Method for manufacturing objects using powder products

Abstract

A method for manufacturing a three-dimensional part. The method includes: performing partial densification processing on loose machining powder, to form a densified and sealed enclosure, where there is still loose machining powder accommodated inside the enclosure; and performing overall densification processing on the enclosure and the machining powder inside the enclosure, so as to implement metallurgical bonding between the machining powder inside the enclosure and the enclosure during the densification, thereby forming a target three-dimensional part.

Claims

1. A method for manufacturing a target object, the method comprising: forming a shell containing powder and/or a sintered supporting pattern using an electron beam melting (EBM) technology, the shell comprising a densified and sealed enclosure corresponding to a target object, and the shell having a compensated shape that has a volume exceeding that of the target object; and subjecting the shell containing the powder and/or the sintered supporting pattern to a hot isostatic pressing (HIP) treatment or a pneumatic isostatic forging (PIF) treatment, the HIP treatment or the PIF treatment conforming the compensated shape to an expected shape of the target object and metallurgically bonding the shell to the powder and/or the sintered support pattern within the sealed enclosure, thereby forming the target object{circumflex over ()} wherein the shell comprises an outermost layer, the outermost layer having a density level of greater than 95%: and wherein the shell comprises at least two layers, and the density levels of the at least two layers gradually reduce from outside to inside.

2. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: (A) storing an original three-dimensional space model, wherein the original three-dimensional space model and the target object are in the same shape; (B) analyzing a shape change of the shell expected from the HIP treatment or the PIF treatment; and (C) calculating a compensated three-dimensional space model based at least in part on the shape change, the compensated three-dimensional space model corresponding to the compensated shape.

3. The method according to claim 1, wherein forming the shell comprises: forming an enclosure comprising an airway tube extending therefrom; connecting the airway tube to an air-extracting apparatus; extracting gas from the enclosure so as to form a vacuum within the enclosure; and sealing the enclosure so as to form the sealed enclosure.

4. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: selectively mechanically and plastically deforming an outer surface of the shell prior to subjecting the shell to the HIP treatment or the PIF treatment.

5. The method according to claim 4, wherein selectively mechanically and plastically deforming comprises peening, burnishing, cold extrusion, or warm extrusion.

6. The method according to claim 1, comprising performing the PIF treatment.

7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the at least two layers comprises one or more internal layers, at least one of the internal layers comprising a central section and a side section, the central section having a density level greater than the side section.

8. The method according to claim 1, comprising: forming the sintered supporting pattern using the EBM technology.

9. The method according to claim 1, comprising performing the HIP treatment.

10. The method according to claim 1, wherein the target object comprises a turbine engine part.

11. The method according to claim 10, wherein the turbine engine part comprises a disk, a ring, a blisk, a shaft, a blade, a vane, a case, or a tube.

12. The method according to claim 1, comprising: concurrently forming a plurality of target objects according to the method of claim.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION

(1) These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the present technology will become better understood when the following detailed description is read with reference to the accompanying drawings in which like characters represent like parts throughout the drawings, wherein:

(2) FIG. 1 is a schematic view of an exemplary EBM machine for manufacturing a shell containing powder of a target object;

(3) FIG. 2A, FIG. 2B, FIG. 2C, and FIG. 2D are schematic views of different manufacturing statuses of the shell of the target object manufactured by the EBM machine of FIG. 1;

(4) FIG. 3A, FIG. 3B, FIG. 3C, FIG. 3D, FIG. 3E, and FIG. 3F are schematic views of different manufacturing statuses of the shell of the target object manufactured by the EBM machine of FIG. 1 in another aspect;

(5) FIG. 4 is a schematic view of an exemplary HIP machine for manufacturing the shell containing powder of the target object manufactured by the EBM machine of FIG. 1 in a beginning status;

(6) FIG. 5 is a schematic view of an exemplary HIP machine for manufacturing the shell containing powder of the target object manufactured by the EBM machine of FIG. 1 in a finished status;

(7) FIG. 6 is a flowchart of a method for manufacturing a three-dimensional object, according to one embodiment;

(8) FIG. 7 is a schematic view of an original three-dimensional model and a compensated three-dimensional model according to an implementation manner of the invention;

