INFLAMMATORY DISEASE DIAGNOSIS AND METHODS OF TREATMENT USING LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE-RESPONSIVE BEIGE-LIKE ANCHOR
20180002413 · 2018-01-04
Assignee
Inventors
Cpc classification
C07K14/4713
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
A61K45/06
HUMAN NECESSITIES
C12N15/113
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
A61K31/713
HUMAN NECESSITIES
C07K2317/76
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
A61K31/7105
HUMAN NECESSITIES
A61K2300/00
HUMAN NECESSITIES
A61K2300/00
HUMAN NECESSITIES
A61P37/06
HUMAN NECESSITIES
C12N2330/50
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
International classification
C12N15/113
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
Abstract
Anti-cytokine therapy has revolutionized immunological disease treatment, but is not always effective and subject to treatment resistance as the cytokine cascade is highly redundant and multiple cytokines are involved in inflammation. Targeting a critical common regulator of inflammatory effectors is desirable. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-responsive beige-like anchor (LRBA) is a master regulator of multiple genes important for inflammation. Subcellular localization shows that LRBA translocated to the nucleus upon LPS stimulation and colocalized with multiple proteins associated with the endosome membrane system, indicating a critical role in membrane/vesicle trafficking essential for deposition, secretion and signal transduction of immune effectors. Deregulation, deficiency, down-regulation and overexpression of LRBA causes defective trafficking and signaling of immune effector molecules, resulting in immunodeficiency and autoimmunity diseases associated with a broader spectrum of severe symptoms when compared to other CVID genes. Modulating LRBA through antibodies, dominant negative mutants, or small interference RNA can be used to treat inflammatory diseases.
Claims
1. A method of treating a disease based on LRBA upregulation, comprising: determining the cause of the disease based on LRBA upregulation, wherein the cause is up-regulation of LRBA; treating the disease based on LRBA upregulation, wherein the treatment is: down-regulating LRBA in the immune-based disease having LRBA up-regulation, further comprising: administering a composition further comprising a dominant-negative LRBA composition, an anti-LRBA antibody, an anti-LRBA siRNA, an anti-LRBA shRNA, miRNA 150, miRNA 181, or a combination thereof; wherein the disease based on LRBA upregulation is an inflammatory disease, connective tissue disease, cancer.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the dominant-negative LRBA composition is directed to LRBA-VHSLIR1 or LRBA-VHS.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the dominant-negative LRBA composition targets the DNA shown in Seq ID No. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 11.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the dominant-negative LRBA composition is shown in SEQ ID No. 12, 13, or 14.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein the dominant-negative LRBA composition is shown in Seq ID No. 12, or 14.
6. The method of claim 5, wherein the dominant negative was inserted into a plasmid construct.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein a vector for the plasmid construct is pEGFP-C3 or pEGFP-N1.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the anti-LRBA shRNA targets the DNA shown in Seq ID No. 15.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein the anti-LRBA siRNA is is shown in Seq ID No. 43, 44, or a combination thereof.
10. The method of claim 8, wherein the anti-LRBA siRNA is inserted into a plasmid construct.
11. The method of claim 10, wherein a vector for the plasmid construct is pLAsiGFP or PhmsiGFP.
12. The method of claim 1, wherein the disease based on LRBA upregulation is an inflammatory disease is osteoarthritis arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, systemic lupus erythematous, ankylosing spondylitis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, irritable bowel syndrome; asthma, rhinitis, atopic eczema, sepsis, Alzheimer's, atherosclerosis and various kinds of dermatitis, diverticulitis, fibromyalgia, hepatitis nephritis, Parkinson's disease, chronic inflammatory disease, or infectious disease, or a combination thereof.
13. The method of claim 1, wherein the cancer is adrenal cancer, anal cancer, bile duct cancer, bladder cancer, bone cancer, brain/CNS tumors in adults, brain/CNS tumors in children, breast cancer in men, cancer in adolescents, cancer in children, cancer in adults, cancer of unknown primary, colon/rectal cancer, endometrial cancer, esophageal cancer, Ewing family of tumors, eye cancer, gallbladder cancer, gastric cancer, gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, leukemia, cervical cancer, Kaposi sarcoma, renal cancer, laryngeal cancer, hypopharyngeal cancer, acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, epidermal carcimona, renal cancer, pancreatic cancer, colorectal cancer, lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, small cell lung cancer, lung carcinoid tumor, lymphoma, lymphoma of the skin, malignant mesothelioma, multiple myeloma, non-hodgkin lymphoma, gestational trophoblastic disease, Hodgkin Disease, Myelodysplastic syndrome, oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer, osteosarcoma, ovarian cancer, penile cancer, pituitary tumors, prostate cancer, retinoblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, salivary gland cancer, nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer, neuroblastoma, melanoma, basal and squamous cell skin cancer, Merkel cell skin cancer, small intestine cancer, stomach cancer, testicular cancer, thymus cancer, thyroid cancer, uterine sarcoma, vaginal cancer, vulvar cancer, waldenstrom macroglobulinemia, wilms tumor
14. The method of claim 1, wherein the disease based on LRBA upregulation is an inflammatory disease is amyloid lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, non-Alzheimer's disease dementia; arthritis, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis, diabetes, end stage renal disease, heart disease, obesity, or a combination thereof.
15. A method of treating a disease based on LRBA upregulation, comprising: determining the cause of the disease based on LRBA upregulation, wherein the cause is up-regulation of LRBA; treating the disease based on LRBA upregulation, wherein the treatment is: administering a composition further comprising a dominant-negative LRBA composition, an anti-LRBA antibody, an anti-LRBA siRNA, an anti-LRBA shRNA, miRNA 150, miRNA 181, or a combination thereof; wherein the dominant-negative LRBA composition targets the DNA shown in Seq ID No. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 11; wherein the anti-LRBA shRNA targets the sequence shown in Seq ID No. 15; and wherein the disease based on LRBA upregulation is an inflammatory disease, connective tissue disease, cancer.
16. The method of claim 15, wherein the dominant-negative LRBA composition is shown in SEQ ID No. 12, 13, or 14.
17. The method of claim 16, wherein the dominant-negative LRBA composition is shown in Seq ID No. 12, or 14.
18. The method of claim 8, wherein the anti-LRBA siRNA is is shown in Seq ID No. 43, 44, or a combination thereof.
19. The method of claim 1, wherein the disease based on LRBA upregulation is an inflammatory disease is osteoarthritis arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, systemic lupus erythematous, ankylosing spondylitis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, irritable bowel syndrome; asthma, rhinitis, atopic eczema, sepsis, Alzheimer's, atherosclerosis and various kinds of dermatitis, diverticulitis, fibromyalgia, hepatitis nephritis, Parkinson's disease, chronic inflammatory disease, or infectious disease, or a combination thereof.
20. The method of claim 1, wherein the cancer is adrenal cancer, anal cancer, bile duct cancer, bladder cancer, bone cancer, brain/CNS tumors in adults, brain/CNS tumors in children, breast cancer in men, cancer in adolescents, cancer in children, cancer in adults, cancer of unknown primary, colon/rectal cancer, endometrial cancer, esophageal cancer, Ewing family of tumors, eye cancer, gallbladder cancer, gastric cancer, gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, leukemia, cervical cancer, Kaposi sarcoma, renal cancer, laryngeal cancer, hypopharyngeal cancer, acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, epidermal carcimona, renal cancer, pancreatic cancer, colorectal cancer, lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, small cell lung cancer, lung carcinoid tumor, lymphoma, lymphoma of the skin, malignant mesothelioma, multiple myeloma, non-hodgkin lymphoma, gestational trophoblastic disease, Hodgkin Disease, Myelodysplastic syndrome, oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer, osteosarcoma, ovarian cancer, penile cancer, pituitary tumors, prostate cancer, retinoblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, salivary gland cancer, nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer, neuroblastoma, melanoma, basal and squamous cell skin cancer, Merkel cell skin cancer, small intestine cancer, stomach cancer, testicular cancer, thymus cancer, thyroid cancer, uterine sarcoma, vaginal cancer, vulvar cancer, waldenstrom macroglobulinemia, wilms tumor
Description
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0028] For a fuller understanding of the invention, reference should be made to the following detailed description, taken in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which:
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TABLE-US-00002 Hsa Human Homo sapiens Ptr Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes Mnnl Rhesus Macaca mulatta Oga Bushbaby Otolemur garnetti Tbe Treeshrew Tupaia belangeri Mnnu Mouse Mus musculus Rno Rat Rattus norvegicus Cpo Guinea pig Cavia porcellus Ocu Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus Sar Shrew Sorex araneus Eeu Hedgehog Erinaceus europaeus Cfa Dog Canis fanniliaris Fca Cat Felis catus Eca Horse Equus caballus Bta Cow Bos taurus Dno Armadillo Dasypus novenncinctus Laf Elephant Loxodonta africana Ete Tenrec Echinops telfairi Mdo Opossum Monodelphis donnestica Oan Platypus Ornithorhynchus anatinus Aca Lizard Anolis carolinensis Gga Chicken Gallus gallus Xtr Frog Xenopus tropicalis
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DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
[0112] LRBA and its paralogues are proposed to be involved in vesicle trafficking (Shamloula, et al., rugose (rg), a Drosophila A kinase Anchor Protein, Is Required for Retinal Pattern Formation and Interacts Genetically With Multiple Signaling Pathways. 2002. Genetics 161, 693-710; Montfort, et al., FAN stimulates TNF(alpha)-induced gene expression, leukocyte recruitment, and humoral response. 2009. J Immunol 183, 5369-78) in immune cells. This finding permits use of LRBA for diagnostics, such as biomarkers, and as a treatment methodology.
[0113] As used herein, “treat”, “treatment”, “treating”, and the like refer to acting upon a condition, such as autoimmune disease or immunotolerance, with an agent, like anti-LRBA antibodies or LRBA protein, depending on the desired effect, to affect the condition by improving or altering it. The improvement or alteration may include an improvement in symptoms or an alteration in the physiologic pathways associated with the condition. “Treatment,” as used herein, covers one or more treatments of a condition in a host (e.g., a mammal, typically a human or non-human animal of veterinary interest), and includes: (a) reducing the risk of occurrence of the condition in a subject determined to be predisposed to the condition but not yet diagnosed, (b) impeding the development of the condition, and/or (c) relieving the condition, e.g., causing regression of the condition and/or relieving one or more condition symptoms (e.g., reduce inflammation).
[0114] As used herein, the terms “prophylactically treat” or “prophylactically treating” refers completely or partially preventing (e.g., about 50% or more, about 60% or more, about 70% or more, about 80% or more, about 90% or more, about 95% or more, or about 99% or more) a condition or symptom thereof and/or may be therapeutic in terms of a partial or complete cure or alleviation for a condition and/or adverse effect attributable to the condition.
[0115] A “pharmaceutically acceptable excipient,” “pharmaceutically acceptable diluent,” “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier,” or “pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant” means an excipient, diluent, carrier, and/or adjuvant that are useful in preparing a pharmaceutical composition that are generally safe, non-toxic and neither biologically nor otherwise undesirable, and include an excipient, diluent, carrier, and adjuvant that are acceptable for veterinary use and/or human pharmaceutical use. “A pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, diluent, carrier and/or adjuvant” as used in the specification and claims includes one or more such excipients, diluents, carriers, and adjuvants.
[0116] The term “therapeutically effective amount” as used herein describes concentrations or amounts of components such as antibodies or other agents which are effective for producing an intended result, including preventing further autoimmune disease or immunotolerance, or treating an autoimmune disease, such as rheumatoid arthritis and asthma, or immunotolerance, such as cancer. Compositions according to the present invention may be used to effect a favorable change on immune cells, whether that change is an improvement, such as stopping or reversing the immune disease, or relieving to some extent one or more of the symptoms of the condition being treated, and/or that amount that will prevent, to some extent, one or more of the symptoms of the condition that the host being treated has or is at risk of developing, or a complete cure of the disease or condition treated.
[0117] The term “administration” refers to introducing an agent of the present disclosure into a patient. One preferred route of administration of the agent is oral administration. Another preferred route is intravenous administration. However, any route of administration, such as topical, subcutaneous, peritoneal, intraarterial, inhalation, vaginal, rectal, nasal, introduction into the cerebrospinal fluid, or instillation into body compartments can be used.
[0118] As used herein, the term “subject,” “patient,” or “organism” includes humans and mammals (e.g., mice, rats, pigs, cats, dogs, and horses). Typical patients to which an agent(s) of the present disclosure may be administered will be mammals, particularly primates, especially humans For veterinary applications, a wide variety of subjects will be suitable, e.g., livestock such as cattle, sheep, goats, cows, swine, and the like; poultry such as chickens, ducks, geese, turkeys, and the like; and domesticated animals particularly pets such as dogs and cats. For diagnostic or research applications, a wide variety of mammals will be suitable subjects, including rodents (e.g., mice, rats, hamsters), rabbits, primates, and swine such as inbred pigs and the like.
[0119] Reagents: Monoclonal antibodies against the following proteins were purchased from BD Biosciences (San Jose, Calif., USA): Annexin II, BiP/GRP78, b-Catenin, Caveolin 1, Connexin-43, EEA1, GM130, CD49b (Integrin a2), Lamp-1, MAP2B, Bcl-2, Nucleoporin p62, Paxillin, ZO-1 (Organelle Sampler Kit, 612740, BD Pharmingen™); AKAP79, AKAP95, AKAP149, AKAP220, AKAP-KL, MAP2B, PKAC, PKARI, PKARIa, PKARIIa, PKARIIb (PKA Sampler Kit, 611420 BD Transduction Laboratories™); GM130, Golgin-84, GS15, GS27, GS28, p115, p230 trans Golgi, Rab8, Syntaxin 6, Vti1a, Vti1b (Golgi Sampler Kit, 611434, BD Transduction Laboratories™) and Adaptin a, Adaptin b, Adaptin g, Adaptin d, Amphiphysin, AP180, Clathrin Heavy Chain, EEA1, eps15, b-NAP, Rab4 (Coated Vesicle Sampler Kit, 611424, BD Transduction Laboratories™). The LRBA Prestige antibodies (NBP1-90764) were purchased from Novus Biologicals (Littleton, Colo., USA). The Alexa Fluor Conjugated secondary antibodies: anti-mouse IgG-Alexa Fluor® 555, and anti-rabbit IgG-Alexa Fluor® 488 were purchased from Life Technologies (Grand Island, N.Y., USA).
[0120] Statistical Analysis
[0121] Each experiment is repeated at least three times independently, and each sample assayed in at least triplicate wells or plates to provide statistically meaningful data, and to avoid false data introduced by errors during each experiment. The statistical significance of the experimental results are calculated by using a two tailed unpaired T-test at 95% confidence intervals. P<0.05 will be considered to be statistically significant.
Example 1
[0122] Human and mouse LRBA genes were cloned and sequenced (Wang, et al., Deregulated expression of LRBA facilitates cancer cell growth. 2004. Oncogene 23, 4089-97; Barrat, et al., Defective CTLA-4 cycling pathway in Chediak-Higashi syndrome: a possible mechanism for deregulation of T lymphocyte activation. 1999. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96, 8645-50), contributing seven LRBA sequences to GenBank, as seen in NM006726, AF216648, AF188507, AF188506, AF187731, AF188505, AF188504.
