FOOD CASING WITH ANTIFUNGAL PROPERTIES AND METHOD FOR PRODUCTION THEREOF

Abstract

The present invention is related to a food casing with antifungal properties comprising a coating formed by the application in at least its external surface of a water-based composition comprising at least, a film forming agent, a lipid and natamycin. The invention is also directed to the method for production of said food casing as well as to a meat product prepared by stuffing said food casing with meat or a meat emulsion.

Claims

1. A food casing with antifungal properties characterized in that it is coated at least in its external surface with a water-based composition comprising at least, a film forming agent, a lipid and natamycin.

2. A food casing according to claim 1 wherein the water-based composition comprises the film-forming agent in a percentage by weight of 0.01 to 15%.

3. A food casing according to claim 1 wherein the film-forming agent is selected from proteins and/or derivatives; polysaccharides and/or derivatives; natural or synthetic resins and/or derivatives, water soluble polymers or polymers dispersions and/or derivatives or mixtures thereof.

4. A food casing according to claim 1 wherein the film-forming agent is a protein selected from soy protein, whey protein, pea protein, zein, collagen, casein, gelatin, gluten, keratin, albumins, ovalbumin, bovine serum albumin, derivatives or mixtures thereof; or a polysaccharide selected from agar, alginate, carrageenans, cellulose, carboxymethylcelullose, hydroxypropylcelullose, hydroxyproylmethyl celullose, chitosan, gums, pectin, starch, dextrins or derivatives or mixtures thereof; or a water soluble polymer selected from polyolefins, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, derivatives or mixtures thereof or a polymer dispersion selected from polyvinyl acetate dispersions stabilized by polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate ethylene copolymer stabilized by polyvinyl alcohol, styrene acrylics, vinyl acrylics, styrene butadiene latex, or polyisoprene.

5. A food casing according to claim 1 wherein the water-based composition comprises the lipid in a percentage by weight of 0.05 to 15%.

6. A food casing according to claim 1 where the lipid is selected from a fats, oils, fatty acids, waxes, monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides or derivatives or mixtures thereof.

7. A food casing according to claim 1 where the lipid is a wax selected from Beeswax, Chinese wax, Lanolin, Shellac wax, Spermaceti, Bayberry wax, Candelilla wax, Carnauba wax, Castor wax, Esparto wax, Japan wax, Ouricury wax, Rice bran wax, Soy wax, Tallow tree wax, Ceresin waxes, Montan wax, Ozocerite, Peat waxes, Paraffin wax, Microcrystalline wax or mixtures thereof.

8. A food casing according to claim 1 wherein the water based composition comprises natamycin in a percentage by weight of 0.001 to 5%.

9. A food casing according to claim 1 which is a ready-to-stuff casing.

10. A food casing according to claim 1 which is a fibrous casing.

11. A food casing according to claim 1 where the water-based composition additionally comprises other additives selected from plasticizers, surfactants and/or emulsifiers.

12. A food casing according to claim 1 additionally comprising a further antifungal or mixtures of antifungals.

13. A food casing according to claim 1 additionally comprising fatty acids and/or fatty acid salts.

14. A method for preparing a food casing according to claim 1 comprising: a. manufacturing the casing tube, b. preparing water-based composition by mixing at least, a film-forming agent, a lipid and natamycin, c. applying the water-based composition of b) at least on the external surface of the casing.

15. A method according to claim 14 where optionally prior to step c) the internal surface of the casing is moisturized, preferably with a water solution of a weak acid.

16. A method according to claim 14 where the water-based composition of step c) is applied by soaking, spraying or printing.

17. A meat product comprising a food casing according to claim 1 stuffed with meat or a meat emulsion.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0030] FIG. 1: shows the aspect, after two weeks in a curing chamber, of several sausages subjected half of their length to soaking into a water suspension of Penicilium candidum containing 10.sup.6 UFC/gr. The figures shows the aspect of (A) control casing without any natamycin treatment; (B) a casing treated with a water-based composition containing 2% hydroxypropylcelullose and 0.3% Natamycin (composition A); (C) a casing treated with a water-based composition containing 2% Hydroxypropylcellulose, 0.5% linoleic acid, 0.3% Natamycin (composition B); and a casing treated with a water-based composition containing 4% Casein, 1% Beeswax, 3% Carnauba wax, 0.3% Natamycin (composition C). FIGS. 1 B and C represents the casing according to the invention and clearly show the antifungal effect thereof.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0031] The present invention is based on a new approach for attaching larger quantities of natamycin to the food casing, which also proved to enhance the antifungal effect of the natamycin. In particular, the present invention is based in the development of a water-based composition comprising at least a) film-forming agent, b) a lipid and c) natamycin which prevents mold and yeast growth without increasing the drying time of the sausage.

