Abstract
A concrete ceiling has a lower reinforcing mesh and an upper reinforcing mesh between which a plurality of displacement bodies are arranged, wherein the lower and upper reinforcing mesh and the displacement bodies are embedded in concrete and each displacement body at least partially surrounds at least one channel which establishes a connection between the concrete at the lower reinforcing mesh and the concrete at the upper reinforcing mesh.
Claims
1. A concrete ceiling, comprising: a lower reinforcing mesh, an upper reinforcing mesh, a plurality of displacement bodies disposed between the lower reinforcing mesh and the upper reinforcing mesh, wherein the lower and upper reinforcing meshes and the displacement bodies are embedded in concrete and each displacement body at least partially surrounds at least one channel which establishes a connection between concrete on the lower reinforcing mesh and concrete on the upper reinforcing mesh, wherein the displacement bodies abut one another on at least three sides at least in sections in a central region of the concrete ceiling, wherein no additional spacers are provided between adjacent displacement bodies, so that the positioning of adjacent displacement bodies takes place by a side edge or a side wall, at which the adjacent displacement bodies contact each other and a ratio of a cross-section of the channel in a displacement body at a narrowest point in the channel to a surface area of the displacement bodies in plan view is at least between 0.2 and 0.45.
2. The concrete ceiling according to claim 1, wherein all sides of the displacement bodies arranged in a central region of the concrete ceiling rest at least in sections against an adjacent one of the displacement bodies.
3. The concrete ceiling according to claim 1, wherein a ratio of a cross-section of the channel in a displacement body at a narrowest point in the channel to the surface area of the displacement bodies in plan view is between 0.3 and 0.4.
4. The concrete ceiling according to claim 1, wherein a diameter of the channel in each of the displacement bodies is between 200 mm and 450 mm.
5. The concrete ceiling according to claim 1, wherein the displacement bodies lie loosely on the lower reinforcing mesh.
6. The concrete ceiling according to claim 1, wherein the displacement bodies are formed substantially square in plan view.
7. The concrete ceiling according to claim 1, wherein free spaces are provided between adjacent displacement bodies, wherein a surface area of the free spaces in plan view is smaller than an area of the channels.
8. The concrete ceiling according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the reinforcing meshes is formed substantially flat and does not engage in a plane of the displacement bodies.
9. The concrete ceiling according to claim 1, wherein each displacement body has a plurality of hollow bodies which are connected to one another via spacers.
10. The concrete ceiling according to claim 9, wherein four hollow bodies are provided which are connected to one another via separable webs.
11. A kit for producing a concrete ceiling according to claim 1, having at least two reinforcing meshes and a plurality of displacement bodies.
12. A method for producing a concrete ceiling, comprising the following steps: positioning a lower reinforcing mesh; placing a plurality of displacement bodies on the lower reinforcing mesh, wherein in a central region of the reinforcing mesh the displacement bodies abut one another on at least three sides at least in regions in order to position one another mutually, wherein the displacement bodies are positioned side by side without additional spacers so that the positioning of adjacent displacement bodies is effected by a side edge or a side wall at which the adjacent displacement bodies contact each other, placing an upper reinforcing mesh on the plurality of displacement bodies, and pouring concrete once or several times to produce a concrete ceiling.
13. The method according to claim 12, wherein the displacement bodies abut one another on four sides in a central region of the reinforcing mesh.