(9) FIG. 8A, FIG. 8B, FIG. 8C, and FIG. 8D, and FIG. 9A, FIG. 9B, and FIG. 9C are two schematic views of different manufacturing statuses of a shell containing powder of a target object manufactured by an SLM method according to an implementation manner of the invention;

(10) FIG. 10 is a schematic view of an exemplary HIP machine for manufacturing the shell containing powder of the target three-dimensional object manufactured by the Selective Laser Melting (SLM) method of FIGS. 8A-8D and 9A-9C in a beginning status;

(11) FIG. 11 is a schematic view of a process to cut a duct part from a target object according to an implementation manner of the invention;

(12) FIG. 12 is a schematic view of a shell containing powder of a target object, according to another embodiment;

(13) FIG. 13 is a flowchart of a method for manufacturing a target object, according to another embodiment;

(14) FIG. 14 is a schematic view of a shell containing powder of a target object, according to yet another embodiment;

(15) FIG. 15 is a schematic view of a shell containing powder of a target object, according to yet another embodiment;

(16) FIG. 16 is a schematic view of a shell containing powder of a target object, according to yet another embodiment;

(17) FIG. 17 shows several stages of a method for forming a target object; and

(18) FIG. 18 shows several stages of an alternative embodiment of a method for forming a target object.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(19) Embodiments of the present disclosure will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the subsequent description, well-known functions or constructions are not described in detail to avoid obscuring the disclosure in unnecessary detail.

(20) Unless defined otherwise, technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as is commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. The terms first, second, and the like, as used herein do not denote any order, quantity, or importance, but rather are used to distinguish one element from another. Also, the terms a and an do not denote a limitation of quantity, but rather denote the presence of at least one of the referenced items, and terms such as front, back, bottom, and/or top, unless otherwise noted, are merely used for convenience of description, and are not limited to any one position or spatial orientation. Moreover, the terms coupled and connected are not intended to distinguish between a direct or indirect coupling/connection between two components. Rather, such components may be directly or indirectly coupled/connected unless otherwise indicated.

(21) Referring to FIG. 1, an exemplary EBM machine 10 for manufacturing three-dimensional objects is shown. For ease of explanation, only certain parts of the EBM machine 10 are shown in FIG. 1. As an example, the EBM machine 10 includes an electron beam gun 11, a vacuum chamber 12, a building table 13, a powder container 14, and a controller 15. In other embodiments, the EBM machine 10 may have other different configurations. Moreover, rather than utilizing an EBM machine, alternative embodiments may utilize any possible manner of emitting energy or heat, including, but not limited to, direct metal laser melting, laser sintering, and infrared.

(22) The electron beam gun 11 is used to generate an electron beam 112 to melt powder 142 located on the building table 13 layer by layer according to a three-dimensional model stored in the controller 15, to build a target three-dimensional object which has the same shape as the three-dimensional model. The powder container 14 is used to contain the powder 142 and deliver the powder 142 onto the building table 13 layer by layer according to control signals from the controller 15. The controller 15 controls the electron beam gun 11, the vacuum chamber 12, the building table 13, and the powder container 14 according to predetermined control programs, and the whole manufacturing process is under vacuum environment in the vacuum chamber 12. It is understood that the EBM machine 10 may include other additive parts, such as power supplies, communication interfaces, etc.

(23) Referring to FIGS. 1, 2 and 3 together, some different manufacturing statuses of a shell 24 containing the powder 142 of a target object 20 manufactured by the EBM machine 10 is shown. For ease of explanation, a target object 20 shown in FIG. 5 is a columnar solid element. In other embodiments, the shape of the target object 20 may vary according to different requirements. The target object 20 shown in FIGS. 2 and 3 is an unfinished target object 20. In FIGS. 2 and 3, the shell 24 of the target object 20 is not exactly columnar-shape because the shell 24 needs to be compensated in this EBM manufacturing process before the subsequent HIP manufacturing process. After HIPping the shell 24 containing powder 142 manufactured by the EBM machine 10, the target object 20 may be manufactured to the expected columnar-shape, which will be described in the following paragraphs.