[0032] It was surprisingly found that this water-based composition, enhance the effect of the natamycin, and preserves the antifungal properties of the antifungal casing for long periods of time after their manufacture.

[0033] Therefore, a first aspect of the invention is a food casing with antifungal properties characterized in that it is coated at least in its external surface with a water-based composition comprising at least, a film-forming agent, a lipid, and natamycin.

[0034] The food casing may be of any type such as natural casings, collagen casings, cellulose casing, fibrous casing, or polymeric casings. However, in a very preferred embodiment the casing is fibrous casings suitable for the preparation of dry or semidry sausages.

[0035] Although not wishing to be bound to any theory, the inventor believes that the film-forming agent and the lipid not only allow anchoring large amounts of natamycin to the casing, which had not been achieved to date, but also increase the availability of the natamycin on the casing surface, as a result of increasing the content of natamycin in the water-based composition. The antifungal casing of the invention has shown not to increase the drying time of the sausage.

[0036] The first essential element of the water-based composition applied to the casing is the film-forming agent.

[0037] The film-forming agent can be in a percentage by weight of 0.01 to 15% of the total composition, more preferably 0.5 to 8%, and even more preferably from 1 to 5%. The percentage of the film-forming agent is directly related with the amount of the natamycin on the casing.

[0038] The amount of the film-forming agent should be established on the basis of the type of film-forming agent and on the contamination of each particular drying chamber.

[0039] The film-forming agent can be one of the following: proteins and/or derivatives; polysaccharides and/or derivatives; natural or synthetic resins and/or derivatives; water soluble polymers, or polymers dispersions and/or derivatives or mixtures thereof.

[0040] In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the film-forming agent is a protein selected from the following: soy protein, whey protein, pea protein, zein, collagen, casein, gelatin, gluten, keratin, albumins, ovalbumin, bovine serum albumin, derivatives or mixtures thereof; or a polysaccharide from the followings: agar, alginate, carrageenaans, cellulose, carboxymethylcelullose, hydroxypropylcelullose, hydroxyproylmethylcelullose, chitosan, gums, pectin, starch, dextrins or derivatives or mixtures thereof, or a water soluble polymer selected from the following: polyolefins, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, derivatives or mixtures thereof; or a polymer dispersion selected from the following: polyvinyl acetate dispersions stabilized by polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate ethylene copolymer stabilized by polyvinyl alcohol, styrene acrylics, vinyl acrylics, styrene butadiene latex, or polyisoprene.

[0041] Another component of the water-based composition is the lipid. The lipid may be present in the water-based composition in a percentage by weight of 0.05 to 15% of the total composition, more preferably from 0.5 to 10%, and even more preferably from 1 to 6%. As in the case of the film-forming agent, the lipid percentage has to be sufficient to hold the natamycin to the casing wall. Therefore, the amount of lipid is close connection with the amount of the natamycin in the casing. In turn, the amount of Natamycin and other antifungals will depend on the level of contamination of the drying room where the casing will be stored. Therefore, for more demanding situations the amount of lipid and/or of the film-forming agent must be increased in parallel to the amount of natamycin used.

[0042] The lipid can be one of the following: fats, oils, fatty acids, waxes, monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides, derivatives or mixtures thereof.

[0043] In a preferred embodiment of the invention the lipid is a natural or synthetic wax, and/or a fatty acid or fatty acid derivative.

[0044] In a more preferred embodiment of the invention, the fat is a wax or mixture of them selected from the following: animal waxes such as Beeswax, Chinese wax, Lanolin, Shellac wax, Spermaceti; vegetable waxes such as Bayberry wax, Candelilla wax, Carnauba wax, Castor wax, Esparto wax, Japan wax, Ouricury wax, Rice bran wax, Soy wax, Tallow Tree wax; mineral waxes such as Ceresin waxes, Montan wax, Ozocerite, Peat waxes; or petroleum waxes such Paraffin wax, Microcrystalline wax or any mixture thereof.

