System and method for NMR imaging of fluids in non-circular cross-sectional conduits

Abstract

A Nuclear magnetic Resonance (NMR)-based system for measuring physical properties of a fluid, the system comprising an NMR spectrometer, configured to allow subjection of the fluid to radio frequency (RF) signals within a generated magnetic field, measurement of RF signals remitted by the fluid, and production of an NMR image of the fluid, a conduit, with a at least one segment of non-circular cross-section for accommodation of the flow of the fluid, and a flow-inducing mechanism, configured to allow generation of the flow of the fluid within the conduit, wherein the computer processor is configured to allow analytic processing of data related to the physical properties of the fluid under conditions of laminar and mixed laminar-turbulent flow through the conduit of non-circular cross-section so as to allow measurement of shear stress and shear rate of the fluid.

Claims

1. A nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based system for measuring physical properties of a fluid, the system comprising: an NMR spectrometer, configured to subject said fluid to radio frequency (RF) signals within a generated magnetic field, measure RF signals re-emitted by said fluid, and produce an NMR image of said fluid; a computer processor, configured to control of the RF wave generation and detection functions of said NMR spectrometer; a conduit, with a at least one segment of elliptical cross-section configured to accommodate the flow of said fluid; and a flow-inducing mechanism, configured to generate said flow of said fluid within said conduit, wherein: said computer processor is configured to analytically process data related to the physical properties of the fluid under conditions of laminar and mixed laminar-turbulent flow through said segment and to shear stress and shear rate of the fluid; and the fluid velocity profile through said cross-section, vz, is described by the expression, $v_z=\frac{2Q}{\mathrm{ab}}\left(1-\frac{x^2}{a^2}-\frac{y^2}{b^2}\right),$ in Cartesian coordinates, where Q is the rate of total flow of the fluid through said cross-section, a is the radius along the x-axis of said cross-section, and b is the radius along the y-axis of said cross-section, and the velocity differential at different x,y coordinates along the cross-section correlates to laminar flow within said conduit.

2. The NMR-based system of claim 1, wherein the computer processor is configured to fit the physical parameters of said conduit to parameters of a circular conduit, and analyze flow in a circular conduit.

3. The NMR-based system of claim 1, further comprising: a computer-readable medium having machine instructions stored thereon capable of being executed by said computer processor and configured to store information pertaining to the measurement of said RF signals; and a digital electronic connection port configured to provide digital communication between said NMR-based system and a computer communication network, wherein said machine instructions are executed, they cause the computer processor to perform the analytic processing of data related to the physical properties of the fluid under conditions of laminar and mixed laminar-turbulent flow through said segment.

4. The NMR-based system of claim 1, further comprising a visual display configured to indicate the current state and function of said NMR-based system.

5. The NMR-based system of claim 1, wherein the radius of said conduit is in the range of 2-50 millimeters.

6. The NMR-based system of claim 1, wherein the physical properties of a flowing substance measured by said NMR-based system comprise at least one of the concentration and the identification of at least one material as well as said material's particle size, particle size distribution, particle shape, dynamic flow characteristics, water content, electrochemical and/or chemical properties of conductivity, dielectric constant, and magnetic properties.

7. The NMR-based system of claim 1, wherein the specification of said cross-section of said conduit results in predicted zones of laminar, turbulent, and mixed laminar-turbulent fluid flow within said conduit.

8. The NMR-based system of claim 1, wherein the conduit is configured on-line, accommodating a flow of said fluid that is parallel to the fluid flow of an industrial process.

9. The NMR-based system of claim 1, wherein the conduit is configured in-line, as an integral, serial part of an industrial process wherein said physical properties of said fluid are monitored.

10. The NMR-based system of claim 1, wherein the elliptical eccentricity, e, of the segment is greater than 0 and less than or equal to 0.98.

11. The NMR-based system of claim 1, wherein said segment comprises an inner wall having a surface roughness that produces a level of turbulence of the fluid flow within said conduit that is operationally matched to parameters of said analytic processing of data.

12. The NMR-based system of claim 1, further comprising an RF generation module that is configured to generate RF signals.

13. The method of claim 1, wherein said segment comprises an inner wall having a surface roughness that produces a level of turbulence of the fluid flow within said conduit that is operationally matched to parameters of said analytic processing of data.

