ERBIUM-DOPED SILICATE CRYSTALS AND 1.5 .Math.m LASERS USING THE SAME

Abstract

A class of erbium-doped silicate crystals have a general chemical formula of (Er.sub.xYb.sub.yCe.sub.zA.sub.(1-x-y-z)).sub.3RM.sub.3Si.sub.2O.sub.14, in which the range of x is 0.002 to 0.02, y is 0.005 to 0.1, and z is 0 to 0.15; A is one, two or three elements selected from Ca, Sr, or Ba; R is one or two elements selected from Nb or Ta; M is one or two elements selected from Al or Ga. Using one of such crystals as a gain medium and a diode laser at 940 nm or 980 nm as a pumping source, a 1.5 m continuous-wave solid-state laser with high output power and high efficiency, as well as a pulse solid-state laser with high energy and narrow width can be obtained.

Claims

1. Erbium-doped silicate crystals having a general chemical formula of (Er.sub.xYb.sub.yCe.sub.zA.sub.(1-x-y-z)).sub.3RM.sub.3Si.sub.2O.sub.14, wherein x is 0.002 to 0.02, y is 0.005 to 0.10, z is 0 to 0.15; A is one, two or three elements selected from Ca, Sr or Ba; R is one or two elements selected from Nb or Ta; M is one or two elements selected from Al or Ga.

2. The erbium-doped silicate crystals of claim 1, characterized in that said crystals belong to the trigonal crystal system, and their space groups are P321.

3. A method of preparing the erbium-doped silicate crystals of claim 1, characterized in that said method comprises the following steps: S1. mixing and grinding a compound containing Er, a compound containing Yb, a compound containing Ce, a compound containing A, a compound containing R, a compound containing M, and a compound containing Si; S2. sintering the ground mixture in step S1 to obtain a polycrystalline material; S3. carrying out a crystal growth of said polycrystalline material obtained in step S2; wherein, said A, R, M are defined in claim 1; preferably, in step S1, said compound containing Er is selected from oxides of Er, such as Er.sub.2O.sub.3; said compound containing Yb is selected from oxides of Yb, such as Yb.sub.2O.sub.3; said compound containing Ce is selected from oxides of Ce, such as CeO.sub.2; said compound containing Si is selected from oxides of Si, such as SiO.sub.2; said compound containing A is selected from carbonates of A, such as one or two or more from CaCO.sub.3, SrCO.sub.3 or BaCO.sub.3; said compound containing R is selected from oxides of R, such as one or two from Nb.sub.2O.sub.5 or Ta.sub.2O.sub.5; said compound containing M is selected from oxides of M, such as one or two from Al.sub.2O.sub.3 or Ga.sub.2O.sub.3; said molar ratio of said compound containing Er, said compound containing Yb, said compound containing Ce, said compound containing A, said compound containing R, said compound containing M, and said compound containing Si accords with the molar ratio of the elements in said (Er.sub.xYb.sub.yCe.sub.zA.sub.(1-x-y-z)).sub.3RM.sub.3Si.sub.2O.sub.14 crystals as defined in claim 1; preferably, in step S2, said sintering temperature is 1100 to 1250 C., preferably 1150 C.; preferably, in step S3, said growth temperature is 1200 to 1400 C., preferably 1270 to 1350 C.; in the process of crystal growth, said pulling speed is 0.6 to 1.5 mm/h, and said rotation rate for crystal growth is 6 to 15 rpm; preferably, when M is selected from Ga, or Ga and Al, said method of the preparation further comprises: S1. Adding the compound containing Ga to the mixture obtained in step S1 again; then grinding the mixture again and proceeding to step S2; preferably, in step S1, said addition amount of the compound containing Ga is 0.5 mol % to 2.5 mol % of the compound containing Ga in step S1, preferably 1.2 mol %.

4. The use of the erbium-doped silicate crystals of claim 1, characterized in that said crystals are used as laser gain media; preferably, said lasers include laser oscillators and laser amplifiers.

5. The use of the erbium-doped silicate crystals of claim 4, characterized in that said lasers are around wavelength of 1.5 m, such as 1.5 m pulse solid-state lasers, 1.5 m tunable solid-state lasers, 1.5 m frequency-doubled or self-frequency-doubled solid-state lasers.

