S1PR2 ANTAGONISTS AND USES THEREFOR

Abstract

Methods and compositions are provided for the treatment of familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR) through the administration of a therapeutically effective amount of a sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor type 2 (S1PR2) antagonist. Also provided herein are compounds which contain bioisosteric replacements of the urea group of JTE-013 and analogs thereof, and their use in treating retinopathies and diseases characterized by insufficient angiogenesis.

Claims

1. A method for treating ocular diseases that are caused by a primary defect in retinal vascularization followed by secondary aberrant neovascularization that can result in retina detachment, the method comprising the administration of a pharmaceutically effective amount of a compound of formula IX, or any pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof: ##STR00019## wherein R.sub.1 is C.sub.1-C.sub.12 alkyl; R.sub.2, R.sub.3, and R.sub.4 are each independently hydrogen, halogen, C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkoxy, C.sub.1-C.sub.6 perhaloalkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.4 perhaloalkoxy, amino, mono- or di-C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkylamino, C.sub.3-C.sub.7 cycloalkyl or C.sub.3-C.sub.7 cycloalkyloxy; R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 can be positioned at h, i or j, but not simultaneously at the same position; each instance of R.sub.5 is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkoxy, C.sub.1-C.sub.6 perhaloalkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.4 perhaloalkoxy, amino, mono- or di-C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkylamino, C.sub.3-C.sub.7 cycloalkyl, and C.sub.3-C.sub.7 cycloalkyloxy; n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; X is NR.sub.a, CH.sub.2, or C(O), wherein each instance of R.sub.a is independently selected from hydrogen and C.sub.1-C.sub.3 alkyl; Y.sub.1 and Y.sub.2 are each independently selected from NR.sub.a, CH.sub.2, and O; and Z is any geometric isomer of a group selected from one of the following: ##STR00020##

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound is a compound of formula V: ##STR00021##

3. The method of claim 2, wherein R.sup.1 is CH.sub.3; and R.sup.2 is CH.sub.3.

4. The method of claim 3, wherein R.sup.3 is H; and R.sup.4 is C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl.

5. The method of claim 4, wherein R.sup.4 is CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2.

6. The method of claim 5, wherein R.sup.5 is halogen.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein R.sup.5 is Cl; and n is 2.

8. The method of claim 2, wherein R.sup.1 is CH.sub.3; R.sup.2 is CH.sub.3; R.sup.3 is H; R.sup.4 is CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2; R.sup.5 is Cl; and n is 2.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein the ocular diseases include familial exudative vitreoretinopathy.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound of formula IX is a S1PR2 antagonist.

11. A compound for inhibiting SIPR2 receptors to treat an eye condition comprising the following formula IX, or any pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof: ##STR00022## wherein R.sub.1 is C.sub.1-C.sub.12 alkyl; R.sub.2, R.sub.3, and R.sub.4 are each independently hydrogen, halogen, C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkoxy, C.sub.1-C.sub.6 perhaloalkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.4 perhaloalkoxy, amino, mono- or di-C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkylamino, C.sub.3-C.sub.7 cycloalkyl or C.sub.3-C.sub.7 cycloalkyloxy; R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 can be positioned at h, i or j, but not simultaneously at the same position; each instance of R.sub.5 is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkoxy, C.sub.1-C.sub.6 perhaloalkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.4 perhaloalkoxy, amino, mono- or di-C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkylamino, C.sub.3-C.sub.7 cycloalkyl, and C.sub.3-C.sub.7 cycloalkyloxy; n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; X is NR.sub.a, CH.sub.2, or C(O), wherein each instance of R.sub.a is independently selected from hydrogen and C.sub.1-C.sub.3 alkyl; Y.sub.1 and Y.sub.2 are each independently selected from NR.sub.a, CH.sub.2, and O; and Z is any geometric isomer of a group selected from one of the following: ##STR00023##

12. The compound of claim 11, wherein the compound is a compound of formula V: ##STR00024## and wherein R.sup.1 is CH.sub.3; and R.sup.2 is CH.sub.3.

13. The compound of claim 12, wherein R.sup.3 is H; and R.sup.4 is C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl.

14. The compound of claim 13, wherein R.sup.5 is Cl; and n is 2.

15. The compound of claim 11, wherein R.sup.1 is CH.sub.3; R.sup.2 is CH.sub.3; R.sup.3 is H; R.sup.4 is CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2; R.sup.5 is Cl; and n is 2.

16. The compound of claim 11, wherein the eye condition includes familial exudative vitreoretinopathy.

17. The compound of claim 11, wherein the eye condition includes an inability to normally vascularize the eye.

18. The compound of claim 11, wherein the eye condition includes secondary aberrant neovascularization.

19. A method for treating ocular diseases that are caused by a primary defect in retinal vascularization followed by secondary aberrant neovascularization that can result in retina detachment comprising the administration of a pharmaceutically effective amount of a compound selected from the following, or any pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof: ##STR00025## ##STR00026##

20. The method of claim 19, wherein the ocular diseases include familial exudative vitreoretinopathy.

21. The method of claim 19, wherein the compound is a S1PR2 antagonist.

22. A method for treating an eye condition, the method comprising the administration of a pharmaceutically effective amount of a compound of formula IV, or any pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof: ##STR00027## wherein Ar is aromatic heterocycle; W is NR.sup.a, O, or CH.sub.2, wherein R.sup.a is hydrogen or C.sub.1-C.sub.3 alkyl; Z is C(O), C(S), O, CH.sub.2, N, or CH; Y is NR.sup.a, C(O), N, CH, N, or CH; and X is NR.sup.a, N, CH, or CH.sub.2; R.sup.1 is C.sub.1-C.sub.12 alkyl; R.sup.2, R.sup.3, and R.sup.4 are each independently hydrogen, halogen, C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.4alkoxy, C.sub.1-C.sub.6 perhaloalkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.4 perhaloalkoxy, amino, mono- or di-C.sub.1-C.sub.4alkylamino, C.sub.3-C.sub.7cycloalkyl, or C.sub.3-C.sub.7cycloalkyloxy; R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 can be positioned at h, i, or j, but not simultaneously at the same position; and X.sup.2 is N or CR.sup.b wherein R.sup.b is hydrogen, halogen, C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.4alkoxy, C.sub.1-C.sub.6 perhaloalkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.4 perhaloalkoxy, amino, mono- or di-C.sub.1-C.sub.4alkylamino, C.sub.3-C.sub.7cycloalkyl, or C.sub.3-C.sub.7cycloalkyloxy.

23. The method of claim 22, wherein the eye condition includes familial exudative vitreoretinopathy.

24. The method of claim 22, wherein the compound of formula IV is a S1PR2 antagonist.

25. The method of claim 22, wherein the eye condition includes consequent aberrant neovascularization.

26. The method of claim 22, wherein the eye condition includes consequent loss of retinal integrity or retinal detachment.

27. The method of claim 22, wherein the eye condition includes a primary defect in retinal vascularization followed by secondary aberrant neovascularization.

28. The method of claim 22, wherein the compound of formula IV is effective in normalizing vascularization of the retina in subjects that are at risk of hypovascularization or avascularization during retinal development followed by aberrant ocular neovascularization that may compromise retinal integrity and function.

29. A method for treating an eye condition, the method comprising the administration of a pharmaceutically effective amount of at least one compound of formula I to formula X, or any pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof.

30. The method of claim 29, wherein the at least one compound is a S1PR2 antagonist.

31. The method of claim 29, wherein the eye condition includes familial exudative vitreoretinopathy.

32. The method of claim 29, wherein the eye condition includes an inability to normally vascularize the eye.

33. The method of claim 29, wherein the eye condition includes secondary aberrant neovascularization.

34. The method of claim 29, wherein the eye condition includes restoration of retinal vasculature patterning.

35. The method of claim 29, wherein the eye condition includes prevention of familial exudative vitreoretinopathy retinal vascularization defects.