14. A method for measuring physical properties of a fluid with a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based system with a conduit having at least one segment of elliptical cross-section, the method comprising: accommodating the flow of said fluid within said conduit, subjecting said fluid to radio frequency signals within a magnetic field generated by an NMR spectrometer, measuring radio frequency signals re-emitted by said fluid with said NMR spectrometer, producing an NMR image of said fluid; and processing data related to physical properties of the fluid flow through said segment to characterize the flow conditions as one of laminar, turbulent and mixed laminar-turbulent flow, wherein the fluid velocity profile through said cross-section, vz, is described by the expression, $v_z=\frac{2Q}{\mathrm{ab}}\left(1-\frac{x^2}{a^2}-\frac{y^2}{b^2}\right),$ in Cartesian coordinates, where Q is the rate of total flow of the fluid through said cross-section, a is the radius along the x-axis of said cross-section, and b is the radius along the y-axis of said cross-section, and the velocity differential at different x,y coordinates along the cross-section correlates to laminar flow within said conduit.

15. The method of claim 14, wherein the processing includes measuring the shear stress and shear rate of the fluid.

16. The method of claim 14, wherein the produced NMR image comprises a three dimensional profile of flow velocity within the conduit.

17. The method of claim 14, further comprising fitting the physical parameters of said conduit to parameters of a circular conduit, and analyzing flow in a circular conduit.

18. The method of claim 14, further comprising: generating said flow of said fluid within said conduit using a flow-inducing mechanism; controlling the RF wave generation and detection functions of said NMR spectrometer using a computer processor that is executing machine instructions stored on a computer readable medium; storing information pertaining to the measurement of said RF signals on said computer-readable medium; and facilitating digital communication between the computer processor and a computer communication network via a digital electronic connection port.

19. The method of claim 18, further comprising indicating the current state and function of the NMR imaging process on a visual display.

20. The method of claim 14, further comprising generating radio frequency signals with a radio frequency generation module.

21. The method of claim 14, wherein said processing data related to the measured physical properties of a flowing substance comprises at least one of determining the concentration and the identification of at least one material as well as said material's particle size, particle size distribution, particle shape, dynamic flow characteristics, water content, electrochemical and/or chemical properties of conductivity, dielectric constant, and magnetic properties.

22. The method of claim 14, wherein the conduit is configured on-line, accommodating a flow of said fluid that is parallel to the fluid flow of an industrial process.

23. The method of claim 14, wherein the conduit is configured in-line, as an integral, serial part of an industrial process wherein said physical properties of said fluid are monitored.

24. The method of claim 14, wherein the elliptical eccentricity, e, of the segment is greater than 0 and less than or equal to 0.98.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) The subject matter regarded as the invention is particularly pointed out and distinctly claimed in the concluding portion of the specification. The invention, however, both as to organization and method of operation, together with objects, features, and advantages thereof, may best be understood by reference to the following detailed description when read with the accompanying drawings in which:

(2) FIG. 1 schematically illustrates an NMR-based system for measuring physical properties of a fluid, according to some embodiments of the invention;

(3) FIG. 2A showing a cross-sectional view of a conduit with a substantially elliptic shape in Cartesian space, according to some embodiments of the present invention;

(4) FIG. 2B showing a perspective view of the conduit with a substantially elliptic shape in Cartesian space, according to some embodiments of the present invention;

(5) FIG. 3 schematically illustrates several conduits with varying cross-sectional elliptical eccentricity and surface roughness for use with the NMR-based measurement system, according to some embodiments of the present invention;

(6) FIG. 4 schematically illustrates an NMR-based measurement system with a conduit of elliptical cross-section passing through it, configured in series with the regular fluid flow of an industrial process, according to some embodiments of the present invention;

(7) FIG. 5 schematically illustrates an NMR-based measurement system with a conduit of elliptical cross-section passing through it, configured in parallel to the regular fluid flow of an industrial process, according to some embodiments of the present invention;

(8) FIG. 6 shows a geometric depiction of a conduit's cross section as a rectangle with width W and height H, according to some embodiments of the present invention;

(9) FIG. 7 schematically illustrates a helical conduit segment, according to some embodiments of the present invention; and

(10) FIG. 8 shows a flow chart for NMR imaging of fluids in non-circular cross-sectional conduits, according to some embodiments of the present invention.

