Toroidal propeller

Abstract

The propeller includes a hub supporting a plurality of elongate propeller elements in which a tip of a leading propeller element curves into contact with a trailing propeller element to form a closed structure with increased stiffness and reduced acoustic signature.

Claims

1. Toroidal propeller comprising: a hub supporting a plurality of elongate propeller elements in which a tip of a leading propeller element curves into contact with a trailing propeller element to form a closed structure with increased stiffness and reduced acoustic signature.

2. The toroidal propeller of claim 1 having two or more propeller elements.

3. The toroidal propeller of claim 1, wherein the plurality of elongate propeller elements comprises three elongate propeller elements.

4. Toroidal propeller comprising: a hub supporting a plurality of elongate propeller elements in which a terminal end tip of a leading propeller element curves into contact with a trailing propeller element to form a closed structure with increased stiffness and reduced acoustic signature, with a terminal end of the trailing propeller element curving into contact with the hub.

5. The toroidal propeller of claim 4 having two or more propeller elements.

6. The toroidal propeller of claim 4, wherein the plurality of elongate propeller elements comprises three elongate propeller elements.

7. Toroidal propeller comprising: a hub supporting a plurality of elongate propeller elements in which a tip of a leading propeller element of a first elongate propeller element of the plurality of elongate propeller elements curves into contact with a trailing propeller element of a second elongate propeller element of the plurality of elongate propeller elements, the second elongate propeller element being an adjacent elongate propeller element to the first elongate propeller element, to form a closed structure with increased stiffness and reduced acoustic signature, wherein an initiation location at which the tip of the leading propeller element is initiated is at a different location than a termination location at which a tip of the trailing propeller element terminates.

8. The toroidal propeller of claim 7 having two or more propeller elements.

9. The toroidal propeller of claim 7, wherein the plurality of elongate propeller elements comprises three elongate propeller elements.

10. Toroidal propeller comprising: a hub supporting a plurality of elongate propeller elements, each elongate propeller element having a first terminal end that extends from the elongate propeller element adjacent thereto and a second terminal end that extends from the hub in which a tip of a leading propeller element curves into contact with a trailing propeller element to form a closed structure with increased stiffness and reduced acoustic signature.

11. The toroidal propeller of claim 10 having two or more propeller elements.

12. The toroidal propeller of claim 10, wherein the plurality of elongate propeller elements comprises three elongate propeller elements.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

(1) FIG. 1 is a graph of mean annoyance rating against sound exposure level, A-weighted.

(2) FIG. 2a is a perspective view of a planar and a ring wing.

(3) FIG. 2b is a graph of lift-to-drag ratio with respect to angle of attack for a straight and a ring structure.

(4) FIGS. 3a, 3b and 3c are prior art propeller designs.

(5) FIG. 4a-FIG. 4f illustrate variations on three-bladed toroidal propeller geometry according to the invention along with conventional comparable (twist distribution) propellers for comparison.

(6) FIG. 5a is a perspective view of a conventional propeller.

(7) FIG. 5b is a perspective view of an embodiment of a toroidal propeller disclosed herein.

(8) FIG. 6 is a graph of thrust coefficient against power coefficient for tested toroidal and conventional propellers.

(9) FIG. 7 is a graph of sound level against thrust coefficient for tested toroidal and conventional propellers.

(10) FIG. 8 is a graph showing the relationship between audiograms of humans and house mice and the frequency ranges of their vocalizations.

(11) FIG. 9 is a graph of power against frequency for tested conventional and toroidal propellers.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

(12) The disclosed toroidal propeller is an extension of a non-planar box wing with the tip of each curved propeller element extending into each trailing propeller element. This design allows for a more manufacturable design while improving overall aerodynamic performance and reducing acoustic signature.

(13) Variations on a three-bladed toroidal propeller were designed and fabricated using additive manufacturing techniques along with corresponding (i.e., utilizing the same airfoil cross section and twist distribution, number of propeller elements, and propeller diameter) conventional propellers designed and fabricated as well as shown in FIGS. 4a-4f.

(14) A computer-controlled dynamometer shown in FIGS. 5a and 5b was used to run each of the propellers, collecting torque, thrust and power measurements as a function of propeller speed. A sound meter and microphone were used to collect acoustic response data.

(15) To facilitate direct comparison between each of the propellers, the measured data were non-dimensionalized and recomputed as thrust (generated), torque (required), and power (required) coefficients. FIG. 6 illustrates the relative performance of each of the propeller designs with the highest performing toroidal propeller (B160) demonstrating higher efficiencies than the best performing conventional propeller (SG30).

(16) A similar trend appears when assessing acoustic performance. FIG. 7 shows the best toroidal propeller design generating higher thrust at a given sound level than the test conventional design.

(17) The frequency content of the noise generated by propellers is critical to assessing their psychoacoustic impact. While the frequency range of human hearing is often quoted as between 20 Hz-20 kHz, the threshold of hearing is a function of tone frequency as shown in the audiogram in FIG. 8. This plot shows that humans are particularly sensitive to tones between 1-5 kHz. It also shows that there is a significant drop-off in audibility as frequency increases.

(18) FIG. 9 compares audio signal power spectral density (PSD) of the best performing toroidal and conventional propellers. The acoustic signature of the toroidal propeller of the invention is lower than a conventional propeller across a wide range of frequencies, but more critically, it is significantly lower in the 1-5 kHz range that humans are most sensitive to. Note that this result was achieved without any attempt at optimization or tailoring. Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that additional tuning of the propeller material, diameter, number of elements, airfoil cross section, spanwise sweep, and twist distribution may yield additional improvements possibly shifting some fraction of the acoustic energy into higher, less perceptible, frequencies.

(19) A potential toroidal propeller market extends throughout the entire small multirotor drone industry and enables new use cases not before viable due to the noise generated by these platforms. The closed form propeller design of the invention increases its overall structural stiffness and enables reliable fabrication using additive manufacturing techniques thereby allowing for drop-in replaceability with conventional propellers in use on various multirotor drone models and types.

(20) It is recognized that modifications and variations of the present invention will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art and all such modifications and variations are included within the scope of the appended claims.