36. The method of claim 29, wherein the eye condition includes consequent aberrant neovascularization.

37. The method of claim 29, wherein the eye condition includes consequent loss of retinal integrity or retinal detachment.

38. The method of claim 29, wherein the eye condition includes a primary defect in retinal vascularization followed by secondary aberrant neovascularization.

39. The method of claim 29, wherein the at least one compound is effective in normalizing vascularization of the retina in subjects that at risk of hypovascularization or avascularization during retinal development followed by aberrant ocular neovascularization that may compromise retinal integrity and function.

40. A method for treating an eye condition, the method comprising the administration of a pharmaceutically effective amount of at least one compound of PubChem ID 3382778, PubChem ID 44317142, PubChem ID 54736865, PubChem ID 3866342, PubChem ID 46891770, PubChem ID 51624406, PubChem ID 9578291, PubChem ID 9864156, PubChem ID 365015, PubChem ID 28094480, PubChem ID 40592676, PubChem ID 10883396, PubChem ID 342302, PubChem ID 59623845, PubChem ID 54734912, PubChem ID 18390590, PubChem ID 56923928, PubChem ID 51508548, PubChem ID 28960354, PubChem ID 51624683, or PubChem ID 27993, or any pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof.

41. The method of claim 40, wherein the at least one compound is a S1PR2 antagonist.

42. The method of claim 40, wherein the eye condition includes familial exudative vitreoretinopathy.

43. The method of claim 40, wherein the eye condition includes an inability to normally vascularize the eye.

44. The method of claim 40, wherein the eye condition includes secondary aberrant neovascularization.

45. The method of claim 40, wherein the eye condition includes restoration of retinal vasculature patterning.

46. The method of claim 40, wherein the eye condition includes prevention of familial exudative vitreoretinopathy retinal vascularization defects.

47. The method of claim 40, wherein the eye condition includes consequent loss of retinal integrity or retinal detachment.

48. The method of claim 40, wherein the eye condition includes a primary defect in retinal vascularization followed by secondary aberrant neovascularization.

49. The method of claim 40, wherein the at least one compound is effective in normalizing vascularization of the retina in subjects that at risk of hypovascularization or avascularization during retinal development followed by aberrant ocular neovascularization that may compromise retinal integrity and function.

50. A method for treating an eye condition, the method comprising the administration of a pharmaceutically effective amount of at least one compound of formula I to formula X, or any pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof.

51. The method of claim 50, wherein the at least one compound is a S1PR2 antagonist.

52. The method of claim 50, wherein the eye condition includes familial exudative vitreoretinopathy.

53. The method of claim 50, wherein the eye condition includes an inability to normally vascularize the eye

54. The method of claim 50, wherein the eye condition includes secondary aberrant neovascularization.

55. The method of claim 50, wherein the eye condition includes restoration of retinal vasculature patterning.

56. The method of claim 50, wherein the eye condition includes prevention of familial exudative vitreoretinopathy retinal vascularization defects.

57. A compound for inhibiting SIPR2 receptors to treat an eye condition comprising the following formula IX, or any pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof: ##STR00028## wherein R.sub.1 is C.sub.1-C.sub.12 alkyl; R.sub.2, R.sub.3, and R.sub.4 are each independently hydrogen, halogen, C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkoxy, C.sub.1-C.sub.6 perhaloalkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.4 perhaloalkoxy, amino, mono- or di-C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkylamino, C.sub.3-C.sub.7 cycloalkyl or C.sub.3-C.sub.7 cycloalkyloxy; R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 can be positioned at h, i or j, but not simultaneously at the same position; each instance of R.sub.5 is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkoxy, C.sub.1-C.sub.6 perhaloalkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.4 perhaloalkoxy, amino, mono- or di-C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkylamino, C.sub.3-C.sub.7 cycloalkyl, and C.sub.3-C.sub.7 cycloalkyloxy; n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; X is NR.sub.a, CH.sub.2, or C(O), wherein each instance of R.sub.a is independently selected from hydrogen and C.sub.1-C.sub.3 alkyl; Y.sub.1 and Y.sub.2 are each independently selected from NR.sub.a, CH.sub.2, and O; and Z is any geometric isomer of a group selected from one of the following: ##STR00029##

58. The compound of claim 57, selected from the group consisting of ##STR00030##

59. The compound of claim 57, wherein Z is not C(O).

60. A compound of general formula (IX), ##STR00031## wherein R.sub.1 is C.sub.1-C.sub.12 alkyl; R.sub.2, R.sub.3, and R.sub.4 are each independently hydrogen, halogen, C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkoxy, C.sub.1-C.sub.6 perhaloalkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.4 perhaloalkoxy, amino, mono- or di-C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkylamino, C.sub.3-C.sub.7 cycloalkyl or C.sub.3-C.sub.7 cycloalkyloxy; R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 can be positioned at h, i or j, but not simultaneously at the same position; each instance of R.sub.5 is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkoxy, C.sub.1-C.sub.6 perhaloalkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.4 perhaloalkoxy, amino, mono- or di-C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkylamino, C.sub.3-C.sub.7 cycloalkyl, and C.sub.3-C.sub.7 cycloalkyloxy; n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; X is NR.sub.a, CH.sub.2, or C(O), wherein each instance of R.sub.a is independently selected from hydrogen and C.sub.1-C.sub.3 alkyl; Y.sub.1 and Y.sub.2 are each independently selected from NR.sub.a, CH.sub.2, and O; and Z is any geometric isomer of a group selected from one of the following: ##STR00032## or any pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

61. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of claim 60 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

62. A method of treating a retinopathy, comprising administering the compound of claim 60 to a subject in need thereof.

63. The method of claim 62, wherein the retinopathy is selected from the group consisting of diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, hypertensive retinopathy, radiation retinopathy, solar retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), Norrie disease (ND), familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR), Coats' disease, sickle cell retinopathy, and retinitis pigmentosa.

64. The method of claim 63, wherein the retinopathy is FEVR.

65. A method of treating a disease characterized by insufficient angiogenesis, comprising administering the compound of claim 60 to a subject in need thereof.

66. The method of claim 65, wherein the disease is selected from the group consisting of atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes, restenosis, pre-eclampsia, menorrhagia, neonatal respiratory distress, pulmonary fibrosis, nephropathy, osteoporosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, stroke, and Alzheimer's disease.

67. A compound of general formula (X), ##STR00033## wherein, R.sub.1 is C.sub.1-C.sub.12 alkyl; R.sub.2, R.sub.3, and R.sub.4 are each independently hydrogen, halogen, C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkoxy, C.sub.1-C.sub.6 perhaloalkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.4 perhaloalkoxy, amino, mono- or di-C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkylamino, C.sub.3-C.sub.7 cycloalkyl or C.sub.3-C.sub.7 cycloalkyloxy; R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 can be positioned at h, i, or j, but not simultaneously at the same position; each instance of R.sub.5 is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkoxy, C.sub.1-C.sub.6 perhaloalkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.4 perhaloalkoxy, amino, mono- or di-C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkylamino, C.sub.3-C.sub.7 cycloalkyl, and C.sub.3-C.sub.7 cycloalkyloxy; n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; X and Y are each independently selected from NR.sub.a, O, and CH.sub.2, wherein each instance of R.sub.a is independently selected from hydrogen and C.sub.1-C.sub.3 alkyl; and Z is any geometric isomer of a group selected from one of the following: ##STR00034## or any pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

68. The compound of claim 67, selected from the group consisting of: ##STR00035##

69. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of claim 67 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

70. A method of treating a retinopathy, comprising administering the compound of claim 67 to a subject in need thereof.

71. The method of claim 67, wherein the retinopathy is selected from the group consisting of diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, hypertensive retinopathy, radiation retinopathy, solar retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), Norrie disease (ND), familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR), Coats' disease, sickle cell retinopathy, and retinitis pigmentosa.