(11) It will be appreciated that, for simplicity and clarity of illustration, elements shown in the figures have not necessarily been drawn to scale. For example, the dimensions of some of the elements may be exaggerated relative to other elements for clarity. Further, where considered appropriate, reference numerals may be repeated among the figures to indicate corresponding or analogous elements.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

(12) In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of embodiments of the invention. However it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that the embodiments of the invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, and components have not been described in detail so as not to obscure the embodiments of the invention.

(13) The following description is provided, alongside all chapters of the present invention, so as to enable any person skilled in the art to make use of said invention and sets forth the best modes contemplated by the inventor of carrying out this invention. Various modifications, however, will remain apparent to those skilled in the art, since the generic principles of the present invention have been defined specifically to provide a non-invasive, on-line means for measuring and controlling, at high precision, physical, electrochemical and/or chemical state transformation of a fluid substance in an industrial environment.

(14) The terms nuclear magnetic resonance and NMR refer, in the present invention, to the physical phenomenon in which nuclei of a substance within a magnetic field absorb and re-emit electromagnetic radiation. This radiation is re-emitted by said substance at a resonance frequency determined by the strength of the magnetic field and the particular atomic structure of said substance. The term NMR-based system refers, in the present invention, to a device that generates a controlled nuclear magnetic resonance effect upon a substance and detects spectroscopic measurements of the resulting electromagnetic radiation.

(15) The term NMR image refers, in the present invention, to the graphic representation of spectrometric/velocity/spatial imaging measurements of a cross-section obtained through NMR spectroscopy; the aggregation of which may be integrated to produce a 3-dimensional representation of NMR spectroscopic measurements. The term non-invasive refers in the present invention to the description of the operation of the disclosed invention itself as not affecting said substance being measured and not interrupting normal industrial processes involving said substance.

(16) The term laminar flow refers, in the present invention, to the fluid dynamic characteristics of a fluid flowing in parallel layers, with no disruption between the layers. Laminar flow is also characterized by the manner in which its fluid's viscosity absorbs its kinetic energy. The term turbulent flow refers, in the present invention, to the fluid dynamic characteristics of a fluid flowing with significant disruption between its layers, which are characterized as not flowing in smooth, parallel layers. Turbulent flow is also characterized by the manner in which its kinetic energy is not absorbed by the viscosity of its fluid.

(17) The term surface roughness refers, in the present invention, to the texture characteristic of a machined surface, this characteristic quantified by deviations in the direction of the normal vector of a real surface from its ideal form, whereby large deviations result in a rough surface and small deviations result in a smooth surface.

(18) The term on-line refers, in the present invention, to the status of the system when its measurement functions are operational in real time and without a need for human intervention. The term in-line refers, in the present invention, to a measurement system that is configured as an integral part of a successive sequence of operations in an industrial process involving a fluid.

(19) It should be noted that fluid dynamics indicate that the cross-sectional shape of a conduit may influence the size of its zone of laminar-turbulent flow transition, relative to conduits having other cross-sectional shapes. As such, the combination of NMR spectrometry technology with a system of flow conduits specifically chosen for their laminar-turbulent flow transition properties may provide valuable experimental and process control capabilities for determining a fluid's rheological and compositional properties.

(20) Reference is now made to FIG. 1, schematically illustrating an NMR-based system 100 for measuring physical properties of a fluid (wherein the direction of arrows indicates an exemplary direction of information flow), according to some embodiments of the invention.

(21) According to some embodiments, NMR-based system 100 may comprise an NMR spectrometer 110 that is configured to allow at least one of: subjecting a fluid to radio frequency (RF) signals within a generated magnetic field, measuring RF signals re-emitted by the fluid, and producing an NMR analyzed image of the fluid. In some embodiments, NMR-based system 100 may further comprise a computer processor 120 that is configured to allow control of RF wave generation and detection functions of NMR spectrometer 110, for instance with an RF generation module 115.

(22) According to some embodiments, NMR-based system 100 may further comprise a computer-readable medium (CRM) 130 for storing machine instructions for computer processor 120 and/or for storing information pertaining to the measurement and analyzing of the RF signals. In some embodiments, CRM 130 may comprise computer readable code that when executed causes a plurality of steps to be executed by computer processor 120 for the analytic processing of data related to the physical properties of the fluid.