(24) In a beginning status FIG. 2A, a first layer of the powder 142 is delivered onto a building platform 132 of the building table 13, for example by using a roller 134 to smoothly push the powder 142 onto the building platform 132. After the first layer of the powder 142 is laid on the building platform 132 evenly, a bottom surface 21 of the shell 24 is manufactured by using the electron beam 112 to melt the corresponding part of the first layer of the powder 142 according to the three-dimensional model, as shown in the status of FIG. 2B, and also shown in the status of FIG. 3A.

(25) After the bottom surface 21 of the shell 24 is finished, a side surface 22 of the shell 24 is manufactured by using the electron beam 112 to melt the corresponding part of subsequent powder 142 layer by layer according to the three-dimensional model. As shown in the status of FIG. 3B, a second layer of the powder 142 is put onto the building platform 132, and a first layer of the side surface 22 is manufactured by using the electron beam 112 to melt the corresponding part of the second layer of the powder 142 according to the three-dimensional model as shown in the status of FIG. 3C. The remaining layers of the side surface 22 are formed by the same manufacturing method as the first layer, and are not described in any further detail. The status of FIG. 2C and the status of FIG. 3D both show an intermediate status which is to manufacture one layer of the side surface 22.

(26) After the side surface 22 is finished, a top surface 23 of the shell 24 is manufactured by using the electron beam 112 to melt the corresponding part of last layer of the powder 142 according to the three-dimensional model. As shown in the status of FIG. 2D and the status of FIG. 3E, the last layer of the powder 142 is laid onto the building platform 132 and then the top surface 23 is manufactured by using the electron beam 112 to melt the corresponding part of the last layer of the powder 142 according to the three-dimensional model. Finally, a whole shell 24 is finished and it also contains loose powder 142, or a mixture of loose powder and rapidly sintered supported patterns inside, as described in more detail below. In other words, after the EBM manufacturing, the target object 20 including the shell 24 and the powder 142 inside of the shell 24 as shown in the status of FIG. 3F is finished. The loose powder 142 may also be sintered using a faster scanning speed to below a predetermined density, for example 80%. The shell 24 is thus formed as a vacuum sealed three-dimensional shell having a predetermined internal porosity.

(27) Compared to the target object 20, the shell 24 is not finished yet and has at least one unfinished part containing loose powder 142 or a mixture of loose powder and rapidly sintered supporting patterns which will be manufactured by a further manufacturing method. Here, the target object 20 is further manufactured by HIPping as described below. However, in other embodiments, the treatment and densification process may be other than HIP. For example, PIF or another densification process may be utilized.

(28) Referring to FIG. 4, the shell 24 is put into a high pressure containment vessel 42 of a HIP machine 40. The HIP machine 40 may further include a controller 44 used to control temperature and pressure inside of the vessel 42, which can provide a HIPping force to the shell 24 full of powder 142 and any supporting patterns that may be present. It is understood that the HIP machine 40 may include other additive parts, such as power supplies, communication interfaces, etc.

(29) In a beginning status shown in FIG. 4, the shape of the shell 24 still maintains the compensated shape, which is bigger than the expected shape of the target object 20. According to predetermined program, the controller 44 will control the temperature and pressure in the vessel 42, to provide a HIP treatment to the shell 24. During the HIP treatment process, the shell 24 will press the loose powder 142 and any supporting patterns present to make it solid and metallurgically bond with the shell 24. After finishing the HIP treatment, a solid target object 20 is manufactured as shown in FIG. 5. In FIG. 5, the powder 142 has become the same or nearly the same density as the shell 24, which means the shell 24 and the loose powder 142 and any supporting patterns become one target object 20 to be manufactured, and the shape of the target object 20 becomes the expected columnar-shape as an example.

(30) Referring to FIG. 6, a flowchart of a method 60 for manufacturing the target three-dimensional object 20, according to one embodiment is shown. The method 60 begins in step 61, an original three-dimensional model is input/stored preferably into the controller of an EBM machine. The original three-dimensional model is the same as the target object 20. For example, FIG. 7 shows an original three-dimensional model X1 which is columnar-shaped. In some embodiments, the three-dimensional model is a three-dimensional computer aided design (CAD) model.

