 05s0.1, 0.1t0.75, or, 0.35p0.7, 0q0.05, 0r0.05, 0s0.05, 0.3t0.7, or, 0.335p0.6, 0q0.02, 0r0.02, 0s0.02, 0.4t0.67. In this embodiment an example of the PVD layer (A) is Ti.sub.0.3Al.sub.0.67N.

(55) In one embodiment, in the formula for the PVD layer (A) 0p0.1, 0q0.1, 0.2r1, 0s0.1, 0.1t0.8, or, 0p0.05, 0q0.05, 0.25r0.75, 0s0.05, 0.3t0.75, or, 0p0.02, 0q0.02, 0.25r0.35, 0s0.05, 0.6t0.75. In this embodiment an example of the PVD layer (A) is Cr.sub.0.3Al.sub.0.7N.

(56) In one embodiment, in the formula for the PVD layer (A) 0.1p0.5, 0.1q0.5, 0r0.1, 0s0.1, 0.25t0.6, or, 0.15p0.4, 0.155q0.4, 0r0.05, 0s0.05, 0.4t0.55, or, 0.2p0.4, 0.15q0.3, 0r0.02, 0s0.02, 0.45t0.55. In this embodiment an example of the PVD layer (A) is Ti.sub.0.3Zr.sub.0.2Al.sub.0.5N.

(57) In one embodiment, in the formula for the PVD layer (A) 0p0.1, 0.4q1, 0r0.1, 0s0.1, 0t0.5, or, 0p0.05, 0.5q1, 0r0.05, 0s0.05, 0.1t0.45, or, 0p0.02, 0.5q0.8, 0r0.02, 0s0.02, 0.2t0.4. In this embodiment an example of the PVD layer (A) is Zr.sub.0.65Al.sub.0.35N.

(58) In one embodiment, in the formula for the PVD layer (A) 0.25p0.6, 0q0.1, 0r0.1, 0s0.1, 0.35t0.75, or, 0.3p0.5, 0q0.05, 0r0.05, 0.01s0.08, 0.4t0.6, or, 0.3p0.5, 0q0.02, 0r0.02, 0.02s0.07, 0.45t0.6. In this embodiment an example of the PVD layer (A) is Ti.sub.0.4Si.sub.0.05Al.sub.0.55N.

(59) In one embodiment, in the formula for the PVD layer (A) 0.75p0.95, 0q0.1, 0r0.1, 0.01s0.3, 0t0.1, or, 0.755p0.95, 0q0.05, 0r0.05, 0.02s0.25, 0t0.05, or, 0.85p0.95, 0q0.02, 0r0.02, 0.05s0.2. In this embodiment examples of the PVD layer (A) are, Ti.sub.0.91Si.sub.0.09N Ti.sub.0.87Si.sub.0.13N, Ti.sub.0.85Si.sub.0.15N, Ti.sub.0.82Si.sub.0.18N, and Ti.sub.0.78Si.sub.0.22N.

(60) The coating comprising a PVD layer (A) is suitably deposited on a substrate selected from the group of cemented carbides, cermets, ceramics, cubic boron nitride and high speed steel.

(61) The PVD layer (A) in the coating of the coated cutting tool is suitably deposited by arc evaporation.

(62) The PVD layer (A) in the coating of the coated cutting tool is suitably deposited according to the method of the invention.

(63) In one embodiment the coating comprises an innermost bonding layer of, e.g., TiN, CrN or ZrN, closest to the substrate. The thickness of the bonding layer can be from about 0.1 to about 1 m, or from about 0.1 to about 0.5 m. An innermost bonding layer may be deposited using different process parameters than used for depositing the PVD layer (A), for example DC bias instead of pulsed bias, such an innermost bonding layer may be of substantially the same elemental composition as the PVD layer (A).

(64) The substrate of the coated cutting tool can be selected from the group of cemented carbide, cermet, ceramic, cubic boron nitride and high speed steel.

(65) The coated cutting tool can be a cutting tool insert, a drill, or solid end-mill, for metal machining.

EXAMPLES

Example 1

(66) A Ti.sub.0.33Al.sub.0.67N layer was deposited on sintered cemented carbide cutting tool insert blanks of the geometry SNMA120804. The composition of the cemented carbide was 10 wt % Co, 0.4 wt % Cr and rest WC. The cemented carbide blanks were coated in a PVD vacuum chamber being Oerlikon Balzer INNOVA System with the Advanced Plasma Optimizer upgrade. The PVD vacuum chamber was equipped with 6 cathode assemblies. The assemblies each comprised one Ti.sub.0.33Al.sub.0.67 alloy target. The cathode assemblies were placed on two levels in the chamber. The cathodes were both provided with a ring-shaped anode placed around them (as disclosed in US 2013/0126347 A1), with a system providing a magnetic field with field lines going out from the target surface and entering the anode (see US 2013/0126347 A1).