(23) In some embodiments, NMR-based system 100 may further comprise a visual display 140 for indicating the current state and function of NMR-based system 100, for instance visual display 140 may be a computer screen of a PC. In some embodiments, NMR-based system 100 may further comprise a digital electronic connection port 150 that is configured to allow digital communication between NMR-based system 100 and a computer communication network 155, for instance computer communication network 155 may be wired or wireless network such as the Internet.

(24) According to some embodiments, NMR-based system 100 may further comprise a conduit 160 that is configured to allow accommodation of the flow of the fluid, wherein conduit 160 may have a predetermined segment of non-circular cross-section. It should be appreciated that the properties of the non-circular cross-section of conduit 160 may result in predicted zones of laminar, turbulent, and mixed laminar-turbulent fluid flow therewithin.

(25) According to some embodiments, NMR-based system 100 may further comprise a flow-inducing mechanism 170 that may be configured to allow flow generation of the fluids within conduit 160. In some embodiments, the flow may be induced under conditions of laminar and mixed laminar-turbulent flow through conduit 160 with non-circular cross-section.

(26) According to some embodiments, measuring physical properties of a fluid with NMR-based system 100 may comprise analyzing a slice of predefined length, L, of conduit 160 in order to determine the amount of shear stress applied to each layer of fluid therewithin. It should be noted that shear stress in the conduit may have substantially linear behavior as a function of distance along the conduit, such that by measuring the pressure drop between two distant point, having a known distance within conduit 160 with NMR-based system 100, the shear rate may be determined.

(27) According to some embodiments, the physical properties of a flowing substance measured by NMR-based system 100 may comprise at least one of the concentration and the identification of at least one material as well as said material's particle size, particle size distribution, particle shape, dynamic flow characteristics, and water content. In some embodiments, the physical properties of a flowing substance measured by NMR-based system 100 comprise electrochemical and/or chemical properties of conductivity, dielectric constant, and magnetic properties.

(28) It should be appreciated that NMR-based system 100 may further be applied to the measurement of electrochemical and/or chemical state transformations of a flowing substance, said transformations comprising relative changes in the conductivity, dielectric constant, and magnetic properties of said substance.

(29) According to some embodiments, measuring physical properties of a fluid with NMR-based system 100 may comprise subjecting said fluid to RF signals within a magnetic field generated by an NMR spectrometer 110, measuring RF signals re-emitted by the fluid with NMR spectrometer 110, and then producing an NMR image of said fluid. In some embodiments, the produced NMR image may comprise a three dimensional profile of flow velocity within the conduit, such that this velocity profile may allow characterization of the flow conditions as one of laminar, turbulent and mixed laminar-turbulent flow.

(30) According to some embodiments, measuring physical properties of a fluid with NMR-based system 100 may comprise controlling the RF wave generation and detection functions of said NMR spectrometer using computer processor 120. In some embodiments, measuring physical properties of a fluid with NMR-based system 100 may comprise indicating the current state and function of the NMR imaging process on visual display 140.

(31) According to some embodiments, measuring physical properties of a fluid with NMR-based system 100 may comprise storing machine implementable instructions for computer processor 120 on CRM 130 and storing information pertaining to the measurement of the RF signals on CRM 130, wherein computer processor 120 may execute instructions for processing data related to physical properties of the fluid under conditions of laminar and mixed laminar-turbulent flow through said conduit of non-circular cross-section.

(32) According to some embodiments, measuring physical properties of a fluid with NMR-based system 100 may comprise facilitating digital communication between computer processor 120 and a computer communication network via a digital electronic connection port 150.

(33) According to some embodiments, measuring physical properties of a fluid with NMR-based system 100 may comprise accommodating the flow of said fluid within said magnetic field using a conduit 160 with a predetermined segment of non-circular cross-section. In some embodiments, measuring physical properties of a fluid with NMR-based system 100 may comprise generating the flow of the fluids within conduit 160 using flow-inducing mechanism 170.

(34) According to some embodiments, conduit 160 may have a length-section of elliptical cross-section having specific, combined attributes of cross-sectional elliptical eccentricity and inner surface roughness, which may produce specific conditions of laminar, turbulent, and mixed laminar-turbulent fluid flow zones within the conduit. It should be appreciated that these combined attributes may be operationally matched to parameters of the analytic processing of data by NMR-based system 100.