(31) In step 62, the original three-dimensional model X1 is analyzed to determine what the shrinkage/distortion change 29 would be after a shell 28 containing loose powder having the same shape as the original three-dimensional model X1 is treated by the HIP process. It is understood that the analysis of the shrinkage change of the shell containing powder can be simulated and analyzed based on appropriate algorithms, such as by using a finite element method (FEM) tool of ANSYS software. The detailed analysis process is not disclosed here.

(32) In step 63, according to above shrinkage change analysis result, a compensated three-dimensional model is calculated based on appropriate algorithms, such as also by using the ANSYS software. For example, FIG. 7 shows a compensated three-dimensional model X2 which is bigger than the columnar-shaped original three-dimensional model X1.

(33) In step 64, the compensated three-dimensional model X2 is analyzed to determine if a shell containing powder having the same shape of the compensated three-dimensional model X2 will be changed to the same shape as the original three-dimensional model X1 after being treated by the HIP process. If yes, the process goes to next step 65. If no, the process goes back the previous step 63. It is also understood that this analysis can be simulated based on appropriate algorithms, such as by using the FEM tool of ANSYS software, which are not described here. It is also understood that, in this and other embodiments, the powder size distribution is a key factor affecting packing density and subsequent shrinkage. Preferably the analysis in steps 61-64 are incorporated into the controller of the EBM machine. Alternately the analysis in steps 61-64 may be performed in a separate system then the output transferred to the controller for the subsequent steps 65 and on.

(34) In step 65, a shell 24 full of loose powder 142 and any additional supporting patterns is manufactured by using the EBM method based on the compensated three-dimensional model X2, which has been described above.

(35) In step 66, the shell 24 containing the loose powder 142 and any supporting patterns is formed into the target three-dimensional object 20 by using the HIP method, which also has been described above.

(36) According to above method 60, a target object 20 (for example shown in FIG. 5) is manufactured by combining the EBM method and the HIP process. As only the shell 24 is manufactured by the EBM process, and not the whole target object 20, the power used by the electron beam 112 is reduced and time may be saved as well. If several target objects 20 need to be manufactured, those corresponding shells 24 with the loose powder 142 and any supporting patterns can be HIP treated in the vessel 42 at the same time, which can increase efficiency. Furthermore, the shell 24 will become one part of the target object 20 through metallurgical bonding with the powder 142 after the HIP treatment, which can further simplify the manufacturing process.

(37) In other embodiments, instead of using the EBM method, the shell 24 together with loose powder 142 and any supporting patterns can be manufactured by other rapid manufacturing methods, such as selective laser melting (SLM) and direct metal laser melting (DMLM) methods under the non-vacuum condition, which are respectively performed in a SLM machine and a DMLM machine. Notably, however, both SLM and DMLM can also be performed under vacuum.

(38) Referring to FIGS. 8A-8D and FIGS. 9A-9C, two schematic views for showing different manufacturing statuses of the shell 24 manufactured by the SLM method is shown. Compared with the EBM method shown in FIG. 2A-FIG. 2D, the SLM method of FIG. 8A, FIG. 8B, FIG. 8C, and FIG. 8D may be performed in non-vacuum condition. Furthermore, the SLM method may further manufacture a duct 25 that may extend from the top surface 23. In other embodiments, the duct 25 may extend from the side surface 22.

(39) Referring to FIG. 9A, FIG. 9B, and FIG. 9C, after the shell 24 including the duct 25 and containing the loose powder 142 and any supporting patterns is finished, an air pump (not shown) is used to pump air and/or remnant inert gas from the shell 24 through a pipe 90 communicated with the duct 25, which make the inside space of the shell 24 is vacuum (see FIG. 9A). In some embodiments, the duct 25 is quite long or the pipe 90 is quite long along the vertical direction, thus the loose powder 142 cannot be removed out from the shell 24. In some embodiments, the shell 24 can be placed in a big vessel having an outlet (not shown), then the air pump is used to pump air from the big vessel through the outlet, thus the air inside of the shell 24 is indirectly pumped out without removing the loose powder 142. The air inside of the shell 24 can also be pumped out according to other modes.