[0045] The third essential element of the water-based composition applied on the food casings is the natamycin. According to Brik. et al, [Natamycin Analytical Profiles of Drug Substances 10, 513-561 (1981)] the solubility of natamycin in water at neutral pH level is 30 ppm (0.003%), while the content of natamycin in the water-based composition of the invention can raised up to 50000 ppm (5%).

[0046] Natamycin can be present in a wide range in the water-based composition, depending on the mold and/or yeast population of the drying facility; however it is preferably present in the water-based composition in a percentage of 0.001 to 5% by weight. According to Stark et al, [Permitted preservatives-Natamycin. Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology (Academic Press, ed. Robinson et. al) 1999 vol. 3:1776-1781] natamycin is effective against most and yeast species at the level of 10 ppm (0.001%). The higher limit will depend on the spore contamination of the drying chamber. The value of 5% is considered enough to produce a full inhibition on an industrial drying chamber with high contamination levels, but even higher concentrations might be needed in some cases. In the preferred embodiment of the invention, the natamycin quantity range is 0.01 to 1% and, even more preferred, between 0.1 to 0.5% of the total composition.

[0047] Furthermore, other antifungals may be used in combination with natamycin. The water-based composition may also comprise one or more of the following: sorbic acid, or its salts; benzoic acid or its salts; parabens, propionates or its salts; essential oils or mixture of essential oils like, but not limited to, clove bud, eucalyptus, peppermint, rosemary, lemongrass, lavender, castor, neem oil, or natural extracts from, but not limited to cinnamon, oregano, thyme, chamomile, citrus fruits, propolis, capsaicin; organic saturated short and medium chain acids, and organic unsaturated short and medium chain acids like, but not limited to undecylenic acid, 9-decenoic acid, 8-nonenoic acid. The concentration of these optional antifungals in the water-based composition can vary depending on the antifungal strength of each one but they are preferably within a range of 0-15% by weight in the composition.

[0048] The water-based composition can also optionally comprise other additives, such as, plasticizers and/or surfactants or emulsifiers.

[0049] Plasticizers are preferably polyols such as glycerol, propylene glycol, sorbitol or xylitol. They can be present in the water-based composition in a percentage of 0 to 15% by weight of the total composition. In a preferred embodiment the plasticizer used is glycerol.

[0050] Natural or artificial surfactants or emulsifiers may be present. For example: fatty acids and/or fatty acids salts, sodium lauryl sulphate, dioctyl sulphosuccinate, calcium chloride, or commercial brands are Tween, Span, Brij, and Myrj may be present in a percentage of 0 to 5% by weight of the total composition.

[0051] The food casing of the present invention can be designed to be a regular casing or a ready-to-stuff casing, the latter meaning that no soaking in water is needed prior to stuffing. The antifungal casing can be shirred into sticks of the desired length or stay in a reel.

[0052] For being a ready-to-stuff casing, the food casings of the invention preferably contain 20-60% more water than regular casings. The desired add-on rate (percentage of casing weight increase) can be achieved during the application of the water-based composition or by internal moisturization. Such an internal moisturization is preferably carried out by application of a diluted solution of weak acid between 0.1 to 5% w/w of acid in water in the internal surface of the casing, more preferably between 0.5 to 3% citric acid solutions.

[0053] Another aspect of the invention is related to a method for preparing the food casing with antifungal properties of the invention comprising: [0054] a) manufacturing the casing tube, [0055] b) preparing water-based composition by mixing at least, a film-forming agent, a fat, and natamycin, [0056] c) applying the water-based composition of b) at least on the external surface of the casing.

[0057] The process used for the manufacture of the casing (step a) will depend on the nature of the casing, that is, depending on whether the casing is a collagen casing, a cellulose casing, a fibrous casing or polymeric casings. However, process for the manufacture of these type of casings are generally well known in the art.

[0058] The preferred embodiment of the invention involves the manufacture of a fibrous casing. The fibrous casing is manufactured using the viscose process. A paper web made of hemp fibers is formed into a tube, which is impregnated internally and externally with viscose. The viscose solution may also contain pigments or other additives. The tube is then introduced in an acidic bath which coagulates the viscose, and chemically converts the viscose into cellulose. The tube is washed to eliminate by-products and later treated with a plasticizer. Finally, the tube is dried, flatted and wound into a reel.