[0123] LRBA (Seq ID No. 1) is composed of multiple domains, as seen in
TABLE-US-00003 Human LRBA protein sequence (Seq ID No. 1): MASEDNRVPSPPPTGDDGGGGGREETPTEGGALSLKPGLPIRGIRMKFAV LTGLVEVGEVSNRDIVETVFNLLVGGQFDLEMNFIIQEGESINCMVDLLE KCDITCQAEVWSMFTAILKKSIRNLQVCTEVGLVEKVLGKIEKVDNMIAD LLVDMLGVLASYNLTVRELKLFFSKLQGDKGRWPPHAGKLLSVLKHMPQK YGPDAFFNFPGKSAAAIALPPIAKWPYQNGFTFHTWLRMDPVNNINVDKD KPYLYCFRTSKGLGYSAHFVGGCLIVTSIKSKGKGFQHCVKFDFKPQKWY MVTIVHIYNRWKNSELRCYVNGELASYGEITWFVNTSDTFDKCFLGSSET ADANRVFCGQMTAVYLFSEALNAAQIFAIYQLGLGYKGTFKFKAESDLFL AEHHKLLLYDGKLSSAIAFTYNPRATDAQLCLESSPKDNPSIFVHSPHAL MLQDVKAVLTHSIQSAMHSIGGVQVLFPLFAQLDYRQYLSDEIDLTICST LLAFIMELLKNSIAMQEQMLACKGFLVIGYSLEKSSKSHVSRAVLELCLA FSKYLSNLQNGMPLLKQLCDHVLLNPAIWIHTPAKVQLMLYTYLSTEFIG TVNIYNTIRRVGTVLLIMHTLKYYYWAVNPQDRSGITPKGLDGPRPNQKE MLSLRAFLLMFIKQLVMKDSGVKEDELQAILNYLLTMHEDDNLMDVLQLL VALMSEHPNSMIPAFDQRNGLRVIYKLLASKSEGIRVQALKAMGYFLKHL APKRKAEVMLGHGLFSLLAERLMLQTNLITMTTYNVLFEILIEQIGTQVI HKQHPDPDSSVKIQNPQILKVIATLLRNSPQCPESMEVRRAFLSDMIKLF NNSRENRRSLLQCSVWQEWMLSLCYFNPKNSDEQKITEMVYAIFRILLYH AVKYEWGGWRVWVDTLSITHSKVTFEIHKENLANIFREQQGKVDEEIGLC SSTSVQAASGIRRDINVSVGSQQPDTKDSPVCPHFTTNGNENSSIEKTSS LESASNIELQTTNTSYEEMKAEQENQELPDEGTLEETLTNETRNADDLEV SSDIIEAVAISSNSFITTGKDSMTVSEVTASISSPSEEDASEMPEFLDKS IVEEEEDDDYVELKVEGSPTEEANLPTELQDNSLSPAASEAGEKLDMFGN DDKLIFQEGKPVTEKQTDTETQDSKDSGIQTMTASGSSAMSPETTVSQIA VESDLGQMLEEGKKATNLTRETKLINDCHGSVSEASSEQKIAKLDVSNVA TDTERLELKASPNVEAPQPHRHVLEISRQHEQPGQGIAPDAVNGQRRDSR STVFRIPEFNWSQMHQRLLTDLLFSIETDIQMWRSHSTKTVMDFVNSSDN VIFVHNTIHLISQVMDNMVMACGGILPLLSAATSATHELENIEPTQGLSI EASVTFLQRLISLVDVLIFASSLGFTEIEAEKSMSSGGILRQCLRLVCAV AVRNCLECQQHSQLKTRGDKALKPMHSLIPLGKSAAKSPVDIVTGGISPV RDLDRLLQDMDINRLRAVVFRDIEDSKQAQFLALAVVYFISVLMVSKYRD ILEPQNERHSQSCTETGSENENVSLSEITPAAFSTLTTASVEESESTSSA RRRDSGIGEETATGLGSHVEVTPHTAPPGVSAGPDAISEVLSTLSLEVNK SPETKNDRGNDLDTKATPSVSVSKNVNVKDILRSLVNIPADGVTVDPALL PPACLGALGDLSVEQPVQFRSFDRSVIVAAKKSAVSPSTFNTSIPTNAVS VVSSVDSAQASDMGGESPGSRSSNAKLPSVPTVDSVSQDPVSNMSITERL EHALEKAAPLLREIFVDFAPFLSRTLLGSHGQELLIEGTSLVCMKSSSSV VELVMLLCSQEWQNSIQKNAGLAFIELVNEGRLLSQTMKDHLVRVANEAE FILSRQRAEDIHRHAEFESLCAQYSADKREDEKMCDHLIRAAKYRDHVTA TQLIQKIINILTDKHGAWGNSAVSRPLEFWRLDYWEDDLRRRRRFVRNPL GSTHPEATLKTAVEHVCIFKLRENSKATDEDILAKGKQSIRSQALGNQNS ENEILLEGDDDTLSSVDEKDLENLAGPVSLSTPAQLVAPSVVVKGTLSVT SSELYFEVDEEDPNFKKIDPKILAYTEGLHGKWLFTEIRSIFSRRYLLQN TALEIFMANRVAVMFNFPDPATVKKVVNYLPRVGVGTSFGLPQTRRISLA SPRQLFKASNMTQRWQHREISNFEYLMFLNTIAGRSYNDLNQYPVFPWVI TNYESEELDLTLPTNFRDLSKPIGALNPKRAAFFAERYESWEDDQVPKFH YGTHYSTASFVLAWLLRIEPFTTYFLNLQGGICPDHADRTFSSISRAWRN SQRDTSDIKELIPEFYYLPEMFVNFNNYNLGVMDDGTVVSDVELPPWAKT SEEFVHINRLALESEFVSCQLHQWIDLIFGYKQQGPEAVRALNVFYYLTY EGAVNLNSITDPVLREAVEAQIRSFGQTPSQLLIEPHPPRGSAMQVSPLM FTDKAQQDVIMVLKFPSNSPVTHVAANTQPGLATPAVITVTANRLFAVNK WHNLPAHQGAVQDQPYQLPVEIDPLIASNTGMHRRQITDLLDQSIQVHSQ CFVITSDNRYILVCGFWDKSFRVYSTDTGRLIQVVFGHWDVVTCLARSES YIGGNCYILSGSRDATLLLWYWNGKCSGIGDNPGSETAAPRAILTGHDYE VTCAAVCAELGLVLSGSQEGPCLIHSMNGDLLRTLEGPENCLKPKLIQAS REGHCVIFYENGLFCTFSVNGKLQATMETDDNIRAIQLSRDGQYLLTGGD RGVVVVRQVSDLKQLFAYPGCDAGIRAMALSYDQRCIISGMASGSIVLFY NDFNRWHHEYQTRY
[0124] The ConA-like lectin domain was proposed to bind oligosaccharide associated with protein traffic and sorting, especially in relation with the vesicle fusion machinery (Burgess, et al., A concanavalin A-like lectin domain in the CHS1/LYST protein, shared by members of the BEACH family 2009. Bioinformatics 25: 1219-1222). The ConA domain was predicted in LRBA and other four LRBA paralogues (Burgess, et al., A concanavalin A-like lectin domain in the CHS1/LYST protein, shared by members of the BEACH family 2009. Bioinformatics 25, 1219-2).
[0125] The VHS domain is considered to have a general membrane targeting/cargo recognition role in vesicular trafficking by binding sorting receptors that move and transfer cargo between the trans-Golgi network and the endosomal compartment (Lohi, et al., VHS domain—a longshoreman of vesicle lines. 2002. FEBS letters 513: 19-23; Misra, et al., Structure of the VHS domain of human Tom1 (target of myb 1): insights into interactions with proteins and membranes. 2000. Biochemistry 39, 11282-90). LRBA contains two potential RII binding sites for anchoring PKA through the RII subunits (Wang, et al., Identification of a novel lipopolysaccharide-inducible gene with key features of both A kinase anchor proteins and chs1/beige proteins. 2001. J Immunol 166, 4586-95; Hou, et al., Prediction of peptides binding to the PKA RIIalpha subunit using a hierarchical strategy. 2011. Bioinformatics 27, 1814-21).
[0126] The WBW super-domain at the C-terminal is composed of a WDL and BEACH domain and five WD40 repeats. This same super-domain C-terminal architecture is shared by various large proteins which define the WBW family. The WDL is structurally similar to the pleckstrin homology (PH) domain and strongly interacts with the BEACH domains. The interface between WDL and BEACH two domains form a prominent groove which may be used to recruit binding partners (Gebauer, et al., Crystal structure of the PH-BEACH domains of human LRBA/BGL. 2004. Biochemistry 43, 14873-14880; Jogl, et al., Crystal structure of the BEACH domain reveals an unusual fold and extensive association with a novel PH domain. 2002. Embo Journal 21, 4785-4795). LRBA GFP fusion protein is associated with vesicles, suggesting that BEACH and/or WD40 domains are involved in vesicle-binding or can form a dimer with LRBA or other proteins including WBW proteins (Wang, et al., Identification of a novel lipopolysaccharide-inducible gene with key features of both A kinase anchor proteins and chs1/beige proteins. 2001. J Immunol 166, 4586-95).
[0127] LRBA also contains a microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) interaction region LC3 interaction region (LIR), which is shared in both human and murine LRBA. The LIR consensus sequence is [DE]-[DE]-[DE]-[WFY]-X-X-[LIV] (Birgisdottir, et al., The LIR motif—crucial for selective autophagy. 2013. J Cell Sci 126, 3237-47; Seq ID No. 2). The DDDYVEL (Seq ID No. 3) sequence from LRBA has high homology with LIR from TP53INP1 (similarity is 92%) and TP53INP249, as seen in Table 2.
TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 2 The potential LIR of LRBA has high homology with two known LIR motifs Seq ID No. Gene LIR sequence Length 4 LIR-TP53INP1 EKEDDEWILVDFI 13 2 LIR-LRBA EEEDDDYVELKVE 13 5 LIR-TP53INP2 EDEVGDWLIIDLP 13 homology *.* .: :: :..
[0128] Three dimensional structure remodeling (YASARA v12.7.16) shows that the LIR forms a complex with LC3 which is more stable than with p62, a known LC3 binding protein, as seen in
[0129] Interestingly, mutated LRBA proteins cannot be detected in LRBA deficient patients by Western blot (Lopez-Herrera, et al., Deleterious Mutations in LRBA Are Associated with a Syndrome of Immune Deficiency and Autoimmunity. 2012. Am J Hum Genet 90, 986-1001; Burns, et al., LRBA gene deletion in a patient presenting with autoimmunity without hypogammaglobulinemia. J Allergy Clin Immunol 130, 1428-32 (2012). Alangari, A. et al., LPS-responsive beige-like anchor (LRBA) gene mutation in a family with inflammatory bowel disease and combined immunodeficiency. 2012. J Allergy Clin Immunol 130, 481-8 e2).
[0130] It was previously suggested that LRBA is involved in vesicle trafficking for polarized secretion and/or membrane deposition of immune effector molecules, as seen by LRBA's subcellular localizations obtained by over-expressing a part of Lrba (the BEACH-WD40 super-domain) fused with the EGFP gene (BWGFP). The BWGFP fusion protein was colocalized with the vesicular system, including the Golgi complex, lysosomes, ER, plasma membrane, and perinuclear ER demonstrated by GFP fluorescence confocal microscopy and Immunoelectron microscopy. (Wang, et al., Identification of a novel lipopolysaccharide-inducible gene with key features of both A kinase anchor proteins and chs1/beige proteins. 2001. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md: 1950) 166, 4586-4595) However, as the BWGFP fusion protein can interfere with the function of the endogenous LRBA, (Wang, J. W., Gamsby, J. J., Highfill, S. L., Mora, L. B., Bloom, G. C., Yeatman, T. J., Pan, T. C., Ramne, A. L., Chodosh, L. A., Cress, W. D., et al. (2004). Deregulated expression of LRBA facilitates cancer cell growth. Oncogene 23, 4089-4097) and GFP tag also interferes with protein function, (Yewdell, J. W., Lacsina, J. R., Rechsteiner, M. C., and Nicchitta, C. V. (2011). Out with the old, in with the new? Comparing methods for measuring protein degradation. Cell biology international 35, 457-462) and only a part of LRBA gene is used for the colocalization study. Moreover, the organelle-specific antibodies were not used in the previous study. (Wang, J. W., Howson, J., Haller, E., and Kerr, W. G. (2001). Identification of a novel lipopolysaccharide-inducible gene with key features of both A kinase anchor proteins and chs1/beige proteins. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md.: 1950) 166, 4586-4595). The LysoTracker Red used in the previous study can be photo-converted to a green fluorescent molecule. (Freundt, E. C., Czapiga, M., and Lenardo, M. J. (2007). Photoconversion of Lysotracker Red to a green fluorescent molecule. Cell research 17, 956-958). Therefore, it is still not clear whether the subcellular localization of the fusion protein is the same as that of the endogenous LRBA protein.
[0131] Subcellular LRBA colocalization was analyzed against known organelle proteins using immunofluorescence staining and confocal microscopy to better understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which LRBA functions in the cell.
[0132] RAW264.7, A549, and HEK293 cell lines (American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, Va., USA) at concentration of 5×10.sup.6/ml were plated on glass coverslips in Dulbecco's modified minimum essential medium (D-MEM) supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (Gemini Bio-Products, West Sacramento, Calif.), penicillin and streptomycin, according to ATCC instructions in Dulbecco's modified minimum essential medium (DMEM) or RPMI1640 supplemented with 10% FBS and penicillin-streptomycin (5,000 IU/ml penicillin and 5,000 μg/ml streptomycin). BMMs were obtained by the protocol described by Weischenfeldt, et al. (Weischenfeldt & Porse, Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages (BMM): Isolation and Applications. 2008. CSH Protoc 2008, pdb prot5080). Bone marrow cells were obtained by flushing the femurs and tibias from 8-12-week-old C57BL/6 wild type mice and LRBA.sup.−/− mice, and the bone marrow cells plated in 10-cm bacteriological plastic plates at 2×10.sup.6 cells/mL with 10% FCS in RPMI 1640 supplemented with 100 ng/ml of recombinant murine M-CSF. On day 7, BMMs were plated at 1×10.sup.5 cells/ml in 24-well plates and cultured with or without 100 ng/ml of LPS for 7 h (Nagai, et al., Essential role of MD-2 in LPS responsiveness and TLR4 distribution. 2002. Nat Immunol 3, 667-72).
[0133] After 24 h of stimulation, cells were fixed, permeabilized, and stained following the immuno-fluorescence staining protocol from the Human Protein Atlas Project (Sigma). Briefly, growth medium was removed and the cells were washed in 1×PBS, the cells were fixed for 15 minutes in ice cold 4% paraformaldehyde pH 7.2-7.3 in growth medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). The cells were permeabilized 3 times for 5 minutes each with 0.1% TRITON® X-100 in PBS. The cells were washed with 1×PBS and incubated overnight at 4° C. with the primary antibodies, disclosed above, in 1×PBS supplemented with 4% FBS. The following day the cells were washed 4 times for 10 minutes each with 1×PBS and incubated for 1.5 hours at room temperature with the secondary antibodies in 1×PBS supplemented with 4% FBS. The cells were counterstained for 4 minutes with the nuclear stain DAPI (0.6 μM in 1×PBS). The cells were washed 4 times for 10 minutes with 1×PBS and then mounted in glycerol+10% 10×PBS. The LRBA antibodies and three Golgi protein primary antibodies were used at 1:500 (volume to volume dilution). The anti-mouse IgG-Alexa Fluor® 555, and anti-rabbit IgG-Alexa Fluor® 488 secondary antibodies were used at 1:400. The confocal imaging was acquired with an Olympus FV1000 MPE multiphoton laser scanning microscope using 60× objective (U Plan APO 1.42 N.A. oil) and sequential scanning with 0.5 μm per slice. Colocalization analysis for dual stained samples was carried out using JACop and FV10-ASW software.
[0134] Colocalization analysis for dual stained samples was carried out using JACop and FV10-ASW software. JACoP (Just Another Colocalization Plugin) integrates current global statistic methods and a novel object-based approach (Bolte, et al., A guided tour into subcellular colocalization analysis in light microscopy. 2006. Journal of microscopy 224: 213-232). All of the following features were used: Calculating a set of commonly used co-localization indicators: Pearson's coefficient, Overlap coefficient, k1 & k2 coefficients, Manders' coefficient, Cytofluorogram for generating commonly used visualizations, Costes' automatic threshold, Costes' randomization, Li's intensity correlation coefficient, and two objects based methods: distances between centers and center-particle coincidence. The calculated P-value of 100% based on the Costes' randomization colocalization in the JACoP suggests that colocalization in the regions masked in white is highly probable (Bolte, et al., A guided tour into subcellular colocalization analysis in light microscopy. 2006. Journal of microscopy 224: 213-232).