(67) The chamber was pumped down to high vacuum (less than 10.sup.2 Pa) and heated to 350-500 C. by heaters located inside the chamber, in this specific case 500 C. The blanks were then etched for 30 minutes in an Ar plasma.

(68) Seventeen different depositions were made with varying process conditions. Both DC bias and pulsed bias voltage was tested. For the pulsed bias different bias voltages, duty cycles and pulsed bias frequencies were tested.

(69) The chamber pressure was set to 3.5 Pa of N.sub.2 gas, and either a certain DC bias voltage or unipolar pulsed bias voltage (relative to the chamber walls) was applied to the blank assembly. For the pulsed bias, at a certain duty cycle and pulsed bias frequency. The cathodes were run in an arc discharge mode at a current of 200 A (each) for 60 minutes. A layer having a thickness of about 3 m was deposited.

(70) The different combination of process parameters are shown in Table 1.

(71) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Ti.sub.0.33Al.sub.0.67N layers Pulsed Bias Duty bias Sample voltage on-time off-time cycle frequency Pressure No. (V) (s) (s) (%) (kHz) (Pa) 1. 150 NA NA NA NA 3.5 (comparative) 2. 100 NA NA NA NA 3.5 (comparative) 3. 100 NA NA NA NA 1 (comparative) 4. 300 20 500 3.8 1.9 3.5 (invention) unipolar pulsed 5. 300 50 500 9.1 1.8 3.5 (invention) unipolar pulsed 6. 300 20 200 9.1 4.5 3.5 (invention) unipolar pulsed 7. 300 20 100 16.7 8.3 3.5 (comparative) unipolar pulsed 8. 300 20 60 25 12.5 3.5 (comparative) unipolar pulsed 9. 300 3 30 9.1 30 3.5 (comparative) unipolar pulsed 10. 300 2 20 9.1 45 3.5 (comparative) unipolar pulsed 11. 300 2 45 4 20 3.5 (comparative) unipolar pulsed 12. 300 4 96 4 10 3.5 (comparative) unipolar pulsed 13. 200 20 500 3.8 1.9 3.5 (invention) unipolar pulsed 14. 150 20 500 3.8 1.9 3.5 (invention) unipolar pulsed 15. 100 20 500 3.8 1.9 3.5 (invention) unipolar pulsed 16. 75 20 500 3.8 1.9 3.5 (invention) unipolar pulsed 17. 50 20 500 3.8 1.9 3.5 (invention ) unipolar pulsed

(72) X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was conducted on the flank face of the coated inserts using a Bruker D8 Discover diffractometer equipped with a 2D detector (VANTEC-500) and a IS X-ray source (Cu-K.sub., 50.0 kV, 1.0 mA) with an integrated parallel beam Montel mirror. The coated cutting tool inserts were mounted in sample holders that ensure that the flank face of the samples were parallel to the reference surface of the sample holder and also that the flank face was at appropriate height. The diffracted intensity from the coated cutting tool was measured around 2 angles where relevant peaks occur, so that at least 35 to 50 is included. Data analysis, including background subtraction and Cu-K.sub.2 stripping, was performed using PANalytical's X'Pert HighScore Plus software. A Pseudo-Voigt-Fit function was used for peak analysis. No thin film correction was applied to the obtained peak intensities. Possible peak overlap of a (111) or a (200) peak with any diffraction peak not belonging to the PVD layer, e.g., a substrate reflection like WC, was compensated for by the software (deconvolution of combined peaks) when determining the peak intensities and peak widths.

(73) FIG. 1 shows combined X-ray diffractograms (not Cu-K.sub.2 stripped) for the coatings Samples 1-3 where DC bias voltage has been used. FIG. 2 shows combined X-ray diffractograms (not Cu-K.sub.2 stripped) for the coatings Samples 4-8 where 300 V pulsed bias voltage has been used and the duty ratio and the pulsed bias frequency have been varied. FIG. 3 shows combined X-ray diffractograms (not Cu-K.sub.2 stripped) for the coatings Samples 912 where 300 V pulsed bias has been used and the duty ratio and the pulse frequency have been varied. FIG. 4 shows combined X-ray diffractograms (not Cu-K.sub.2 stripped) for the coatings Samples 13-17 where the pulsed bias voltage has been varied at fixed duty ratio and pulsed bias frequency.

(74) It is clear that Samples 4-6, and Samples 13-16 which were produced according to the invention show a sharp (111) peak. FIG. 5-7 show enlarged parts of the diffractograms for Samples 4-6 around the (111) peak (Cu-K.sub.2 stripped). FIG. 8-11 show enlarged parts of the diffractograms for Samples 13-16 around the (111) peak (Cu-K.sub.2 stripped). The FWHM and FWQM values for the (111) peak of Samples 4-6 and Samples 13-16 were determined as well as the ratio of I(111)/I(200).

