Long double-stranded RNA for RNA interference

Abstract

The present technology relates, in part, to long double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) (e.g., 30 or more base pairs) that inhibits gene expression.

Claims

1. A composition comprising long double-stranded RNA (ldRNA) capable of triggering gene silencing via an RNA interference (RNAi) mechanism, wherein the ldRNA consists of two substantially complementary RNA strands and comprises at least one guide sequence complementary to one or more target mRNAs, and each of the RNA strands is in the range of 40 to 80 nucleotides and has an overhang on a 3′ end, wherein the ldRNA comprises one or more phosphorothioate linkages.

2. The composition of claim 1, wherein each of the RNA strands is in the range of 45 to 60 nucleotides.

3. The composition of claim 1, wherein each of the RNA strands is in the range of 50 to 60 nucleotides.

4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the ldRNA comprises two or more sequences of at least 8 base pair (bp) having a guide sequence complementary to the same target mRNA.

5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the ldRNA comprises two or more sequences of at least 8 bp having a guide sequence complementary to different target mRNAs.

6. The composition of claim 1, wherein an end of the ldRNA comprises a 5′ end of an antisense sequence complementary to the target mRNAs.

7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the sequences complementary to the target mRNAs are each independently selected from sequences that are 8 to 50 nucleotides in length.

8. The composition of claim 1, wherein the target mRNAs are viral mRNAs.

9. The composition of claim 1, wherein the target mRNAs are involved in multiple pathways critical for cancer cell growth and survival, function in the same signal transduction pathway, or function in two or more signal transduction pathways that emanate from a common signal.

10. The composition of claim 1, wherein the target mRNAs encode an enzyme, a transcription factor, a secreted signaling protein, a signal transduction protein, a kinase or phosphatase, a cellular receptor or an ion channel, or a secreted protein.

11. The composition of claim 1, wherein the overhang is a di-nucleotide overhang.

12. The composition of claim 1, wherein the ldRNA causes little or no activation of an antiviral response.

13. A method for inhibiting gene expression comprising administering the composition of claim 1 to a mammalian cell, tissue, or animal.

14. A method of reducing the expression of one or more mRNAs, comprising administering the composition of claim 1 to a mammalian cell, tissue, or animal.

15. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the composition of claim 1, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

16. The composition of claim 1, wherein the ldRNA is encapsulated in liposomes.

17. The composition of claim 1, wherein the ldRNA is formulated for administration by inhalation, intravenous injection, subcutaneous injection, intradermal injection, intramuscular injection, intraocular injection, intratumoral injection, or other forms of parenteral administration.

18. The composition of claim 1, wherein the ldRNA is formulated for topical administration.

19. The composition of claim 1, wherein the ldRNA comprises a lipophilic conjugate selected from cholesterol, tocopherol, cholestene, cholestane, cholestadiene, bile acid, cholic acid, deoxycholic acid, dehydrocholic acid, and a long-chain fatty acid having 10 or more carbon atoms.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

(1) FIG. 1A is the complementary nucleotide sequences of the two strands of various blunt-ended dsRNAs differing in length (i.e., blunt-ended dsRNAs with lengths of 19 bp (top strand is SEQ ID NO: 1; bottom strand is SEQ ID NO: 2), 38 bp (top strand is SEQ ID NO: 3; bottom strand is SEQ ID NO: 4), 50 bp (top strand is SEQ ID NO: 5; bottom strand is SEQ ID NO: 6), and 60 bp (top strand is SEQ ID NO: 7; bottom strand is SEQ ID NO: 8).

(2) FIG. 1B is the complementary nucleotide sequences of the two strands of various dsRNAs with 2 bp 3′ overhangs that differ in their length (i.e., dsRNAs with lengths of 19+2 (top strand is SEQ ID NO: 9; bottom strand is SEQ ID NO: 10), 38+2 (top strand is SEQ ID NO: 11; bottom strand is SEQ ID NO: 12), 50+2 (top strand is SEQ ID NO: 13; bottom strand is SEQ ID NO: 14), and 60+2 (top strand is SEQ ID NO: 15; bottom strand is SEQ ID NO: 16).

(3) FIG. 1C is a graph showing antiviral responses activated by the indicated dsRNAs in wild type RAW 264.7 cells and RAW 264.7 RIG-I knockout cells.

