High-performance thin-film composite polyamide membrane upcylcled from biopolymer-fouled substrates and preparation method thereof

Abstract

A high-performance thin-film composite polyamide membrane upcycled from a substrate fouled with a biopolymer and a preparation method thereof are provided. The method includes fouling the substrate preferably with the biopolymer to obtain a composite of the substrate and a biopolymer foulant layer; then immersing the composite into a first solution formed by dissolving a polyamine monomer in water, followed by taking the composite out of the first solution and removing excess droplets from a surface of the composite; then immersing the composite treated in the previous step into a second solution formed by dissolving an acyl chloride monomer in n-hexane for interfacial polymerization to form a rejection layer on the surface of the composite; and after completion of the reaction, taking the composite out of the second solution, followed by drying and heat treatment, to obtain the target polyamide membrane.

Claims

1. A method for preparing a thin-film composite polyamide membrane upcycled from a substrate fouled with a biopolymer, comprising the following steps: (1) fouling a microfiltration membrane substrate or ultrafiltration membrane substrate with the biopolymer, which is a protein, a humic acid, or an extracellular polymeric substance, to obtain a composite of the microfiltration membrane substrate or ultrafiltration membrane substrate having a biopolymer foulant layer on a surface of the microfiltration membrane substrate or ultrafiltration membrane substrate; (2) dissolving a polyamine monomer in water to form a first solution, and then immersing the composite obtained in step (1) into the first solution, followed by taking the composite out of the first solution and removing excess droplets from a surface of the composite; wherein the polyamine monomer is at least one selected from the group consisting of piperazine, m-phenylenediamine, and p-phenylenediamine, and the first solution contains the polyamine monomer at a mass concentration of 0.05%-1.0%; and (3) dissolving an acyl chloride monomer in n-hexane to form a second solution, then immersing the composite treated in step (2) into the second solution for an interfacial polymerization reaction to form a polyamide rejection layer on a surface of the biopolymer foulant layer of the composite, and after completion of the interfacial polymerization reaction, taking the composite out of the second solution, followed by drying the composite and performing a heat treatment on the composite, to obtain the high-performance thin-film composite polyamide membrane.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein in step (3), the acyl chloride monomer is at least one selected from the group consisting of trimesoyl chloride and terephthaloyl chloride, and the second solution contains the acyl chloride monomer at a mass concentration of 0.04%-0.8%.

3. The method according to claim 1, wherein in step (3), the interfacial polymerization reaction is performed for a period of 30 seconds.

4. The method according to claim 1, wherein in step (3), the drying is performed for a period of 0.5-2 minutes, and the heat treatment is performed at a temperature of 40° C.-95° C. for a period of 2-10 minutes.

5. The method according to claim 1, wherein in step (1), the fouling the substrate with the biopolymer comprises: vacuum-filtering a 10 mg/L of aqueous solution of the biopolymer onto the substrate.

6. The method according to claim 1, wherein in step (1), the substrate has a material of at least one selected from the group consisting of polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, and polyacrylonitrile.

7. The method according to claim 1, wherein in step (1), the substrate has a pore diameter of 0.005-0.5 μm.

8. A thin-film composite polyamide membrane prepared by the method according to claim 1.

9. The thin-film composite polyamide membrane according to claim 8, wherein in step (3), the acyl chloride monomer is at least one selected from the group consisting of trimesoyl chloride and terephthaloyl chloride, and the second solution contains the acyl chloride monomer at a mass concentration of 0.04%-0.8%.

10. The thin-film composite polyamide membrane according to claim 8, wherein in step (3), the interfacial polymerization reaction is performed for a period of 30 seconds.

11. The thin-film composite polyamide membrane according to claim 8, wherein in step (3), 14 the drying is performed for a period of 0.5-2 minutes, and the heat treatment is performed at a temperature of 40° C.-95° C. for a period of 2-10 minutes.

12. The thin-film composite polyamide membrane according to claim 8, wherein in step (1), the fouling the substrate with the biopolymer comprises: vacuum-filtering a 10 mg/L of aqueous solution of the biopolymer onto the substrate.

13. The thin-film composite polyamide membrane according to claim 8, wherein in step (1), the substrate has a material of at least one selected from the group consisting of polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, and polyacrylonitrile.