(40) When a vacuum level of the inside space of the shell 24 is satisfied according to a predetermined value, for example when the vacuum level is lower than about 0.01 Pascal, the extended duct 25 is sealed through appropriated methods, such as by an appropriated welding method (see FIG. 9B). Namely, the inside space of the shell 24 is sealed by a weld part 29. Then, the weld part 29 is cut through appropriated cutting methods (see FIG. 9C), which makes the shell 24 be vacuum, like the shell 24 shown in FIG. 4. Note, the pipe may be locally heated and crimped shut, thus ensuring the vacuum is maintained inside the shell 24. The pipe may be cut above the line of the crimp.

(41) Referring to FIG. 10, the sealed shell 24 full of loose powder 142 and any supporting patterns is treated by the HIP machine 40 to form the target object 20. The manufacturing process is similar to that shown in FIG. 4, and thus the process is not described again.

(42) Referring to FIG. 11, after the HIP process, a solid target object 20 is formed, but a duct part 26, due to the duct 25, is an additional part on the target object 20. The duct part 26 can be cut by appropriate cutting methods, for example a hydraulic cutting method, etc. After cutting the duct part 26, the target object 20 is finished. Similar to the EBM method combining the HIP method, the SLM method combining the HIP method also can achieve a target object 20 which metallurgically bonds the shell 24 and the powder 142. For clarity the deposition processes such as DMLM, SLM, and EBM can be practiced with or without the duct within the scope of this invention.

(43) In above mentioned embodiments, only the outside shell 24 is finished during the EBM or SLM process. However, in other embodiments, some of the powder 142 inside of the shell 24 also can be melted or sintered into different density levels. In that regard, referring to FIG. 12, a shell 24 of a target object 20 containing loose powder or partially consolidated powder 142 according to another embodiment is shown. Compared with the shell 24 shown in FIG. 4, the shell 24 of FIG. 12 is not a uniform solid shell but includes at least two different density level layers. As an exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 12, the illustrated shell 24 includes three different density level layers 241, 242, and 243 from outside to inside. The density level from layer 241 to 243 is gradually reduced. For example, the density level of the first layer 241 is about 100%, the density level of the target object, the second layer 242 is about 90%, and the density level of the third layer 243 is about 80%. In other embodiments, the number of the density level layers, the density level of each layer, the thickness of each layer can be adjusted based on appropriate algorithms, such as by using the FEM tool of ANSYS software, which are not described here.

(44) Referring to FIG. 13, a flowchart of a method 70 for manufacturing a three-dimensional object, according to another embodiment is shown. Compared with the method 60, the steps 71-73 of the method 70 are the same as the steps 61-63 of the method 60. Thus, the steps 71-73 are not described here.

(45) In step 74, based on the compensated three-dimensional model, the shell 24 is calculated to determine the number of the density level layers (like the layers 241, 242, 243) of the shell 24, the density level of each layer, and the thickness of each layer. As mentioned above, those parameters can be calculated based on appropriate algorithms, such as by using the FEM tool of ANSYS software, which are not described here.

(46) In step 75, the compensated three-dimensional model is analyzed to determine if a shell containing powder and any supporting patterns having the same shape of the compensated three-dimensional model will be changed to the same shape as the original three-dimensional model after being treated by the HIP process. If yes, the process goes to next step 76. If no, the process goes back the previous step 73. This step 75 is similar to the step 64 mentioned above.

(47) In step 76, the shell 24 containing loose powder 142 and any supporting patterns is manufactured by using the EBM method. As the shell 24 includes at least two different density level layers, the electron beam 112 will melt the different density level layers by using different power levels of electron beams according to above calculated parameters of the shell 24. Even though the shell 24 shown in FIG. 12 is thicker than the shell 24 shown in FIG. 4, the power used by the electron beam 112 is still reduced and can save time compared with the conventional EBM methods.

(48) In step 77, the shell 24 containing loose powder 142 and any supporting patterns is manufactured by using the HIP method. After the HIP process, a target solid object 20 (like the object 20 shown in FIG. 5) is finished. Because the shell 24 is manufactured to several different density level layers during the EBM process, the HIP process may more easily and effectively achieve the target solid object 20 compared with the method 60.