(35) According to some embodiments, conduit 160 may comprise at least one conduit section of rectangular cross-section having specific, combined attributes of cross-sectional rectangular aspect ratio and inner surface roughness, producing specific conditions of laminar, turbulent, and mixed laminar-turbulent fluid flow zones within the conduit. It should be appreciated that these combined attributes may be operationally matched to parameters of said analytic processing of data by NMR-based system 100.

(36) According to some embodiments, conduit 160 may comprise at least one conduit section of helical cross-section having specific, combined attributes of relative curvature and inner surface roughness, producing specific conditions of laminar, turbulent, and mixed laminar-turbulent fluid flow zones within the conduit. It should be appreciated that these combined attributes may be operationally matched to parameters of said analytic processing of data by NMR-based system 100.

(37) Reference is now made to FIGS. 2A-2B, showing a cross-sectional and perspective views respectively of a conduit with a substantially elliptic shape in Cartesian space, with X-axis (major) radius a and Y-axis (minor) radius b, according to some embodiments of the invention. It should be noted that using such geometry of elliptical conduits may be configured to allow both higher resolution and higher shear rate within the same flow loop. Namely, hardware components for NMR imaging of circular conduits may be utilized for imaging of non-circular conduits while achieving enhanced performance with a wider range of the shear rate, as further described hereinafter.

(38) According to some embodiments, a substantially elliptical conduit may be one of a plurality of conduits having cross section with different values of elliptical eccentricity, e, ranging from a minimum of substantially zero to a maximum of about 0.98, where e is defined by the expression,

(39) $e=\sqrt{1-\left(\frac{b^2}{a^2}\right)}$
where a is the conduit's radius along the X-axis, and b is the conduit's radius along the Y-axis, operationally matched to parameters of the analytic processing of data, wherein 0ba. It should be noted that when e=0, the shape becomes circular.

(40) It should be appreciated that with an elliptical conduit, for a Newtons fluid and under laminar flow, the flow profile may be defined as:

(41) $V\left(x,y\right)\frac{V_{\mathrm{ma}x}{a}^2{b}^2}{\left(a^2+b^2\right)}\left(1-\frac{x^2}{a^2}-\frac{y^2}{b^2}\right)$

(42) It should be noted that imaging of a cross-sectional slice of the elliptical conduit through the center of the XY plane (perpendicular to the flow in the conduit), for instance acquired with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), may provide a velocity profile coinciding with the laminar flow in a cylindrical conduit. For instance, setting y=0 (e.g. with the radius set as R=a) may derive the velocity profile coinciding laminar flow in a cylindrical conduit:

(43) $V\left(r\right)=V_{\mathrm{ma}x}.Math.\left(1-\frac{r^2}{R^2}\right)$
wherein analyzing of the physical properties of the fluid is known.

(44) Furthermore, imaging of a second MRI slice across the center of the XY plane, now setting x=0 (e.g. with the radius set as R=b), may derive the velocity profile also coinciding laminar flow in a cylindrical conduit. Thus, by acquiring sequentially and/or simultaneously the two perpendicular MRI slices, it may be possible to achieve higher resolution along the X axis (with R=a), and also achieve higher range of shear rates along the Y axis (with R=b). It should be appreciated that with this method, NMR-based system may utilize NMR spectrometer 110 imaging elliptical conduit 160 with two sequential steps, wherein a first measurement analyzes a cylindrical conduit of radius a, and a second measurement analyzes a cylindrical conduit of radius b while a single (elliptical) conduit is analyzed. It should be noted that conduits of other non-circular shapes may also be analyzed in a similar method wherein different fractions of the three-dimensional image (from the NMR-based system) may be processed. In some embodiments, in case that analyzing of such MRI slices indicated that the flow profile of one slice is non-laminar then it may be possible to analyze the other slice for laminar flow.

(45) According to some embodiments, after the flow profile in the non-circular conduit is characterized, e.g. after analyzing with the computer processor, the dynamic range of the rheogram may be enlarged using the measured shear rate from the analyzed slices.