72. The method of claim 71, wherein the retinopathy is FEVR.

73. A method of treating a disease characterized by insufficient angiogenesis, comprising administering the compound of claim 67 to a subject in need thereof.

74. The method of claim 73, wherein the disease is selected from the group consisting of atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes, restenosis, pre-eclampsia, menorrhagia, neonatal respiratory distress, pulmonary fibrosis, nephropathy, osteoporosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, stroke, and Alzheimer's disease.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0091] In order to describe the manner in which the above-recited and other advantages and features of the disclosure can be obtained, a more particular description of the principles briefly described above will be rendered by reference to specific embodiments thereof, which are illustrated in the appended drawings. Understanding that these drawings depict only exemplary embodiments of the disclosure and are not therefore to be considered to be limiting of its scope, the principles herein are described and explained with additional specificity and detail through the use of the accompanying drawings in which:

[0092] FIG. 1 illustrates vascularization of the human eye. (A) Normally, the retinal vasculature projects outward from the optic disc to the retinal periphery. Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR) is an inherited disorder that results in hypovascularization of the retina (B) and subsequent aberrant neovascularization can result in retinal detachment (C).

[0093] FIG. 2 illustrates the canonical Wnt pathway compared to the Norrin pathway. Norrin signaling through the Frizzled-4 receptor regulates vascular development in the retina, which is hypothesized to signal through beta-catenin. Mutations in the genes encoding for Norrin, Frizzled-4, LRP5, and TSPAN12 cause familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR). See Cell 139, 227-29 (2009).

[0094] FIG. 3 illustrates a pathway for generation of Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P).

[0095] FIG. 4 illustrates sphingosine-1-P receptor (S1PR) signaling pathways. S1PR1, 2, and 3 are found on vascular endothelial cells. S1PR1 and S1PR3 drive vascular migration while S1PR2 counteracts their action. To this extent, inhibition of S1PR2 (inhibiting an inhibitor of vascular migration) will result in restoration of normal retinal vascularization for the retinal vascular developmental disorder familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR). (Fig from Nat. Rev. Cancer 10, 489-503 (2010)).

[0096] FIG. 5 illustrates the amelioration of vasculature patterning in the Tspan12.sup./ mouse model of FEVR upon inactivation of the S1pr2 gene. Retinas were flat mounted at P17 and the vasculature visualized by confocal microscopy subsequent to staining with iso-lectin B4 AlexaFluor 594.

[0097] FIG. 6 illustrates amelioration of vasculature patterning in the Fzd4.sup./ mouse model of FEVR upon inactivation of the S1pr2 gene. Retinas were flat mounted at P17 and the vasculature visualized by confocal microscopy subsequent to staining with iso-lectin B4 AlexaFluor 594.

[0098] FIG. 7 illustrates that treatment of Fzd4.sup./ mice with the S1PR2 antagonist JTE-013 ameliorates the FEVR phenotype. Fzd4.sup./ mice were injected with 0.5 mg/kg JTE-013 intraperitoneally every second day from P7 to P25. Retinas were flat mounted at P25 and the vasculature visualized by confocal microscopy subsequent to staining with iso-lectin B4 AlexaFluor 594. There was substantial restoration of normal retinal vascular patterning in the mice treated with JTE-013.

[0099] FIG. 8 illustrates the sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 (S1PR2) binding pocket. A pocket composed of 34 amino acids located on the extracellular face of the protein was identified, and correlates to that of its counterpart sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors. The amino acids are as follows: Tyr18, Lys22, Glu23, Leu25, Glu26, Gln28, Glu29, Thr30, Arg33, Ala36, Ser37, Ile40, Phe86, Asn89, Thr90, Leu92, Ser93, Gly94, Ser95, Thr97, Leu98, Trp105, Arg108, Glu109, Val182, Leu183, Pro184, Tyr268, Lys269, Ala270, His271, Tyr272, Phe274, and Ala275. These amino acids are located on transmembrane domains I, II, III and VII of the protein. The human S1PR2 ligand binding pocket is shown with JTE-013 bound. JTE-013 is a compound with 18 nM affinity for S1PR2 and 100-fold greater specificity for S1PR2 versus other S1PRs. Molecular modeling of the S1PR2 binding pocket was used to identify S1PR2 antagonists.

[0100] FIG. 9 illustrates the sphingosine-1-phosphate and its identified target regions. These identified compounds interact with the binding pocket more strongly than its known receptor, and thus prevent S1P from binding. The identified compounds are available for purchase.

[0101] FIG. 10 illustrates that inactivation of the fzd4 gene in adult zebrafish results in the aberrant neovascularization observed in humans and mice. To target the fzd4 gene, a pair of TALEN nucleases was created. The founders carrying a significant proportion of the mutation were mated to fli1:EGFP transgenic fish (GFP marker for vasculature) and the resulting F1 fish were grown to adulthood. An insertion of 10 nucleotides was confirmed in the open reading frame of the fzd4 gene. Pairs of fzd4 heterozygous fish were mated to produce progeny containing homozygous mutants. Homozygous mutant fish did not have any apparent embryonic phenotype and were grown to adulthood. To check if the retinal vasculature is affected by the fzd4 mutation, retinas were dissected and flat mounted from wild-type and mutant fish and were visualized by confocal microscopy. The homozygous fzd4.sup./ mutants have a large area of avascularity and an abnormal vascular pattern in the vascularized areas.

[0102] FIG. 11 A-D, illustrates 21 compounds that were identified as viable new S1PR2 antagonists.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0103] Various embodiments of the disclosure are discussed in detail below. While specific implementations are discussed, it should be understood that this is done for illustration purposes only. All references cited within this disclosure are incorporated herein. A person skilled in the relevant art will recognize that other components and configurations may be used without parting from the spirit and scope of the disclosure.

[0104] Described are compositions and methods for treating retinal vascular disorders through the administration of therapeutically effective amounts of S1PR2 antagonists. The treatment regime, in a preferred embodiment, is geared towards the treatment of FEVR.

[0105] The S1PR2 antagonist may be a compound characterized by the following general formula (IX):

##STR00001##

wherein
R.sub.1 is C.sub.1-C.sub.12 alkyl;
R.sub.2, R.sub.3, and R.sub.4 are each independently hydrogen, halogen, C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkoxy, C.sub.1-C.sub.6 perhaloalkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.4 perhaloalkoxy, amino, mono- or di-C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkylamino, C.sub.3-C.sub.7 cycloalkyl or C.sub.3-C.sub.7 cycloalkyloxy;
R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 can be positioned at h, i or j, but not simultaneously at the same position;
each instance of R.sub.5 is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkoxy, C.sub.1-C.sub.6 perhaloalkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.4 perhaloalkoxy, amino, mono- or di-C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkylamino, C.sub.3-C.sub.7 cycloalkyl, and C.sub.3-C.sub.7 cycloalkyloxy;
n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4;
X is NR.sub.a, CH.sub.2, or C(O), wherein each instance of R.sub.a is independently selected from hydrogen and C.sub.1-C.sub.3 alkyl;
Y.sub.1 and Y.sub.2 are each independently selected from NR.sub.a, CH.sub.2, and O; and
Z is any geometric isomer of a group selected from one of the following:

##STR00002##

[0106] In one embodiment, X is not NH and/or R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are not isopropyl. In a further embodiment, if Z is C(O) and R.sub.3 or R.sub.4 is isopropyl, then X is not NH, and if Z is C(O) and X is NH, then R.sub.3 or R.sub.4 are not isopropyl. In another embodiment, the S1PR2 antagonist may be one of Compounds 1-7. Compounds 1-7, shown below, are analogues of JTE-013 that inhibit S1PR2 and have improved stability compared to JTE-013, which are described in International Patent Application No. PCT/US2011/040637 (WO 2011/159864).