14. The thin-film composite polyamide membrane according to claim 8, wherein in step (1), the substrate has a pore diameter of 0.005-0.5 μm.

15. The thin-film composite polyamide membrane according to claim 8, wherein the first solution contains the polyamine monomer at a mass concentration of 0.05%.

16. The method according to claim 1, wherein the biopolymer is the extracellular polymeric substance.

17. The method according to claim 16, wherein the extracellular substance is extracted from a suspension of an activated sludge.

18. The method according to claim 1, wherein the biopolymer is the humic acid.

19. The method according to claim 1, wherein the biopolymer is the protein.

20. The method according to claim 19, wherein the protein is bovine serum albumin.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1A shows a scanning electron microscope characterization image of the fouled substrate in Embodiment 1;

(2) FIG. 1B shows a scanning electron microscope characterization image of the fouled substrate in Embodiment 2;

(3) FIG. 1C shows a scanning electron microscope characterization image of the fouled substrate in Embodiment 3;

(4) FIG. 1D shows a scanning electron microscope characterization image of the fouled substrate in Embodiment 4;

(5) FIG. 1E shows a scanning electron microscope characterization image of the fouled substrate in Comparative Example 1;

(6) FIG. 2A shows a scanning electron microscope characterization image of the thin-film composite polyamide membrane prepared in Embodiment 1;

(7) FIG. 2B shows a scanning electron microscope characterization image of the thin-film composite polyamide membrane prepared in Embodiment 2;

(8) FIG. 2C shows a scanning electron microscope characterization image of the thin-film composite polyamide membrane prepared in Embodiment 3;

(9) FIG. 2D shows a scanning electron microscope characterization image of the thin-film composite polyamide membrane prepared in Embodiment 4; and

(10) FIG. 2E shows a scanning electron microscope characterization image of the thin-film composite polyamide membrane prepared in Comparative Example 1.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

(11) The features of the present invention are further described below with reference to embodiments, without any limitation on the claims of the present invention.

Embodiment 1

(12) Preparation of a high-performance thin-film composite polyamide membrane upcycled from a substrate fouled with a polysaccharide.

(13) (1) An 80 mL of 10 mg/L aqueous solution of sodium alginate was formulated and then vacuum-filtered onto a circular polyethersulfone microfiltration membrane with a diameter of 4 cm (pore diameter: 0.22 μm) to obtain the substrate fouled with the polysaccharide, that is, a composite of the substrate and a polysaccharide foulant layer (as shown in FIG. 1A, the surface of the substrate has been successfully fouled with the polysaccharide).

(14) (2) Piperazine was dissolved in water to form a first solution at a mass concentration of 0.05%, and then, the composite obtained in step (1) was immersed into the first solution for 2 minutes, followed by taking the composite out of the first solution and removing excess droplets from the surface of the composite by a rubber roller.

(15) (3) Trimesoyl chloride was dissolved in n-hexane to form a second solution at a mass concentration of 0.04%, and then, the composite treated in step (2) was immersed into the second solution for interfacial polymerization reaction for a period of 30 seconds to form a polyamide rejection layer on the surface of the composite, and after the reaction was completed, the membrane was taken out of the second solution and dried in air for 1 minute, and cured in an oven at 60° C. for 5 minutes, to obtain the target thin-film composite polyamide membrane. It was observed by a scanning electron microscope that the thin rejection layer of polyamide had been successfully formed on the surface of the substrate fouled with the polysaccharide, as shown in FIG. 2A.

Embodiment 2

(16) Preparation of a high-performance thin-film composite polyamide membrane upcycled from a substrate fouled with a protein.

(17) (1) An 80 mL of 10 mg/L aqueous solution of bovine serum albumin was vacuum-filtered onto a circular polyethersulfone microfiltration membrane with a diameter of 4 cm (pore diameter: 0.22 μm) to obtain the substrate fouled with the protein, that is, a composite of the substrate and a protein foulant layer (as shown in FIG. 1B, the surface of the substrate has been successfully fouled with the protein).

(18) (2) Piperazine was dissolved in water to form a first solution at a mass concentration of 0.05%, and then, the composite obtained in step (1) was immersed into the first solution for 2 minutes, followed by taking the composite out of the first solution and removing excess droplets from the surface of the composite by a rubber roller.