Description
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIGURES
(1) The invention is explained in more detail below using several embodiment examples with reference to the attached drawings, wherein:
(2) FIG. 1 shows a sectional view through a concrete ceiling according to the invention;
(3) FIG. 2 shows a perspective view of the concrete ceiling of FIG. 1 without concrete;
(4) FIG. 3 shows a perspective view of the displacement bodies of the concrete ceiling of FIG. 1;
(5) FIG. 4 shows a side view of two displacement bodies of the concrete ceiling of FIG. 1;
(6) FIG. 5 shows a perspective view of a displacement body of the concrete ceiling of FIG. 1;
(7) FIGS. 6A and 6B show two views of the half-shells of the displacement body of FIG. 5;
(8) FIG. 7 shows a perspective view of a displacement body with an optional reinforcement element;
(9) FIG. 8 shows a view of a displacement body with an optional modified reinforcement element;
(10) FIG. 9 shows a perspective view of several displacement bodies according to a second embodiment example;
(11) FIG. 10 shows a perspective view of a displacement body of FIG. 9;
(12) FIGS. 11A to 16 show several views of the displacement body of FIG. 10, partly in section;
(13) FIG. 17 shows several displacement bodies according to a third embodiment example;
(14) FIG. 18 shows a perspective view of a displacement body of FIG. 17;
(15) FIG. 19 shows a view of a half-shell of a displacement body of FIG. 18;
(16) FIG. 20 shows a perspective view of several displacement bodies according to a fourth example;
(17) FIG. 21 shows a view of two adjacent displacement bodies of the figure;
(18) FIG. 22 shows a perspective view of a displacement body of FIG. 20;
(19) FIG. 23 shows a perspective view of several triangular displacement bodies in plan view;
(20) FIG. 24 shows a view of a displacement body of FIG. 23;
(21) FIGS. 25A and B show two views of another embodiment example;
(22) FIG. 26 shows a view of another embodiment example of adjacent displacement bodies;
(23) FIGS. 27 to 30 show several views of another embodiment example of a displacement body according to invention;
(24) FIG. 31 shows a perspective view of several displacement bodies of FIG. 27;
(25) FIGS. 32 and 33 show two views of the displacement bodies of FIG. 31 with reinforcing meshes;
(26) FIGS. 34 and 35 show two views of the displacement bodies of FIG. 27 with reinforcement elements, and
(27) FIGS. 36 to 38 show several views of displacement bodies with different heights.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
(28) A concrete ceiling 1 comprises an upper reinforcing mesh 2 having a plurality of longitudinal struts 3 and transverse struts 4 joined together. Furthermore, a lower reinforcing mesh 5 is provided, which also has a large number of longitudinal struts 6 and perpendicular transverse struts 7, as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2.
(29) Between the flat reinforcing meshes 2 and 5, a plurality of displacement bodies 10 are arranged, which are made of plastic, for example, and provide a distance between the upper reinforcing mesh 2 and the lower reinforcing mesh 5. The displacement bodies 10 are adjacent to each other in an edge area and are not kept apart from each other by additional positioning means. In each displacement body 10 a channel 11 is formed, which establishes a connection between the concrete at the lower reinforcing mesh 5 and the concrete at the upper reinforcing mesh 2. The channels 11 thus create a supporting structure in the concrete ceiling 1, which is determined by the displacement bodies 10.
(30) As shown in FIG. 3, each displacement body 10 around channel 11 has a ring-shaped section 12 with protrusions and recesses 15 in between. Each channel 11 is diamond-shaped in plan view, but can also be formed in a circular or square manner. Channel 11 has the narrowest cross-section in a central region of displacement body 10 and then widens outwards. The recesses 15 ensure that the channels 11 can be filled safely when concrete is introduced, wherein the concrete forms spreading supporting webs within the recesses 15.
(31) Each displacement body 10 has a laterally protruding edge 14 at a medium height, which serves to position an adjacent displacement body 10.
(32) FIG. 4 shows two displacement bodies 10 in a side view. At projections or ring-shaped sections 12, webs 13 protrude, surrounding the recesses 15. A height h of the displacement body is preferably in a range between 40 mm and 400 mm, in particular 80 mm to 300 mm.
(33) The displacement bodies 10 are square in plan view, so that a width L at both side edges is approximately equal, wherein the width is in a range between 300 mm to 700 mm, in particular 400 mm to 600 mm.
(34) Channel 11 has an area of at least 100 cm.sup.2 at its narrowest point, in particular more than 150 cm.sup.2. If the narrowest cross-sectional area is circular, the diameter shall preferably be in the range 200 mm to 450 mm, in particular 250 mm to 400 mm.