(49) In other embodiments, the shape of the object 20 may be not regular, such as a tear drop shape. FIG. 14 shows a target object 20 as an example. In the EBM process, the object 20 of FIG. 14 can be manufactured from a shell like the shell 24 shown in FIG. 4, i.e. from a shell of a single density. It should be appreciated that the target object 20 of FIG. 14 can also be manufactured from a shell having several different density level layers, such as 241, 242, 243, and 244 shown in FIG. 14. The detailed parameters can be calculated based on appropriate algorithms, such as by using the FEM tool of ANSYS software, which are not described here.

(50) In other embodiments, when the shell 24 is designed to include several different density level layers, each layer may also include different density level parts based on the material of the shell 24, the HIP process, and other related parameters. FIG. 15 shows an exemplary embodiment of a target object 20 manufactured by the EBM process. The shell 24 of the target object 20 of FIG. 15 includes three layers 241, 242, and 243. The density level of the first layer 241 is about 100%. The second layer 242 include two density level parts 2421 and 2422, the first part 2421 is in the middle of each side of the second layer 242. As an example, the density level of the first part 2421 is about 100%; the density level of the second part 2422 is about 90%. Namely, the density level of the first part 2421 is greater than the second part 2422. Similarly, the third layer 243 may include a first part 2431 with about 90% density level, and a second part 2432 with about 80% density level. The above parameters' arrangement is calculated in the step 74 of the method 70 as mentioned above.

(51) In other embodiments, compared with the embodiment shown in FIG. 16, the shell 24 may further include some support ribs 27 extended from inside surfaces to opposite insides surfaces of the shell 24. These support ribs 27 may also be manufactured by using the electron beam 112 to melt the corresponding part of the powder 142 according to a three-dimensional model having support ribs. In other embodiments, the shell 24 containing powder 142 may be designed in different types according to related parameters, but not limited as in the embodiments disclosed above.

(52) With respect to FIG. 17, in another embodiment, method for manufacturing a target object includes forming a porous object 300 from a loose powder to have a first density level, which may be at least approximately 30% and may be more than approximately 50% in other embodiments. In the embodiment shown, the density level of the porous object 300 is approximately 70%. In order to form the porous, or pre-compacted object 300, an amount of loose powder may be directed into a constriction die (not shown) and densified to the first density level. The loose powder may be an elemental, blended elemental that may contain master alloy, or alloy powder metallurgical product. In a preferred embodiment, an outer surface region 302 of the porous object has a surface porosity having finely distributed pores. The pores may have sizes between approximately 10 micrometers and approximately 100 micrometers, which, as understood in the art, depends on the size of the powder metallurgical products and the density level of the object. In order to increase the density level of a portion of object, the porous object 300 is treated to thereby define a treated region 304 having a second density level. More specifically, an outer surface region 302 is treated to have the second density level. As described herein, outer surface region is meant to describe a region of the object beginning at the outer surface and traversing inward of the body of the object toward an imaginary axis thereof. Moreover, when referring to outer surface region herein, such a term encompasses the whole of the outer surface region 302 as disclosed above or, alternatively, only a portion thereof. Therefore, in one embodiment, the treated region 304 may encompass all or part of the outer surface region 302. Alternatively, the treated region 304 may be located at other parts of the object 300.

(53) In at least one embodiment, once the outer surface region 302 is treated, the density level of the treated region 304, or the second density level, is at least about 95% such that the pores that existed prior to the treatment are substantially eliminated. With a density level of at least about 95% and a thickness between approximately 0.025 mm and approximately 1 mm, the treated region 304 essentially acts as a hermetic seal to the inner portion 306, which still has the first density level. The thickness of the treated region 304 is sufficient such that a seal can be formed and that sufficient strength is present to maintain the seal through further transportation, treatment, and processing, such as by HIP or PIF, or any other treatment processes or methods by which an object may be densified or consolidated. Once the porous object 300 is treated, the object 300 is densified or consolidated to form the target object 308 having at least about 95% density level and preferably about 100% density. Notably, the shrinkage of the target object 308 after the HIP or PIF process will be taken into account in a same or similar manner as described above with respect to the other embodiment. It will be appreciated that the size and shape difference that the target object 308 may possess relative to the porous object 300 after HIP or PIF treatment, but before shrinkage occurs, is not shown. It will also be appreciated that while the inner, untreated region 306 may include the first density level and the treated region 304 may include the second density level, there may not be an exact point of delineation between the first and second densities. Rather, there may be a gradual change, or density gradient, from the second density level to the first density level.