[0135] LRBA is mainly localized to the GC, as demonstrated by the co-localization of LRBA with three Golgi proteins; two golgins (GM-130 and P-230) and another GC protein (GS-28), as seen in
[0136] Immunofluorescent confocal microscopy indicated endogenous LRBA colocalized with Golgi proteins (GM-130, P-230, and GS-28) and with EEA1, an early endosome marker. The overlap between LRBA and GM-130 is 62% in one million cells, seen in
[0137] The immunofluorescence confocal microscopy results show that LRBA also colocalized with EEA1, Clathrin, Rab4 and Adaptin-β,
[0138] Immunofluorescence confocal microscopy results also demonstrated that LRBA colocalized with tubulin in the microtubules, as seen in
[0139] LRBA was predicted to have two RII binding motifs (Wang, et al., Identification of a novel lipopolysaccharideinducible gene with key features of both A kinase anchor proteins and chs1/beige proteins. 2001. J Immunol 166: 4586-4595) and its orthologue in Drosophila rugose (rg) is an A kinase anchor protein (AKAP) (Han, et al., Molecular characterization of a novel A kinase anchor protein from Drosophila melanogaster. 1997. The Journal of biological chemistry 272: 26611-26619). PKA, also known as cAMP-dependent protein kinase, functions based on its location or its anchor protein and is involved in various membrane trafficking events including the generation of vesicles at the trans-Golgi network (TGN) for both constitutive and regulated secretion (Ohashi & Huttner, An elevation of cytosolic protein phosphorylation modulates trimeric G-protein regulation of secretory vesicle formation from the trans-Golgi network. 1994. The Journal of biological chemistry 269: 24897-24905; Muniz, et al., Protein kinase A activity is required for the budding of constitutive transport vesicles from the trans-Golgi network. 1997. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 94: 14461-14466). LRBA contains two potential RII binding motifs for anchoring PKA through the type II regulatory subunits (RII) (Wang, et al., Identification of a novel lipopolysaccharideinducible gene with key features of both A kinase anchor proteins and chs1/beige proteins. 2001. J Immunol 166: 4586-4595). A computer program, which has over 80 percent accuracy to predict RII binding motifs, predicted one of the two potential RII binding motifs (Hou, et al., Prediction of peptides binding to the PKA RIIalpha subunit using a hierarchical strategy. 2011. Bioinformatics 27: 1814-1821). A previous study suggests that LRBA may not bind the RII subunit (Wang, et al., Neurobeachin: A protein kinase A-anchoring, beige/Chediak-higashi protein homolog implicated in neuronal membrane traffic. 2000. The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 20: 8551-8565). However, LRBA was found to colocalized with the RIIβ, RIIα and RIIc subunits of PKA, as seen in
[0140] LRBA also colocalized with nucleus in mouse bone marrow cells, shown in
[0141] Time lapse video was taken for living macrophage cells. RAW264.7 macrophage cells stably transfected with pBWEGFP were cultured in a glass bottom dish and put into the mini cell culture chamber at 37° C. and 5% CO2 in a Leica TCS SP2 laser scanning inverted confocal microscope. LPS was added at final concentration of 100 ng/ml. The time-lapse video of four living cells was taken at one picture per second using the Avg. timelapse interval: 1000.05 ms (1.0 Hz) (+/−8.9 ms); Initial SAC Position: 1700; Objective: 100× (magnification: 100.00x); Mag. changer: EMCCD (magnification: 1.00×); 8 inning: 1×1; Channel 1: c488em at 50 ms. Gain: 3 Intensification: 700 ND: 60 [Independent]. The time-lapse video was taken at one picture per second using the Leica TCS SP2 laser scanning inverted confocal microscope with a mini cell culture chamber at 37° C. and 5% CO.sub.2.
[0142] Snapshots from a time lapse video of a live cell show that LRBA-positive vesicles are budding from Golgi and moving to cell membrane. These processes accelerate within minutes of LPS stimulation, seen in
[0143] The RAW 264.7 cells were stably transfected with a plasmid expressing LRBA BEACH-WD/EGFP fusion protein to study the subcellular localizations of LRBA as described (Wang, et al., Identification of a novel lipopolysaccharide-inducible gene with key features of both A kinase anchor proteins and chs1/beige proteins. 2001. J Immunol 166: 4586-4595). Confocal time lapse video was used to observe vesicle trafficking. The results show that LRBA-associated vesicles are isolated from Golgi area, traveling along cytoskeleton, towards cell membrane and fused with the cell membrane. LRBA-associated vesicles forming at the cell membrane were also observed, seen in
TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 3 Path Movement Statistics of LRBA-Associated Vesicles (Manual Path). Average Maximum Path Speed Speed Total duration Path (microns/ (microns/ Displacement (time duration Path sec) sec) (microns) points) (sec) No LPS 0 0.1669 0.2947 3.17 20 19 1 0.1794 0.35 3.404 20 19 2 0.7541 0.9724 1.504 3 1.99 3 0.1378 0.2832 5.648 42 41 4 0.1823 0.3607 5.286 30 29 5 0.1947 0.3451 5.841 31 30 6 0.1991 0.412 3.983 21 20 7 0.4725 1.15 1.413 4 2.99 8 0.2055 0.4228 2.875 15 14 9 0.1795 0.34 1.795 11 10 10 0.1755 2.99 1.93 12 11 11 0.2019 03402 1.817 10 9 12 0.4894 0.7241 2.44 6 4.98 13 0.1128 0.2282 2.597 24 23 14 0.153 0.2674 4.59 31 30 15 0.2782 0.3785 0.8321 4 2.99 16 0.3228 0.3782 0.6436 3 1.99 17 0.1191 0.2674 2.62 23 22 18 0.1472 0.2282 1.765 13 12 19 0.4228 0.4228 0.4215 2 0.997 20 0.1521 0.299 3.648 25 24 21 0.5979 0.8969 1.192 3 1.99 LPS (100 ng/ml) 3 min 0 0.838 1.183 1.684 3 2.01 1 0.2647 0.3559 1.056 5 3.99 2 0.8811 1.302 1.757 3 1.99 3 0.2441 0.4091 3.421 15 14 4 0.4695 1.09 3.291 8 7.01 5 0.1914 0.467 2.105 12 11 6 0.9217 1.185 6.46 8 7.01 7 0.314 0.4174 1.888 7 6.01 8 0.1812 0.4847 2.535 15 14 9 0.6408 0.8366 1.917 4 2.99 10 0.1748 0.2694 1.051 7 6.01 11 0.3406 0.4748 1.698 6 4.98 12 0.5446 1.07 2.715 6 4.99 13 0.2439 0.4224 2.439 11 10 14 0.3444 0.7056 2.404 8 6.98 15 0.6841 1.15 3.41 6 4.98 16 0.2469 0.6685 1.977 9 8.01 17 0.8842 1.304 3.553 5 4.02 18 0.3985 0.6356 1.589 5 3.99 19 0.7431 0.9641 1.482 3 1.99 20 1.034 2.365 4.153 5 4.02 21 0.3936 1.017 3.543 10 9 22 0.8833 1.338 3.523 5 3.99 LPS (100 ng/ml) 5 min 0 0.216 0.3656 1.514 8 7.01 1 0.338 0.5667 4.728 15 14 2 0.2072 0.4058 3.105 16 15 3 0.3326 0.406 2.994 10 9 4 0.3394 0.6398 4.409 14 13 5 0.1072 0.2006 0.855 9 7.98 6 0.2481 0.3905 5.456 23 22 7 0.1717 0.2832 3.263 20 19 LPS (100 ng/ml) 23 min 0 0.1798 0.36 1.081 7 6.01 1 0.2899 0.4821 3.188 12 11 2 0.2219 0.2832 2.219 11 10 3 0.2321 0.3555 4.179 19 18 4 0.2982 0.5082 4.171 15 14
[0144] Membrane trafficking is crucial to the transduction of signaling complexes to the GC and other cellular locations (Kholodenko, Four-dimensional organization of protein kinase signaling cascades: the roles of diffusion, endocytosis and molecular motors. 2003. The Journal of experimental biology 206: 2073-2082). Thus the endomembrane system plays a critical role in signal transduction. Previous data show that LRBA regulates two cell membrane receptors: epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and NOTCH (Wang, et al., Deregulated expression of LRBA facilitates cancer cell growth. 2004. Oncogene 23: 4089-4097; Volders, et al., Drosophila rugose is a functional homolog of mammalian Neurobeachin and affects synaptic architecture, brain morphology, and associative learning. 2012. The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 32: 15193-15204; Yatim, et al., NOTCH1 nuclear interactome reveals key regulators of its transcriptional activity and oncogenic function. 2012. Molecular cell 48: 445-45), and regulates CVID receptors (Lopez-Herrera, et al., Mutations in LRBA are Associated with a Syndrome of Immune Deficiency and Autoimmunity. 2012. Journal of Clinical Immunology 32: 363-364).
[0145] The data show that LRBA is co-localized to several components of PKA: the catalyst unit, RIIβ and RIIα, supporting that LRBA is an AKAP and can phosphorylate substrate proteins such as NFκβ (Gao, et al., Neddylation of a breast cancer-associated protein recruits a class III histone deacetylase that represses NFkappaB-dependent transcription. 2006. Nature cell biology 8: 1171-1177), which is central to the immune system. The Golgi complex and TGN are major subcellular locations of RII (De Camilli, et al., Heterogeneous distribution of the cAMP receptor protein RII in the nervous system: evidence for its intracellular accumulation on microtubules, microtubule-organizing centers, and in the area of the Golgi complex. 1986. The Journal of cell biology 103: 189-203; Griffiths, et al., Ultrastructural localization of the regulatory (RII) subunit of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase to subcellular compartments active. 1990. J Cell Sci. 96 (Pt 4):691-703).
[0146] Well characterized LRBA polyclonal antibody and organelle-specific antibodies were used to detect endogenous proteins and study their co-localizations to LRBA. LRBA appears imperative to the GC's function, as LRBA is highly co-localized with GC proteins and LRBA-deficient B cells show an abnormally high number of GCs (Lopez-Herrera, et al., Deleterious Mutations in LRBA Are Associated with a Syndrome of Immune Deficiency and Autoimmunity. 2012. American journal of human genetics 90: 986-1001).
[0147] Endogenous LRBA is co-localized with multiple endomembrane proteins including Golgi proteins (GM-130, P-230, and GS-28), EEA1, PKA Rub and RIIc subunits, Tubulin, Clathrin, Rab4 and Adaptin, seen in
[0148] Additionally, Golgi co-localization of LRBA was demonstrated by in primary mouse cultured adherent bone marrow cells, as seen in
[0149] The data support a two-stimulation model of vesicle trafficking for WBW proteins using LRBA as a prototype, as seen in
[0150] The WD domain of LRBA binds to the phosphorylated sequences to mediate the fusion of the vesicles with the membrane to release the cargo proteins or deposit membrane proteins on the plasma membrane of immune cells.
[0151] LRBA plays a role in membrane/vesicle trafficking and signal transduction required for the regulation and function of many immune molecules. The co-localization results show that LRBA is extensively associated with the endomembrane/vesicle trafficking system, including Golgi complex, endosome, lysosome and plasma membrane, indicating that LRBA is involved in membrane/vesicle trafficking, and LRBA deficiency may cause defective trafficking and signaling of immune effector molecules, resulting in immunodeficiency and autoimmunity diseases. (Kovanen, P. E., and Leonard, W. J. (2004). Cytokines and immunodeficiency diseases: critical roles of the gamma(c)-dependent cytokines interleukins 2, 4, 7, 9, 15, and 21, and their signaling pathways. Immunol Rev 202, 67-83).
Example 2
[0152] Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-responsive beige-like anchor (LRBA) critical in cell proliferation and survival. LRBA was initially identified as an LPS-upregulated gene, with structural similarity to lysosomal trafficking regulator (LYST in human; beige in mouse) and A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs). (Fagerberg, et al., Contribution of Antibody-based Protein Profiling to the Human Chromosome-centric Proteome Project (C-HPP). 2012. J proteome res.; 12(6):2439-48; Freundt, et al., Photoconversion of Lysotracker Red to a green fluorescent molecule. 2007. Cell research 17, 956-958). LRBA deficiency, resulting from homozygous deletion or mutations in LRBA gene, causes common variable immunodeficiency (CVID8) and autoimmunity. LRBA-deficient patients have an array of serious symptoms including hypogammaglobulinemia, antibody deficiency, recurrent bacterial infections, defective B-cell differentiation, decreased or absent antibody production, recurrent infections particularly respiratory infections, variable autoimmune disorders (idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura autoimmune hemolytic anemia, inflammatory bowel disease). Death can occur from complication. The underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms are mostly unknown.
[0153] Additionally, knockdown of LRBA resulted in significant growth inhibition in multiple cell lines and sensitized cells to apoptosis; and LRBA upregulation is found in multiple cancer types including breast cancer, cervical cancer, epidermal carcimona, renal cancer, pancreatic cancer, colorectal cancer, and lung cancer. E2F and p53 transcription factors up- and down-regulate LRBA, respectively.
[0154] Thus far, mutations in 7 genes are associated with or cause CVID (common variable immunodeficiency), as seen in Table 4. LRBA is the 8th gene, the newest gene, mutations of which causes CVID, thus the name CVID8. Deficiency of LRBA results in fewer cells positive for three CVID proteins: CD19, CD20 and B cell-activating factor receptor (BAFFR) (Lopez-Herrera, et al., Deleterious mutations in LRBA are associated with a syndrome of immune deficiency and autoimmunity. 2012. American journal of human genetics 90:986-1001). Knockdown of LRBA decreases the TACI (transmembrane activator and calcium modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor) levels on B cells. TACI controls T cell-independent B cell antibody responses, isotype switching, and B cell homeostasis, as seen in
[0155] CD21 is also known as complement component (3d/Epstein Barr virus) receptor 2(CR2), is a protein involved in the complement system. It binds to iC3b (inactive derivative of C3b), C3dg, or C3d. B cells have CR2 receptors on their surfaces, allowing the complement system to play a role in B-cell activation and maturation. These results indicate that LRBA is a master regulator of other CVID genes, and that its deficiency's causing immunodeficiency is at least partially through deregulation of these genes. Thus, deficiency of LRBA causes more severe and broader symptoms in patients due to that LRBA is a master regulator of multiple important genes.
TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 4 Comparison of eight CVID genes. Molecular weight Subcellular CVID genes (kD) localization Function Diseases ICOS: 27 T Cell CD28 and CTLA-4 cell- CVID26 inducible Surface surface receptor family, costimulator germinal center formation, isotype class switching, and the development of memory B cells. Cell-cell signaling, immune response, and regulation of cell proliferation. TACI: 32 B Cell Mutations impair the Significantly transmembrane Surface development of IgA- and reduced IgA activator and IgG-secreting plasma levels mutated in calcium cells and promote 5%-10% of modulator and lymphoproliferation. CVID patients cyclophilin Antibody class switching Common variable ligand autoimmunity. Negative immunodeficiency interactor. regulator of B-cell. and IgA Receptor Activation of the deficiency transcription factors NFAT, AP1, and NF-κB, humoral immunity by interacting with TNF ligand CD19 61 B Cell B cell co-receptor in CVID 19, Surface conjunction with CD21 and CD81. BAFFR: B-cell 19 B Cell B-lymphocyte survival An adult-onset activating Surface (BAFF-R deficiency antibody factor receptor blocks B-cell deficiency development at the stage syndrome24 High of transitional B cells, levels of BAFF in The most important B mice, lead to an cell survival signals. autoimmune Major B-cell-activating disease similar to factor receptor. SLE75 CD81 26 B Cell Regulation of cell CVID21 Surface development, activation, growth and motility. CD21 145 B Cell Receptor for Epstein- CVID 20 Surface Barr virus (EBV) binding on B and T lymphocytes Expansion of CD21lo in CVID patients has been clearly associated with a higher incidence of splenomegaly and more recently with autoimmune cytopenia CD20 35 B Cell Impaired T cell- Impaired T cell- Surface independent antibody independent responses markedly antibody augment antigen responses22 presentation and the B- Expansion of cell receptor response to CD21lo has been antigen development and found in patients differentiation of B-cells with SLE76 and into plasma cells CVID77 LRBA 320 Golgi Master vesicle trafficking Switched memory apparatus, regulator required for B cells are nucleus, other CVID genes. low 4, 8, 38 plasma Disrupting membrane, BAFFR signaling and causes a dramatic cytoplasm. drop in B cell numbers 30 More CD20 positive B cells and respond to anti-CD20 therapy 4, 8, 9
[0156] LRBA is co-localized with GC proteins including p230, seen in
Example 3
[0157] Testing was undertaken to determine if absence of LRBA inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion. The immunodeficiency caused by LRBA deficiency may result from defective cytokine signaling pathways (Leonard, Cytokines and immunodeficiency diseases. 2001. Nat Rev Immunol 1, 200-8; Kovanen, & Leonard, Cytokines and immunodeficiency diseases: critical roles of the gamma(c)-dependent cytokines interleukins 2, 4, 7, 9, 15, and 21, and their signaling pathways. 2004. Immunol Rev 202, 67-83), indicating LRBA is involved in cytokine regulation and TLR activation. Moreover, data show that LRBA is involved in the LPS pathway and most likely serves to facilitate transportation and secretion of cytokines through vesicle trafficking.