(19) (3) Trimesoyl chloride was dissolved in n-hexane to form a second solution at a mass concentration of 0.04%, and then, the composite treated in step (2) was immersed into the second solution for interfacial polymerization reaction for a period of 30 seconds to form a polyamide rejection layer on the surface of the composite, and after the reaction was completed, the membrane was taken out of the second solution and dried in air for 1 minute, and cured in an oven at 60° C. for 5 minutes, to obtain the target thin-film composite polyamide membrane. It was observed by a scanning electron microscope that the thin rejection layer of polyamide had been successfully formed on the surface of the substrate fouled with the protein, as shown in FIG. 2B.

Embodiment 3

(20) Preparation of a high-performance thin-film composite polyamide membrane upcycled from a substrate fouled with a humic acid.

(21) (1) An 80 mL of 10 mg/L aqueous solution of humic acid was vacuum-filtered onto a circular polyethersulfone microfiltration membrane with a diameter of 4 cm (pore diameter: 0.22 μm) to obtain the substrate fouled with the humic acid, that is, a composite of the substrate and a humic acid foulant layer (as shown in FIG. 1C, the surface of the substrate has been successfully fouled with the humic acid).

(22) (2) Piperazine was dissolved in water to form a first solution at a mass concentration of 0.05%, and then, the composite obtained in step (1) was immersed into the first solution for 2 minutes, followed by taking the composite out of the first solution and removing excess droplets from the surface of the composite by a rubber roller.

(23) (3) Trimesoyl chloride was dissolved in n-hexane to form a second solution at a mass concentration of 0.04%, and then, the composite treated in step (2) was immersed into the second solution for interfacial polymerization reaction for a period of 30 seconds to form a polyamide rejection layer on the surface of the composite, and after the reaction was completed, the membrane was taken out of the second solution and dried in air for 1 minute, and cured in an oven at 60° C. for 5 minutes, to obtain the target thin-film composite polyamide membrane. It was observed by a scanning electron microscope that the thin rejection layer of polyamide had been successfully formed on the surface of the substrate fouled with the humic acid, as shown in FIG. 2C.

Embodiment 4

(24) Preparation of a high-performance thin-film composite polyamide membrane upcycled from a substrate fouled with an extracellular polymeric substance.

(25) (1) The extracellular polymeric substance was extracted from a suspension of an activated sludge obtained from an aerobic tank of a sewage treatment plant in Shanghai by thermal extraction method, before diluting to 10 mg/L. 80 mL of 10 mg/L aqueous solution of extracellular polymeric substance was vacuum-filtered onto a circular polyethersulfone microfiltration membrane with a diameter of 4 cm (pore diameter: 0.22 μm) to obtain the substrate fouled with the extracellular polymeric substance, that is, a composite of the substrate and an extracellular polymeric substance foulant layer (as shown in FIG. 1D, the surface of the substrate has been successfully fouled with the extracellular polymeric substance).

(26) (2) Piperazine was dissolved in water to form a first solution at a mass concentration of 0.05%, and then, the composite obtained in step (1) was immersed into the first solution for 2 minutes, followed by taking the composite out of the first solution and removing excess droplets from the surface of the composite by a rubber roller.

(27) (3) Trimesoyl chloride was dissolved in n-hexane to form a second solution at a mass concentration of 0.04%, and then, the composite treated in step (2) was immersed into the second solution for interfacial polymerization reaction for a period of 30 seconds to form a polyamide rejection layer on the surface of the composite, and after the reaction was completed, the membrane was taken out of the second solution and dried in air for 1 minute, and cured in an oven at 60° C. for 5 minutes, to obtain the target thin-film composite polyamide membrane. It was observed by a scanning electron microscope that the thin rejection layer of polyamide had been successfully formed on the surface of the substrate fouled with the extracellular polymeric substance, as shown in FIG. 2D.

Comparative Example 1

(28) (1) A clean polyethersulfone microfiltration membrane (pore diameter: 0.22 μm) was used as a substrate without any foulant on the surface of the substrate, as shown in FIG. 1E.

(29) (2) Piperazine was dissolved in water to form a first solution at a mass concentration of 0.05%, and then, the substrate was immersed into the first solution for 2 minutes, followed by taking the substrate out of the first solution and removing excess droplets from the surface of the composite by a rubber roller.