(4) FIG. 2 is a graph showing the relative ISG expression by blunt-ended dsRNAs targeting the survivin gene with lengths of 30, 40, 50, and 60 base pairs and the relative ISG expression of the dsRNAs targeting the survivin gene having a two nucleotide 3′ overhang in wild type RAW 264.7 cells, RAW 264.7 RIG-I knockout cells, and RAW 264.7 MDAS knockout cells.

(5) FIG. 3 is a graph showing gene expression of IFN-β and IFIT1(ISG56) in cells transfected with blunt-ended dsRNAs targeting the survivin gene with lengths of 40 bp and 60 bp.

(6) FIG. 4 is a graph showing that survivin targeting dsRNAs having 30 bp, 30+2, 40 bp, 40+2, 50 bp, 50+2, and 60 bp knock-down the target survivin mRNA compared to conventional siRNA for survivin.

(7) FIG. 5A is a table showing the nucleotide sequences for the 40+2, 50+2, and 60+2 survivin targeting dsRNA.

(8) FIG. 5B is an image showing gel bands for the 30 bp, 30+2, 40 bp, 40+2, 50 bp, 50+2, and 60 bp survivin targeting dsRNA.

(9) FIG. 6A is a table showing the nucleotide sequences for the luciferase-GFP targeting dsRNA of Example 1.

(10) FIG. 6B is a table showing the nucleotide sequences for survivin targeting dsRNA of Example 2 (i.e., 30 bp, 30+2, 40 bp, 40+2, 50 bp, 50+2, 60 bp, and 60+2). FIG. 6B also shows the nucleotide sequences for conventional survivin siRNA (si-survivin; si-sur 19+2).

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

(11) The present invention provides long double-stranded RNAs (ldRNAs) that can inhibit gene expression in mammalian cells without inducing significant antiviral response, and methods for gene silencing using the same. Surprisingly, although a blunt 38-mer dsRNA has been shown to strongly induce interferon expression, this cellular response was not observed when the length of the blunt dsRNA was increased, including to constructs having 50 or 60 base pairs, and optionally one or more 3′ dinucleotide overhangs. These longer constructs can be efficient gene silencers, and may provide the ability to silence a plurality of mRNAs or mRNA regions.

(12) In accordance with embodiments, each end of an ldRNA can be blunt, or it can have a 3′ overhang. Some ldRNAs are blunt on both ends. The siRNA products of dicer cleavage events have a 3′ overhang of two nucleotides on both ends. These 3′ overhangs inhibit recognition RIG-I, a pattern recognition receptor with RNA helicase activity (Marques et al., Nat. Biotechnol. 24:559-65, 2006). In contrast, some viruses produce dsRNAs with blunt ends. These foreign dsRNAs can induce the expression of interferon and other genes characteristic of innate immunity. However, various ldRNAs according to embodiments of the present invention cause little or no activation of an antiviral response.

(13) Various ldRNAs of the present invention comprise a duplex that is at least 40 bp, or at least 45 bp, or at least 50 bp, or at least 60 bp, or at least 80 bp, or at least 100 bp in length. In various embodiments, the ldRNA comprises a duplex that is no more than 200 bp, or no more than 150 bp, or no more than 100 bp in length. For example, various ldRNAs according to embodiments of the invention comprise a duplex that is from 40 to 200 bp in length, or from 40 to 150 bp in length, or from 40 to 100 bp in length; or from 50 to 200 bp in length, or from 50 to 150 bp in length, or from 50 to 100 bp in length. In some embodiments, the ldRNA comprises a duplex that is 40 to 80 bp in length, 45 to 80 bp in length, 50 to 80 bp in length, 40 to 60 bp in length, 45 to 60 bp in length, or 50-60 bp in length.

(14) In various embodiments, the duplex comprises two RNA strands that are substantially complementary. In some embodiments, the duplex contains only canonical base pairing, with complete complementarity. In some embodiments, the RNA comprises up to 10, or up to 5 (e.g., 1, 2, or 3) mismatched bases or non-canonical base pairs (e.g., G:U base pairs).

(15) In some embodiments, both ends of the ldRNA are blunt. In some embodiments, one or both ends comprise an overhang on a 3′ end. In some embodiments, the overhang is a dinucleotide overhang (e.g., dTdT).

(16) Induction of an antiviral (innate immune) response is determined by measuring relative interferon activation. Various ldRNAs of the present invention induce interferon or IRF expression to not more than 15, not more than 10, or not more than 5 times the expression level induced by a mock transfection in cell lines, which include, but are not limited to, wild type RAW 264.7 cells, RAW 264.7 RIG-I knockout cells, and RAW 264.7 MDAS knockout cells.