6. A 1.5 m laser, characterized in that said laser comprises a diode laser pumping system, an input mirror, a gain medium and an output mirror; said gain medium is one of the said erbium-doped silicate crystals of claim 1; said diode laser pumping system comprises a 940 nm or 980 nm diode laser and an optical coupler; said gain medium is located between the input mirror and the output mirror; preferably, said optical coupler is arranged between said diode laser and said input mirror; preferably, said input mirror has a transmission T70% in the pump waveband, and T0.5% at 1.5 m; said output mirror has a transmission 0.5%T10% at 1.5 m; said input mirror and said output mirror are deposited on the input surface and/or the output surface of said gain medium, respectively.

7. The laser of claim 6, characterized in that said laser further comprises a 1.5 m Q-switching or mode-locking element; preferably, said 1.5 m Q-switching or mode-locking element is located between said gain medium and said output mirror, or said Q-switching and mode-locking element are placed between said gain medium and said output mirror at the same time; said input mirror is directly deposited on the input surface of said gain medium, and said output mirror is directly deposited on the output surface of said Q-switching or mode-locking element; preferably, said Q-switching element is a passively Q-switched crystal, such as the Co.sup.2+:MgAl.sub.2O.sub.4 crystal, Co.sup.2+:ZnSe crystal, Cr.sup.2+:ZnSe crystal, etc., or an acousto-optic Q-switched module.

8. The laser of claim 6, characterized in that said laser further comprises a wavelength-tunable element around 1.5 m; preferably, said wavelength-tunable element is located between said gain medium and said output mirror; preferably, said wavelength-tunable element is selected from a birefringent filter, a grating, or a prism, etc.

9. The laser of claim 6, characterized in that said laser further comprises a 1.5 m frequency-doubling crystal; preferably, said frequency-doubling crystal is located between said gain medium and said output mirror; preferably, said output mirror has a transmission T0.5% at 1.5 m, and T70% in the frequency-doubled waveband; preferably, said output mirror is directly deposited on the output surface of said frequency-doubling crystal; preferably, said frequency-doubling crystal is a nonlinear optical crystal for a 1.5 m frequency-doubled laser, such as the K TP crystal, LBO crystal, -BBO crystal, etc.

10. The laser of claim 6, characterized in that said laser is a 1.5 Lm self-frequency-doubled solid-state laser, in the laser, the gain medium is used as a self-frequency-doubling laser crystal, wherein the cut angle of said self-frequency-doubling laser crystal is the frequency-doubling phase-matching angle of the emitted fundamental 1.5 m laser; said input mirror has a transmission T70% at 980 nm, and T0.5% at 1.5 m and in the frequency-doubled waveband; said output mirror has a transmission T0.5% at 1.5 m, and T70% in the frequency-doubled waveband; preferably, said input mirror and said output mirror are deposited on the input surface and/or the output surface of said self-frequency-doubling crystal, respectively.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0054] FIG. 1 shows a picture of the (Er.sub.0.007Yb.sub.0.02Ce.sub.0.03Ca.sub.0.943).sub.3NbGa.sub.3Si.sub.2O.sub.14 crystal in Example 4.

[0055] FIG. 2 shows XRD pattern of the (Er.sub.0.007Yb.sub.0.02Ce.sub.0.03Ca.sub.0.943).sub.3NbGa.sub.3Si.sub.2O.sub.14 crystal in Example 4.

EXAMPLES

[0056] The crystals and lasers of the disclosure will be further described in the following in combination with specific embodiments. It should be understood that the following embodiments exemplarily illustrate and explain the disclosure, and should not be interpreted to limit the protection scope of the disclosure. The technologies implemented based on the above-described contents disclosed herein all fall into the protection scope of the disclosure.

[0057] Unless otherwise specified, the raw materials and reagents used in the following examples are all commercially available products, or can be prepared by known methods.

Example 1

[0058] An (Er.sub.0.005Yb.sub.0.01Ca.sub.0.985).sub.3NbGa.sub.3Si.sub.2O.sub.14 crystal end-pumped by a 976 nm diode laser realizing a solid-state laser at 1.56 m.

[0059] An (Er.sub.0.005Yb.sub.0.01Ca.sub.0.985).sub.3NbGa.sub.3Si.sub.2O.sub.14 crystal was grown by the Czochralski method, and the specific preparation steps were as follows:

[0060] (1) Use CaCO.sub.3, Er.sub.2O.sub.3, Yb.sub.2O.sub.3, Nb.sub.2O.sub.5, Ga.sub.2O.sub.3 and SiO.sub.2 as raw materials, which are mixed together according to the stoichiometric ratio of the crystal formula.

[0061] (2) Add Ga.sub.2O.sub.3 to the mixture obtained in step (1), the addition amount being 1.2 mol % of Ga.sub.2O.sub.3 in step (1).