[0158] Testing has shown LRBA is involved transcription regulation through translocation to the nucleus upon LPS stimulation, as seen in
[0159] Mouse models and primary cell culture models were tested to determine if LRBA is crucial in LPS-induced inflammation.: LRBA.sup.−/− patients suffer from recurrent infections (Lopez-Herrera, et al., Deleterious mutations in LRBA are associated with a syndrome of immune deficiency and autoimmunity. 2012. Am J Hum Genet 90, 986-1001; Burns, et al., LRBA gene deletion in a patient presenting with autoimmunity without hypogammaglobulinemia. 2012. J Allergy Clin Immunol 130, 1428-32; Alangari, et al., LPS-responsive beige-like anchor (LRBA) gene mutation in a family with inflammatory bowel disease and combined immunodeficiency. 2012. J Allergy Clin Immunol 130, 481-8 e2), indicating that the LPS pathway is impaired, as an impaired LPS pathway often causes more bacteria infections (Hoshino, et al., Cutting edge: Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-deficient mice are hyporesponsive to lipopolysaccharide: evidence for TLR4 as the Lps gene product. 1999. J Immunol 162, 3749-52). LPS/sepsis mouse models were used for in vivo tests. As males develop sepsis more easily than females (Aoyama, et al., Gender difference in granulocyte dynamics and apoptosis and the role of IL-18 during endotoxin-induced systemic inflammation. 2009. Shock 32, 401-9), the male C57BL/6J littermates (LRBA.sup.+/+, LRBA.sup.+/− and LRBA.sup.−/−, 6-8 weeks, n=5 each genotype) were intraperitoneally injected with a 200 μl single sub-lethal dose of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from E. coli (1 mg/kg) in sterile saline or 200 μl saline using a 26 gauge needle (Haziot, et al., Resistance to endotoxin shock and reduced dissemination of gram-negative bacteria in CD14-deficient mice. 1996. Immunity 4, 407-14). The induced pro-inflammatory cytokines have the highest levels 2 h after injection (Haziot, et al., Resistance to endotoxin shock and reduced dissemination of gram-negative bacteria in CD14-deficient mice. 1996. Immunity 4, 407-14). At that time point, blood samples (150 μl per 20 gram body weight) were collected into BD Microtainer EDTA tubes by submandibular venipuncture procedure, and immediately placed on ice and processed within 1 h. Plasma was centrifuged twice, the first time at 1,000×g for 10 minutes and the second time at 2,000×g for 15 minutes at 4° C., then assayed immediately or stored at −80° C. until assayed. Cytokine assays were conducted as described above.
[0160] LRBA plasma levels in the mice challenged with LPS increased dramatically from undetectable levels, seen in
Example 4
[0161] Because LRBA deficiency causes diseases of immunodeficiency and autoimmunity, NFκB was analyzed to determine if it activates LRBA promoter activity upon LPS stimulation. LRBA mRNA levels are 34% lower in the Crohn's group and 45% lower in the ulcerative colitis group compared to healthy controls (McKinley, et al., LPS-responsive beige-like anchor (LRBA): A novel gene with a potential role in the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease. 2008. Gastroenterology 134, A461-A461).
[0162] Briefly, human LRBA promoter including the two NFκB sites were cloned into a promoterless firefly luciferase vector, seen in
[0163] LRBA is regulated by NF-κB, a pivotal inflammatory transcription factor (Edwards, et al., Targeting the NF-kappaB pathway in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 2009. Pharmacol Ther 121, 1-13), as its promoter has two NFκB binding sites highly homologous to the KB element and is conserved in mouse and human, seen in
[0164] EBV immortalized LRBA deficient and LRBA positive control B cell lines were cultured in T25 culture flasks at 10.sup.6 cells/ml for 24 h. Media was changed and 10.sup.5 cells seeded in each well with 100 μl culture media in 96 well plates 2h before LPS treatment. Serial concentrations of LPS were used (0.1-10 μg) to stimulate B cells. After 0.5 to 18 h, the levels of secreted and intracellular TNF, IL-6 and IFN from 100 □l of culture supernatants and all cell lysates made from 100 □l of RIPA buffer, respectively, were measured using ELISA kits following the manufacturer's protocols. The intracellular cytokine ELISA results was confirmed by Western blots, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence (IF) staining. LRBA levels are significantly increased in inflammation induced by LPS, seen in
Example 5
[0165] The B cell is one of most affected cell types in LRBA deficient patients, while monocytes are highly resposive to LPS stimulation. Accordingly, these two cell types were used to examine LRBA and test the effectiveness of LRBA treatment. B cells are responsive to LPS stimulation and secret various cytokines including IL-6 (Dumont, et al., Increased secretion of hyperimmune antibodies following lipopolysaccharide stimulation of CD40-activated human B cells in vitro. 2009. Immunology 126, 588-95) and TNFα (Boussiotis, et al., Tumor necrosis factor alpha is an autocrine growth factor for normal human B cells. 1994. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91, 7007-11; Frasca, et al., A molecular mechanism for TNF-alpha-mediated downregulation of B cell responses. 2012. J Immunol 188, 279-86).
[0166] EBV immortalized LRBA-deficient and LRBA-positive control B cell lines were used (Alangari, et al., LPS-responsive beige-like anchor (LRBA) gene mutation in a family with inflammatory bowel disease and combined immunodeficiency. 2012. J Allergy Clin Immunol 130, 481-8 e2). The LRBA.sup.−/− B cell lines were obtained from patients with a homozygous deletion or mutations, as seen in
[0167] TLRs (TLR4, input signal) and cytokines (TNF, IL6 and IFN output signal) are two of most critical components of inflammation mediated by LPS, thus are examined TLR4 detects lipopolysaccharide from Gram-negative bacteria and is thus important in the activation of the innate immune system. Internalized LPS and TLR4 are found in the GC (Hornef, et al., Toll-like receptor 4 resides in the Golgi apparatus and colocalizes with internalized lipopolysaccharide in intestinal epithelial cells. 2002. The Journal of experimental medicine 195: 559-570). Proto-oncogenes Ras and Src are activated on the GC (Bivona, et al., Phospholipase C gamma activates Ras on the Golgi apparatus by means of RasGRP1. 2003. Nature 424: 694-698; Pulvirenti, et al., A traffic-activated Golgi-based signaling circuit coordinates the secretory pathway. 2008. Nature cell biology 10: 912-922). LRBA deficiency appears to impair TLR4 activation by interfering with TLR4 trafficking between cell membrane and GC.
[0168] The shRNA knockdown of LRBA increases the TLR4 levels in A549 cells at 2h and 4 h after LPS stimulation, when compared to untransfected A549 cells, evidencing that LRBA regulates TLR4 in these cells. TLR4 levels have no difference in the two cell lines at 24h, seen in
[0169] Intracellular and secreted TNF, IL-6 and IFNβ are significantly reduced in the LRBA deficient B cells compared to LRBA positive control B cells, because LRBA is involved in more than the secretion of cytokines, such as signal transductions that are required for de novo production of cytokines started from transcription by NFκB transcription factor. Three Raji B cell lines stablely transfected with LRBA shRNA that knockdown LRBA over 90% were generated, along with RAW246.7 mouse cell lines stably transfected with a LRBA DNM.
[0170] The DNA sequence used to express DNM was SEQ ID No. 8:
TABLE-US-00007 AGGCTCATGCTTCAGACAAATTTAATCACAATGACCACATATAATGTGC TGTTTGAGATTCTTATAGAACAGATTGGTACTCAGGTGATACATAAACA GCATCCAGATCCTGATTCTTCAGTGAAGATACAAAACCCTCAGATACTA AAAGTAATTGCGACCCTACTTCGAAATTCTCCCCAGTGCCCAGAGAGCA TGGAGGTTCGCAGAGCCTTTCTTTCTGACATGATTAAACTTTTTAATAAC AGTAGAGAAAACAGGAGGAGCTTGCTACAATGCTCTGTGTGGCAAGAA TGGATGCTTTCTCTCTGCTATTTTAATCCTAAGAATTCAGATGAGCAAAA GATAACAGAAATGGTATACGCCATATTCAGAATCCTGCTTTAC.
[0171] This sequence was used to produce the LRBA-VHS peptide described in the figures.
[0172] Cloning of LRBA Dominant Negative Mutant:
[0173] The LRBA dominant negative mutants were amplified using the following primers and cloned into the pEGFP-C3 vector using the Gibson cloning method: (Seq ID No. 9) GFPLRBAF, TGTACAAGTACTCAGATCGGCTCATGCTTCAGACAAATTTAATC; GFPVHSR, (Seq ID No. 10) AGTTATCTAGATCCGGTGGTAAAGCAGGATTCTGAATATG; The GFP gene was fused at the C-terminal of every one of these LRBA fragments and expressed as LRBA GFP fusion proteins. The cloned sequence of the LRBA domain is (Seq ID No. 11)
TABLE-US-00008 QTNLITMTTYNVLFEILIEQIGTQVIHKQHPDPDSSVKIQNPQILKVIAT LLRNSPQCPESMEVRRAFLSDMIKLFNNSRENRRSLLQCSVWQEWMLSLC YFNPKNSDEQKITEMVYAIFRIL.
[0174] LRBA knockdown showed that LRBA regulates both extracellular and intracellular TNFα levels in Raji B cells (Burkitt's lymphoma), A549 cells and THP1 cells. Knockdown of LRBA significantly increased the TNFα levels in Raji B cells in the cell culture supernatants and in cells lysates during LPS stimulation for 15 min to 24 h, when compared to untransfected Raji B cells, seen in
TABLE-US-00009 LRBA-VHS peptide (Seq ID No. 12): QTNLITMTTYNVLFEILIEQIGTQVIHKQHPDPDSSVKIQNPQILKVIATL LRNSPQCPESMEVRRAFLSDMIKLFNNSRENRRSLLQCSVWQEWMLSLCYF NPKNSDEQKITEMVYAIFRIL LRBA-LIR3 (Seq ID No. 13): GWRVWVDTLSITHSKVTFEIHKENLANIFREQQGKVDEEIGLCSSTSVQAA SGIRRDINVSVGSQQPDTKDSPVCPHFTTNGNENSSIEKTSSLESASNIEL QTTNTSYEEMKAEQENQELPDEGTLEETLTNETRNADDLEVSSDIIEAVAI SSNSFITTGKDSMTVSEVTASISSPSEEDASEMPEFLDKSIVEEEEDDDYV ELKVEGSPTEEANLHRI LRBA-VHSLIR1 (Seq ID No. 14): RLMLQTNLITMTTYNVLI-BILIEQIGTQVIHKQHPDPDSSVKIQNPQILK VIATLLRNSPQCPESMEVRRAFLSDMIKLFNNSRENRRSLLQCSVWQEWML SLCYFNPKNSDEQKITEMVYAIFRILLYHAVKYEWGGWRVWVDTLSITHSK VTFEIHKENLANIFREQQGKVDEEIGLCSSTSVQAASGIRRDINVSVGSQQ PDTKDSPVCPHFTTNGNENSSIEKTSSLESASNIELQTTNTSYEEMKAEQE NQELPDEGTLEETLTNETRNADDLEVSSDIIEAVAISSNSFITTGKDSMTV SEVTASISSPSEEDASEMPEFLDKSIVEEEEDDDYVELKVEGSPTEEANLP TELQDNSLSPAASEAGEKLDMFGNDDKLIFQEGKPVTEKQTDTETQDSKDS GIQTMTASGSSAMSPETTVSQIAVESDLGQMLEEGKKATNLTRETKLINDC HGSVSEASSEQKIAKLDVSNVATDTERLELKASPNVEAPQPHRHVLEISRQ HEQPGQGIAPDAVNGQRRDSRSTVFRIPEF
[0175] The impact on these intracellular cytokines likely represents de novo synthesis. These results confirm that LRBA is crucial in cytokine secretion and signal transduction, which leads to increased cytokine production in inflammation.
Example 6
[0176] LRBA deficiency suppresses autophagy by more than 50% and accumulates more autophagosome and Golgi apparatuses, suggesting that LRBA is critical for autophagy. Autophagy is involved in almost all facets of innate and adaptive immunity. LRBA has a LC3 interaction region (LIR). A microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) interaction region LC3 interaction region (LIR) motif in both human and murine LRBA. The LIR consensus sequence is [DE]-[DE]-[DE]-[WFY]-X-X-[LIV] +(Birgisdottir, et al., The LIR motif—crucial for selective autophagy. 2013. J Cell Sci 126, 3237-47; Seq ID No. 2). The DDDYVEL (Seq ID No. 3) sequence from LRBA has high homology with LIR from TP53INP1 (similarity is 92%) and TP53INP249. Three dimensional structure remodeling (YASARA v12.7.16) shows that the LIR forms a complex with LC3 which is more stable than with p62, a known LC3 binding protein, as seen in
[0177] Co-localization microscopy and LRBA has a potential LC3 interaction region (LIR) and ubiquitin binding domain (UBD). Confocal microscopy and IFA show that LRBA is highly co-localized with LC3, as seen in
[0178] Structural analysis of LRBA indicated that the protein contains an LC3 interaction region (LIR) region and ubiquitin binding domain (UBD). The interaction energy between LC3 and LIRs of LRBA and three known LC3 binding proteins, the phosphorylated LIR of LRBA and the alanine scan were calculated using Foldx50, seen in Table 5. These findings demonstrate that LRBA serves as an adaptor for ubiquitinized proteins destined for degradation through association with LC3 and ubiquitin by LIR and UBD respectively during autophagy. Tyrosine phosphorylation may impede LRBA binding with LC3, inhibit autophagy, but favor cell growth, in agreement with the hypothesis that LIR is phosphorylated in several cancer types, such as lung, breast, bladder, kidney, gastric cancers and leukemia. Moreover, overexpression of LRBA has been observed in several types of cancer cells, such as breast cancer, cervical cancer, epidermal carcimona, renal cancer, pancreatic cancer, colorectal cancer, and lung cancer (Wang, et al., Deregulated expression of LRBA facilitates cancer cell growth. 2004. Oncogene 23, 4089-97). LRBA may also contribute to the following cancers: adrenal cancer, anal cancer, Bile Duct Cancer, Bladder Cancer, Bone Cancer, Brain/CNS Tumors In Adults, Brain/CNS Tumors In Children, Breast Cancer In Men, Cancer in Adolescents, Cancer in Children, Cancer in Young Adults, Cancer of Unknown Primary, Castleman Disease, Colon/Rectum Cancer, Endometrial Cancer, Esophagus Cancer, Ewing Family Of Tumors, Eye Cancer, Gallbladder Cancer, Gastrointestinal Carcinoid Tumors, Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST), Gestational Trophoblastic Disease, Hodgkin Disease, Kaposi Sarcoma, Kidney Cancer, Laryngeal and Hypopharyngeal Cancer, Leukemia, Leukemia—Acute Lymphocytic (ALL) in Adults, Leukemia—Acute Myeloid (AML), Leukemia—Chronic Lymphocytic (CLL), Leukemia—Chronic Myeloid (CML), Leukemia—Chronic Myelomonocytic (CMML), Leukemia in Children, Liver Cancer, Lung Cancer—Non-Small Cell, Lung Cancer—Small Cell, Lung Carcinoid Tumor, Lymphoma, Lymphoma of the Skin, Malignant Mesothelioma, Multiple Myeloma, Myelodysplastic Syndrome, Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Cancer, Nasopharyngeal Cancer, Neuroblastoma, Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma In Children, Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal Cancer, Osteosarcoma, Ovarian Cancer, Penile Cancer, Pituitary Tumors, Prostate Cancer, Retinoblastoma, Rhabdomyosarcoma, Salivary Gland Cancer, Sarcoma—Adult Soft Tissue Cancer, Skin Cancer, Skin Cancer—Basal and Squamous Cell, Skin Cancer—Melanoma, Skin Cancer—Merkel Cell, Small Intestine Cancer, Stomach Cancer, Testicular Cancer, Thymus Cancer, Thyroid Cancer, Uterine Sarcoma, Vaginal Cancer, Vulvar Cancer, Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia, Wilms Tumor. Of note, LRBA expression is correlated to that of estrogen receptor (Wang, et al., Deregulated expression of LRBA facilitates cancer cell growth. 2004. Oncogene 23, 4089-97). These results provide a molecular mechanism for clinical intervention of autophagy and cell growth related to human diseases.