(17) Various ldRNAs of the present invention can reduce the expression of a target gene via the RNAi pathway. These ldRNAs comprise a guide sequence of at least 8 bp that is complementary to a target mRNA. In some embodiments, the ldRNA comprises 2, 3, 4, or more guide sequences complementary to different segments within a single mRNA. In other embodiments, the ldRNA of the present invention has guide sequences complementary to 2, 3, 4, or more different target mRNAs. In some embodiments, the sequences complementary to an mRNA are independently selected from sequences that are in the range of 8 to 50 nucleotides, or in the range of 8 to 40 nucleotides, or in the range of 8 to 30 nucleotides, or in the range of 8 to 20 nucleotides. In some embodiments, the sequences complementary to an mRNA are independently selected from sequences that are in the range of 15 to 50 nucleotides, or in the range of 15 to 40 nucleotides, or in the range of 15 to 30 nucleotides, or in the range of 15 to 20 nucleotides. For example, the complementary sequences may be about 15 nt, about 16 nt, about 17 nt, about 18 nt, about 19 nt, or about 20 nt.

(18) The guide sequences in an ldRNA are antisense sequences. They can bind to an mRNA in the 5′ untranslated region, start site, coding sequence, stop site, or 3′ untranslated region. Preferentially, they bind to an accessible segment within the targeted mRNA.

(19) ldRNAs are dsRNAs wherein the two strands are complementary to each other and oriented in opposite directions. Thus, the 5′ end of one RNA strand and the 3′ end of the other RNA strand are located at the same end of the ldRNA. Some ldRNAs comprise a guide sequence wherein the 5′ end of the guide sequence is located at the 5′ end of one RNA strand of the ldRNA. Other ldRNAs comprise two guide sequences wherein the 5′ ends of the two guide sequences are located at the 5′ ends of the two RNA strands, which are themselves located at opposite ends of the ldRNA.

(20) The RNAi activity of an ldRNA can be determined by measuring levels of the target mRNA using conventional methods such as Northern blotting, quantitative rtPCR, and other techniques well-known in the art. Target mRNA levels will be reduced if the ldRNA has RNAi activity. If the RNAi activity of an ldRNA is specific for the targeted mRNA, the levels of non-targeted mRNAs will not be reduced. Alternatively, RNAi activity can be indirectly measured by quantitating the expression or activity of a protein encoded by the targeted mRNA. Protein expression and activity are determined by conventional methods known in the art, such as enzyme linked immunosorbant assays (ELISAs) and enzyme assays.

(21) The RNA strands in an ldRNA can have a modified backbone, modified nucleotides, and/or other chemical modifications.

(22) The phosphate backbone of one or both RNA strands in an ldRNA can be substituted with one or more phosphorothioate linkages. The canonical RNA backbone found in nature includes phosphodiester linkages between nucleotides. The phosphorothioate bond modification alters the phosphate linkage by replacing one of the non-bridging oxygens with a sulfur atom. This alteration changes the overall chemical properties of the polynucleotide. In particular, adding phosphorothioate bonds can stabilize the polynucleotide backbone against nuclease degradation, effectively increasing its half-life in a cellular milieu. Phosphorothioate linkages can be incorporated into either or both strands of an ldRNA. In some embodiments, at least about 1%, 2%, 4%, 8%, 16%, 32% or about 50% of the nucleotides of an ldRNA are linked by phosphorothioate bonds.

(23) An ldRNA can be synthesized from non-canonical nucleotides such as, but not limited to, pseudouridine, N1-methylpseudouridine and/or 5-methylcytidine. Such nucleotides can reduce the activation of innate immunity via toll-like receptors.

(24) An ldRNA can be designed to target almost any mRNA. For example, various ldRNAs reduce the level of mRNAs encoding enzymes, transcription factors, signaling proteins, kinases, phosphatases, ion channels, cytoplasmic proteins, membrane proteins, and secreted proteins.

(25) An ldRNA can target a viral mRNA. In some embodiments, multiple guide sequences in an ldRNA are complementary to different segments of a single target viral mRNA. In other embodiments, guide sequences within a single ldRNA are complementary to sequences in two or more viral mRNA targets.