(75) FIG. 12 shows a SEM image of the surface of Sample 4. The crystal grains are clearly facetted all over the surface.

(76) The results are shown in Table 2.

(77) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Results from SEM analysis, XRD analysis and residual stress analysis I (111)/ Faceted I (200) crystal peak FWHM FWQM Residual grains on the height I (111), I (111), stress* Sample No. surface intensities [2] [2] (GPa) 1. no 0.8 0.60 1.2 5.5 (comparative) 2. no 1.0 0.35 0.65 (comparative) 3. no 3.2 0.43 0.95 (comparative) 4. yes, all over 2.5 0.16 0.27 0.5 (invention) 5. yes, all over 1.0 0.18 0.27 (invention) 6. yes, all over 1.0 0.16 0.25 (invention) 7. no 0.1 0.89 (comparative) 8. no 0.4 0.76 1.1 (comparative) 9. no 0.4 0.42 0.57 (comparative) 10. no 0.5 0.29 0.45 (comparative) 11. no 0.5 0.28 0.54 (comparative) 12. no 0.6 0.36 0.59 (comparative) 13. yes, all over 2.7 0.15 0.34 (invention) 14. yes, all over 3.9 0.14 0.30 (invention) 15. yes, all over 3.4 0.15 0.31 (invention) 16. yes, all over 3.6 0.15 0.31 (invention) 17. no 0.6 0.29 0.52 (invention ) *only for Samples No. 1 and 4

Example 2

(78) Layers as listed in Table 3 were respectively deposited on sintered cemented carbide cutting tool insert blanks of the geometry SNMA120804 with the same composition as in Example 1 and also using the same PVD vacuum chamber and the same procedure as in Example 1, but with changing the Ti.sub.0.33 Al.sub.0.67 alloy targets to, respectively, Ti-targets, Cr.sub.0.30Al.sub.0.70 alloy targets, Ti.sub.0.30Zr.sub.0.20Al.sub.0.50 alloy targets, Zr.sub.0.65Al.sub.0.35 alloy targets, or Ti.sub.0.85Si.sub.0.15 alloy targets. The same bias and pressure parameters as for Sample 4 in Example 1 was used. See Table 3.

(79) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Pulsed Bias Duty bias Sample PVD layer voltage On-time Off-time cycle frequency Pressure No. composition* (V) (s) (s) (%) (kHz) (Pa) 18. TiN 300 20 500 3.8 1.9 3.5 (invention) unipolar pulsed 19. Cr.sub.0.30Al.sub.0.70N 300 20 500 3.8 1.9 3.5 (invention) unipolar pulsed 20. Ti.sub.0.30Zr.sub.0.20Al.sub.0.50N 300 20 500 3.8 1.9 3.5 (invention) unipolar pulsed 21. Zr.sub.0.65Al.sub.0.35N 300 20 500 3.8 1.9 3.5 (invention) unipolar pulsed 22. Ti.sub.0.85Si.sub.0.15N 300 20 500 3.8 1.9 3.5 (invention) unipolar pulsed 23. Ti.sub.0.40Si.sub.0.05Al.sub.0.55N 300 20 500 3.8 1.9 3.5 (invention) unipolar pulsed *based on target composition

(80) FIG. 13 shows combined X-ray diffractograms (not Cu-K.sub.2 stripped) for the coatings of Samples 18-20 all showing a sharp (111) peak. FIG. 14 shows combined X-ray diffractograms (not Cu-K.sub.2 stripped) for the coatings of Samples 21-23 all showing a sharp (111) peak. FIG. 15-20 show enlarged parts of the diffractograms around the (111) peak (Cu-K.sub.2 stripped). The FWHM and FWQM values were calculated and residual stress measurements were made. See Table 4 summarising the results.

(81) TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Results from SEM analysis, XRD analysis and residual stress analysis Faceted I(111)/ crystal I(200), grains on peak FWHM FWQM Residual Sample the height I(111), I(111), stress No. PVD layer* surface intensities [2] [2] (GPa)** 18. TiN yes, all 15.1 0.14 0.22 (invention) over 19. Cr.sub.0.30Al.sub.0.70N yes, all 1.2 0.19 0.39 (invention) over 20. Ti.sub.0.30Zr.sub.0.20Al.sub.0.50N yes, all 9.0 0.23 0.43 (invention) over 21. Zr.sub.0.65Al.sub.0.35N no 5.5 0.17 0.32 (invention) 22. Ti.sub.0.85Si.sub.0.15N yes, all 5.5 0.16 0.35 (invention) over 23. Ti.sub.0.4Si.sub.0.05Al.sub.0.55N yes, all 5.7 0.16 0.34 0.5 (invention) over *based on target composition **only for Sample No. 23

(82) It is concluded that Samples 18-23 give coatings with very narrow (111) peaks in X-ray diffraction.