Void structures with repeating elongated-aperture pattern

Abstract

Void structures, systems and devices with void structures, and methods of fabricating void structures are disclosed. A void structure is disclosed with a repeating elongated-aperture pattern designed to provide negative Poisson's Ratio behavior under macroscopic stress and strain loading. The pattern can include horizontal and vertical elliptically shaped apertures that are arranged on horizontal and vertical lines in a way that the lines are equally spaced in both dimensions. The centers of each aperture is on a crossing point of two of the lines. The vertical and horizontal elliptically shaped apertures alternate on the vertical and horizontal lines such that any vertical aperture is surrounded by horizontal apertures along the lines (and vice versa), and the next vertical apertures are found on both diagonals. The voids can also act as cooling and/or damping holes and, due to their arrangement, also as stress reduction features.

Claims

1. A void structure comprising: a rigid or semi-rigid body with a first plurality of first elongated apertures and a second plurality of second elongated apertures, each of the elongated apertures having a major axis and a minor axis, the major axes of the first elongated apertures being perpendicular to the major axes of the second elongated apertures, the first and second pluralities of elongated apertures being arranged in an array of rows and columns, each of the rows and each of the columns alternating between the first and the second elongated apertures, the elongated apertures being cooperatively configured to achieve negative Poisson's Ratio behavior under stress or strain, or both; wherein each of the apertures is in the form of two spaced circular holes connected by a straight stem; and wherein the elongated apertures are present in the rigid or semi-rigid body when in a stress-free state and have a predetermined porosity of approximately 1-4%.

2. The void structure of claim 1, wherein the body comprises a metallic wall.

3. The void structure of claim 1, wherein the major and minor axes of each of the elongated apertures are perpendicular.

4. The void structure of claim 1, wherein the rows are equally spaced from each other and the columns are equally spaced from each other.

5. The void structure of claim 1, wherein each of the elongated apertures includes a center at the intersection of the major and minor axes, the center of each of the elongated apertures being located at a respective intersection point of one of the rows and one of the columns of the array.

6. The void structure of claim 1, wherein the elongated apertures are cooperatively configured to provide predetermined thermal cooling and acoustic damping characteristics.

7. The void structure of claim 1, wherein the elongated apertures have a predetermined porosity and a predetermined aspect ratio that are cooperatively configured to achieve negative Poisson's Ratio behavior under macroscopic stress and strain loadings.

8. The void structure of claim 1, wherein each of the elongated apertures has an aspect ratio of approximately 5-40.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 is a graph of Poisson's Ratio against Strain illustrating the negative Poisson's Ratio behavior of various representative void structures according to aspects of the present disclosure.

(2) FIGS. 2a-2c are images of three different square arrays of elliptical voids demonstrating different negative Poisson's Ratio behavior according to aspects of the present disclosure.

(3) FIG. 3 provides three time-sequenced images of a square array of collapsed-hole voids reducing the thermal stresses caused by a hot spot in the domain according to aspects of the present disclosure.

(4) FIG. 4 is an image of a square array of horizontally and vertically aligned elliptically shaped apertures in a stress-free state that provides negative Poisson's Ratio behavior in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

(5) FIG. 5 is an image of a square array of horizontally and vertically aligned double-T shaped apertures in a stress-free state that provides negative Poisson's Ratio behavior in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

(6) FIGS. 6-8 illustrate different representative aperture shapes in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

(7) While aspects of this disclosure are susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments have been shown by way of example in the drawings and will be described in detail herein. It should be understood, however, that the invention is not intended to be limited to the particular forms disclosed. Rather, the invention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(8) This invention is susceptible of embodiment in many different forms. There are shown in the drawings and will herein be described in detail representative embodiments of the invention with the understanding that the present disclosure is to be considered as an exemplification of the principles of the invention and is not intended to limit the broad aspects of the invention to the embodiments illustrated. To that extent, elements and limitations that are disclosed, for example, in the Abstract, Summary, and Detailed Description sections, but not explicitly set forth in the claims, should not be incorporated into the claims, singly or collectively, by implication, inference or otherwise. For purposes of the present detailed description, unless specifically disclaimed: the singular includes the plural and vice versa; the words and and or shall be both conjunctive and disjunctive; the word all means any and all; the word any means any and all; and the words including and comprising mean including without limitation. Moreover, words of approximation, such as about, almost, substantially, approximately, and the like, can be used herein in the sense of at, near, or nearly at, or within 3-5% of, or within acceptable manufacturing tolerances, or any logical combination thereof, for example.