(35) The ratio of the area of the channel 11 in the area of the narrowest cross-section to the total area of the displacement body 10 in plan view is preferably at least 0.1, for example between 0.2 and 0.45, in particular 0.3 to 0.4. Thus a concrete column is formed by the channel 11 within the displacement body 10, the geometric dimensions of which are predetermined and which therefore enables a comparatively accurate calculation of the load-bearing capacity.
(36) FIG. 5 shows a displacement body 10 which can be loosely placed on a lower reinforcing mesh 5 for the production of a concrete ceiling 1. Neighboring displacement bodies 10 are positioned to abut one another, except for those displacement bodies 10 which are arranged in an edge region of the concrete ceiling 1, since an adjacent displacement body 10 is missing in these displacement bodies at least on the outer side.
(37) In the embodiment example shown, each displacement body 10 is made up of two half-shells 10A and 10, which can be plugged together and surround a cavity. The cavity within the displacement body 10 can optionally contain air, but also a filling element, for example a foam body.
(38) To increase the strength, it may be useful to provide at least 10 reinforcement elements 16 on individual displacement bodies, as shown in FIG. 7. Such a reinforcement element 16 may be formed by a bent wire comprising, for example, a loop 17 inserted into channel 11. The reinforcement element 16 is fixed to the edge 13 of the displacement body 10 with two struts.
(39) As shown in FIG. 8, a recess 18 can be provided on the web 13, into which a strut of a reinforcement element can be inserted. The reinforcement element 19 can also be bar-shaped without a loop 17.
(40) FIG. 9 shows a modified embodiment example of a unit of displacement bodies 20 having a channel 21 in the central region which is circular in cross-section, wherein each channel 21 has a narrowest cross-section in a central region of the displacement bodies 20. A ring-shaped section 22 of the displacement body 20 is formed around each channel 21. At each annular section 22, a recess 23 is provided in the corner area to allow concrete to flow into channel 21. The displacement bodies 20 have ridges or edges 24 on the outer side surfaces, which serve to position the adjacent displacement bodies 20.
(41) As shown in FIGS. 11A and 11B, the displacement bodies 20 are made up of two half-shells 20A and 20B, which can be fixed to each other using locking or retaining elements. On the lower half-shell 20B there is a latching receptacle 26, into which a latching web 25 engages on the upper half-shell 20A, as shown in FIG. 11B. Several of these latching connections can be provided over the circumference to fix the 20A and 20B half-shells together.
(42) FIGS. 12A and 12B show a section through the displacement body 20 in the area of holding elements. At the lower half-shell 20B a retaining web 27 projects upwards, which engages in a receptacle 28 at the upper half-shell 20A, so that in the edge area between the two half-shells 20A and 20B takes place.
(43) FIG. 14 shows the upper half-shell 20A inside, wherein the lower half-shell 20B can be identical, wherein the half-shells 20A and 20B can be inserted into each other offset by 180. In the edge area there are latching webs 25, latching receptacle 26, retaining webs 27 and receptacles 28 for reinforcing the edge area. An edge 24 of the displacing body 20 is thus comparatively dimensionally stable and can be used to position adjacent displacement bodies 20.
(44) FIG. 15 shows two half-shells 20A in a stacked position and FIG. 16 shows two half-shells 20B in a stacked position.
(45) FIGS. 17 and 18 show a further embodiment example of displacement bodies 30, which are square in plan view and each have a channel 31 in the middle which is circular in cross-section. Each channel 31 is surrounded by a ring-shaped section 32 of the displacement body, which has recesses 33 on four sides. However, the recesses 33 are not located in the corner area, but in the middle of a side surface of the displacement body 30. The displacement bodies 30 have an outer edge 34 which serves to position adjacent displacement bodies 30, wherein the edge 34 may be provided with latching webs 35, retaining webs 36 or other means of positioning.
(46) FIG. 19 shows a half-shell 30A of a displacement body 30 having a circumferential edge, on which a latching web 35, a latching receptacle 37 and a retaining web 36 and a retaining web 38 are formed.
(47) FIGS. 20 and 21 show embodiment examples of displacement bodies 40, which are square in plan view and comprise a channel 41 with a circular cross-section in the middle. Each channel 41 is surrounded by an annular section 42 on the displacement body 40, wherein the annular section 42 is formed without recesses. Each displacement body 40 has an edge section 43 that can be used to position an adjacent displacement body 40, as shown in FIG. 21.