[0059] For the preparation of the water-based composition (step b), the components are admixed.

[0060] Depending on the selection of the film-forming agent and fat, the procedure of admixing may slightly vary but such variations are within the capabilities of a skilled person.

[0061] First, the film-forming agent is mixed into water. For example, in the case of a cellulose derivative, which is very soluble in water, only it is necessary to mix using for instance a high speed mixer. In the case of protein, the pH will most likely need to be adjusted which is within the normal capabilities of a skilled person.

[0062] Then, the lipid is preferably slowly mixed into the water phase. If the lipid is solid, it should be melted beforehand. The mixture can be stirred using a high speed mixer. Once the mixture is complete, it must be preferably cooled down. Finally, the natamycin is preferably slowly added to the mixture and stirred.

[0063] In step c), the water-based composition is then applied at least on the external surface surface of the casing prepared in a). The impregnation of at least the external surface of the casing can be done by any suitable method such as, for instance, soaking, spraying or printing of the water-based antifungal coating composition.

[0064] The soaking method is preferred. The flat casing is passed through a dip tank containing the water-based composition. Since in a preferred embodiment of the invention the casing is a ready-to-stuff casing with high moisture content, the final weight increase may vary depending on the product requirements, for example, between 20-60%.

[0065] The desired water add-on [percentage of casing weight increase] could be obtained during the application of the water-based composition only (step c), or additionally, including a previous step of internal moisturization of the casing.

[0066] Such optional step of moisturization of the internal surface of the casing prior to step c), is, in a preferred embodiment, carried out by applying a weak acid water solution, or a weak acid solution with a plasticizer. For instance, moisturization can be achieved by applying a diluted solution of a weak acid between 0.1 to 5% w/w of acid in water. In a preferred embodiment the moisturizing solution is a diluted solution of citric acid, an even more preferably between 0.5 to 3% citric acid solution. This moisturizing step can lead to an increase of the casing weight that may vary depending on the product requirements, typically between 15-40%.

[0067] Depending on the applications the antifungal casing could be additionally impregnated with the water-based composition, or a dilution of the water-based composition, in the internal face of the casing.

[0068] After the application of the water-based composition, the casing sits for a few hours to consolidate the coating, and optionally the flat casing coated with the water-based composition can be shirred with or without lubrication, and converted into sticks of the desired length.

[0069] The resulting antifungal casing can hold at least 1 milligram of natamycin per decimeter square of casing, and it is highly effective against a wide variety of mold and yeast species.

[0070] The antifungal casing of this invention remains active for at least 4 months after the manufacturing date, and allows drying the sausage in a similar period of time than a standard casing.

[0071] As a final object, the invention is also directed to a meat product comprising a food casing with antifungal properties as previously disclosed stuffed with meat or a meat emulsion. In a preferred embodiment, the meat products are sausages and more particularly dry or semidry sausages.

[0072] The invention will be described in more detail by means of the following examples. The description below discloses some embodiments and examples of the invention in such detail that a person skilled in the art is able to utilize the invention based on the disclosure. Not all the steps of the embodiments are disclosed in detail, as many of them will be obvious for a person skilled in the art.

EXAMPLES

Example 1: Effect of the Casing of the Invention Against Molds and Yeast

[0073] A Double Viscose Layer (DVL) Viscofan Fibrous Clear Securex Code 4 S flat casing was coated passing through a dip tank containing with one the following water-based compositions: [0074] Composition A: 2% Hydroxypropylcelullose, 0.3% Natamycin [0075] Composition B: 2% Hydroxypropylcellulose, 0.5% linoleic acid, 0.3% Natamycin [0076] Composition C: 4% Casein, 1% Beeswax, 3% Carnauba wax, 0.3% Natamycin.

[0077] Composition B and C are part of the invention whereas A is a control.

[0078] The add-on rate [percentage of casing weight increase after the impregnation] was 40%. The antifungal casing went through a shirring machine, which converted the flat casing into sticks of the desired length.

[0079] The antimold casing was stuffed with raw sausage meat fermented for 24 hours, and then dried for 2.5 weeks in an industrial drying room naturally contaminated with Penicillium commune (mold), Cladosporium sphaerospermum (mold), and Debaromyces hansenii (yeast).