[0107] In certain embodiments, therefore, the S1PR2 antagonist for use in the disclosed compositions, methods and kits is selected from:

##STR00003## ##STR00004##

[0108] In another embodiment, the S1PR2 antagonist may be a compound of general formula IX, wherein Z is not (CO), and in particular, the S1PR2 antagonist may comprise a bioisosteric replacement of the urea linkage in JTE-013 or an analog thereof.

[0109] The S1PR2 antagonist may also be a compound characterized by the following general formula (X):

##STR00005##

wherein,
R.sub.1 is C.sub.1-C.sub.12 alkyl;
R.sub.2, R.sub.3, and R.sub.4 are each independently hydrogen, halogen, C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkoxy, C.sub.1-C.sub.6 perhaloalkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.4 perhaloalkoxy, amino, mono- or di-C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkylamino, C.sub.3-C.sub.7 cycloalkyl or C.sub.3-C.sub.7 cycloalkyloxy;
R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 can be positioned at h, i, or j, but not simultaneously at the same position;
each instance of R.sub.5 is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkoxy, C.sub.1-C.sub.6 perhaloalkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.4 perhaloalkoxy, amino, mono- or di-C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkylamino, C.sub.3-C.sub.7 cycloalkyl, and C.sub.3-C.sub.7 cycloalkyloxy;
n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4;
X and Y are each independently selected from NR.sub.a, O, and CH.sub.2, wherein each instance of R.sub.a is independently selected from hydrogen and C.sub.1-C.sub.3 alkyl;
and Z is any geometric isomer of a group selected from one of the following:

##STR00006##

[0110] In one embodiment, Z is not C(O). In particular, the S1PR2 antagonist for use in the disclosed compositions, methods and kits may be selected from one of Compounds 8 and 9, shown below.

##STR00007##

[0111] According to some embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount of the S1PR2 antagonist has a formula selected from the following compounds: 2-[3-[(4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl]-4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-3-ium-5-yl]ethyl hydrogen phosphate (PubChem ID No. 3382778), [(2S,3R)-2-azaniumyl-3-hydroxyoctadecyl] hydrogen phosphate (PubChem No. 44317142), (also as 520 and 644260); (5aR,6R,9S,9aS)-2-carboxy-6-hydroxy-6-methyl-3-pentyl-9-prop-1-en-2-yl-7,8,9,9a-tetrahydro-5aH-dibenzofuran-1-olate (PubChem ID No. 54736865), 2-(1-amino-2-hydroxypropyl)-N-decyl-1,3-oxazole-4-carboxamide (PubChem ID No. 3866342), [(2S,3R)-2-azaniumyl-3-hydroxyheptadecyl] hydrogen phosphate (PubChem ID. No. 46891770 (also as 3247041), [(1S,2S,3S,4R,5R)-3-hydroxy-4-(4-methylpiperazin-4-ium-1-yl)-6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-2-yl]-(quinolin-3-ylmethyl)azanium (PubChem ID No. 51624406), 5-[(2E)-2-(3-carboxy-4-oxocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)hydrazinyl]-2-sulfooxybenzoic acid (PubChem ID. No. 9578291); 5,7-dihydroxy-3-[3-hydroxy-4-methoxy-5-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)phenyl]-2,3-dihydrochromen-4-one (Pubchem ID No. 9864156), 5-hydroxy-2-(1-hydroxy-11-phenylundecylidene)cyclohexane-1,3-dione (PubChem ID No. 365015); 3-[(3S)-3-azaniumyl-3-(2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl)propanoyl]-1-methyl-4-oxoquinolin-2-olate (PubChem ID No. 28094480), 2-[(E)-2-anthracen-9-yl-1-cyanoethenyl]-6-methylquinazolin-4-olate (PubChem ID No. 40592676), [(E,2S,3R)-2-azaniumyl-3-hydroxyoctadec-4-enyl] hydrogen phosphate (PubChem ID No. 10883396), 2-chloro-3,6-dihydroxy-5-undecylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione (PubChem ID No. 342302), (2S)-2-amino-2-(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxycarbonyl)-3-hydroxy-4-methylpentanoic acid (PubChem ID No. 56923845), (5aR,6S,9S,9aS)-2-carboxy-6-hydroxy-6-methyl-3-pentyl-9-prop-1-en-2-yl-7,8,9,9a-tetrahydro-5aH-dibenzofuran-1-olate (PubChem ID. No. 54734912); [(1S,2S,3S,4R,5R)-3-hydroxy-4-(4-methylphenyl)sulfonyloxy-6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-2-yl]-propan-2-ylazanium (PubChem ID. No. 18390590), 2-amino-2-(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxycarbonyl)-3-hydroxy-3-methylbutanoic acid (PubChem ID No. 56923928), [(1S,2S,3R,4R,5R)-3-hydroxy-4-(2-methoxyethylamino)-6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-2-yl]-[(4-phenylphenyl)methyl]azaniumn (PubChem ID No. 51508548), (2-hydroxyphenyl)methyl-[(1S,2S,3S,4R,5R)-3-hydroxy-4-phenylsulfanyl-6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-2-yl]azanium (PubChem ID. No. 28960354), [(1S,2S,3S,4R,5R)-3-hydroxy-4-(4-methylpiperazin-4-ium-1-yl)-6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-2-yl]-[(2-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]azanium (PubChem ID. No. 51624683), (13-methyl-7-oxo-9,11,12,14,15,16-hexahydro-6H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-yl) hydrogen sulfate (PubChem ID No. 27993).

[0112] Suitable compounds for use in the compositions, methods and kits disclosed herein are compounds that antagonize S1PR2. Non-limiting examples of S1PR2 antagonists include those known and described in the art (see, for example, International Patent Applications Nos. PCT/US2013/033289 (WO 2013/148460) and PCT/US2014/011033 (WO 2014/158302); U.S. Pat. No. 8,703,797; WO 2011/159864; WO 2008/154470; and WO 2001/098301), as well as those compounds identified herein that interact with the S1PR2 binding pocket (see, for example, FIGS. 8, 9 and 11). Analogues of these compounds that antagonize S1PR2 are also contemplated for use in the disclosed compositions, methods and kits in certain embodiments.

[0113] Antagonism of S1PR2 can be readily tested using methods such as those described herein and known in the art.

[0114] According to some embodiments, the S1PR2 antagonist can be 1-(2,6-dichloro-4-pyridyl)-3-[(4-isopropyl-1,3-dimethyl-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl)amino]urea, with the following chemical structure:

##STR00008##

[0115] According to some embodiments, the S1PR2 antagonist can be a compound characterized by the following general formula (I):

##STR00009##

wherein: [0116] R1 is a C1-C12 alkyl, and R2, R3 and R4 are each independently hydrogen, halogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 perhaloalkyi, C1-C4 perhaloalkoxy, amino, mono- or di C1-C4 alkylamino, C3-C7 cycloalkyl or C3-C7 cycloalkoxy, and R3 and R4 are optionally positioned at h, i, or j, but not simultaneously at the same position, and [0117] R5 is, halogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 perhaloalkyi, C1-C4 perhaloalkoxy, amino, mono- or di C1-C4 alkylamino, C3-C7 cycloalkyl or C3-C7 cycloalkoxy, andn is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4.