(48) FIG. 22 shows a half-shell 40A of a displacement body 40 and the displacement bodies 40 can be made from two half-shells 40A.
(49) FIGS. 23 and 24 show another embodiment example of displacement bodies 50, which in plan view are not square but triangular in shape. Each displacement body 50 contains a channel 51 having a circular cross-section. The displacement body 50 has flattened portions 53 at the three tips of the triangle, which form free spaces 52 in an assembled position of the displacement body 50, so that the concrete in the area of the lower reinforcing mesh 5 is connected to the concrete in the area of the upper reinforcing mesh 2 not only through the channels 51 but also through the free spaces 52. The surface area of the free spaces 52 is smaller than the surface area of the channels 51 as seen in plan view.
(50) FIGS. 25A and 25B show another embodiment example of displacement bodies 60, each having a central channel 61 enclosed by a ring-shaped section of displacement body 60. In addition, the displacement body has a semicircular free area 62 on each side and a quadrant-shaped free area 63 on the corner. The displacement bodies 60 can be placed against each other so that the webs 64 lie against each other between the free area 62 and the free area 63, as shown in FIG. 25A.
(51) FIG. 26 shows an embodiment example with four displacement bodies 70 surrounding a channel 71. Channel 71 is surrounded by the four displacement bodies 70. Each displacement body 70 has four outwardly projecting webs 72, wherein two end faces of the adjacent webs 72 rest against each other. The size of the channel 71 is thus determined by the geometry of the webs 72 and the displacement body 70, which in the embodiment example shown is circular in plan view. Other cross-sectional shapes for channel 71 are also possible. The height of the displacement body 70 can be selected according to the strength requirements as in the first embodiment examples.
(52) In the examples shown, the channels are circular or diamond-shaped in cross-section. Other geometries for the channels can also be used.
(53) The displacement bodies 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 can be in loose contact with each other on their contact surface. However, it is also possible to provide connecting elements, such as hooks or other components, which allow the displacement bodies 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 to be fixed together.
(54) FIG. 27 shows another embodiment example of a displacement body 80 composed of two half-shells 80A and 80B. The two half-shells 80A and 80B are connected to each other at a circumferential edge 86, which has a step 87 in the middle area of each side edge. The half-shells 80A and 80B are identical in construction, wherein the upper half-shell is shown in detail in FIGS. 28A and 28B in two views.
(55) The displacement body 80 comprises four hollow bodies 83, which have the shape of a quarter circle segment in plan view. Each hollow body 83 is connected to two adjacent hollow bodies 83 via spacers in the form of webs 84. A marking 85 is provided on each web 84 to assist when the displacement body 80 is to be divided into two parts, for example because one edge of a concrete ceiling no longer provides space for an entire displacement body 80, but can still be filled with half a displacement body 80 with two hollow bodies 83.
(56) As shown in FIG. 28B, in the area of the webs 84 on the side facing the hollow bodies 83 there are wall sections 88 in the webs 84 so that when the webs 84 are cut through, no or only a small amount of concrete can flow into the hollow bodies 83. Reinforcing ribs 92 are provided on the inside of each hollow body 83, which provide the displacement body 80 with greater dimensional stability.
(57) The two half-shells 80A and 80B can be positioned about each other according to FIG. 29 and then placed on top of each other. In this position, optional fixing pins 82 can be inserted into an opening 91 on an edge section to fix the two half-shells 80A and 80B together. The fixing pins 82 penetrate the two edges of the half-shells 80A and 80B so that they can no longer slip relative to each other.
(58) The displacement bodies 80 produced in this way can be placed side by side as shown in FIG. 31, without the need for additional fastening means. Each displacement body 80 in a central region is adjacent to four further displacement bodies 80. A channel 81 is formed between the four hollow bodies 83 of a displacement body 80, which gives the concrete ceiling a defined structure when concrete is poured in.