(46) According to some embodiments, the non-circular cross-section of the conduit may be elliptical in cross-sectional shape, wherein the fluid velocity profile through the cross-section, v.sub.z, may be described in Cartesian coordinates by the expression,

(47) $v_z=\frac{2Q}{\mathrm{ab}}\left(1-\frac{x^2}{a^2}-\frac{y^2}{b^2}\right)$
where Q is the rate of total flow of the fluid through the conduit, a is the conduit's radius along the X-axis, and b is the conduit's radius along the Y-axis. In some embodiments, the velocity differential at different x,y coordinates along the cross-section may correlate to relative laminar flow within the conduit.

(48) Reference is now made to FIG. 3, schematically illustrates several conduits 310, 320, 330 with varying cross-sectional elliptical eccentricity and surface roughness for use with NMR-based measurement system 100, according to some embodiments of the invention.

(49) Reference is now made to FIG. 4, schematically illustrating NMR-based measurement system 100 with a conduit of elliptical cross-section 410 passing through it, configured in series with the regular fluid flow of an industrial process 420, according to some embodiments of the invention.

(50) According to some embodiments, conduit of elliptical cross-section 410 may be configured in-line, as an integral, serial part of an industrial process wherein said physical properties of the fluid may be measured.

(51) According to some embodiments, conduit of elliptical cross-section 410 may be one of a plurality of conduits comprising inner walls 430 of various degrees of surface roughness, producing various levels of turbulence of the fluid flow within the conduit, and operationally matched to parameters of the analytic processing of data.

(52) Reference is now made to FIG. 5, schematically illustrates NMR-based measurement system with a conduit of elliptical cross-section 510 passing through it, configured in parallel to the regular fluid flow of an industrial process 520, according to some embodiments of the invention.

(53) According to some embodiments, conduit of elliptical cross-section 510 may be configured on-line, accommodating a flow of the fluid that is parallel to the regular fluid flow 520 of an industrial process, i.e., wherein fluid may be siphoned off from said regular fluid flow and re-integrated into the regular fluid flow at a point past the monitoring point of NMR-based system 100.

(54) In some embodiments, the dimensions of the non-circular conduit may correspond to the dimensions and resolution of the MRI of the NMR-based system. In some embodiments, the range of the radius of the non-circular conduit may be between 2 millimeters and 50 millimeters.

(55) It should be appreciated that zones of the non-circular conduit having at least partially turbulent flow may require different dimensions of the conduit in order to apply the above method and/or application of further analyzing steps.

(56) Reference is now made to FIG. 6, shows a geometric depiction of a conduit's cross section as a rectangle in with width W and height H, according to some embodiments of the invention. It should be noted that such a conduit may maintain the ration wherein O<HW.

(57) According to some embodiments, conduit 160 (as shown in FIG. 1) may comprise at least two longitudinal conduit sections, wherein the rectangular aspect ratio (AR) of the longitudinal conduit sections ranges from a minimum value of about 1 to a maximum value of about 8, where AR may be defined by the expression AR=W/H, where W is the conduit's width, and H is the conduit's height.

(58) Reference is now made to FIG. 7, schematically illustrates a helical conduit segment wherein a is the inner width of the cross section of helical conduit, 2 is the pitch of the helical conduit, and r.sub.o is the cylindrical radius about which the helical conduit is wrapped, according to some embodiments of the invention.

(59) According to some embodiments, conduit 160 may comprise at least two conduit sections with at least one conduit section of helical cross-section, wherein the helical curvature, 6, of said conduit sections ranges from a minimum of about 0.02 to a maximum of about 0.1, where is defined by the expression

(60) $=\frac{r_o^{}a}{r_o^{{}^2}+{}^{{}^2}},$
where a is the inner width of the cross section of helical conduit, 2 is the pitch of the helical conduit, and r.sub.o is the cylindrical radius about which the helical conduit is wrapped.

(61) It should be appreciated that non-laminar flow of a helical conduit may be studied in order to analyze additional flow patterns, of non-laminar flow.

(62) In some embodiments, the NMR-based system may continuously monitor a water supply on-line, with a parallel feed flow pumped from a city reservoir. The system may be calibrated with the resonance frequency of potable water as well as the resonance frequencies and electromagnetic spin characteristics of a predetermined list of toxic contaminants. The system may then issues a warning alarm when the fluid's resonance frequency deviates from within standard acceptable resonance frequency range, or when at least one of the contaminants on the list of toxic contaminants is detected. Furthermore, the NMR-based system may measure a cross-sectional zone of laminar-turbulent transition within the water's flow in order to increase the separation of component substances and maximize the system's overall detection effectiveness. It should be noted that conduits having non-circular configurations (e.g. elliptic configuration) may allow analysis of toxic contaminants, similarly to analysis carried out in cylindrical circular conduits, for example using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS).