[0062] (3) Grind the mixture for 16 hours, and then press the uniformly ground mixture into tablets; sinter the tablets at 1150 C. for 30 hours, and synthesize to obtain a polycrystalline material after complete reaction.

[0063] (4) Put the polycrystalline material into a single crystal growth furnace for carrying out the crystal growth, a growth temperature being 1300 C., a rotation rate being 12 rpm, and a pulling speed being 1.0 mm/h. After the crystal grew to the required size, pull the crystal of f the liquid surface and cool down, a cooling rate being 20 C./h, and then take the crystal out after the temperature in the furnace dropped to room temperature.

[0064] The crystal belongs to the trigonal crystal system, the space group is P321, the crystal is uniaxial, and its optical axis is parallel to the crystallographic c-axis. After orientation by using a polarized light microscope, a crystal sample having a pair of smooth surfaces perpendicular to the c-axis was cut and polished. Because the absorption coefficient at pumping wave length of 976 nm is about 3.0 cm.sup.1, a 4.0 mm-thick crystal sample (the area of the surface is generally square millimeters to square centimeters) has 70% absorption efficiency. The crystal sample was fixed in a copper chamber with a small hole in the middle of front and rear ends. The chamber was placed in a laser cavity. The input mirror of the laser cavity had a transmission of 90% at 976 nm, and 0.1% at 1.56 m; the output mirror of the laser cavity had a transmission of 3.0% at 1.56 m. When end-pumped by a 6 W diode laser at 976 nm, a solid-state laser at 1.56 m with a continuous-wave output power of more than 500 mW was obtained. The input and output mirrors of the laser cavity can be directly deposited on the input and/or output surfaces of the laser crystal, respectively, to achieve the same purpose.

Example 2

[0065] An (Er.sub.0.006Yb.sub.0.015Ca.sub.0.979).sub.3TaGa.sub.3Si.sub.2O.sub.14 crystal end-pumped by a 976 nm diode laser realizing a solid-state laser at 1.56 m.

[0066] An (Er.sub.0.006Yb.sub.0.015Ca.sub.0.979).sub.3TaGa.sub.3Si.sub.2O.sub.14 crystal was grown by the Czochralski method, and the specific preparation method was referred to Example 1. The crystal is uniaxial, and its optical axis is parallel to the crystallographic c-axis. After orientation by using a polarized light microscope, a crystal sample having a pair of smooth surfaces perpendicular to the c-axis was cut and polished.

[0067] Because the absorption coefficient at pumping wavelength of 976 nm is about 3.8 cm.sup.1, a 3.2 mm-thick crystal sample (the area of the surface is generally square millimeters to square centimeters) has 70% absorption efficiency. The crystal sample was fixed in a copper chamber with a small hole in the middle of front and rear ends. The chamber was placed in a laser cavity. The input mirror of the laser cavity had a transmission of 90% at 976 nm, and 0.1% at 1.56 m; the output mirror of the laser cavity had a transmission of 2.0% at 1.56 m. When end-pumped by a 6 W diode laser at 976 nm, a solid-state laser at 1.56 m with a continuous-wave output power of more than 400 mW was obtained. The input and output mirrors of the laser cavity can be directly deposited on the input and/or output surfaces of the laser crystal, respectively, to achieve the same purpose.

Example 3

[0068] An (Er.sub.0.01Yb.sub.0.03Sr.sub.0.96).sub.3TaGa.sub.3Si.sub.2O.sub.14 crystal end-pumped by a 976 nm diode laser realizing a solid-state laser at 1.58 m.

[0069] An (Er.sub.0.01Yb.sub.0.03Sr.sub.0.96).sub.3TaGa.sub.3Si.sub.2O.sub.14 crystal was grown by the Czochralski method, and the specific preparation method was referred to Example 1. The crystal is uniaxial, and its optical axis is parallel to the crystallographic c axis. After orientation by using a polarized light microscope, a crystal sample having a pair of smooth surfaces perpendicular to the c-axis was cut and polished. Because the absorption coefficient at pumping wavelength of 976 nm is about 7.5 cm.sup.1, a 2.1 mm-thick crystal sample (the area of the surface is generally square millimeters to square centimeters) has 80% absorption efficiency. The crystal sample was fixed in a copper chamber with a small hole in the middle of front and rear ends. The chamber was placed in a laser cavity. The input mirror of the laser cavity had a transmission of 90% at 976 nm, and 0.1% at 1.58 m; the output mirror of the laser cavity had a transmission of 1.0% at 1.58 m. When end-pumped by a 6 W diode laser at 976 nm, a solid-state laser at 1.58 m with a continuous-wave output power of more than 200 mW was obtained. The input and output mirrors of the laser cavity can be directly deposited on the input and/or output surfaces of the laser crystal, respectively, to achieve the same purpose.