(26) Various ldRNAs target mRNAs that encode proteins implicated in pathways critical for cancer cell growth and/or survival. Reducing expression of such proteins reduces the growth or survival of cancerous cells. In various embodiments, ldRNAs of the present invention comprise two or more guide sequences for proteins implicated in pathways critical for cancer cell growth and/or survival. The present invention also provides methods of treating a cancer patient with an ldRNA that lowers the levels of an mRNA implicated in cancer.

(27) Various ldRNAs target mRNAs that encode signal transduction proteins. An ldRNA can target two or more different segments of an mRNA encoding a signal transduction protein. Alternatively, guide sequences within a single multifunctional ldRNA can target two or more mRNAs encoding related signal transduction proteins. Related signal transduction proteins may function in the same signal transduction pathway, in parallel signal transduction pathways, or in signal transduction pathways that diverge from a common origin. A multifunctional ldRNA may also target mRNAs encoding proteins that act in independent signal transduction pathways.

(28) The present invention includes methods for reducing the expression of a target gene by administering an ldRNA of the present invention to cells, tissues or animals. A subject can be a human or animal subject or patient in need of treatment for a disease or condition, or at risk of a disease or condition. The composition can be administered to cells ex vivo or in vivo.

(29) Any mammalian cell is suitable for ldRNA treatment regardless of whether it is sensitive or insensitive to the induction of innate immunity by dsDNA. For example, ldRNA can be administered to immune-sensitive T98G glioblastoma cells and immune-insensitive HeLa carcinoma cells. Expression of a target gene can be inhibited in both cell types, and interferon expression will be lower after ldRNA administration than it would have been after administration of a blunt-ended 38 bp dsRNA. Non-limiting examples of cell types that can be induced to express proteins by contact with ldRNA include keratinocytes, melanocytes, macrophage, hepatocytes, pneumocytes, fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, and lymphocytes (e.g., B cell or T cell, or precursor cell thereof). Furthermore, an ldRNA can induce protein expression by hyperplastic cells, malignant cells and stem cells. In various embodiments, the target cell is selected from an antigen-presenting cell, a dendritic cell, a macrophage, a neural cell, a spleen cell, a lymphoid cell, a lung cell (e.g., an alveolar cell), a skin cell (e.g., a keratinocyte or fibroblast), an endothelial cell, an astrocyte, a microglial cell, a mesenchymal cell, an epithelial cell, or a hematopoietic cell.

(30) An ldRNA can be administered to various tissues including skin, retina, lungs, liver, heart, and the like. Additionally, an ldRNA can be systemically administered to a whole animal. Systemic administration is expected to lead to uptake by both immune-sensitive and immune resistant cells. An ldRNA can be safely administered to a mixed population of cells including immune-sensitive cells because it is less immunogenic than other dsRNAs.

(31) In various embodiments, an ldRNA of the present invention may be incorporated into a pharmaceutical formulation. Non-limiting examples of pharmaceutical formulations include a topical cream or ointment or an aqueous or buffered solution optionally comprising a stabilizing agent. A pharmaceutical formulation may further comprise a vehicle to facilitate cellular uptake by cells and tissues.

(32) Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or diluents are well known to those skilled in the art. The carrier or diluent may be may be, in various embodiments, a solid carrier or diluent for solid formulations, a liquid carrier or diluent for liquid formulations, or mixtures thereof.

(33) In another embodiment, solid carriers/diluents include, but are not limited to, a gum, a starch (e.g. corn starch, pregeletanized starch), a sugar (e.g., lactose, mannitol, sucrose, dextrose), a cellulosic material (e.g. microcrystalline cellulose), an acrylate (e.g. polymethylacrylate), calcium carbonate, magnesium oxide, talc, or mixtures thereof.

(34) In some embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions are controlled-release compositions, i.e. compositions in which the ldRNA is released over a period of time after administration. Controlled- or sustained-release compositions include formulation in lipophilic depots (e.g. fatty acids, waxes, oils). In another embodiment, the composition is an immediate-release composition, i.e. a composition in which the entire compound is released immediately after administration.

(35) An ldRNA is, in another embodiment, formulated into the composition as neutralized pharmaceutically acceptable salt form.

(36) Persons of ordinary skill will understand that the mode of administering an ldRNA to a subject will depend upon the targeted mRNA, the target cell, the disease or condition to be treated, and the form of the pharmaceutical formulation.

