OXYGEN REDUCTION REACTIONS AND INTERBRAIN SYNCHRONY

Abstract

Hyperscanning, the simultaneous measurement of brain activity among dyads or groups, has shown synchrony measured by fMRI, EEG, MEG, and fNIRS. This synchrony is evident during cooperative decision-making, but the underlying mechanism has not been elucidated. At minimum, in order for synchrony to occur, systems must oscillate and share information. Through the skin effect, changing magnetic fields permeate the human central nervous system, can share information from dyads and groups, and can synchronize oscillating oxygen reduction reactions (ORR) in the mitochondria. In vitro evidence has shown that ORR can be influenced μ-m tesla, extremely low frequency magnetic fields without producing thermal or ionization effects. Ascertaining the unique characteristics of such magnetic fields that can produce interbrain synchrony is a daunting task; however, this discovery could benefit impasse conflict negotiations.

Claims

1. A method to enhance synchrony in a brain of a human utilizing an extremely low frequency, low intensity, square wave magnetic field such that the field modulates an oxygen reduction reaction in a human brain mitochondrion.

2. A method to enhance synchrony in a brain of a human utilizing a 1-300 hertz, and 1-100 millitesla, square wave magnetic field such that the field modulates an oxygen reduction reaction in a human brain mitochondrion.

Description

DRAWINGS

[0022] FIG. 1 was drawn by Huygens in 1665 and shows pendulum clock anti-synchronization.

[0023] FIG. 2 shows different types of synchrony in simple pendulum clocks.

[0024] FIG. 3 shows a mitochondrion. Label 1 shows the four electron transfer ORR. Label 2 shows the single electron reduction reactions. Label 3 shows the branched pathway associated with autocatalytic ORR.

[0025] FIG. 4 shows a skull. Label 1 is the area of the pterions.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0026] Oxygen reduction reactions are susceptible to μ-mT low frequency magnetic fields, and these fundamental reactions supply energy in the form of ATP to humans during basal metabolism. Low intensity μ-mT low frequency 50-300 Hz magnetic fields can change the kinetics of ORR without thermal or ionizing effects, and these fields can provide shared information between dyads and groups. This shared information via magnetic fields can produce interbrain synchrony under certain conditions. In nature, synchrony is commonly observed in fireflies, cyclic menstrual periods, walking in tandem, and cooperative decision-making. The latter situation applies to resolution of human conflict, and it is proposed that information through artificially produced changing magnetic fields of an optimum intensity, frequency, and conformation can promote cooperative decision-making.

[0027] Theoretical Calculations

[0028] Electromagnetic energy can interact with the human nervous system either via the senses or directly through the skull. In the latter case, the skin effect predicts the penetration (skin depth) of an electromagnetic wave in a human body which is a conductor.

δ=[p/(π*f*μ.sub.0*μ.sub.r)].sup.1/2

Where:

δ—Skin Depth

[0029] p—Resistivity of the tissues
f—Frequency of the electromagnetic wave
μ.sub.0=4π*10.sup.−7 H/m—Permeability of free space
μ.sub.r=—Relative magnetic permeability of tissues

[0030] The skin effect also predicts that low frequency (f) will favor greater penetrations, which is consistent with experimental findings. Previously reported frequencies to generate phosphenes (visual cortex stimulation without light stimulation of the retina) were 10-35 Hz.[23] From the skin to the brain, electromagnetic waves will attenuate, so the thinnest area of skin to brain depth, which lies over the pterions, will favor penetration. (FIG. 4, Label 1)

[0031] Beneath the pterions lie the temporal bone and amygdala. There is good evidence that the amygdala directly communicates with prefrontal motor cortex.[28] Thus, electromagnetic waves that enter the brain may have a direct route to motor actions and influence human behavior. The electromagnetic force per unit volume on paramagnetic oxygen gas is:[19]

F.sub.m=μ.sub.0*χ*H*(dH/dy)

Where:

[0032] μ.sub.0=4π*10.sup.−7 H/m— Permeability of free space
χ=volume magnetic susceptibility for oxygen gas (1.91×10.sup.−6)
H=magnetic field strength
(dH/dy)=magnetic field gradient
The paramagnetic force will be greatest when (dH/dy) is greatest, so a square wave will produce a greater force than a sine wave with all other parameters unchanged.

[0033] Therefore, based on the synthesis of multiple experiments describing biological effects of non-thermal and non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation, it is believed that the most likely electromagnetic energy that could couple with ORR will include the following characteristics:

[0034] A. Frequency: 1-300 hertz

[0035] B. Intensity: μ-m tesla

[0036] C. Conformation: square wave

Alternative Explanations

[0037] While synchronization of ORR by changing magnetic fields may be a plausible explanation for hyperscanning, there may be other possibilities and possible flaws in this concept. Human brain activity can be coupled to dyads or groups through the senses. Hearing music, viewing objects, and touch are common experiences that produce synchronization. Human activity in a concert often includes synchronous hand clapping. Group viewing of art in a museum and intimate touch between lovers seem synchronized. Although these sensations link human action, the experimental conditions in many hyperscanning experiments control for environmental influences on brain activity. However, these studies do not exclude ambient magnetic fields which are mutually shared by dyads and groups. In addition, there are numerous biochemical pathways in the brain such as glycolysis which are known to oscillate, but these pathways do not include paramagnetic oxygen and/or RPM.

Benefits to Society

[0038] The concepts presented in this invention are broad and speculative, yet extrapolated from current scientific observations and knowledge. If such intensities, frequencies, and conformations of magnetic fields can be discovered to aid conflict negotiations among dyads and groups, it would be an immense benefit to the negotiation process, especially where human lives are at risk. If such magnetic fields are discovered, the possibility that billions of humans could become “in sync” via Internet connections could become a reality.

[0039] Nikola Tesla purportedly commented: “Alpha waves in the human brain are between 6 and 8 hertz. The wave frequency of the human cavity resonates between 6 and 8 hertz. All biological systems operate in the same frequency range. The human brain's alpha waves function in this range and the electrical resonance of the earth is between 6 and 8 hertz. Thus, our entire biological system—the brain and the earth itself—work on the same frequencies. If we can control that resonate system electronically, we can directly control the entire mental system of humankind”. However, this invention is not mind control. This invention describes a novel method to improve impasse conflict negotiations, especially during multi-track diplomacy, utilizing observations from human neurophysiology.

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