(63) Reference is now made to FIG. 8, showing a flow chart for NMR imaging of fluids in non-circular cross-sectional conduits, according to some embodiments of the invention. Initially, NMR-based system may be provided 810 for imaging of at least one non-circular cross-sectional conduit 820. Next, a fluid may be flown 830 through the non-circular cross-sectional conduit, for instance using a flow inducing mechanism 170 (as shown in FIG. 1).

(64) The fluid may then be subjected 840 to radio frequency (RF) signals within the magnetic field, for instance generated by RF generation module 115 (as shown in FIG. 1), in order to measure re-emitted signals with NMR spectrometer 110 so as to produce 850 an NMR image of the fluid within the conduit.

(65) The velocity profile of the non-circular cross-sectional conduit may be measured 860 for a predefined length of a slice of the conduit, for instance with the methods discussed above for elliptical conduits. Next, the shear rate and shear stress may be calculated 870 for the conduit, for instance producing a rheogram.

(66) In some embodiments, the NMR-based system may be configured to allow measurement of the rheological properties, including viscosity, of the fluid flowing in a production process, for instance production of ketchup. The NMR-based system may be calibrated and adjusted to a resonance frequency associated with a desired fluid profile (e.g. ketchup profile). It should be noted that on-line measurement may be continuously performed on the stream (e.g. of ketchup) and an alert may be activated if the system detects a fluid viscosity deviation greater than a predetermined percent (for instance greater than 0.5%) from the calibrated viscosity value.

(67) Furthermore, the NMR-based system may be configured to allow measurements of a cross-sectional zone of laminar-turbulent transition within the flow at the production line. This may be carried out in order to isolate and identify any ingredients which have failed to completely assimilate into the fluid matrix. As such, product consistency and quality control may be maximized.

(68) It should be appreciated that in the petroleum exploration industry, rheological and compositional properties of drilling fluid, circulated down the drilling conduit and back up the annulus of the surrounding borehole, provide essential process control information. This information often results in real time process changes in the composition of the drilling fluid or in drilling parameters such as drilling speed and weight-on-bit. In some situations, the circulated drilling fluid's properties may provide information about the geological structural formation. For example, some geological structures are associated with greater potential for drilling bottom-hole assemblies becoming stuck. When such conditions are detected, special procedures are to be employed in order to prevent the drill string from getting stuck. Therefore, an NMR-based system may be utilized at an oilfield drilling rig site, so as to allow measurements of the rheological properties, including viscosity, of the drilling fluid.

(69) It should be appreciated that utilizing NMR-based systems for analyzing of distilled substances may also be advantageous. Distilled substances may include, but are not necessarily limited to, alcoholic beverages and manufactured chemicals, including petrochemicals. In the beverage distilling industry, alcoholic substances are gathered from various sources, including but not limited to grains, vegetables, and fruits. In the petrochemical industries, automotive and aviation fuel are two examples of products whose distillation characteristics may be critical to the quality of the end product. Distillation characteristics in aviation fuel, for instance, may affect starting, warm-up, and the tendency to vapor lock at high operating temperatures, high altitude, or both. As such, distillation limits are often included in petroleum product specifications, commercial contract agreements, process refinery/control applications, and compliance to industry/product regulations.

(70) In some embodiments, an NMR-based system may be configured for measuring rheological properties of fluids as well as water content and the quality of the fluid as compared against standard reference substances on the basis of resonance frequencies, for instance as part of quality control within a distillation system/process. The fluid may undergo NMR imaging as it passes through the condensation process, for instance involving flow through a section of helical conduit.

(71) Unless explicitly stated, the method embodiments described herein are not constrained to a particular order in time or chronological sequence. Additionally, some of the described method elements may be skipped, or they may be repeated, during a sequence of operations of a method.

(72) Various embodiments have been presented. Each of these embodiments may of course include features from other embodiments presented, and embodiments not specifically described may include various features described herein.