(37) An ldRNA can be administered by various methods known in the art. For example, an ldRNA can be administered by inhalation, intravenous injection, or topically. In some embodiments, the ldRNA is administered to patients in an effective amount, for example, by subcutaneous injection, intradermal injection, intramuscular injection, intraocular injection, or intratumoral injection, or other forms of parenteral administration.

(38) In some embodiments, ldRNAs are administered orally, and are thus formulated in a form suitable for oral administration, i.e. as a solid or a liquid preparation. Suitable solid oral formulations include tablets, capsules, pills, granules, pellets and the like. Suitable liquid oral formulations include solutions, suspensions, dispersions, emulsions, oils and the like. In another embodiment of the present invention, the ldRNA is formulated in a capsule. In accordance with this embodiment, the compositions of the present invention comprise, in addition to the active compound and the inert carrier or diluent, a hard gelatin capsule.

(39) In another embodiment, the ldRNA is administered topically to body surfaces and are thus formulated in a form suitable for topical administration. Suitable topical formulations include gels, ointments, creams, lotions, drops and the like. For topical administration, the compositions or their physiologically tolerated derivatives are prepared and applied as solutions, suspensions, or emulsions in a physiologically acceptable diluent with or without a pharmaceutical carrier.

(40) In another embodiment, the ldRNA is administered as a suppository, for example a rectal suppository or a urethral suppository. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition is administered by subcutaneous implantation of a pellet. In another embodiment, the pellet provides for controlled release of agent over a period of time.

(41) In various embodiments, the dosage is a daily dose, a weekly dose, a monthly dose, or an annual dose. In some embodiments, the dose is a one-time dose, or the composition is administered at least 10 times. In some embodiments, the composition is administered at least 6 or at least 12 times per year, for a plurality of years.

(42) The present invention provides methods for the treatment of various diseases or conditions by administering an ldRNA. The ldRNA will reduce the expression of one or more deleterious target genes, thereby treating the disease or condition. For example, diseases or conditions affecting the skin can be treated with an ldRNA. Skin diseases or conditions suitable for treatment with an ldRNA include skin whitening, darkening, or scarring, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, scleroderma, hair loss or wrinkled skin. An ldRNA can also be administered for the treatment of a disease or condition manifest by fibrosis. Fibrotic diseases or conditions that may be treated with an ldRNA are liver fibrosis, retinal fibrosis, and pulmonary fibrosis (e.g., idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis). Ocular conditions that can be treated with an ldRNA include macular degeneration (wet or dry AMD). Inflammatory conditions that can be treated with an ldRNA include rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn's disease. In some embodiments, the condition is neuropathic pain. In some embodiments, the condition is hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerosis, or heart disease.

(43) In some embodiments, the ldRNA targets a plurality of mRNAs. Exemplary targets include CTGF-encoding mRNA and MYD88 encoding mRNA.

(44) ldRNAs are negatively charged nucleic acid polymers. To facilitate cellular uptake, an ldRNA can be formulated with a vehicle that transports nucleic acids into cells. Suitable vehicles include calcium phosphate, cationic lipids, cationic polymers, polyethyleneimine, and protein-based transfection reagents.

(45) In some embodiments, the transfection reagent forms a liposome. Liposomes can increase intracellular stability, increase uptake efficiency and improve biological activity. Liposomes are hollow spherical vesicles composed of lipids arranged in a similar fashion as those lipids which make up the cell membrane. They may have an internal aqueous space for entrapping water soluble compounds and range in size from 0.2 microns to several microns in diameter. See Langer, Science 249:1527-1533 (1990); Treat et al., in Liposomes in the Therapy of Infectious Disease and Cancer, Lopez-Berestein and Fidler (eds.), Liss, New York, pp. 353-365 (1989); Lopez-Berestein, ibid., pp. 317-327).

(46) A lipophilic moiety can be conjugated to one or more nucleotides in an ldRNA. Preferentially, the lipophilic moiety is conjugated to the 5′ end of one of the RNA strands of an ldRNA. Non-limiting examples of lipophilic moieties include cholesterol, tocopherol, and a long-chain fatty acid having 10 or more carbon atoms such as stearic acid or palmitic acid. A covalently bound lipophilic moiety can facilitate entry of an ldRNA into cells. Such methods are known and described in, for example, PCT/KR2013/004463 and US 2015/0111948, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

(47) Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the invention pertains. Generally, the nomenclature used herein are well known and commonly used in the art.