(9) Aspects of the present disclosure are directed towards void structures which, in a steady-state environment sans macroscopic loading, include repeating elongated-aperture patterns that provide negative Poisson's Ratio (NPR) behavior. Poisson's Ratio (or Poisson coefficient) can be generally typified as the ratio of transverse contraction strain to longitudinal extension strain in a stretched object. Poisson's Ratio is generally positive since most materials, including many polymer foams and cellular solids, become thinner in cross section when stretched. The void structures disclosed herein exhibit a negative Poisson's Ratio behavior. These types of materials are also referred to as being auxetic or as auxetic materials.

(10) In some of the disclosed embodiments, when the structure is compressed in the Y direction, because of the way the adjacent apertures are arranged, the Y-direction strain results in a moment around the center of each cell, causing the cells to rotate. Each cell rotates in a direction opposite to that of its immediate neighbors. This rotation results in a reduction in the X-direction distance between horizontally adjacent cells. In other words, compressing the structure in the Y direction causes it to contract in the X direction. Conversely, tension in the Y direction results in expansion in the X direction. At the scale of the entire structure, this mimics the behavior of an auxetic material. But many of the structures disclosed herein are composed of conventional materials. The pseudo-auxetic behavior is an emergent property of the structure. Put another way, the material itself may have a positive Poisson's Ratio, but by modifying the structure with the introduction of the elongated-aperture patterns disclosed herein, the structure microscopically behaves as having a negative Poisson's Ratio.

(11) FIG. 1 is a graph of Poisson's Ratio against Strain illustrating the Poisson's Ratio behavior of three representative void structures shown in FIGS. 2a-2c. The chart of FIG. 1 shows the Poisson Ratio (PR) of a test piece under load. At a certain level of deformation the instantaneous PR can be determined and plotted against a parameter (e.g., nominal strain) representing the level of deformation. When a designer has a desired NPR for an intended application, the level of deformation corresponding to that PR can be looked up and the geometry of the holes at that condition determined. This hole shape pattern can then be machined (manufactured) on an unstressed part to achieve a component with the desired PR.

(12) As seen in FIGS. 2b and 2c, the NPR elongated-aperture patterns can consist of horizontally oriented and vertically oriented elliptical holes (also referred to as apertures or ellipses). The ellipses are arranged on horizontal and vertical lines (e.g., rows and columns of a square array) in a way that the vertical lines are equally spaced and the horizontal in both dimensions lines are equally spaced (also x=y). The center of each aperture is on the crossing point of two of the lines. Horizontally oriented and vertically oriented ellipses alternate on the vertical and horizontal lines such that any vertical ellipse is surrounded by horizontal ellipses along the lines (and vice versa), while the next vertical ellipses are found on both diagonals. The voids can also act as cooling and/or damping holes and, due to their arrangement, also as stress reduction features.

(13) Also disclosed is a gas turbine combustor that is made with walls from a material with any of the specific void structures disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the aperture shapes are generated in a metal body directly in a stress-free state such that the apertures are equivalent in shape to collapsed void shapes found in rubber under external load in order to get negative Poisson's Ratio behavior in the metal without collapsing the metallic structure in manufacturing. Various manufacturing routes can be used to replicate the void patterns in the metallic component. The manufacturing does not necessarily contain buckling as one of the process steps. The void structures disclosed herein are not limited to the combustor wall; rather, these features can be incorporated into other sections of a turbine (e.g., a blade, a vein, etc.).

(14) If the porosity of a single sheet is judged to be too high for a specific combustor application, two or more sheets are stacked in an offset manner in order to have the optimum void fraction of the single sheet to get the intended behavior and to have the optimum air flow through the sheet in order to get the intended level of cooling and/or damping. For example, two sheets with the same (or a similar) pattern of apertures can be juxtaposed such that the apertures are aligned (e.g., have a common central axis) or intentionally misaligned (e.g., central axes of adjacent apertures are radially offset) to cooperatively achieve a desired thermal, mechanical, and/or acoustic function.