[0118] According to some embodiments, the S1PR2 antagonist can be a compound characterized by the general formula a general formula II

##STR00010##

wherein: [0119] X is NR.sup.aR.sup.b, SR.sup.b, F, Cl, Br or I, and [0120] R1 is H or R.sup.b [0121] R2 is H, F, Cl, Br, I, or R.sup.b [0122] R.sup.a is H or R.sup.b, and R.sup.b is branched or linear alkyl having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, wherein one or more, preferably 1 to 7 hydrogen atoms may be replaced by F, Cl, Br, I, OR.sup.a, COOR.sup.3, CN, N(R.sup.a).sub.2 and wherein one or more, preferably 1 to 7 non-adjacent CH2-group may be replaced by O, NR.sup.a, S or S0.sub.2, and/or by CHCH groups, or is cycloalkyl or cycloalkylalkylene having 3 to 7 ring carbon atoms, and [0123] W is CO, CS, S02 or SO, and [0124] Q is NR3, O or S, and

[0125] R is hydrogen, Rb, Ar or Het, and Ar is a monocyclic or bicyclic, saturated, unsaturated or aromatic carbocyclic ring having 6 to 14 carbon atoms which may be unsubstituted, mono-, di-, or tri-substituted by F, Cl, Br, I, R.sup.b, OR3, [C(R.sup.3).sub.2]n-OR.sup.3, N(R.sup.3).sub.2, [C(R.sup.3).sub.2]n-N(R.sup.3).sub.2, NO.sub.2, CN, COOR.sup.3, CF.sub.3, OCF.sub.3, CON(R.sup.3), NR.sup.3COA, NR.sup.3CON(R.sup.3).sub.2, [C(R.sup.3).sub.2]n-Het, [C(R.sup.3).sub.2]n-Ar, [C(R.sup.3).sub.2]n-cycloalkyl, [C(R.sup.3).sub.2]n-CON(R.sup.3).sub.2, [(R.sup.3).sub.2]n-COOR.sup.3, [C(R.sup.3).sub.2]n-NR.sup.3[C(R.sup.3).sub.2]n-C0.sub.2R.sup.3; [C(R.sup.3).sub.2]n-NR.sup.3[C(R.sup.3).sub.2]n-OR.sup.3, SO.sub.2[C(R.sup.3).sub.2]n-CO.sub.2R.sup.3, SO.sub.2N(R.sup.3).sub.2]n-[CO.sub.2R.sup.3, [C(R.sup.3).sub.2]NSO.sub.2[C(R.sup.3)]n-CO.sub.2R.sup.3, S0.sub.2[C(R.sup.3).sub.2]n-OR.sup.3, S.sub.2N(R.sup.3).sub.2[C(R.sup.3).sub.2]n-OR.sup.3, [C(R.sup.3).sub.2]NSO.sub.2[C(R.sup.3).sub.2]n-OR.sup.3, NR.sup.3CON(R.sup.3).sub.2, N.sup.3SO.sub.2R.sup.b, COR.sup.3, SO.sub.2N(R.sup.3).sub.2, S02N(R.sup.3)Rb, SORb, SONR.sup.3R.sup.b, S0.sub.2Rb, and/or -0[C(R.sup.3).sub.2]n-COOR.sup.3 and Het is a monocyclic or bicyclic, saturated, unsaturated or aromatic heterocyclic ring having 1 to 4 N, O and/or S which may be unsubstituted, mono-, di-, or trisubstituted by F, Cl, Br, I, R.sup.b, OR3, [C(R.sup.3).sub.2]n-OR.sup.3, N(R.sup.3).sub.2, [C(R.sup.3).sub.2]n-N(R.sup.3).sub.2, NO.sub.2, CN, COOR.sup.3, CF.sub.3, OCF.sub.3, CON(R.sup.3), NR.sup.3COA, NR.sup.3CON(R.sup.3).sub.2, [C(R.sup.3).sub.2]n-Het, [C(R.sup.3).sub.2]n-Ar, [C(R.sup.3).sub.2]n-cycloalkyl, [C(R.sup.3).sub.2]n-CON(R.sup.3).sub.2, [(R.sup.3).sub.2]n-COOR.sup.3, [C(R.sup.3).sub.2]n-N.sup.3[C(R.sup.3).sub.2]n-CO.sub.2R.sup.3; [C(R.sup.3).sub.2]n-NR.sup.3[C(R.sup.3).sub.2]n-OR.sup.3, SO.sub.2[C(R.sup.3).sub.2]n-CO.sub.2R.sup.3, SO.sub.2N(R.sup.3).sub.2]n-[CO.sub.2R.sup.3, [C(R.sup.3).sub.2]NSO.sub.2[C(R.sup.3)]n-CO.sub.2R.sup.3, S0.sub.2[C(R.sup.3).sub.2]n-OR.sup.3, SO.sub.2N(R.sup.3).sub.2[C(R.sup.3).sub.2]n-OR.sup.3, [C(R.sup.3).sub.2]NSO.sub.2[C(R.sup.3).sub.2]n-OR.sup.3, NR.sup.3CON(R.sup.3).sub.2, NR.sup.3SO.sub.2R.sup.b, COR.sup.3, SO.sub.2N(R.sup.3).sub.2, S02N(R.sup.3)Rb, SORb, SONR.sup.3R.sup.b, SO.sub.2R.sup.b, and/or -0[C(R.sup.3).sub.2]n-COOR.sup.3, and [0126] R.sup.1 is H or Rb, and [0127] R.sup.2 is H, F, Cl, Br, I, or Rb, and [0128] R.sup.3 is is H or Rb, and [0129] n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8;

[0130] In certain embodiments, the compound may be a compound selected from: 2-[1-[2-(5-chloro-2,4-dimethoxy-anilino)-2-oxo-ethyl]-2,4-dioxo-quinazolin-3-yl]acetic acid; N-(5-chloro-2,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)-2-[2,4-dioxo-3-[2-oxo-2-[2-(3-pridyl)ethylamino]ethyl]quinazolin-1-yl]; 2-[4-[1-[2-(5-chloro-2,4-dimethoxy-anilino)-2-oxo-ethyl]-2,4-dioxo-quinazolin-3-yl]phenyl]-N-phenethyl-acetamide; 4-[6-chloro-1-[2-(3-chloro-4-ethoxy-phenyl)-2-oxo-ethyl]-2,4-dioxo-quinazolin-3-yl]-N-cyclopentyl-butanamide; N-(5-chloro-2,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)-2-[2,4-dioxo-3-[2-(phenethylamino)ethyl]quinazolin-1-yl]acetamide;-tert-butyl 2-[1-[2-(5-chloro-2,4-dimethoxy-anilino)-2-oxo-ethyl]-2,4-dioxo-quinazolin-3-yl]acetate;-tert-butyl N-[2-[1-[2-(5-chloro-2,4-dimethoxy-anilino)-2-oxo-ethyl]-2,4-dioxo-quinazolin-3-yl]ethyl]carbamate;-2-[1-[2-(5-chloro-2,4-dimethoxy-anilino)-2-oxo-ethyl]-2,4-dioxo-pyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidin-3-yl]acetic acid;-2-[1-[2-(5-chloro-2,4-dimethoxy-anilino)-2-oxo-ethyl]-2-oxo-4H-quinazolin-3-yl acetic acid; N-(5-chloro-2,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)-2-[3-(3-methoxybenzoyl)-7-methyl-4-4a,8a-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridin-1-yl]acetamide; 2-[1-[2-[(2,6-dichloro-4-pyridyl)amino]-2-oxo-ethyl]-5-methyl-2,4-dioxo-quinazolin-3-1]acetic acid; 4-methyl-8-(2,4,6-trimethylanilino)-2H-phthalazin-1-one; 4-methyl-8-(2,4,6-trimethylanilino)-2H-isoquinolin-1-one; 8-(2,6-dimethylanilino)-2H-isoquinolin-1-one; 8-(4-fluoro-2,6-dimethyl-anilino)-4-methyl-2H-phthalazin-1-one; -4-ethyl-8-(2,4,6-trimethylanilino)-2H-phthalazin-1-one; 4-isopropyl-8-(2,4,6-trimethylanilino)-2H-phthalazin-1-one;-4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-8-(2,4,6-trimethylanilino)-2H-phthalazin-1-one; -8-(2,6-diethyl-4-fluro-anilino)-4-methyl-2H-phthalazin-1-one; 8-(4-chloro-2,6-dimethyl-anilino)-4-methyl-2H-phthalazin-1-one; -4-ethyl-8-(4-fluoro-2,6-dimethyl-anilino)-2H-phthalazin-1-one; -5-(2-propylpyrazol-3yl)2-2(2,4,6-trimethylanilino)benzamide; -5-methoxy-2-(2,4,6-trimethylanilino)benzamide; 5-chloro-2-(2,4,6-trimethylanilino)benzamide.