EXAMPLES

Example 1: Immune Responses to Various dsRNAs

(48) To measure immune responses, RAW 264.7 cells were propagated in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Media (Gibco) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 100 μg/ml Normocin (InvivoGen), and 200 μg/ml Zeocin (InvivoGen). Cells were seeded in a 96-well plate at a density of 1.0×10.sup.4 cells/cm.sup.2, and cultured for 24 hours without antibiotics. Cells were transfected with 10 nM dsRNA using RNAiMAX transfection agent (Thermo Fisher Scientific). 24 hours and 48 hours after transfection, 10 μl aliquots of supernatant were sampled into 96-well white plates. 50 μl of Quanti-Luc luciferase substrate (InvivoGen) was added to each well, and plates were read immediately for luciferase activity using a microplate reader (PerkinElmer).

(49) Blunt-ended dsRNAs were synthesized with lengths of 19, 38, 50 and 60 base pairs (FIGS. 1A and 6A). The antiviral response to these dsRNAs was determined by measuring Relative IRF activation (FIG. 1C). As expected the 38 bp dsRNA induced a strong antiviral response and the short, 19 bp dsRNA did not. Surprisingly, the antiviral response to the 50 bp dsRNA was reduced by >80% compared to the response to the 38-mer, and an even lower response was observed for the 60-mer. All of these antiviral responses were substantially eliminated in RIG-I knockout cells, confirming that RIG-I is the dsRNA sensor that recognizes blunt dsRNAs. Additional tests show an antiviral response to the positive control polyIC and no response in mock treated cells. Furthermore, addition of a 2 nucleotide 3′ overhang to the dsRNA (FIGS. 1B and 6A) also eliminated the antiviral response, consistent with previous work showing that RIG-1 is not activated by dsRNAs having a 3′ overhang (Marques et al., Nat. Biotechnol. 24:559-65, 2006).

Example 2: Immune Responses and Knockdown Efficacy of Long dsRNAs

(50) Blunt-ended dsRNAs targeting the survivin gene were synthesized with lengths of 30, 40, 50 and 60 base pairs (see FIG. 6B). Two nucleotide 3′ overhang dsRNAs were also synthesized (i.e., 30+2; 40+2; 50+2; and 60+2). See FIGS. 5A and 6B. The identification of the above disclosed survivin targeting dsRNAs is shown in FIG. 5B. The antiviral response to these dsRNAs was determined by measuring Relative ISG Expression (FIG. 2). The dsRNAs were tested in RAW 264.7 cells that were wild type (WT), RIG-I negative (RIG-I (−/−)), or MDAS negative (MDAS (−/−)).

(51) The results show that some immune stimulation (as measured by relative ISG expression) occurred with 40 bp and 50 bp dsRNA. FIG. 2. However, against conventional concepts, 40 bp and 50 bp dsRNA expressed much more relative ISG as compared to the relative ISG generated by 60 bp dsRNA. FIG. 2.

(52) The 40+2, 50+2, and 60 bp ldRNAs showed very little ISG expression. FIG. 2. The data shows that two nucleotide RNA overhangs at 3′ ends (e.g., 40+2 and 50+2) efficiently circumvent innate immune system. FIG. 2.

(53) The results also show that RIG-I deficient cells (RIG-I (−/−)) did not induce the expression of ISG proteins, which indicates that RIG-I is a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) recognizing chemically synthesized long dsRNA. FIG. 2.

(54) FIG. 3 shows that IFN-β and IFIT1(ISG56) gene expression are not upregulated by transfection with 60 bp dsRNA. This result indicates that the reason ISG54 is not upregulated by 60 bp dsRNA is not due to translation inhibition by PKR but rather because the 60 bp dsRNA does not activate innate immune system.

(55) FIG. 4 shows that the 30 bp, 30+2, 40 bp, 40+2, 50 bp, 50+2, and 60 bp survivin targeting dsRNAs disclosed above can silence survivin gene expression with the same efficacy as conventional siRNA for survivin (si-sur 19+2).

EQUIVALENTS

(56) While the invention has been described in connection with specific embodiments thereof, it will be understood that it is capable of further modifications and this application is intended to cover any variations, uses, or adaptations of the invention following, in general, the principles of the invention and including such departures from the present disclosure as come within known or customary practice within the art to which the invention pertains and as may be applied to the essential features hereinbefore set forth and as follows in the scope of the appended claims.

(57) Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain, using no more than routine experimentation, numerous equivalents to the specific embodiments described specifically herein. Such equivalents are intended to be encompassed in the scope of the following claims.