(54) Such an approach of essentially sealing the porous object 300 prevents environmental and contaminant sources from infiltrating the porous object 300 prior to consolidation or densification of the object 300 to a target object shape and size. Moreover, the approach as disclosed herein allows for the use of lower packing density level materials. It will be appreciated that the treated region 304 is essentially an in situ can that likely does not require the use of a can described herein, as is a typical practice in the art. Finally, since no can is required, machining the target object 308 after densification to remove the excess material (caused by the interaction between the object and the can) is unnecessary, thereby saving time and reducing yield loss. Further cost savings are realized when it is considered that rather than replacing well-known processes with new processes to create densified target objects, the disclosure herein teaches an approach that is supplemental to existing powder metallurgy processes such as HIP or PIF.

(55) In one embodiment, treating the porous object 300 includes utilizing a material fusion process. In order to effectuate treatment of the outer surface region 302, a penetration of the fusion process is limited to a certain depth such that only the outer surface region 302 is treated. Such material fusion processes may include, but are not limited to, microwave, laser melting, electron beam (EB) melting, TIG melting, infrared heating, and other weld-overlay type processes involving a rastered scan of the surface that produce overlapping fusion zones and a high quality surface layer. The local fusion layer may also be formed by processes including, but not limited to, transient liquid phase sintering and induction melting.

(56) In another embodiment, treating the porous object 300 involves solid state processing by sintering and diffusion in the outer surface region 302. Such processes include, but are not limited to, microwave sintering, induction sintering, and controlled laser sintering. In yet another embodiment, treating the porous object 300 includes formation of a local fusion layer at the outer surface region 302.

(57) In yet another embodiment, treating the porous object 300 includes selectively mechanically and plastically deforming the outer surface region 302. The deformation may be accomplished by processes including, but not limited to peening, burnishing, cold extrusion, warm extrusion, or other deformation processes whereby the outer surface portion 302 is deformed such that the density level thereof is at least about 95%.

(58) In yet another embodiment, treating the porous object 300 includes coating the outer surface region 302 with a coating layer. Preferably, the coating layer is non-reactive with the materials from which the porous object 300 is made. Such a non-reactive material may include glass or aluminum. Alternatively, a material that reacts with the surface to form a stable coating layer that is capable of transferring a load at temperatures of approximately of the melting temperature of the material from which the porous object is made or higher when it diffuses into or with the base material, may be used. The coating layer may coat the entire outer surface region 302 or, alternatively, only a portion thereof.

(59) In yet another embodiment, treating the porous object 300 includes cladding-type processes. Such cladding-type processes include, but are not limited to, laser cladding, TIG overlay, braze foil cladding, cold spray, metal paint, etc. Optionally, once the cladding-type process takes place, the outer surface region 302 may be optionally thermally treated to diffuse together the powder metallurgy product with the cladding-type materials in a controlled fashion in order to form an alternative coating layer. In another embodiment, referring to FIG. 18, treating a porous object 400, and specifically, treating a surface region 401 includes encapsulating the porous object 400 in a bag 402, made out of rubber, silicone, elastomer, or other similar material. The porous object 400 and the bag 402 are evacuated whereby they are subjected to a vacuum process. The porous object 400 and the bag 402 are then heated to an elevated temperature for a period of time such that the bag 402 and the outer surface region 401 of the porous object 400 reach the elevated temperature, but the inner portion 403 of the porous object 400 is at a temperature below the elevated temperature (i.e., at room temperature). In one embodiment, the elevated temperature is between approximately 600 F. and approximately 700 F. Once the porous object 400 is heated as just described, the heated porous object 400 is subjected to a PIF process. Because the flow stress of the heated surface region 401 is lower than the flow stress of the cooler inner portion, the PIF process results in only densification of the surface region 401. Similar to other embodiments, after the outer surface region 401 is treated, a shell 404 is formed. The density of the shell 404 is at least approximately 95% such that the shell 404 provides a hermetic seal for the inner, untreated region 406, which has a density of at least approximately 30%. As before, there may be a density gradient between the treated region (shell 404) and the untreated inner region 406. Once the outer surface region 401 is treated, such that a shell 404 is formed, essentially forming an in situ can, the object 400 may be densified according to processes such as HIP, PIF, or other processes. For example, in a PIF process, the object 400 may be heated up to an elevated temperature which is a function of the melting point of the material(s) of which the object is composed. The object 400 is then removed from the source of heat and subjected to pressure between approximately 5,000 psi and 60,000 psi to densify the porous object 400 to a density of at least approximately 95%, and preferably 100% density, such that a target object 408 is formed.