[0131] In certain embodiments, the compound may be a compound selected from: [0132] 2-amino-2-[2-(4-octylphenyl)ethyl]propane-1,3-diol; [0133] 5-[[3-chloro-4-(2,3 dihydroxypropoxy)phenyl]methyl]-3-(o-tolyl)-2-(propylamino)thiazolidin-4-one; [0134] 2-amino-2-[2-[4-(3-benzyloxyphenyl)sulfanyl-2-chloro-phenyl]ethyl]propane-1,3-diol; [0135] 1-[5-[(3R)-3-amino-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-butyl]-1-methyl-pyrrol-2-yl]-4-(p-tolyl)butan-1-one; [0136] 3-amino-4-(3-octylanilino)-4-oxo-butyl]phosphonic acid; and [0137] 5-[4-phenyl-5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-thienyl]-3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)oxadiazole.

[0138] In another embodiment, the S1PR2 antagonist can be a compound with the general formula (III):

##STR00011##

Wherein:

[0139] Ar.sup.1 is optionally substituted heterocycle or aromatic heterocycle;
Ar.sup.2 is optionally substituted heterocycle or aromatic heterocycle;
W is NR.sup.a, O, or CH.sub.2, wherein R.sup.a is hydrogen or C.sub.1-C.sub.3 alkyl;

Z is C(O), C(S), O, CH.SUB.2., N, or CH;

Y is NR.SUP.a., C(O), N, CH, N, or CH; and

[0140] X is NR.sup.a, N, CH, or CH.sub.2.

[0141] In another embodiment, the S1PR2 antagonist can be a compound with the general formula IV:

##STR00012##

wherein
Ar.sup.1 is aromatic heterocycle;
W is NR.sup.a, O, or CH.sub.2, wherein R.sup.a is hydrogen or C.sub.1-C.sub.3 alkyl;

Z is C(O), C(S), O, CH.SUB.2., N, or CH;

Y is NR.SUP.a., C(O), N, CH, N, or CH; and

[0142] X is NR.sup.a, N, CH, or CH.sub.2.
R.sup.1 is C.sub.1-C.sub.12 alkyl;
R.sup.2, R.sup.3, and R.sup.4 are each independently hydrogen, halogen, C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.4alkoxy, C.sub.1-C.sub.6 perhaloalkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.4 perhaloalkoxy, amino, mono- or di-C.sub.1-C.sub.4alkylamino, C.sub.3-C.sub.7cycloalkyl, or C.sub.3-C.sub.7cycloalkyloxy;
R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 can be positioned at h, i, or j, but not simultaneously at the same position; and
X.sup.2 is N or CR.sup.b wherein R.sup.b is hydrogen, halogen, C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.4alkoxy, C.sub.1-C.sub.6 perhaloalkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.4 perhaloalkoxy, amino, mono- or di-C.sub.1-C.sub.4alkylamino, C.sub.3-C.sub.7cycloalkyl, or C.sub.3-C.sub.7cycloalkyloxy.

[0143] In another embodiment, the S1PR2 antagonist can be a compound with the general formula V:

##STR00013##

wherein
R.sup.1 is C.sub.1-C.sub.12 alkyl;
R.sup.2, R.sup.3, and R.sup.4 are each independently hydrogen, halogen, C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.4alkoxy, C.sub.1-C.sub.6 perhaloalkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.4 perhaloalkoxy, amino, mono- or di-C.sub.1-C.sub.4alkylamino, C.sub.3-C.sub.7cycloalkyl, or C.sub.3-C.sub.7cycloalkyloxy;
R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 can be positioned at h, i, or j, but not simultaneously at the same position;
each instance of R.sup.5 is halogen, C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.4alkoxy, C.sub.1-C.sub.6 perhaloalkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.4 perhaloalkoxy, amino, mono- or di-C.sub.1-C.sub.4alkylamino, C.sub.3-C.sub.7cycloalkyl, or C.sub.3-C.sub.7cycloalkyloxy; and
n is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[0144] In certain embodiments, in compounds of general formula (III):

R.sup.1 is C.sub.1-C.sub.3 alkyl;
R.sup.2 is C.sub.1-C.sub.3 alkyl;
R.sup.3 is at position h, and is C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl;
R.sup.4 is hydrogen;
R.sup.5 is halogen, and
n is 2.

[0145] Additional JTE-013 analogues of general formula (VI), (VII) or (VIII), shown below, having S1PR2 antagonist activity are described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,703,797, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0146] In another embodiment, the S1PR2 antagonist can be a compound with the general formula VI:

##STR00014##

wherein:
A is a direct bond or (CR) and B, C and D are independently selected from the group consisting of (CR) and N, wherein R is H or alkyl, provided however, not all, of B, C and D are N and, when A is a direct bond, D is (CR);
R.sup.3 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl;
X is selected from the group consisting of O, NR.sup.4 and CR.sup.4R.sup.5, wherein R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 are independently selected from the group consisting of H and alkyl;
Y is selected from the group consisting of O or S; and
Z is a substituted aryl ring.

[0147] In another embodiment, the S1PR2 antagonist can be a compound with the general formula VII:

##STR00015##

wherein:
R and R.sup.2 are independently selected from the group consisting of H and alkyl, methoxy, hydroxyl, halogen, nitrile, and trifluoromethyl;
R.sup.3 is independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, methoxy, hydroxyl, halogen, nitrile, and trifluoromethyl;

D is CR or N;

[0148] R is H or alkyl;
X is O, NR.sup.4, CR.sup.4R.sup.5, where R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 are independently selected from the group consisting of H and alkyl, e.g. lower alkyl and may have from 1 to 10 carbons, and may be cyclic or branched chain alkyl having 3 to 10 carbons, methoxy, hydroxyl, F, Br, I, nitrile, and trifluoromethyl;

Y is O or S,

[0149] Z is a substituted aryl ring, having the following structure:

##STR00016##

wherein R.sup.6 and R.sup.7 are independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl and may include from 1 to 10 carbons, and may be cyclic or branched chain alkyl having 3 to 10 carbons, methoxy, hydroxyl, halogen, nitrile, and trifluoromethyl; and

E is N or CR;

[0150] or, wherein:

R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 are independently H, halogen, methyl, or isopropyl;

X is NR.SUP.4.;

R.SUP.4 .is H;

Y is O;

[0151] R.sup.6 and R.sup.7 are independently H or chloro;

E is N or CR; and

R is H.