(59) In FIG. 32, displacement bodies 80 are arranged between a lower reinforcing mesh 5 and an upper reinforcing mesh 2, each comprising longitudinal struts 3 and 6 and transverse struts 4 and 7, as shown in FIG. 33. In this position concrete can now be poured so that a lower concrete layer 9 is provided below the lower reinforcing mesh 5 and an upper concrete layer 8 above the upper reinforcing mesh 2. The concrete flows through channels 81 within displacement body 80.
(60) As an option, it is possible, according to FIG. 34, to provide reinforcement elements 19 for fixing adjacent displacement bodies 80. FIG. 34 shows a reinforcement element 19 in the form of a bracket, which is placed over the adjacent webs 84 to connect the hollow bodies 83.
(61) FIG. 35 shows a bar-shaped reinforcement element 19 which is placed on the displacement body 80, wherein an upwardly projecting angular edge 89 is provided on each hollow body 83, in which a recess 90 is formed in the corner area. The bar-shaped reinforcement element 19 can be inserted into the recess 90 in order to pre-fix the displacement body 80. A bar-shaped reinforcement element 19 can thus extend diagonally over a large number of displacement bodies 80. Optionally, instead of the bar-shaped reinforcement element 19, a reinforcement element according to FIG. 7 with a loop 17 or a waveform can be used.
(62) FIGS. 36A and 36B show the displacement body 80 with the two half-shells 80A and 80B. It is of course possible to make the height of the displacement body 80 and the half-shells larger or smaller and FIG. 37A shows a higher half-shell 80A of a displacement body 80 formed by two higher half-shells 80A and 80B. For even higher ceilings, displacement bodies 80 can also be used according to FIGS. 38A and 38B, which include two even higher half-shells 80A and 80B. The functionality of the displacement bodies 80 and 80, however, corresponds to the embodiment example of FIGS. 27 to 35.
LIST OF REFERENCE NUMERALS
(63) 1 Concrete ceiling
(64) 2 Reinforcing mesh
(65) 3 Longitudinal strut
(66) 4 Transverse strut
(67) 5 Reinforcing mesh
(68) 6 Longitudinal strut
(69) 7 Transverse strut
(70) 8 Concrete layer
(71) 9 Concrete layer
(72) 10 Displacement body
(73) 10A Half-shell
(74) 10B Half-shell
(75) 11 Channel
(76) 12 Section
(77) 13 Web
(78) 14 Edge
(79) 15 Recess
(80) 16 Reinforcement element
(81) 17 Loop
(82) 18 Recess
(83) 19, 19 Reinforcement element
(84) 20 Displacement body
(85) 20A Half-shell
(86) 20B Half-shell
(87) 21 Channel
(88) 22 Section
(89) 23 Recess
(90) 24 Edge
(91) 25 Latching web
(92) 26 Latching receptacle
(93) 27 Retaining web
(94) 28 Receptacle
(95) 30 Displacement body
(96) 30A Half-shell
(97) 31 Channel
(98) 32 Section
(99) 33 Recess
(100) 34 Edge
(101) 35 Latching web
(102) 36 Retaining web
(103) 37 Latching receptacle
(104) 38 Retaining web
(105) 40 Displacement body
(106) 40A Half-shell
(107) 41 Channel
(108) 42 Section
(109) 43 Edge section
(110) 50 Displacement body
(111) 51 Channel
(112) 52 Free space
(113) 53 Flattened portion
(114) 60 Displacement body
(115) 61 Channel
(116) 62 Free area
(117) 63 Free area
(118) 64 Web
(119) 70 Displacement body
(120) 71 Channel
(121) 72 Web
(122) 80, 80, 80 Displacement body
(123) 80A, 80A, 80A Half-shell
(124) 80B, 80B, 80B Half-shell
(125) 81 Channel
(126) 82 Fixing pin
(127) 83 Hollow bodies
(128) 84 Web
(129) 85 Marking
(130) 86 Edge
(131) 87 Step
(132) 88 Wall section
(133) 89 Edge
(134) 90 Recess
(135) 91 Opening
(136) 92 Reinforcing ribs
(137) h Height
(138) L Width