TABLE-US-00010 TABLE 5 Calculated interaction energy between LC3 and LIRs of other proteins using Foldx. LRBA- LRBA- TP53INP1- TP53INP2- Alanine LIR p62-LIR LIR-p LIR LIR Scan Interaction −15.19 −13.89 −13.22 −18.35 −15.13 −3.76 energy with LC3 (kcal/mol) Interaction ++ + + +++ ++ − predicted experimental predicted experimental experimental predicted
[0179] In agreement with these findings, blockage of LRBA by antibody against LRBA or using LRBA dominant negative mutants promotes cell proliferations in THP1 cells, as seen in
[0180] These data suggest that LRBA expression levels are closely related to chronic diseases such as ALS (Lou Gehrig's Disease), Alzheimer's Disease and other Dementias; Arthritis, Asthma, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), Cystic Fibrosis, Diabetes, End Stage Renal Disease, Heart Disease, Obesity and Related Conditions, in addition to cancer, immunodeficiency and autoimmunity, and must be tightly regulated. The transcription is the first and most important control step for gene expression.
Example 7
[0181] Overexpression of LRBA has been observed in several types of cancer cells, such as cervical cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, and epidemral cancer (Wang, et al., Deregulated expression of LRBA facilitates cancer cell growth. 2004. Oncogene 23, 4089-97). Data show that plasma LRBA levels are significantly increased in asthma patients with an exacerbation and in mouse asthma models, seen in
[0182] Next, blocking of LRBA using dominant negative mutant (DN-VHS) was tested as a therapeutic strategy to treat inflammatory diseases. HEK293, RAW264.7 and A549 cell lines (American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, Va., USA) were maintained according to the ATCC's instructions. Stable cell lines comprising RAW264.7, H293 and A549 cells, transfected with LRBA DNM or shRNA, and tested for impaired growth as discussed above. The mutated or truncated LRBA protein cannot be detected in the cells from LRBA-deficient patients (Lopez-Herrera, et al., Deleterious mutations in LRBA are associated with a syndrome of immune deficiency and autoimmunity. 2012. Am J Hum Genet 90, 986-1001; Burns, et al., LRBA gene deletion in a patient presenting with autoimmunity without hypogammaglobulinemia. 2012. J Allergy Clin Immunol 130, 1428-32; Alangari, et al., LPS-responsive beige-like anchor (LRBA) gene mutation in a family with inflammatory bowel disease and combined immunodeficiency. 2012. J Allergy Clin Immunol 130, 481-8 e2), suggesting that these mutated LRBA proteins could serve as DNMs and are harmful to the body and must be degraded. When over-expressed in the cells, DN-VHS greatly suppresses cell growth, as seen in
[0183] HEK293 cell lines (American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, Va., USA) were cultured in Dulbecco's modified minimum essential medium (DMEM) or RPMI1640 supplemented with 10% FBS and penicillin-streptomycin (5,000 IU/ml penicillin and 5,000 μg/ml streptomycin) as provided by ATCC. Three constructs of LRBA fragments fused with EGFP were generated and successfully expressed in HEK293 cells. To explore if LRBA DN-VHS is useful as a biologic to treat inflammatory diseases, its effects on pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion were examined as disclosed above. To this end, the three constructs are transfected into Raw246.7 cells and stable clones selected with G418. The proinflammatory cytokine (TNF and IL-6) production induced by LPS stimulation was compared in the three cell lines: RAW246.7 (Wt control), RAW.sup.LRBA-GFP (LRBA-VHS-EGFP, LRBA-LIR-EGFP, LRBA-VHS and LIR-EGFP) and RAW.sup.GFP (vector control).
[0184] The inhibitory effects on the proinflammatory cytokines by the three LRBA DNMs is similar to that of their growth inhibitions, seen in
[0185] Both absence of LRBA and defective cytokines can cause immunodeficiency. LRBA.sup.−/− may first inhibit the production and secretion of cytokines, resulting in defective cytokines, the latter then cause immunodeficiency.
[0186] LRBA was tested for its effect on cell growth. For the “loss of function” strategy, EBV immotalized LRBA-deficient B cell lines were generated from LRBA deficient patients, and dominant negative LRBA mutants (DNM) and knockout mouse models. The LRBA sequence targeted by the shRNA used was SEQ ID No. 15;
TABLE-US-00011 GGGATATTGTAGAAACTGTCTTT,
[0187] which is 100% conserved in mouse and human LRBA. Determination of shRNAs can be performed by those skilled in the art. For example, a possible shRNA is shown in SEQ ID No. 43 for the top strand;
TABLE-US-00012 GGGATATTGTAGAAACTGTCTTTTTCAAGAGAAAAGACAGTTTCTACAA TATCCCTTTTTT
[0188] and SEQ ID No. 44 for the bottom strand;
TABLE-US-00013 CCCTATAACATCTTTGACAGAAAAAGTTCTCTTTTCTGTCAAAGATGTTA TAGGGAAAAAA
[0189] The DNA sequence used to express DNM was SEQ ID No. 8:
TABLE-US-00014 AGGCTCATGCTTCAGACAAATTTAATCACAATGACCACATATAATGTGC TGTTTGAGATTCTTATAGAACAGATTGGTACTCAGGTGATACATAAACA GCATCCAGATCCTGATTCTTCAGTGAAGATACAAAACCCTCAGATACTA AAAGTAATTGCGACCCTACTTCGAAATTCTCCCCAGTGCCCAGAGAGCA TGGAGGTTCGCAGAGCCTTTCTTTCTGACATGATTAAACTTTTTAATAAC AGTAGAGAAAACAGGAGGAGCTTGCTACAATGCTCTGTGTGGCAAGAA TGGATGCTTTCTCTCTGCTATTTTAATCCTAAGAATTCAGATGAGCAAAA GATAACAGAAATGGTATACGCCATATTCAGAATCCTGCTTTAC.
[0190] This sequence was used to produce the LRBA-VHS peptide described in the figures, and shown as SEQ ID No. 11;
TABLE-US-00015 QTNLITMTTYNVLFEILIEQIGTQVIHKQHPDPDSSVKIQNPQILKVIAT LLRNSPQCPESMEVRRAFLSDMIKLFNNSRENRRSLLQCSVWQEWMLSLC YFNPKNSDEQKITEMVYAIFRIL.
[0191] Knockout of LRBA (LRBA.sup.−/−) greatly suppresses cell growth in mouse embryo stem (ES) cells, as seen in
[0192] These findings correspond well to the studies showing that LRBA-deficient patients had retarded growth (Lopez-Herrera, et al., Deleterious mutations in LRBA are associated with a syndrome of immune deficiency and autoimmunity. 2012. Am J Hum Genet 90, 986-1001; Burns, et al., LRBA gene deletion in a patient presenting with autoimmunity without hypogammaglobulinemia. 2012. J Allergy Clin Immunol 130, 1428-32; Alangari, et al., LPS-responsive beige-like anchor (LRBA) gene mutation in a family with inflammatory bowel disease and combined immunodeficiency. 2012. J Allergy Clin Immunol 130, 481-8 e2), T-cell proliferation to Phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and anti-CD3 mAb was markedly reduced in the absence of LRBA (Alangari, et al., LPS-responsive beige-like anchor (LRBA) gene mutation in a family with inflammatory bowel disease and combined immunodeficiency. 2012. J Allergy Clin Immunol 130, 481-8 e2).The growth inhibition by a LRBA DNM can be overridden by plasma from mice stimulated with LPS, as seen in
[0193] LRBA is regulated by Ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation system. LRBA protein has 11 ubiquitination sites (Oshikawa, K., Matsumoto, M., Oyamada, K., and Nakayama, K. I. (2012). Proteome-wide identification of ubiquitylation sites by conjugation of engineered lysine-less ubiquitin. Journal of proteome research 11, 796-807). The EGFP levels of LRBA-EGFP fusion proteins expressed by the plasmids pLRBA-VHSLIR-EGFP and pLRBA-VHS-EGFP are much lower than that expressed by the plasmids pLRBA-LIR and the control pEGFP-C3. LRBA peptides VHSLIR and VHS contain two and one ubiquitination sites respectively. LIR does not contain any ubiquitination site. MG132, a specific, potent, reversible, and cell-permeable proteasome inhibitor, can increase the expression levels of LRBA-EGFP fusion proteins expressed by the plasmids pLRBA-VHSLIR-EGFP and pLRBA-VHS-EGFP, but not that of LRBA-EGFP fusion proteins expressed by the plasmid pLRBA-LIR. The effects of MG132 on the expression levels of LRBA-EGFP fusion proteins are dose dependent, seen in
[0194] Both absence of LRBA and defective cytokines can cause immunodeficiency. LRBA.sup.−/− inhibit the production and secretion of cytokines, resulting in defective cytokines, which cannot be recapitulated by transformed primary cell culture models. As such, the primary cultures appear to provide accurate results that are similar to the in vivo settings. The mouse BMM cell culture model is an excellent models to study the LPS pathway.
[0195] BMMs were obtained by the protocol described by Weischenfeldt, et al. (Weischenfeldt & Porse, Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages (BMM): Isolation and Applications. 2008. CSH Protoc 2008, pdb prot5080). Bone marrow cells were obtained by flushing the femurs and tibias from 8-12-week-old C57BL/6 wild type mice and LRBA.sup.−/− mice, and the bone marrow cells plated in 10-cm bacteriological plastic plates at 2×10.sup.6 cells/mL with 10% FCS in RPMI 1640 supplemented with 100 ng/ml of recombinant murine M-CSF. On day 7, BMMs were plated at 1×10.sup.5 cells/ml in 24-well plates and cultured with or without 100 ng/ml of LPS for 7 h (Nagai, et al., Essential role of MD-2 in LPS responsiveness and TLR4 distribution. 2002. Nat Immunol 3, 667-72). Culture supernatants were collected for ELISA assay as disclosed in other Examples. While there is a concern BMMs from LRBA.sup.−/−mice may produce less cytokines compared to wild-type mice, data from transformed cell culture models was used to confirm results on cytokine levels.
[0196] It was first examined whether replenishing LRBA cured LRBA-deficient inflammatory diseases. LRBA's presence in plasma may provide a way to easily modulate LRBA to cure the incurable (Burns, et al., LRBA gene deletion in a patient presenting with autoimmunity without hypogammaglobulinemia. 2012. J Allergy Clin Immunol 130, 1428-32) LRBA-deficient patients are treated by replenishing LRBA, and to cure LRBA-overexpressing patients by using anti-LRBA reagents to block LRBA. LRBA can be secreted, as seen in
[0197] As pure LRBA proteins are not available, LRBA protein must be expressed in insect cells or mammalian cells for testing. Mice and C57BL6 mononuclear leukocytes cell cultures in lymphocyte culture media (RPMI 1640, fetal bovine serum 10%, L-glutamine 2 mM, Na pyruvate 1 mM, 0.5 μM 2-mercaptoethanol) were stimulated by injection of LPS, resulting in high levels of LRBA in the plasma or the culture supernatants. Mouse plasma was collected 24 hour after LPS stimulation and 100 μl of the mouse plasma (˜250 pg LRBA) applied into 10 ml culture media and observed growth stimulation.
[0198] LRBA.sup.−/− ES cells were selected from LRBA.sup.+/− ES cells by using a high concentration of G418. The LRBA.sup.−/− ES cells grow during the selection as the media containing LRBA proteins secreted by the parent cells, but cannot grow without these secreted proteins. Growth was rescued for several types of LRBA-deficient cells, data not shown, by adding conditioned media or plasma from LPS-stimulated mice, which contain high levels of LRBA, seen in
[0199] It is possible that the enhancement of cytokine secretion are dose-dependent, or cell-type dependent. As such, H293 and Raji stable clones that over-express LRBA fused with EGFP were used. To confirm the attachment of EGFP to the LRBA C-Terminus does not affect its function, a sequence and ligation-independent cloning (SLIC) seamless cloning technology, which can insert DNA fragments anywhere in the vector without the limitation of restriction enzyme sites (Li, M. Z. & Elledge, S. J. Harnessing homologous recombination in vitro to generate recombinant DNA via SLIC. Nat Methods 4, 251-6 (2007)) was used to remove the EGFP tag and compare the two versions of LRBA on the cytokine secretion. The expression vector was transfected into RAW246.7 cells, and stable clones obtained by G418 selection, as seen in
Example 8
[0200] As LRBA is involved in apoptosis (Wang, et al., Deregulated expression of LRBA facilitates cancer cell growth. 2004. Oncogene 23, 4089-97), and LRBA-deficient B cells have slower growth and are susceptible to apoptosis (Lopez-Herrera, et al. Deleterious mutations in LRBA are associated with a syndrome of immune deficiency and autoimmunity 2012. Am J Hum Genet 90, 986-1001), the amount of apoptotic cells induced by serum deprivation was used to judge the rescue effects by replenishing LRBA. Apoptosis assays were conducted (Lopez-Herrera, et al., Deleterious mutations in LRBA are associated with a syndrome of immune deficiency and autoimmunity 2012. Am J Hum Genet 90, 986-1001) using LRBA.sup.−/− and LRBA.sup.+/+ B cells (1×10.sup.6 cells/ml) cultured under serum deprivation for 6 h. Each 18 wells are treated with equal amount of protein, i.e. anti-LRBA antibody, anti-actin antibody (A2066, Sigma) or bovine serum albumin (BSA). After six days, the cell number is measured using the CellTiter-Glo® Luminescent Cell Viability Assay (Promega). After starvation, cells were harvested, and apoptosis measured by Annexin V and propidium iodide (PI) staining, with a threshold of 10,000 events as analyzed by flow cytometry, to determine the percentage of cells in early apoptosis (positive for Annexin V and negative for PI). Viability numbers are determined in triplicate using CellTiter-Glo® kit (Promega) seeded in serum deprivation conditions in 96-well plates for 6 hours. Cells were given LRBA protein and collected at 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h after.
[0201] LRBA.sup.−/− ES cells do not grow or grow slowly. The ES cells were cultured at 37° C., 5% CO.sub.2, using mouse ES culture media under the conditions recommended by the company (Emdmillipore). Treatment of the cultures with LRBA plasma or conditioned media resulted in detected LRBA levels in the culture supernatants at up to 2.4 ng/ml, which can rescue LRBA.sup.−/− ES cells, data not shown. Increased apoptosis and retarded growth of LRBA.sup.−/− were rescued by adding LRBA to the media, suggesting that LRBA.sup.−/− patients may be cured by replenishing LRBA. This suggests that LRBA functions as an autocrine growth factor.
[0202] Anti-LRBA antibodies were tested as a therapeutic strategy to treat inflammatory diseases. Data show that LRBA levels are significantly increased in plasma from mice stimulated with LPS or OVA, seen in
[0203] LRBA antibody was used at 400 ng/ml, about four hundred times the molar ratio of antibody to protein, to bind LRBA protein in the supernatant. LRBA antibody eliminated the effects seen by exogenous LRBA, seen in
[0204] Anti-LRBA antibody, anti-actin antibody and BSA have no effect on the growth of EBV LRBA.sup.−/− B cells, as these cells lack LRBA, and actually serve as a control. However, anti-LRBA antibody inhibits the growth of EBV LRBA.sup.+/+ B cells, confirming that extracellular LRBA is required for the growth of the cells and possibly confirming that anti-LRBA antibody can be used as a therapeutic to inflammatory diseases and cancers with overexpression of LRBA.
[0205] Testing also showed LRBA is regulated by microRNAs. MicroRNAs (miRs) are −22 nucleotides long non-coding RNAs that are believed to inhibit most human genes and the spectrum of biological pathways through inhibition of mRNA translation by the base pairing rule at the accuracy of one base. Deregulation of miRs may contribute to various diseases. Overexpression of the miRNAs miR-150 and miR-181 show LRBA is downregulated by overexpression of the miRNA, as seen in
Example 9
[0206] About two-third of CVID patients have autoimmune problems (Cunningham-Rundles & Bodian, Common variable immunodeficiency: clinical and immunological features of 248 patients. 1999. Clinical immunology 92: 34-48; Podjasek & Abraham, Autoimmune cytopenias in common variable immunodeficiency. 2012. Frontiers in immunology 3: 189). As opposed to other CVID genes, the immunodeficiency caused by LRBA deficiency is highly associated with autoimmunity. To date, the 11 identified LRBA-deficient CVID patients had autoimmunity (Lopez-Herrera, et al., Deleterious Mutations in LRBA Are Associated with a Syndrome of Immune Deficiency and Autoimmunity. 2012. American journal of human genetics 90: 986-1001; Shamloula, et al., rugose (rg), a Drosophila A kinase anchor protein, is required for retinal pattern formation and interacts genetically with multiple signaling pathways. 2002. Genetics 161: 693-710; Parvaneh, et al., Primary immunodeficiencies: a rapidly evolving story. 2013. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology 131: 314-323.). TACI mutations also are associated with autoimmunity but to a lesser degree (36% vs. 23% of patients with wild-type TACI) (Salzer, et al., Relevance of biallelic versus monoallelic TNFRSF13B mutations in distinguishing disease-causing from risk-increasing TNFRSF13B variants in antibody deficiency syndromes. 2009. Blood 113: 1967-1976).