(60) In any of the embodiments described herein, HIP processing may be performed at pressures in the range of up to about 45 ksi and at temperatures above about one half of the melting temperature but below the solidus of the material being subjected to HIP. Other material-specific considerations may also further limit the range of HIP temperatures used and therefore the HIP processing is not limited to the pressures and temperatures described herein. PIF conditions may be in the range of about 10 ksi to up to about 60 ksi pressure and preheat temperatures above about one half of the melting temperature but below the solidus of the material being subjected to the PIF process. Similar material-specific considerations may also further limit the range of PIF temperatures used and therefore the pressures and preheat temperatures described herein with respect to PIF are not meant to be limiting.

(61) The disclosure described herein may be used in combination with other processing techniques including those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,737,017, 7,329,381, and 7,897,103, which are incorporated herein by reference, in their entireties. The disclosure as described herein is particularly useful for the consolidation of high quality titanium alloy materials but is also applicable to other material systems including Al, Fe, Ni, Co, Mg, and other combinations of materials. The process as disclosed herein, which essentially creates a seal on the outer surface region 302 of a porous object 300, (also referred to herein as a precompacted shape) of loose powder material (elemental, blended elemental that may contain master alloy, or alloy) that maintains its own shape on all sides without the use of a container such as a can. The precompacted shape may be any shape including a cylinder, rectangular prism, hexagonal cylinder, or other three-dimensional shape that is appropriate for downstream consolidation and use. The process can be applied to mill products (bars, billets, plate, sheets, tube, pipe, etc.) that can be further processed into components or to net or near net shape components directly. Components of interest include turbine engine parts such as disks, rings, blisks, shafts, blades, vanes, cases, tubes, and other components; automotive components including engine and body parts; industrial components; biomedical articles; sporting goods; and other applications. These embodiments of the invention, however, are not limited to specific applications.

(62) In each of the embodiments, the shell may be selected to be either thin or thick, have an abrupt interface with the material internal to the shell or have a graded density interface, may be made from the same material as the powder being consolidated or made from a differing material, the shell may be maintained in the final industrial part or may be removed by conventional machining or other dissolution or etching processes. Furthermore, the shell may contain an integral duct which can be used to evacuate the internal cavity of the initial object and then sealed off prior to densification processing in order to enable removal of undesirable gaseous species from the internal portions of the bulk material prior to densification. Additionally densified articles produced by this method can be net shape, near net shape, or may require significant additional processing by forging, machining and/or other processing routes prior to use. Preferably the article is formed of a metallic material and more preferably of a metallic alloy material but the scope of this disclosure is not so limited.

(63) While the technology has been described with reference to exemplary embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope of the claimed inventions. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the disclosure without departing from the scope of the claimed invention. Therefore, it is intended that the claimed inventions not be limited to the particular embodiments disclosed, but that the claimed inventions include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims.

(64) It is to be understood that not necessarily all such objects or advantages described above may be achieved in accordance with any particular embodiment. Thus, for example, those skilled in the art will recognize that the systems and techniques described herein may be embodied or carried out in a manner that achieves or optimizes one advantage or group of advantages as taught herein without necessarily achieving other objects or advantages as may be taught or suggested herein.