Example 4

[0070] An (Er.sub.0.007Yb.sub.0.02Ce.sub.0.03Ca.sub.0.943).sub.3NbGa.sub.3Si.sub.2O.sub.14 crystal end-pumped by a 976 nm diode laser realizing a solid-state laser at 1.56 m.

[0071] An (Er.sub.0.007Yb.sub.0.02Ce.sub.0.03Ca.sub.0.943).sub.3NbGa.sub.3Si.sub.2O.sub.14 crystal was grown by the Czochralski method, and the specific preparation method was referred to Example 1. The picture of the (Er.sub.0.007Yb.sub.0.02Ce.sub.0.03Ca.sub.0.943).sub.3NbGa.sub.3Si.sub.2O.sub.14 crystal is shown in FIG. 1, and its XRD pattern is indicated in FIG. 2.

[0072] The crystal is uniaxial, and its optical axis is parallel to the crystallographic c-axis. After orientation by using a polarized light microscope, a crystal sample having a pair of smooth surfaces perpendicular to the c-axis was cut and polished. Because the absorption coefficient at pumping wavelength of 976 nm is about 4.0 cm.sup.1, a 3.0 mm-thick crystal sample (the area of the surface was generally square millimeters to square centimeters) has 70% absorption efficiency. The crystal sample was fixed in a copper chamber with a small hole in the middle of front and rear ends. The chamber was placed in a laser cavity. The input mirror of the laser cavity had a transmission of 90% at 976 nm, and 0.1% at 1.56 m; the output mirror of the laser cavity had a transmission of 3.4% at 1.56 m. When end-pumped by a 6 W diode laser at 976 nm, a solid-state laser at 1.56 m with a continuous-wave output power of more than 600 mW was obtained. The input and output mirrors of the laser cavity can be directly deposited on the input and/or output surfaces of the laser crystal, respectively, to achieve the same purpose.

Example 5

[0073] An (Er.sub.0.005Yb.sub.0.04Ce.sub.0.06Ca.sub.0.895).sub.3TaAl.sub.3Si.sub.2O.sub.14 crystal end-pumped by a 976 nm diode laser realizing a solid-state laser at 1.56 m.

[0074] An (Er.sub.0.005Yb.sub.0.04Ce.sub.0.06Ca.sub.0.895).sub.3TaAl.sub.3Si.sub.2O.sub.14 crystal was grown by the Czochralski method, and the specific preparation method was similar to that in Example 1, except that in step (1) the raw material Al.sub.2O.sub.3 was proportioned in the stoichiometric ratio of the crystal, and step (2) for adding Al.sub.2O.sub.3 was not necessary. The crystal is uniaxial, and its optical axis is parallel to the crystallographic c-axis. After orientation by using a polarized light microscope, a crystal sample having a pair of smooth surfaces perpendicular to the c-axis was cut and polished. Because the absorption coefficient at pumping wavelength of 976 nm is about 10 cm.sup.1, a 1.5 mm-thick crystal sample (the area of the surface was generally square millimeters to square centimeters) has 78% absorption efficiency. The crystal sample was fixed in a copper chamber with a small hole in the middle of front and rear ends. The chamber was placed in a laser cavity. The input mirror of the laser cavity had a transmission of 90% at 976 nm, and 0.1% at 1.56 m; the output mirror of the laser cavity had a transmission of 2.7% at 1.56 m. When end-pumped by a 6 W diode laser at 976 nm, a solid-state laser at 1.56 m with a continuous-wave output power of more than 500 mW was obtained. The input and output mirrors of the laser cavity can be directly deposited on the input and/or output surfaces of the laser crystal, respectively, to achieve the same purpose.

Example 6

[0075] An (Er.sub.0.012Yb.sub.0.08Ce.sub.0.13Sr.sub.0.778).sub.3NbGa.sub.3Si.sub.2O.sub.14 crystal end-pumped by a 976 nm diode laser realizing a solid-state laser at 1.56 m.