[0207] LRBA deficient patients have low switched memory B cells, low or absent immunoglobulins including IgG, IgA and IgM (Lopez-Herrera, et al., Deleterious Mutations in LRBA Are Associated with a Syndrome of Immune Deficiency and Autoimmunity. 2012. American journal of human genetics 90: 986-1001; Shamloula, et al., rugose (rg), a Drosophila A kinase anchor protein, is required for retinal pattern formation and interacts genetically with multiple signaling pathways. 2002. Genetics 161: 693-710; Parvaneh, et al., Primary immunodeficiencies: a rapidly evolving story. 2013. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology 131: 314-323). These patients have markedly reduced T-cell proliferation in response to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and anti-CD3 mAb, and reduced B cell survival. These cellular defects may account for immunodeficiency. However, LRBA deficient patients also have more peripheral T cells, more CD20 positive B cells, lymphocyte infiltration and respond to anti-CD20 therapy (Lopez-Herrera, et al., Deleterious Mutations in LRBA Are Associated with a Syndrome of Immune Deficiency and Autoimmunity 2012. American journal of human genetics 90: 986-1001; Shamloula, et al., rugose (rg), a Drosophila A kinase anchor protein, is required for retinal pattern formation and interacts genetically with multiple signaling pathways. 2002. Genetics 161: 693-710; Alangari, et al., LPS-responsive beige-like anchor (LRBA) gene mutation in a family with inflammatory bowel disease and combined immunodeficiency. 2012. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology 130: 481-488 e482). These cellular defects may contribute to variable autoimmune disorders, such as thrombocytopenic purpura, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
[0208] Mutations in TACI impair the development of IgA- and IgG-secreting plasma cells and promote lymphoproliferation, and are associated with IgA deficiency and autoimmunity (Salzer, U., H. M. Chapel, A. D. Webster, Q. Pan-Hammarstrom, A. Schmitt-Graeff, et al., Mutations in TNFRSF13B encoding TACI are associated with common variable immunodeficiency in humans. 2005. Nat Genet 37: 820-828; Castigli, et al., TACI is mutant in common variable immunodeficiency and IgA deficiency. 2005. Nat Genet 37: 829-834). TACI is required for antibody class switching and is a negative regulator of B-cells (Seshasayee, et al., Loss of TACI causes fatal lymphoproliferation and autoimmunity, establishing TACI as an inhibitory BLyS receptor. 2003. Immunity 18: 279-288; Yan, et al., Activation and accumulation of B cells in TACI-deficient mice. 2001. Nat Immunol 2: 638-643).
[0209] BAFF-R deficiency blocks B-cell development at the stage of transitional B cells (Barkett & Gilmore, Control of apoptosis by Rel/NF-kappaB transcription factors. 1999. Oncogene 18: 6910-6924). High levels of BAFF in mice lead to an autoimmune disease similar to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) (Gross, et al., TACI and BCMA are receptors for a TNF homologue implicated in B-cell autoimmune disease. 2000. Nature 404: 995-999).
[0210] CVID receptors were examined in the cell culture and mouse LPS/sepsis models. LRBA was repressed in Raji B cells by the short hairpin RNA (shRNA) knocked down (KD) technique or LRBA dominant negative mutants (DNMs). A mouse model that has LRBA overexpression was also used. The results demonstrate that LRBA repression deregulates the three parameters (protein levels, response speed and phase) of CVID receptors, while overexpression of LRBA in a mouse model has opposite effects on these receptors, which are responsive to LPS stimulation, as seen in
[0211] HEK293 cell line were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, Va., USA) and maintained according to the company's instructions. Raji B cell line (Burkitt's lymphoma) was kindly provided by Dr. George Blanck (University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine). These cells were cultured in RPMI1640 supplemented with 10% FBS and penicillin-streptomycin (5,000 IU/ml penicillin and 5,000 μg/ml streptomycin). The mouse studies have been reviewed and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) at the University of South Florida.
[0212] Cloning of LRBA Dominant Negative Mutants:
[0213] The LRBA dominant negative mutants were amplified using the following primers and cloned into the pEGFP-C3 vector using the Gibson cloning method: (Seq ID No. 9) GFPLRBAF, TGTACAAGTACTCAGATCGGCTCATGCTTCAGACAAATTTAATC; (Seq ID No. 16) GFPLRBAR, AGTTATCTAGATCCGGTGGAACTCAGGAATACGAAACACAG; (Se ID No. 10) GFPVHSR, AGTTATCTAGATCCGGTGGTAAAGCAGGATTCTGAATATG; (Seq ID No. 17) GFPLIRF, TGTACAAGTACTCAGATCGTGGCTGGCGTGTATGGGTAG; (Seq ID No. 18) GFPLIRR, AGTTATCTAGATCCGGTGTAGATTAGCTTCCTCAGTAG. The GFP gene was fused at the C-terminal of every one of these LRBA fragments and expressed as LRBA GFP fusion proteins.
[0214] Immunofluorescent Confocal Microscopy:
[0215] HEK293 cells at concentration of 5×10.sup.6/ml were plated on glass coverslips in Dulbecco's modified minimum essential medium (D-MEM) supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (Gemini Bio-Products, West Sacramento, Calif.), penicillin and streptomycin. After 24 h, cells were fixed, permeabilized, and stained following the immuno-fluorescence staining protocol from the Human Protein Atlas Project (Sigma). Briefly, growth medium was removed and the cells were washed in 1×PBS, the cells were fixed for 15 minutes in ice cold 4% paraformaldehyde pH 7.2-7.3 in growth medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). The cells were permeabilized 3 times for 5 minutes each with 0.1% TRITON® X-100 in PBS. The cells were washed with 1×PBS and incubated overnight at 4° C. with the primary antibodies in 1×PBS supplemented with 4% FBS. The following day the cells were washed 4 times for 10 minutes each with 1×PBS and incubated for 1.5 hours at room temperature with the secondary antibodies in 1×PBS supplemented with 4% FBS. The cells were counterstained for 4 minutes with the nuclear stain DAPI (0.6 μM in 1×PBS). The cells were washed 4 times for 10 minutes with 1×PBS and then mounted in glycerol+10% 10×PBS. The LRBA antibodies and three Golgi protein primary antibodies were used at 1:500 (volume to volume dilution). The anti-mouse IgG-Alexa Fluor® 555 and anti-rabbit IgG-Alexa Fluor® 488 secondary antibodies were used at 1:400. The confocal imaging was acquired with an Olympus FV1000 MPE multiphoton laser scanning microscope using 60× objective (U Plan APO 1.42 N.A. oil) and sequential scanning with 0.5 μm per slice. Colocalization analysis for dual stained samples was carried out using JACop and FV10-ASW software.
[0216] Electroporation:
[0217] Three million Raji B cells in the exponential phase were mixed with 20 μg of plasmid DNA expressing a specific LRBA dominant negative (LRBA-BEACH, LRBA-VHSLIR, LRBA-VHS and LRBA-LIR) in 800 μl of culture media and electroporated by a Bio-Rad Gene Pulser at 400 V, 400 Ohms and 500 μF. After 24 hours, cells were stained with specific antibodies conjugated with different fluorophores against CVID cell surface proteins and 7AAD for dead/live discrimination. About half a million cells were acquired and analyzed with GFP positive and negative populations. The percentage and intensity of these markers were analyzed in the two populations.
[0218] Cell Survival Assay and LRBA Antibody Blockage.
[0219] Raji B cells and Rajisi9 B cells (Raji B cells stably transfected with shRNA plasmid against LRBA) were cultured in a 96 well plate with 10 cells per well for 9 days. Blockage of LRBA promotes THP1 cell proliferation. THP1 cells (human acute monocytic leukemia cell line) were cultured in 100 μl of RPMI1640 media with or without human LRBA polyclonal IgG antibody at 0.67 μg/ml or the same amount of human actin polyclonal IgG antibody on a 96 well plate with 10 cells per well for 9 days. Viable cells were counted by the trypan blue live/dead discrimination method with a hemocytometer.
[0220] Mouse Model and LRBA Antibodies Treatment:
[0221] A) Mice stimulated with LPS (5 μg/g body weight) for 6 hours. (B) OVA induced asthma mouse model; (C) Asthma patients with an exacerbation or controlled symptoms; (D) Human mononuclear leukocytes stimulated with LPS (1 μg/ml). LRBA levels were determined by LRBA ELISA Kit using 100 μl of plasma or conditioned media in each well. C57BL/6J mice were injected intraperitoneally with 500 μI of 12 mg/kg (body weight) of LRBA antibody or control normal rabbit 1 gG suspended in saline three times. LPS at 7.5 mg/kg in 0.2 ml PBS i.p was followed. About 100 μl of blood was collected by submandibular venipuncture after 2 hours of LPS injection. Plasma samples were obtained by centrifugation at 3000 rpm for 15 min and used for cytokine assay. The TNFα and IL-6 concentrations were detected using the mouse CBA Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokine kit. The Phosflow Starter Kit contains Cytofix Fixation Buffer, Phosflow Perm Buffer III and Stain Buffer BSA.
[0222] Polynomial Fitting and Slope Calculation:
[0223] Polynomial fitting was used to represent nonlinear dataset in this study. High R.sup.2 values (R.sup.2>=0.9) were used to describe the fitting accuracy and a polynomial trend line equation were used to represent the dataset. The slopes at each time point were calculated by n.Math.k.Math.x.sup.(n-1) calculus method.
[0224] Statistics Analysis:
[0225] Comparisons of sample means was done using two-sample t test, assuming equal variance, and p value was calculated based on two-tailed test. Significance was taken as p<0.05. Data are expressed as mean±standard deviation (SD) and are representative of two to three independent experiments. P value indications: <0.001 Extremely significant ***, 0.001 to 0.01 Very significant ** 0.01 to 0.05 Significant * >0.05 Not significant ns #>≈0.05.
[0226] LRBA is Involved in the LPS/TLR4 Pathway:
[0227] The Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) pathway is one of the most important immune pathways to eliminate bacteria, fungi and viral infections. TLR4-mutated mice respond less to Gram-negative bacteria and are highly susceptible to infection (Cook, et al., Toll-like receptors in the pathogenesis of human disease. 2004. Nature immunology 5: 975-979). LRBA is upregulated in vitro by LPS (Wang, et al., Identification of a novel lipopolysaccharide-inducible gene with key features of both A kinase anchor proteins and chs1/beige proteins. 2001. J Immunol 166: 4586-4595; Kerr, et al., Analysis of lipopolysaccharide-response genes in B-lineage cells demonstrates that they can have differentiation stage-restricted expression and contain SH2 domains. 1996. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 93: 3947-3952), which activates NF-κB. Agreeably LRBA gene has multiple NF-κB binding sites in or around the promoter range (Supplemental Table 1). Its paralogue (Lyst) deficient cells exhibit defective TLR signaling, specifically in TLR4 pathways (Cheng, et al., 2012. Novel functions of a regulator of lysosomal trafficking, LYST in TLR4 signal transduction. 2012. Immunology 137: 299-300). Vesicle-mediated localization and trafficking of TLR4 are required for its activation (Cheng, et al., 2012. Novel functions of a regulator of lysosomal trafficking, LYST in TLR4 signal transduction. 2012. Immunology 137: 299-300; Latz, et al., Lipopolysaccharide rapidly traffics to and from the Golgi apparatus with the toll-like receptor 4-MD-2-CD14 complex in a process that is distinct from the initiation of signal transduction. 2002. The Journal of biological chemistry 277: 47834-47843; Thieblemont & Wright, Transport of bacterial lipopolysaccharide to the golgi apparatus. 1999. The Journal of experimental medicine 190: 523-534). Recurrent bacterial infections in LRBA-deficient patients indicate an impaired TLR4/LPS pathway. These data suggest that LRBA is involved in the TLR4/LPS pathway.
TABLE-US-00016 Supplemental table 1 Mouse CVID genes have multiple NFkB sites* NFκB site (GGGRNWYYCC, N: any base, R: purine, Gene W: A or T, Y: T or C) and the surrounding sequences TACI CTTCCTGG CAGTAGGGCA TAGTTGGGAC GTTTTCCC TCCCCATCTT GTCCCCTTTG CTTCG (+, exon) (+, exon) (-, promoter) BAFFR CCCTCTGG GGGACAGGG CCTGTGGGCA CATTTCCC AGGTCCCTTG TTCCCATGGG AGGC C (+, promoter) (+, promoter) (+, promoter) ICOS GTGGTGGG TGTTAGGGCA CTGCTGGGGA GCTGCTGGGATTT AAATGCCT TTCCCCAAGT TGTCCCTTTG CCATGCT TTAA (+, exon) (+, exon) (+, exon) (+, 1st intron) CD19 GGGCTGGG CCACTGGGAC AATGCGTGGA AGAATGGGGACT GCTCCCCT TATCCATCCA TTTCCATAGG CACCCTGGGA TTTC (-, exon) (-, exon) (-, exon) (1st intron) CD20 ACAGAGAG TGTGTTGGGA ACTTTCCC ATATCCATCC TGTT (-, 1st intron) (+, 1st intron) CD21 TGGTTTGG AGATTCCT CAAC (-, promoter) CD81 CCTCCGGG CCTTTGGGGA AAAGTCCA GCCCCACCCC AGGC (+, 1st intron) (+, promoter) LRBA GCGCGGGA GACCAAGGAC AAGCCGGGGC CTACCCCT TTTCCTGCTT TCCCCATCAG ATGC (+, exon) (+, exon) (-, promoter) .Math..Math.B sites are in bold and underlined in the promoter, intron or exon on the positive/negative (+/-) DNA strand.
[0228] To explore whether this gene is involved in inflammation induced by LPS and other stimuli in vivo, LRBA levels were examined in inflammatory mouse models and human asthmatic subjects. LRBA levels are significantly increased in plasma from mice stimulated with LPS, as seen in
[0229] CVID Receptor Genes are Involved in the LPS/TLR4 Pathway:
[0230] Similar to LRBA, deficiency of any CVID gene is associated with immunodeficiency, e.g. recurrent bacterial infections. Moreover, CVID genes have multiple NF-κB binding sites in or around the promoter range (Supplemental Table 1). These data suggest that these CVID genes may be involved in the TLR4/LPS pathway.
[0231] To investigate whether CVID genes also respond to LPS, mice were injected intraperitoneally with LPS. Twenty-four hours later the spleen and bone marrow cells were harvested and subjected to cytometry assay. The levels of B220, CD19 and TACI are significantly upregulated in both tissues while the levels of BAFFR, CD21 and TLR4 are significantly downregulated, as seen in Table 6 and
TABLE-US-00017 TABLE 6 LPS regulates CVID receptors, B220 and TLR4 in vivo. Median Intensity (arbitrary Percentage (%) fluorescence intensity units) PBS LPS fold P value PBS LPS fold P value Bone Marrow B220 15.8 ± 1.2 15.5 ± 5.1 1.02 0.443 1672.3 ± 124.1 2423 ± 396.6 0.69↑ 0.09 CD19 14.9 ± 0.9 17.9 ± 5.5 0.83 0.88 1829.646.5 1951105 0.94 0.32 CD21 26.9 ± 0.49 24.5 ± 1.23 1.1 0.07↓ 764.7 ± 35.0 378 ± 53.8 2.02↓ 0.0006 BAFFR 35.2 ± 2.3 43.7 ± 4.9 0.81 0.14 1094.3 ± 55.4 693.3 ± 84.1 1.58↓ 0.012 TACI 3.1 ± 1.3 1.4 ± 0.35 2.16 0.22 637.730.7 617.719.7 1.03 0.39 TLR4 57.4 ± 2.0 50.9 ± 3.3 1.13↓ 0.08 576.3 ± 12.6 592 ± 28.8 0.97 0.85 Spleen B220 47.0 ± 3.2 58.7 ± 4.5 0.8↑ 0.021 4015.3 ± 89.3 4031.3 ± 153.2 1 0.88 CD19 49.3 ± 3.8 59 ± 4.1 0.8↑ 0.04 1928.362.4 1792237 1.07 0.39 CD21 88.8 ± 1.8 80.9 ± 9.7 1.1 0.24 846 ± 29.5 580.71 ± 56.5 1.45↓ 0.04 BAFFR 93.1 ± 2.6 94.7 ± 0.92 0.98 0.36 1002 ± 19.5 842.7 ± 73.1 1.19↓ 0.022 TACI 2.7 ± 0.40 7.9 ± 2.70 0.35↑ 0.03 479.3 ± 30.0 560.7 ± 60.1 1.1 0.85 TLR4 64.6 ± 2.3 55.7 ± 4.0 1.16↓ 0.03 511.3 ± 17.0 502.7 ± 3.1 1.02 0.43 Numbers in bold indicate significant change, numbers underlined indicate near significant change.