[0080] The stuffed antifungal casing of this invention was compared with: [0081] Control casing (control 01): fibrous casing not treated with any antifungal coating or compounds and stuffed with the same meat emulsion. [0082] Treated control casing (control 02): same stuffed fibrous casing as Control 01, which was soaked with a 0.3% antifungal solution of natamycin in water after being stuffed with the same meat emulsion as the antifungal casing and the control casing 01.

[0083] Results are summarized in the table 1.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Percentage of casing surface contaminated with mold/yeast at the end of the test Control casing 01 90% Treated control casing 02 70% Casing coated with composition A 65% Casing coated with composition B 15% Casing coated with composition C 2%

[0084] At the end of the test, a 90% of the surface of the control casing (control 01) was contaminated, mainly with D. hansenii. The treated control casing (control 02) was contaminated in 70% of its surface. Composition A did not show any significant improvement compared with the treated control casing (control 02). Even though composition A, B and C, as well as the treated control (02) were impregnated with the same percentage of natamycin (0.3%), the compositions based on the invention (composition B and composition C), showed an almost complete inhibition of Debaromyces hansenii, and a full inhibition of Penicillium commune, and Cladosporium sphaerospermum.

Example 2: Drying Rate of the Casing of the Invention

[0085] The antifungal casings described in Example 1 were tested against Penicilium candidum, and the water loss of the antifungal casing was monitored, and compared with a control of the same fibrous casing without any antifungal treatment (control 01).

[0086] The antifungal casing and the control were stuffed with raw sausage meat. The weight of each stuffed casing (raw meat+casing) was recorded.

[0087] Only half of each stuffed casing was soaked into a water suspension of Penicilium candidum from Danisco containing 10.sup.6 UFC/gr.

[0088] The stuffed casings (antifungal and control) were checked weekly, and their weights were recorded. After two weeks, the drying was considered finished.

[0089] As can be observed in FIG. 1, the full surface of the antimold casings of this invention was substantially clean, with the exception of a few isolated small colonies (FIGS. 1 B and C). However, the area from the control casing, which was soaked into the mold culture, was fully contaminated with Penicilium candidum (see FIG. 1 A).

[0090] The results in Table 2 also showed that the antimold casing of the invention and the control lost a similar amount of the water in the same period of time. This proves that the coating of the invention does not impede or slow down the drying cycle of the sausage.

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 % water Bottom middle % water Weight/g loss area of the Weight/ Weight/g loss At the At the stuffed casing Kg After after 1 After one end of end of Percentage of ID stuffing week week the test the test mold coverage Control 1 3115 2545 18.3 2190 29.7 99 01 2 3100 2535 18.2 2225 28.2 99 standard 3 3005 2520 16.1 2190 27.1 99 casing 4 3100 2525 18.5 NA NA NA Composition 5 2850 2310 18.9 2015 29.3 80 A 6 2945 2370 19.5 2075 29.5 60 7 2860 2315 19.1 1995 30.2 75 8 2930 2390 18.4 2055 29.9 80 Composition 9 2865 2335 18.5 2035 29.0 2 B 10 2915 2405 17.5 2095 28.1 5 11 2860 2360 17.5 2030 29.0 1 12 2950 2425 17.8 2085 29.3 0 Composition 13 2860 2325 18.7 2005 29.9 0.1 C 14 2935 2430 17.2 2070 29.5 0.1 15 2935 2440 16.9 2075 29.3 0 16 2870 2375 17.2 2025 29.4 0

Example 3: Duration of the Antifungal Effect of the Casing

[0091] The shelf life of an antifungal casing according to the composition C was monitored for several months. The casing was stored in a dark room, at room temperature, and atmospheric conditions.

[0092] The natamycin was extracted from the Antifungal casing using methanol, and analyzed with an UV-Vis spectrophometer. Natamycin produces a spectrum with 3 peaks at 290, 303 and 318 nm. A calibration curve correlating the absorbance with the natamycin concentration was created beforehand.

TABLE-US-00003 After After 2 After 4 manufacturing months months Natamycin mg/dm.sup.2 0.95 0.09 0.89 0.04 0.88 0.06 on the antifungal casing of the invention

[0093] No significant differences were observed in the concentration of natamycin in the casing overtime. This confirms that the antifungal casing of the invention has a shelf-life of at least 4 months.