[0152] In another embodiment, the S1PR2 antagonist can be a small molecule selected from the group consisting of N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2-(4-methyl-1,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)hydrazinecarboxamide; N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2-(4-isopropyl-1,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)hydrazinecarboxamide; N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2-(4-isopropyl-5,8-dimethylquinolin-2-yl)hydrazinecarboxamide; N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2-(4-isopropylquinolin-2-yl)hydrazinecarboxamide; N-(2,6-dichloropyridin-4-yl)-2-(4,8-dimethylquinolin-2-yl)hydrazinecarboxamide; N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2-(4,8-dimethylquinolin-2-yl)hydrazinecarboxamide; N-(2,6-dichloropyridin-4-yl)-2-(4-methylquinolin-2-yl)hydrazinecarboxamide; and N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2-(4,5,8-trimethylquinolin-2-yl)hydrazinecarboxamide.

[0153] In another embodiment, the S1PR2 antagonist can be a compound with the general formula VIII:

##STR00017##

wherein:
R.sup.1R.sup.2 are independently selected from the group consisting of H and alkyl, methoxy, hydroxyl, halogen, nitrile, and trifluoromethyl;
R.sup.3 is independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, methoxy, hydroxyl, halogen, nitrile, and trifluoromethyl;
X is O, NR.sup.4, CR.sup.4R.sup.5, where R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 are independently selected from the group consisting of H and alkyl, e.g. lower alkyl and may have from 1 to 10 carbons, and may be cyclic or branched chain alkyl having 3 to 10 carbons, methoxy, hydroxyl, F, Br, I, nitrile, and trifluoromethyl;

Y is O or S;

[0154] R is H, methoxy or alkyl;
Z is a substituted aryl ring, having the following structure:

##STR00018##

wherein R.sup.6 and R.sup.7 are independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl and may include from 1 to 10 carbons, and may be cyclic or branched chain alkyl having 3 to 10 carbons, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, hydroxyl, halogen, nitrile, and trifluoromethyl; and E is Nor CR;

[0155] or wherein:

R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 are independently methyl or isopropyl;
X is NR.sup.4 or CR.sup.4R.sup.5;

R.SUP.4 .is H;

R.SUP.5 .is H;

Y is O;

[0156] R.sup.6 and R.sup.7 are independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl and may include from 1 to 5 carbons, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, chloro and trifluoromethyl;

E is N or CR; and

[0157] R is H or methoxy.

[0158] In another embodiment, the S1PR2 antagonist can be a small molecule selected from the group consisting of: N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2-(7-isopropyl-1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazolo[4,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)hydrazinecarboxamide; 1-(2,6-dichloropyridin-4-yl)-3-((7-isopropyl-1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazolo[4,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)methyl)urea; N-(2-butyl-6-chloropyridin-4-yl)-2-(7-isopropyl-1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazolo[4,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)hydrazinecarboxamide; N-(2-chloro-6-ethoxypyridin-4-yl)-2-(7-isopropyl-1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazolo[4,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)hydrazinecarboxamide; 1-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-3-((1,3,7-trimethyl-1H-pyrazolo[4,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)methyl)urea; N-(2,6-dichloropyridin-4-yl)-2-(7-isopropyl-1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazolo[4,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)hydrazinecarboxamide; N-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-2-(7-isopropyl-1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazolo[4,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)hydrazinecarboxamide; N-(3-chloro-5-methoxypyridin-4-yl)-2-(7-isopropyl-1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazolo[4,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)hydrazinecarboxamide; 1-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-3-((7-isopropyl-1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazolo[4,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)methyl)urea; 1-(2-chloro-6-methoxypyridin-4-yl)-3-((7-isopropyl-1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazolo[4,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)methyl)urea; N-(2-chloro-6-propylpyridin-4-yl)-2-(7-isopropyl-1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazolo[4,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)hydrazinecarboxamide; 1-(2-chloro-6-propylpyridin-4-yl)-3-((7-isopropyl-1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazolo[4,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)methyl)urea; 1-(2-chloro-6 ethoxypyridin-4-yl)-3-((7-isopropyl-1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazolo[4,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)methyl)urea; 1-(2-chloro-6-propoxypyridin-4-yl)-3-((7-isopropyl-1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazolo[4,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)methyl)urea; N-(2-chloro-6-propoxypyridin-4-yl)-2-(7-isopropyl-1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazolo[4,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)hydrazinecarboxamide; N-(2-butoxy-6-chloropyridin-4-yl)-2-(7-isopropyl-1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazolo[4,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)hydrazinecarboxamide; 1-(2-butoxy-6-chloropyridin-4-yl)-3-((7-isopropyl-1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazolo[4,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)methyl)urea; N-(2-ethoxypyridin-4-yl)-2-(7-isopropyl-1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazolo[4,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)hydrazinecarboxamide; and N-(5-chloro-2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-(7-isopropyl-1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazolo[4,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)hydrazinecarboxamide.

Administration

[0159] The S1PR2 antagonist compounds are typically formulated for therapeutic use. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising a S1PR2 antagonist compound and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient. The pharmaceutical compositions may be prepared by known procedures using well-known and readily available ingredients (see, for example, Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy (20th ed.), ed. A. R. Gennaro, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, (2000) and Encyclopedia of Pharmaceutical Technology, eds. J. Swarbrick and J. C. Boylan, Marcel Dekker, New York (1988-1999)).

[0160] The pharmaceutical compositions may be administered to a subject by any suitable route, e.g., systemically by intravenous injection, directly through intraocular injection, by eye drops, orally, or the like. The compositions may be administered directly to a target site by, for example, surgical delivery to an internal or external target site, or by catheter to a site accessible by a blood vessel.

[0161] For example, in a method of treating a SIPR2-related eye condition, such as FEVR, a composition as described herein may be delivered through intraocular injection, by drops, orally, or intravenously. The compositions may be administered in a single bolus, multiple injections, or by continuous infusion (e.g., intravenously, or interathecally by peritoneal dialysis, pump infusion). For parenteral administration, the compositions are preferably formulated in a sterilized pyrogen-free form. As indicated above, the compositions described herein may be in a form suitable for sterile injection. To prepare such a composition, the suitable active therapeutic(s) are dissolved or suspended in a parenterally acceptable liquid vehicle. Among acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, water adjusted to a suitable pH by addition of an appropriate amount of hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide or a suitable buffer, 1,3-butanediol, Ringer's solution, and isotonic sodium chloride solution and dextrose solution. The aqueous formulation may also contain one or more preservatives (e.g., methyl, ethyl or n-propyl p-hydroxybenzoate). In cases where one of the compounds is only sparingly or slightly soluble in water, a dissolution enhancing or solubilizing agent can be added, or the solvent may include 10-60% w/w of propylene glycol or the like. The compositions described herein may be administered to mammals (e.g., rodents, humans, nonhuman primates, canines, felines, ovines, bovines) in any suitable formulation according to conventional pharmaceutical practice (see, e.g., Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy (20th ed.), ed. A. R. Gennaro, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, (2000) and Encyclopedia of Pharmaceutical Technology, eds. J. Swarbrick and J. C. Boylan, Marcel Dekker, New York (1988-1999), a standard text in this field, and in USP/NF). A description of exemplary pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and diluents, as well as pharmaceutical formulations, can be found in Remington: supra. Other substances may be added to the compositions to stabilize and/or preserve the compositions.