[0232] The regulation of NFκB on the BAFFR, CD19 and TACI was further investigated in LRBA WT and LRBA KD Raji cells using two proteasome inhibitors, MG132 and PS341, with three different doses for 4 and 14 hours to inhibit NFκB by blocking proteasome-mediated IκB degradation. As expected, the levels of BAFFR and CD19 are decreased by NFκB inhibitors in a dose-dependent manner, but the levels of TACI are increased in Raji cells. The levels of the receptor change significantly from 4 to 24h but less significantly among different doses. However, there are significant changes among the different doses in the levels of for CD19 and TACI at 24h in the LRBA WT cells. Interestingly, TACI in LRBA KD cells is not affected by either of the two inhibitors, as seen in
[0233] LRBA Regulates CVID Receptors In Vitro:
[0234] LRBA is an important vesicle trafficking regulator (Wang, et al., Identification of a novel lipopolysaccharide-inducible gene with key features of both A kinase anchor proteins and chs1/beige proteins. 2001. J Immunol 166: 4586-4595; Cullinane, et al., The BEACH Is Hot: A LYST of Emerging Roles for BEACH-Domain Containing Proteins in Human Disease. 2013. Traffic) and may function as a master regulator of multiple CVID receptors. To test this, LRBA WT and LRBA KD Raji cells were stimulated with LPS, and the cell surface levels of CVID receptors and TLR4 were analyzed by flow cytometry. BD FACSelect Multicolor Panel Designer was used to search antibodies and build up the panel for multiple color cytometry for LSRII FACS machine. Fluorophores directly conjugated antibodies against cell surface CVID proteins were used: CD19-PerCP-Cy5.5, CD2O-PE-Cy7, CD21-V450, BAFFR-PE, TACI-APC, and CD81-APC-H7. Two panels were used when use live/dead discrimination with DAPI (overlap with PerCP-Cy5.5) or 7AAD (overlap with V450). The standard staining procedures were followed and 20,000 to half million cells were acquired. Data acquisition was performed using FACS LSRII flow cytometers and analyzed using FACSDiva version 6.1.2.
[0235] The results demonstrate that the knockdown of LRBA significantly decreases the cell surface levels of TACI, CD19 and CD20 but increases the cell surface levels of CD21 and BAFFR. The LRBA knockdown also significantly decreases TACI and TLR4 positive cell numbers by four fold and two fold, respectively, but increases CD21 positive cell numbers by two fold, seen in
TABLE-US-00018 TABLE 7 Influence of LRBA knockdown on the cell surface levels of CVID and TLR4 receptors. Percentage (%) Wild type Knockdown fold p value CD19 98.93 ± 0.50 98.57 ± 0.28 1.00 0.15 CD20 99.32 ± 0.95 99.18 ± 0.04 1.00 0.74 CD21 27.25 ± 3.54 55.08 ± 5.00 0.49↑ 6E−07 BAFFR 87.30 ± 1.24 90.83 ± 0.93 0.96↑ 0.0002 TACI 30.06 ± 3.41 7.38 ± 1.49 4.07↓ 8E−07 TLR4 56.88 ± 6.21 31.27 ± 11.42 1.82↓ 0.0007 Median Intensity (arbitrary fluorescence intensity units) Wild type Knockdown fold p value CD19 7167.33 ± 215.86 5830.17 ± 159.95 1.23↓ 3E−07 CD20 35802.00 ± 4300.52 29541.25 ± 332.06 1.21↓ 0.03 CD21 1591.00 ± 41.19 1659.50 ± 72.48 0.96↑ 0.002 BAFFR 3391.50 ± 312.08 4198.00 ± 496.75 0.81↑ 0.007 TACI 2411.83 ± 114.57 1813.50 ± 412.89 1.33↓ 0.01 TLR4 11664.40 ± 3828.47 11204.60 ± 2171.10 1.04 0.81 Numbers in bold indicate significant change.
[0236] As seen in
TABLE-US-00019 TABLE 8 Comparison of the change rate of the gene expression levels in response to stimulators in cells with LRBA knock down or overexpression (Fold change ratio)*. Time point Fluctuation Fold Gene 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 phase FIG. # LRBA KD LPS or EGF CD19 0.91 2.08 1.00 0.50 7.06 5.99 Opposite 40, 41 (WT/KD) phase CD20 7.63 8.84 85.84 4.73 42.97 3.24 Out of 40, 41 phase BAFFR 1.16 2.01 1.56 2.18 1.26 0.52 Opposite 40, 41 phase TACI 0.01 1.39 5.75 3.69 2.76 2.50 Opposite 40, 41 phase KD protease CD19 0.91 1.80 0.10 9.81 1.18 0.86 0.60 1.09 Opposite 38, 39 inhibitor phase BAFFR 145.3 3.33 1.15 2.08 1.51 6.26 5.01 3.68 In phase 38, 39 TACI 1.41 0.84 5.94 0.53 4.39 5.79 5.14 2.04 Opposite 38, 39 phase LRBA.sup.+++ B220 0.90 1.18 0.06 0.20 1.37 1.31 1.07 0.29 Opposite 7 LPS phase
CD69 1.36 0.88 1.97 1.12 0.90 0.83 0.81 0.77 In phase 7 BAFFR 1.30 5.19 4.95 1.43 0.60 17.88 4.50 20.40 Opposite 7 phase TACI 1.52 1.99 0.14 2.35 0.52 1.26 0.32 1.13 In phase 7 *Numbers in blue, bold and italic are reversed ratios, i.e. KD/WT. KD = knockdown, WT = wild-type, LRBA.sup.+++ = LRBA Overexpression. CD19 is based on percentage others are Median Intensity (arbitrary fluorescence intensity units).
indicates data missing or illegible when filed
[0237] To confirm these results, four LRBA potential dominant negative mutants (DNM) fused with green fluorescent protein (GFP) were constructed from BEACH (Beige and Chediak-Higashi), VHS-LIR [VPS (vacuolar protein sorting), Hrs (hepatocyte growth factor-regulated tyrosine kinase substrate) and STAM (signal transducing adaptor molecule), LC3 (light chain 3) Interacting Region], VHS and LIR domains and transfected into Raji cells. CVID and TLR4 receptors were analyzed in the GFP positive and negative populations. All LRBA DNMs significantly decrease cell surface CVID receptor positive cell numbers and cell surface intensity, as seen in
[0238] LRBA Regulates CVID Receptors In Vivo:
[0239] The knockdown of LRBA downregulates CVID receptors, while the overexpression of LRBA may upregulate CVID receptors. The miR-150 knockout (KO) mice were used to test this possibility. There is one miR-150 potential site conserved in the LRBA coding region of the human and mouse LRBA genes, as seen in
[0240] To understand the underlying molecular mechanism by which LRBA deficiency causes CVID and autoimmunity, first we examined the involvement of CVID receptors and LRBA in the LPS/TLR4/NFκB pathway, which is one of most important signal pathways in immune response, and is closely related to immunodeficiency and autoimmunity. Toll is an essential receptor for host defense against fungal and Gram-positive bacterial infections in Drosophila (Lemaitre, et al., The dorsoventral regulatory gene cassette spatzle/Toll/cactus controls the potent antifungal response in Drosophila adults. 1996. Cell 86: 973-983). The mammal TLR4 recognizes LPS from Gram-negative bacteria, fibrinogen cleaved by proteases from fungi and Gram-positive bacteria, and viral proteins (F protein from respiratory syncytial virus, vesicular stomatis virus glycoprotein G, poxviral protein A46) (Stack & Bowie, Poxviral protein A46 antagonizes Toll-like receptor 4 signaling by targeting BB loop motifs in Toll-IL-1 receptor adaptor proteins to disrupt receptor:adaptor interactions. 2012. The Journal of biological chemistry 287: 22672-22682; Bezemer, et al., Dual role of Toll-like receptors in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 2012. Pharmacological reviews 64: 337-358). LPS is a crucial structural component of Gram-negative bacteria and a potent immunostimulators. Excessive LPS stimulation can result in systemic inflammation and death (Beutler & Rietschel, Innate immune sensing and its roots: the story of endotoxin. 2003. Nature reviews. Immunology 3: 169-176). It interacts with TLR4, activating the downstream transcription factors of the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) family to produce several hundred inflammatory genes (Beutler & Rietschel, Innate immune sensing and its roots: the story of endotoxin. 2003. Nature reviews. Immunology 3: 169-176; Poltorak, et al., Defective LPS signaling in C3H/HeJ and C57BL/10ScCr mice: mutations in Tlr4 gene. 1998. Science 282: 2085-2088; Akira, et al., Pathogen recognition and innate immunity. 2006. Cell 124: 783-801). NF-κB plays a pivotal role in inflammation and immune responses including inflammatory and immune responses (Baltimore, NF-kappaB is 25. 2011. Nat Immunol 12: 683-685; Hayden & Ghosh, NF-kappaB, the first quarter-century: remarkable progress and outstanding questions. 2012. Genes & development 26: 203-234), and is a hub transcription factor downstream of many proteins, defects of which cause immunodeficiency (Cunningham-Rundles, Human B cell defects in perspective. 2012. Immunologic research 54: 227-232). Therefore, LPS/TLR4 is one of most important signal pathways in immune response. It is important to defend against Gram-negative and some Gram-positive bacteria (Koppe, et al., Recognition of Streptococcus pneumoniae by the innate immune system. 2012. Cellular microbiology 14: 460-466), fungi (Millien, et al., Cleavage of fibrinogen by proteinases elicits allergic responses through Toll-like receptor 4. 2013. Science 341: 792-796) and viruses (Shinya, et al., The TLR4-TRIF pathway protects against H5N1 influenza virus infection. 2012. Journal of virology 86: 19-24). LRBA is involved in the signal transduction pathway initiated by LPS (Wang, et al., Identification of a novel lipopolysaccharide-inducible gene with key features of both A kinase anchor proteins and chs1/beige proteins. 2001. J Immunol 166: 4586-4595). Its deficiency is hypothesized to impair the TLR4 pathway. Other CVID genes are critical immune regulators, involved in the stimulation, survival and development of B cells. However, their involvements in LPS/TLR4 pathway have not been explored yet. Levels of LRBA and the CVID receptors are shown responsive to LPS stimulation, suggesting that they are involved in LPS/TLR4 signal pathways, agreeing with their critical roles in the immune system.
[0241] The data from proteasome inhibitors, which inhibit NFκB by blocking proteasome-mediated IκB degradation, suggests that LPS may regulate CVID receptors through NFκB. Intriguingly, TACI levels cannot be increased in Raji9 cells treated with proteasome inhibitors: 250 nM of MG-132 or 50 nM of PS-341 for 24 hr as in Raji cells, as seen in
[0242] LRBA was tested to determine if it is a master regulator for CVID receptors. LRBA is a unique CVID gene extraordinarily different from other CVID genes. First, it is a large gene encoding a 319 kD protein composed of multiple domains (Wang, et al., Identification of a novel lipopolysaccharide-inducible gene with key features of both A kinase anchor proteins and chs1/beige proteins. 2001. J Immunol 166: 4586-4595; Kerr, et al., Analysis of lipopolysaccharide-response genes in B-lineage cells demonstrates that they can have differentiation stage-restricted expression and contain SH2 domains. 1996. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 93: 3947-3952), and could serve as a scaffold to interact with multiple proteins. Other CVID proteins are relative small: ICOS is 27 kD; TACI, 32 kD; BAFFR, 19 kD; CD81, 26 kD; CD21, 145 kD; CD20, 35 kD; and CD19, 61 kD. Second, CVID proteins are plasma membrane receptors on B cells except for ICOS which is on T cells. LRBA is expressed in every kind of cells and locates to almost everywhere in the cell and is a regulator for vesicle trafficking. Vesicle trafficking is required for homeostasis and activation of plasma membrane receptors (Wang, et al., Identification of a novel lipopolysaccharide-inducible gene with key features of both A kinase anchor proteins and chs1/beige proteins. 2001. J Immunol 166: 4586-4595; Cullinane, et al., The BEACH Is Hot: A LYST of Emerging Roles for BEACH-Domain Containing Proteins in Human Disease. 2013. Traffic). Third, LRBA deficiency causes both immunodeficiency and autoimmunity in LRBA deficient patient, a phenomenon not seen with other CVID genes. TACI mutations also are associated with autoimmunity but to a much lesser extent (Salzer, et al., Relevance of biallelic versus monoallelic TNFRSF13B mutations in distinguishing disease-causing from risk-increasing TNFRSF13B variants in antibody deficiency syndromes. 2009. Blood 113: 1967-1976). Fourth, LRBA is the only CVID protein that is a protein kinase A anchor and can regulate protein activity by phosphorylation. Agreeably, LRBA deficiency causes more severe diseases, and in addition to immunodeficiency and autoimmunity, other medical conditions such as severe retarded growth and failure to thrive, growth hormone deficiency, asthma, monoarthritis, seizures, granulomatous infiltration, finger clubbing, hepatosplenomegaly, allergic dermatitis, and nephrotic syndrome are also observed in LRBA deficient patients. LRBA was shown to extensively associated with the endomembrane system including the Golgi complex, endosomes, lysosomes, plasma membrane, nucleus, pseudopodia and microtubules, and vesicle trafficking, which is responsive to LPS stimulation, suggesting that LRBA plays a regulatory but not a structural role in vesicle trafficking, which is essential for signal transduction of immune effectors. These results suggest that LRBA plays a role in vesicle trafficking and signal transduction essential for the immune system, deficiency of which caused by LRBA deficiency may cause the aforementioned diseases. Our previous study shows that LRBA regulate EGFR activation. Neurobeachin (Nbea) is required for the disposition of surface levels of glutamate and GABA, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors at synapses (Nair, et al., Neurobeachin regulates neurotransmitter receptor trafficking to synapses. 2013. The Journal of cell biology 200: 61-80). Thus, LRBA may regulate other CVID genes, for example, CD19, CD20 and BAFFR, because their levels are low when LRBA is absent.
[0243] Therefore, the cell surface receptors (CVID receptors and TLR4) were examined for LRBA regulation. LRBA repression by multiple methods downregulates the levels of CD19, CD20, TACI and TLR4, seen in Table 6. In contrast, overexpression of LRBA in a mouse model has opposite effects, i.e., upregulation of these B cell markers, seen in
[0244] Interestingly, survival genes, BAFFR is increased, while anti-survival genes, e.g. TACI(18, 19),TLR4(54), and other CVID receptors (CD19, CD20 and CD21) are decreased with LRBA repression, seen in Table 6, which appears to result in enhanced survival signaling and more cells. This is supported by the findings that LRBA deficient patients have more peripheral T cells, more CD20 positive B cells, lymphocyte infiltration and respond to anti-CD20 therapy. The effects of miR-150 on CVID receptors are mediated by LRBA. In another word, miR-150 K/O mice represent LRBA overexpression model in terms of CVID receptor regulation.
[0245] LRBA's presence in plasma and cell membranes may provide an easy way to modulate LRBA levels. Antibodies to LRBA also decrease the proinflammatory cytokines, IL-6 and TNFα in vivo, as seen in
[0246] The mammal Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) recognizes LPS from Gram-negative bacteria, fibrinogen cleaved by proteases from fungi and Gram-positive bacteria, and viral proteins (F protein from respiratory syncytial virus, vesicular stomatis virus glycoprotein G, poxviral protein A46) (38, 39). Therefore, this receptor is important to defend against Gram-negative and some Gram-positive bacteria(46), fungi(47) and viruses(48). LRBA is involved in the signal transduction pathway initiated by LPS(5), which is a crucial structural component of Gram-negative bacteria and a potent immunostimulator. Excessive LPS stimulation can result in systemic inflammation and death(40). It interacts with TLR4, activating the downstream transcription factors of the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) family, to produce proinflammatory cytokines, IL-6 and TNFα. NF-κB plays a pivotal role in inflammation and immune responses. In signal transduction, it is downstream of many proteins, defects of which cause immunodeficiency and autoimmunity. LRBA deficiency impairs the TLR4 pathway by deregulating hub proteins such as NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), which, in turn, deregulate multiple critical immune genes such as CVID receptors, resulting in immunodeficiency and autoimmunity.