(30) (3) Trimesoyl chloride was dissolved in n-hexane to form a second solution at a mass concentration of 0.04%, and then, the composite treated in step (2) was immersed into the second solution for interfacial polymerization reaction for a period of 30 seconds to form a polyamide rejection layer on the surface of the composite, and after the reaction was completed, the membrane was taken out of the second solution and dried in air for 1 minute, and cured in an oven at 60° C. for 5 minutes, to obtain the control thin-film composite polyamide membrane. It was observed by a scanning electron microscope that the thin rejection layer of polyamide had been successfully formed on the surface of the substrate, as shown in FIG. 2E.

Experimental Example 1

(31) The fouled substrates (composites) in Embodiments 1-4 and the clean substrate in Comparative Example 1 were tested for pure water permeability. The specific steps were as follows: vacuum filtration was performed at a water temperature of 25° C. to measure the time required for an equal volume of pure water to pass through the membranes; and then the time was converted to the pure water permeability of the substrate. The test results are shown in Table 1.

(32) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Pure water permeability of the substrates Pure water permeability (L m.sup.−2 h.sup.−1 bar.sup.−1) Clean substrate in 10479.5 ± 127.8 Comparative Example 1 Fouled substrate in  5847.5 ± 510.8 Embodiment 1 Fouled substrate in  7985.4 ± 839.4 Embodiment 2 Fouled substrate in  1571.9 ± 403.2 Embodiment 3 Fouled substrate in 2145.5 ± 51.3 Embodiment 4

(33) Table 1 shows that compared to the clean substrate (Comparative Example 1), the pure water permeability of the fouled substrates (Embodiments 1 to 4) decreased to a different extent. Among them, the humic acid fouling caused the greatest decrease in water permeability, followed by the extracellular polymeric substance fouling, and the protein fouling had the least effect on water permeability. Such different fouling effects may be related to the type of the biopolymers and the actual biopolymer loadings.

Experimental Example 2

(34) The thin-film composite polyamide membranes prepared in Embodiments 1 to 4 and Comparative Example 1 were tested for water permeability and sodium sulfate rejection rate. After pre-compacting the membranes at an operating pressure of 7 bar for 4 hours, the test was performed under cross-flow filtration conditions with an operating pressure of 6 bar, a water temperature of 25° C., and a cross-flow rate of 20 cm/s by a device described in the literature [Environ. Sci. Technol. 2019, 53, 13776-13783], wherein the concentration of sodium sulfate was 10 mM. The test results are shown in Table 2.

(35) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Performance of the thin-film composite polyamide membranes Polyamide Water permeability Sodium sulfate membranes (L m.sup.−2 h.sup.−1 bar.sup.−1) rejection rate (%) Comparative 16.3 ± 0.8 91.6 ± 1.4 Example 1 Embodiment 1 28.3 ± 0.5 95.2 ± 0.6 Embodiment 2 25.5 ± 1.2 95.1 ± 0.5 Embodiment 3 31.9 ± 1.4 94.2 ± 2.7 Embodiment 4 28.3 ± 1.0 95.1 ± 1.8

(36) It can be seen from Table 2 that the polyamide membranes upcycled from the fouled substrates prepared in Embodiments 1 to 4 all have better water permeability and sodium sulfate rejection rate, compared to the polyamide membrane based on the clean substrate prepared in Comparative Example 1. Among them, compared with the polyamide membrane based on the clean substrate prepared in Comparative Example 1 (water permeability: 16.3 L m.sup.−2 h.sup.−1 bar.sup.−1, and rejection rate: 91.6%), the polyamide membrane upcycled from the substrate fouled with the humic acid prepared in Embodiment 3 (water permeability: 31.9 L m.sup.−2 h.sup.−1 bar.sup.−1, and sodium sulfate rejection rate: 94.2%) had an increase of 96% in water permeability and an increase of 2% in sodium sulfate rejection rate.

(37) Therefore, compared with the thin-film composite polyamide membrane prepared with the clean substrate, the thin-film composite polyamide membrane upcycled from the substrate fouled with the biopolymer provided by the present invention has both significantly enhanced water permeability and sodium sulfate rejection rate.

(38) It should be understood that the above specific description of the present invention is only used to illustrate the present invention and is not limited to the technical solutions described in the embodiments of the present invention. It should be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that modifications or equivalent replacements can be made to the present invention to achieve the same technical effects, and all of the modifications and equivalent replacements fall within the protection scope of the present invention, as long as the needs of use are met.