(15) The combustor wall has an advantageous behavior of an appeared (macroscopic) negative Poisson's Ratio. Even when this structure is made from conventional metal, it will contract in a lateral direction when it is put under an axial compressive load, without the material itself being made from a material having a negative Poisson's Ratio. The behavior is triggered by the specific void structure.

(16) In a conventional combustor wall, the holes used for providing cooling air flow and damping also act as stress risers. In some of the disclosed embodiments, as the wall material at a hot spot presses against its surrounding material, e.g., in a vertical direction, the negative Poisson's Ratio will make the wall material contract in the horizontal direction, and vice versa. This behavior will reduce the stresses at the hotspot significantly. This effect is stronger than just the impact of the reduced stiffness. Stress at hot spot gets reduced by 50% leading to an increase in stress fatigue life by several orders of magnitude. The stress reduction by the NPR behavior does not increase the air consumption of the combustor wall. The longer life could be used as such or the wall material could be replaced by a cheaper one in order to reduce cost significantly.

(17) We also have demonstrated that the replacement of circular combustor cooling holes with a fraction of elliptical air passages of 2-3% reduces thermo-mechanical stress by a factor of at least five, while maintaining the cooling and damping performance. For example, elliptical cooling holes in the combustor have been predicted to result in a five-fold decrease in the worst principal stress. By inducing NPR behavior, we have added a further functionality to our cooling holes. Five-fold reduction in worst principal stress resulting from modification of cooling holes to impart negative Poisson ratio behavior. In stress fatigue of a combustor-specific superalloy, halving the component stress increases the fatigue life by more than an order of magnitude. In some embodiments, the superalloy may be a nickel-based superalloy, such as Inconel (e.g. IN100, IN600, IN713), Waspaloy, Rene alloys (e.g. Rene 41, Rene 80, Rene 95, Rene N5), Haynes alloys, Incoloy, MP98T, TMS alloys, and CMSX (e.g. CMSX-4) single crystal alloys.

(18) It has been shown that lower porosity offers increased cooling function. As used herein, porosity can be defined to mean the surface area of the apertures, A.sub.A, divided by the surface area of the structure, A.sub.S, or Porosity=A.sub.A/A.sub.S. It may be desirable, in some embodiments, that the porosity of a given void structure be approximately 1-4% or, in some embodiments, approximately 2-3% or, in some embodiments, approximately 2%. Many prior art arrangements require a porosity of 40-50%.

(19) There may be a predetermined optimal aspect ratio for the elongated apertures to provide a desired NPR behavior. As used herein, aspect ratio of the apertures can be defined to mean the length divided by the width of the apertures, or the length of the major axis divided by the length of the minor axis of the apertures. It may be desirable, in some embodiments, that the aspect ratio of the apertures be approximately 5-40 or, in some embodiments, approximately 30-40. An optimal NPR can be, for example, 0.5. Aspects of the disclosed invention can be demonstrated on structural patterns created with a pattern lengthscale at the millimeter, and are equally applicable to structures possessing the same periodic patterns at a smaller lengthscale (e.g., micrometer, submicrometer, and nanometer lengthscales).

(20) The geometry of the apertures can take on a variety of shapes, sizes and orientations. FIGS. 2b and 2c illustrate the apertures taking on an elliptical form. FIG. 6 illustrates the apertures taking on an elliptical form with a higher aspect ratio than those shown in FIGS. 2a-2c. FIG. 3 illustrates the apertures taking on a collapsed-hole shape. FIG. 8 shows show the apertures taking on an I-shaped or double-T-shaped form. FIG. 7 illustrates the apertures taking on a barbell shape with two stop holes connected by a straight slot or stem. The shapes can be modified and/or evolved from one application to another. Moreover, these shapes can be changed due to the manufacturing process that is employed. The NPR behavior works with any configuration where the cells rotate in the manner described hereinabove.

(21) While many embodiments and modes for carrying out the present invention have been described in detail above, those familiar with the art to which this invention relates will recognize various alternative designs and embodiments for practicing the invention within the scope of the appended claims.