Example 10
[0247] Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-responsive beige-like anchor (LRBA) deficiency causes both immunodeficiency (CVID) and autoimmunity with manifestations of antibody deficiency (1-3), indicating that it plays a fundamental role in the immune system. CVID is the most common late-onset primary immunodeficiency disease (PID). Transmembrane activator and calcium modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor (TACI)(4) and B cell-activating factor receptor (BAFFR)(5), CD20(6), inducible costimulator (ICOS)(7) and members of the B cell coreceptor complex (CD19(8), CD21(9) and CD81(10)), also are associated with or cause CVID(11). About two-third of CVID patients have autoimmune problems (12, 13). As opposed to other CVID genes, the immunodeficiency caused by LRBA deficiency is highly associated with autoimmunity. To date, the 11 identified LRBA-deficient CVID patients had autoimmunity(l, 2, 14). TACI mutations also are associated with autoimmunity but to a lesser degree (36% vs. 23% of patients with wild-type TACI) (15). The association of immunodeficiency with autoimmunity is paradoxical, since immunodeficiency is lacking immunity, while autoimmunity is overactivation of the immunity to the body. LRBA deficient patients have markedly reduced T-cell proliferation in response to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and anti-CD3 mAb stimulations(3), and reduced B cell survival(1). On another hand, LRBA deficient patients have more CD20 positive B cells, lymphocyte infiltration and respond to anti-CD20 therapy(1-3), suggesting that overactivation of B cells may contribute to the autoimmunity.
[0248] LRBA was initially identified as an LPS-upregulated gene in B cells (16, 17). It belongs to the WDL-BEACH-WD40 (WBW) gene family containing the WBW super domain. LRBA and other WBW proteins appear to function as scaffolding proteins in vesicle trafficking(1, 16, 18, 19) and are important for human disease(18). Vesicle trafficking is required for homeostasis of inflammatory receptors and cytokines through cell membrane deposition, oligomerization, phosphorylation, internalization, recycling and degradation(20). To explain the paradoxical association of immunodeficiency and autoimmunity, it is hypothesized that LRBA deficient patients have defective vesicle trafficking, resulting in attenuation of both activation and deactivation of immune mediators. The attenuation of activation of immune mediators may lead to immunodeficiency, while the attenuation of deactivation of immune mediators may result in prolonged activation of the immunity and then autoimmunity. To test this hypothesis, LRBA was stably knocked down in Raji cells by the short hairpin (sh) RNA technique to study the effects of LRBA repression on NF□B activity. The results demonstrate that repression of LRBA attenuates both NF□B activation and deactivation, which may result in insufficient NF□B activity and prolonged NF□B activation, leading to immunodeficiency and autoimmunity.
[0249] LRBA Regulates NF□B in a Dual Mode:
[0250] NF-κB is the central regulator of the immune system and plays a pivotal role in inflammation and immune responses. Disturbed NF-κB signaling is implicated in the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency and chronic autoimmune inflammatory diseases(21). Defects of several genes upstream of NF□B cause immunodeficiency(22). Therefore, deregulation of NF-κB signaling may be involved in LRBA deficiency associated immunodeficiency and autoimmunity. In another word, LRBA may be a regulator of NF-κB. To test this hypothesis, LRBA was knocked down in Raji cells by the short hairpin (sh) RNA technique as previously described(23). Several stable clones were obtained and named Raji9 cells. Raji cells were stimulated with LPS for different times from zero to several hours, and the NF-κB activity was measured by NF-κB luciferase reporter. The average levels of the NF-κB activity are higher in Raji cells with LRBA knockdown, as seen in
[0251] These results demonstrate that NF-κB activity is regulated by LRBA. To test if the regulation is dose-dependent, A549 cells were transfected with the LRBA shRNA plasmid DNA to knockdown LRBA. Three stable clones that have different levels of GFP expression were obtained, as seen in
[0252] As the NF-κB activity oscillates during stimulation, to measure the speed of the NF-κB activity change in response to stimulation, a trend line for each dataset was obtained by polynomial fitting, as seen in
[0253] LRBA Regulates MAPKs:
[0254] Like NF-κB, the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) act as funnels to collect many stress-activated signals but function as bottle necks to filter and process these signals, and then have many diverse targets(26). Specifically, MAPKs are critical downstream hubs of the TLR4/LPS signal transduction(27) and may be affected by LRBA deficiency. The expression and activation of the three major MAPKs [p42/44, p38 and Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)] were examined in Raji cells. The results suggest that the p42/44 kinase activity is reduced, while the JNK and p38 kinase activities are increased, as seen in
[0255] LRBA Regulates Cytokines:
[0256] The results show that LRBA regulates NF-κB and signal transduction kinase hubs, which suggests that cytokines regulated by these proteins also may be regulated by LRBA. To this end, we measured cytokines. The secreted levels of TNFα and IL-10 measured by the cytometric bead array (CBA) are significantly increased by knocking down LRBA, as seen in
[0257] LRBA Immunodeficiency In Vitro Model.
[0258] In order for pathogens to efficiently spread to neighboring cells and evade the immune cells, and/or gain nutrients, one prominent strategy of many bacterial pathogens is to cause host cell death (31). On another hand, the host cell, first will try to kill the evaded pathogens. As such, cell death may be used as a hallmark of immunodeficiency. This study demonstrates that repression of LRBA deregulates multiple critical immune genes and can explain why LRBA deficiency causes immunodeficiency. It is hypothesized that Raji cells with LRBA knockdown can serve as an immunodeficiency in vitro model, i.e. they cannot fight pathogens efficiently when compared to wild type cells, manifested as more cell death. To test this assumption, Raji and Raji9 cells were infected separately with adenoviruses and Gram-negative bacteria and the annexin V apoptosis assay was conducted after 24 hrs, as seen in
[0259] Despite the tremendous progress in understanding the regulation of NF-κB, there is much that remains to be understood(32). Therapeutic strategies based on specifically targeting the NF-κB pathway have failed to show efficacy in human disease, although NF-κB is implicated to be critical in a host of human diseases(33). This study identified a new category of NF-κB regulator, LRBA, a vesicle trafficking regulator. LRBA is the first vesicle trafficking regulator that regulates NF□B. Vesicle trafficking is required for both activation and deactivation of many immune effectors. Agreeably, LRBA regulates both NF□B activation and deactivation.
[0260] Based on these results, a dual regulation model of immune mediators is proposed for LRBA's regulating NF-κB and other genes, and in turn, regulating the immune system, as seen in
[0261] Several fundamental implications can be obtained from this model: First, the immune system requires a rapid response, and the insufficient activation of immune effectors may cause immunodeficiency (phase 1); Second, the delayed and prolonged activation of immune effectors may cause autoimmunity (phase 2); Third, although autoimmunity and normal immunity may involve the same genes, they may be different, as autoimmunity results from the four deregulated parameters (protein levels, activation levels, response speed and response phase) of the immune effectors; Fourth, autoimmunity (phase 2) occurs following immunodeficiency (phase 1) and may be as a result of the immunodeficiency.
[0262] The members of NF-κB and MAPK protein families act as funnels to collect a great number of stress-activated signals but function as bottle necks to filter and process these signals, and then to participate in the regulation of hundreds of genes (26). They were examined in this study for LRBA regulation to investigate the molecular mechanism by which LRBA deficiency causes immunodeficiency and autoimmunity. LRBA knockdown upregulates NF-κB activity, TNFα and IL-10 levels. It also increases the phosphorylation levels (activity) of p38 and JNK but decreases that of p42/44, as seen in
[0263] NF-κB is the master gene regulator in the immune response and plays a pivotal role in the immune system, including inflammatory and immune responses, and is a hub transcription factor downstream of many proteins, defects of which cause immunodeficiency(22). Other genes in this study also encode critical immune effectors closely associated with PIDs and autoimmunity, and may be controlled by NF-κB directly such as those genes that are known or potential NF□B target genes (TNFα), or indirectly, e.g. NF-κB activates TNFα which can activate JNK and p38(34, 35). Thus, LRBA may exert its effects on immunodeficiency and autoimmunity via its regulation of these genes through NF-κB.
[0264] Survival genes, i.e. NF-κB, AKT, TNFα and IL-10, or stress genes, i.e. p38 and JNK, are increased, while anti-survival genes, e.g. proliferation gene (p42/44)(36, 37) are decreased with LRBA repression (Table 7). This may result in enhanced survival signaling and more cells, which is supported by the findings that LRBA knockdown significantly increases cell survival, and that LRBA deficient patients have more peripheral T cells, more CD20 positive B cells, lymphocyte infiltration and respond to anti-CD20 therapy(1-3). These data suggest that the autoimmunity caused by LRBA deficiency may be associated with deregulated cell survival. Self-reactive T and B cells are deleted by apoptosis during the development of T and B cells in the thymus and bone marrow, respectively. The increased survival may enable self-reactive B or T cells to escape from destined apoptosis and to enter the blood stream and cause autoimmunity. However, when these cells are infected with Gram-negative bacteria or adenoviruses, more Raji9 cells die and become apoptotic. This suggests that Raji9 cells cannot efficiently fight infection and could be used as an in vitro immunodeficiency model.
[0265] Finally, current therapeutic strategies to treat inflammatory diseases are based on single cytokines. The cytokine cascade is highly redundant, and chronic inflammatory diseases, more often than not, are complex involving multiple cytokines(38). Therefore, inhibition of a single cytokine may not be sufficient to treat the disease and blocking a variety of different cytokines with multiple agents is theoretically impractical. Targeting a gene such as LRBA, that regulates multiple cytokines and other immune effectors, may be desirable. This gene is crucial in the regulation of multiple immune effectors, including various cytokines. LRBA's presence in plasma and cell membranes may provide an easy way to modulate LRBA levels. Antibodies to LRBA also decrease the proinflammatory cytokines, IL-6 and TNFα in vivo, as seen in
[0266] Although in contrast with most other cell types, NF□B is constitutively activated in primary B cells and B cell lines, much of the NF-κB is still sequestered in the cytoplasm hence can be activated upon stimulation as shown in this study. In non immune cells, such as HeLa and NIH3T3 cells, the NF□B nuclear translocation oscillates upon stimulation as a results of negative feedback loop of the NF□B sequester I□B□, which is produced by NF□B activation. In this study, it seems that NF□B activity also oscillate in Raji B cells in response to stimulation, as seen in
[0267] To prove that these in vitro studies are clinically relevant. We explored if Raji cells can be used as a in vitro model of immunodeficiency. The resiults demonstrate that Raji LRBA KD cells can be used as a novel LRBA immunodeficiency in vitro model, which can be used to study at least apoptosis caused by pathogens. Due to the convenience of in vitro study, it will greatly facilitate studies on immunodeficiency.
[0268] Chronic inflammation leads to many chronic diseases, affecting almost half of American population. Overactivation of inflammatory mediators, e.g. NF-κB, TNFα and IL-6 plays a critical role in chronic inflammation. However, the regulation of CI is largely unknown. NF□B overactivation is central to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, its blockage even interferes with resolution of inflammation. (41)
[0269] In summary, LRBA regulates the bottleneck immune genes, NF-κB and MAPKs (p42/44, p38 and JNK), and critical immune effectors, IL-10 and TNFα at protein levels/activity, response speed and response phase. The proposed dual model of LRBA's regulating immune mediators, for the first time, provides a united way to explain the paradoxical association of immunodeficiency with autoimmunity at molecular levels. In LRBA deficient patients, in response to pathogens, the attenuated activation of immune effectors at phase 1 may result in insufficient immunity and thus immunodeficiency, while attenuated deactivation of immune effectors at phase 2 may lead to overactivated immunity and thus autoimmunity.
[0270] Reagents:
[0271] Monoclonal antibodies against the following proteins were purchased from BD Biosciences (San Jose, Calif., USA): Phosflow Starter Kit, Erk1/2 (pT202/pY204) PE-CF594, JNK (PT183/PY185) Alexa 647, NF-KpaB p65 (pS529) PE-Cy7 and p38 MAPK (pT180/pY182) PerCP-Cy5.5. The LRBA Prestige antibodies (NBP1-90764 and NBP1-90765) were purchased from Novus Biologicals (Littleton, Colo., USA). The Alexa Fluor Conjugated secondary antibodies: Anti-mouse IgG-Alexa Fluor® 555 and anti-rabbit IgG-Alexa Fluor® 488 were purchased from Life Technologies (Grand Island, N.Y., USA). Phospho-MAPK Family Antibody Sampler Kit (9910S), MAPK Family Antibody Sampler (9926S), NF-κB Family Member Antibody Sampler Kit (#4766) were from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, Mass., USA).
[0272] Cell Culture and Stimulation:
[0273] HEK293 cell line were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, Va., USA) and maintained according to the company's instructions. Raji B cell line (Burkitt's lymphoma) was kindly provided by Dr. George Blanck (University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine). These cells were cultured in RPMI1640 supplemented with 10% FBS and penicillin-streptomycin (5,000 IU/ml penicillin and 5,000 μg/ml streptomycin). Raji cells were stimulated with LPS (1 μg/ml).
[0274] Multiparametric Flow Cytometry:
[0275] BD FACSelect Multicolor Panel Designer was used to search antibodies and build up the panel for multiple color cytometry for LSRII FACS machine. Two panels were used when use live/dead discrimination with DAPI (overlap with PerCP-Cy5.5) or 7AAD (overlap with V450). The standard staining procedures were followed and 20,000 to half million cells were acquired. Data acquisition was performed using FACS LSRII flow cytometers and analyzed using FACSDiva version 6.1.2.
[0276] Cytometric Bead Array (CBA) and ELISA Cytokine Assay:
[0277] Cell culture supernatants were directly used to detect human Th1 and Th2 cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, TNFα and IFN-γ) using the human Th1/Th2 cytokine bead-array kit (BD Biosciences, San Jose, Calif.) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The TNF□ concentrations were also measured by Human TNF□ DuoSet ELISA kit (R&D, Catalog #DY210).
[0278] Western Blots:
[0279] Cell extracts were prepared using radioimmunoprecipitation assay buffer (RIPA) buffer supplemented with protease inhibitor cocktail set III, EDTA-free (Millipore, Cat. No. 539134) and phosphatase inhibitor cocktail set II (Millipore, Cat. No. 524625). PVDF transfer membranes (Thermo, Rockford, Ill.) were used for Western blotting. Blots were imaged and protein levels of specific gene products quantitated by a ChemiDoc XRS (Bio-Rad, Richmond, Calif.) imager and Quantity One software (Bio-Rad, Richmond, Calif.).
[0280] Luciferase Assay:
[0281] Ready-To-Glow™ NF-κB Secreted Luciferase Reporter System (Clontech) and Firefly Luciferase Assay Kit (Biotium, Calif., USA) were used following the manufacture's instruction.
[0282] Polynomial Fitting and Slope Calculation:
[0283] Polynomial fitting in Microsoft Excel was used to represent nonlinear dataset in this study. High R.sup.2 values (R.sup.2>=0.9) were used to describe the fitting accuracy and a polynomial trend line equation were used to represent the dataset. The slopes at each time point were calculated by n.Math.k.Math.x.sup.(n-1) calculus method.
[0284] Statistics Analysis:
[0285] Comparisons of sample means was done using two-sample t test, assuming equal variance, and p value was calculated based on two-tailed test. Significance was taken as p<0.05. Data are expressed as mean±standard deviation (SD) and are representative of two to three independent experiments. P value indications: <0.001 Extremely significant ***, 0.001 to 0.01 Very significant ** 0.01 to 0.05 Significant * >0.05 Not significant ns #>≈0.05.
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[0327] In the preceding specification, all documents, acts, or information disclosed do not constitute an admission that the document, act, or information of any combination thereof was publicly available, known to the public, part of the general knowledge in the art, or was known to be relevant to solve any problem at the time of priority.
[0328] The disclosures of all publications cited above are expressly incorporated herein by reference, each in its entirety, to the same extent as if each were incorporated by reference individually.
[0329] It is also to be understood that the following claims are intended to cover all of the generic and specific features of the invention herein described, and all statements of the scope of the invention which, as a matter of language, might be said to fall there between.