[0162] The therapeutic methods described herein in general include administration of a therapeutically effective amount of the compositions described herein to a subject (e.g., animal, human) in need thereof, including a mammal, particularly a human. Such treatment will be suitably administered to subjects, particularly humans, suffering from, having, susceptible to, or at risk for a disease, disorder, or symptom thereof. Determination of those subjects at risk can be made by any objective or subjective determination by a diagnostic test or opinion of a subject or health care provider. The methods and compositions herein may be used in the treatment of any other disorders or diseases relating to anemia.

Effective Doses

[0163] The compositions described herein are preferably administered to a mammal (e.g., human) in an effective amount, that is, an amount capable of producing a desirable result in a treated mammal (e.g., treating FEVR through administration of S1PR2 antagonists). Such a therapeutically effective amount can be determined according to standard methods.

[0164] Toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of the compositions utilized in methods of the technology can be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures. As is well known in the medical and veterinary arts, dosage for any one subject depends on many factors, including the subject's size, body surface area, age, the particular composition to be administered, time and route of administration, general health, and other drugs being administered concurrently. A delivery dose of a composition as described herein may be determined based on preclinical efficacy and safety.

EXAMPLES

[0165] The present technology is further illustrated by the following specific examples. The examples are provided for illustration only and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the technology in any way.

Normalization of Retinal Vasculature in FEVR Model by Genetic Inhibition of SIPR2 Activity

[0166] S1pr2.sup./ Tspan12.sup./ double knockout mice were generated and observed a remarkable amelioration of retinal vasculature patterning mice (FIG. 5). (TSPAN12 regulates retinal vascular development by promoting Norrinbut not Wnt-induced FZD4/beta-catenin signaling. Junge H J, Yang S, Burton J B, Paes K, Shu X, French D M, Costa M, Rice D S, Ye W. Cell 139, 299-311 (2009).)

[0167] Fzd4.sup./ S1pr2.sup./ mice were also generated and these mice also show amelioration of retinal vasculature patterning (FIG. 6). (Vascular development in the retina and inner ear: control by Norrin and Frizzled-4, a high-affinity ligand-receptor pair. Xu Q, Wang Y, Dabdoub A, Smallwood P M, Williams J, Woods C, Kelley M W, Jiang L, Tasman W, Zhang K, Nathans J. Cell 116, 883-95 (2004).) Thus, inhibition of S1PR2 is a significant therapeutic approach for FEVR.

Normalization of Retinal Vasculature in FEVR Model by Administration of SIPR2 Antagonist

[0168] Post-natal treatment of Fzd4.sup./ mice with the S1PR2 antagonist JTE-013 was able to ameliorate FEVR retinal vascularization defects (FIG. 7). Fzd4.sup./ mice were injected with 0.5 mg/kg JTE-013 intraperitoneally every second day from P7 to P25. Using standard protocols, retinas were flat mounted at P25 and the vasculature visualized by confocal microscopy subsequent to staining with iso-lectin B4 AlexaFluor 594. (Vascular development in the retina and inner ear: control by Norrin and Frizzled-4, a high-affinity ligand-receptor pair. Xu Q, Wang Y, Dabdoub A, Smallwood P M, Williams J, Woods C, Kelley M W, Jiang L, Tasman W, Zhang K, Nathans J. Cell 116, 883-95 (2004).)

Computer Aided Drug Design of SIPR2 Antagonists

[0169] In general, G protein coupled receptors are considered highly druggable, and a broad specificity S1PR agonist (Fingolimod, trade name Gilenya) that simultaneously targets S1PR1-3 and -5 is on the market for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Computer aided drug design has been used in the past to successfully design and synthesize small molecule inhibitors of lipid enzymes that are now in late stage preclinical evaluation for a subsequent Phase 1/2a clinical trial.

[0170] To identify antagonists of S1PR2 by computational means, the Molecular Operating Environment (MOE) program was used to perform modeling on the S1PR1 structure. Throughout the process, the CHARMM27 force field was implemented and a gas phase environment was specified. The amino acid sequence of S1PR2 was obtained from the UniProt archive. The amino acid sequences of S1PR2 and S1PR2 were aligned, and a homology model was generated from the alignment. The generated model was protonated for a temperature of 310K, a pH of 7.0, and a salt concentration of 0.1 mol/L. The site finder tool in MOE was used to identify the binding pocket of the receptor. A pocket composed of 34 amino acids located on the extracellular face of the protein was identified (FIG. 8).

[0171] As shown in FIG. 9, the main ligand of the S1PR2 receptor, SiP, has three distinct chemical regions. These regions were used to search the PubChem and hit-to-lead databases for similar molecules containing either region 1, 2 or 3. As well, sulfate groups were also included in the search as they are bioisosteres of phosphate. Compounds were identified based on the following criteria: they must have a molecular weight less than 390, an X Log P value between 1 and 7 for regions 2 and 3, or an X Log P value less than 5 and a total polar surface area from 35-120 for region 1. The compounds identified from each region were imported into MOE as a database. A total of 62,125 results were obtained for region 1; 2,971 for region 2, and; 13,442 for region 3. These molecules were first washed to remove any salt ions that may have been included in the structure, and were energy optimized using the CHARMM27 force field in a gas phase environment. The compounds were then submitted to a virtual screen through the identified binding pocket on S1PR2.

[0172] From the results of the virtual screen, the best 100 compounds for each region were selected and subjected to a more rigorous method of docking: induced fit versus S1PR2 and S1PR1. This docking allows for the amino acid side chains lining the pocket to move, as well as the ligand being docked. The resulting databases were examined for compounds with an S score that was better than the score of SiP, and have predicted specificity for S1PR2 versus S1PR1. The identified compounds were then screened for availability to purchase and 36 compounds were found to be commercially available and were selected as viable targets for testing. As shown in FIG. 11 A-D, those from PubChem using their PubChem identification numbers are the following: 3382778; 44317142 (also as 520 and 644260); 54736865; 3866342; 46891770 (also as 3247041); 51624406; 9578291; 9864156; 365015; 28094480; 40592676; 10883396; 342302; 56923845; 54734912; 18390590; 56923928; 51508548; 28960354; 51624683; 27993.

[0173] Their efficacy can readily be compared to JTE-013, a SPR antagonist with specificity for selective S1PR2 inhibition.

Demonstration and Ranking of SIPR2 Antagonist Activity in Zebrafish Models of FEVR

[0174] Knockout approaches permit the generation of zebrafish models that recapitulate human diseases, allowing for a rapid intermediate in vivo step for drug screening prior to more time consuming and expensive mammalian studies. The S1PR2 drug target and the FZD4 pathway are highly conserved between zebrafish, mice, and humans. The TALEN system was used to generate germ line fzd4.sup./ zebrafish (FIG. 10).

[0175] To assay the identified S1PR2 antagonists as well as the known tool compound JTE-013, three fzd4.sup./ zebrafish embryos are arrayed in 96-well plates. At 24 hours post-fertilization (hpf) compounds are then transferred to the embryo plate at final concentrations of 0.01-30 M. Embryos are then incubated with compounds at 28.5 C. for 12 h and screened for gross global developmental effects. At various time frames (2-12 days) embryos are then overdosed with Tricaine (MS-222) and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and their retinal vasculature can be determined using microscopy. Those compounds that best restore normal vasculature to zebrafish are subsequently tested in the Tspan12.sup./ and Fzd4.sup./ mice to isolate the most effective therapeutic compounds.

[0176] For work in mice, compounds are delivered by intraocular injection to the eye (0.01-30 M) of mice between P17 and P28 that can be effectively treated by a S1PR2 antagonist. This time frame is similar to that at what stage FEVR occurs in humans. Retinal phenotypes and ocular function are then determined as described above for the study of the the Tspan12.sup./ and Fzd4.sup./ FEVR mouse models and other genetic models of FEVR.