[0076] An (Er.sub.0.012Yb.sub.0.08Ce.sub.0.13Sr.sub.0.778).sub.3NbGa.sub.3Si.sub.2O.sub.14 crystal was grown by the Czochralski method, and the specific preparation method was referred to Example 1. The crystal is uniaxial, and its optical axis is parallel to the crystallographic c axis. After orientation by using a polarized light microscope, a crystal sample having a pair of smooth surfaces perpendicular to the c-axis was cut and polished. Because the absorption coefficient at pumping wavelength of 976 nm is about 20 cm.sup.1, a 1.0 mm-thick crystal sample (the area of the surface was generally square millimeters to square centimeters) has 86% absorption efficiency. The crystal sample was fixed in a copper chamber with a small hole in the middle of front and rear ends. The chamber was placed in a laser cavity. The input mirror of the laser cavity had a transmission of 90% at 976 nm, and 0.1% at 1.56 m; the output mirror of the laser cavity had a transmission of 4.2% at 1.56 m. When end-pumped by a 6 W diode laser at 976 nm, a solid-state laser at 1.56 m with a continuous-wave output power of more than 500 mW was obtained. The input and output mirrors of the laser cavity can be directly deposited on the input and/or output surfaces of the laser crystal, respectively, to achieve the same purpose.

Example 7

[0077] An (Er.sub.0.007Yb.sub.0.02Ce.sub.0.03Ca.sub.0.943).sub.3NbAl.sub.3Si.sub.2O.sub.14 crystal end-pumped by a 976 nm diode laser realizing a solid-state laser at 1.56 m.

[0078] An (Er.sub.0.007Yb.sub.0.02Ce.sub.0.03Ca.sub.0.943).sub.3NbAl.sub.3Si.sub.2O.sub.14 crystal was grown by the Czochralski method, and the specific preparation method was similar to that in Example 1, except that in step (1) the raw material Al.sub.2O.sub.3 was proportioned in the stoichiometric ratio of the crystal, and step (2) for adding Al.sub.2O.sub.3 was not necessary. The crystal is uniaxial, and its optical axis is parallel to the crystallographic c axis. After orientation by using a polarized light microscope, a crystal sample having a pair of smooth surfaces perpendicular to the c-axis was cut and polished. Because the absorption coefficient at pumping wavelength of 976 nm is about 4.0 cm.sup.1, a 3.0 mm-thick crystal sample (the area of the surface was generally square millimeters to square centimeters) has 70% absorption efficiency. The crystal sample was fixed in a copper chamber with a small hole in the middle of front and rear ends. The chamber was placed in a laser cavity. The input mirror of the laser cavity had a transmission of 90% at 976 nm, and 0.1% at 1.56 m; the output mirror of the laser cavity had a transmission of 3.4% at 1.56 m. When end-pumped by a 6 W diode laser at 976 nm, a solid-state laser at 1.56 m with a continuous-wave output power of more than 600 mW was obtained. The input and output mirrors of the laser cavity can be directly deposited on the input and/or output surfaces of the laser crystal, respectively, to achieve the same purpose.

Example 8

[0079] An Er.sup.3+-doped silicate crystal end-pumped by a 976 nm diode laser realizing a pulse solid-state laser near 1.56 m.

[0080] When a 1.5 m passively Q-switched crystal (such as a Co.sup.2+:MgAl.sub.2O.sub.4 crystal, a Co.sup.2+:ZnSe crystal, a Cr.sup.2+:ZnSe crystal, etc.), or an acousto-optic Q-switched module was directly inserted between anyone laser crystal of Examples 1 to 7 and the output mirror, a Q-switched pulse laser near 1.56 m could be realized. The input mirror can further be directly deposited on the input surface of the gain medium, and the output mirror can be directly deposited on the output surface of the Q-switching or mode-locking element, respectively, to achieve the same purpose.

Example 9

[0081] An Er.sup.3+-doped silicate crystal end-pumped by a 976 nm diode laser realizing a tunable solid-state laser between 1530-1580 nm.

[0082] Any one laser crystal of Examples 1 to 7 was fixed in a copper chamber with a small hole in the middle of front and rear ends. The chamber was placed in a laser cavity. The input mirror of the laser cavity had a transmission of 90% at 976 nm, and 0.1% between 1.5-1.6 m; the output mirror of the laser cavity had a transmission of 1.0% between 1.5-1.6 m. A tunable element around wavelength of 1.5 m (such as a birefringent filter, a grating, a prism, etc.) was inserted between the laser crystal and the output mirror of the laser cavity to achieve a tunable solid-state laser at 1530-1580 nm when the laser crystal was end-pumped by a 976 nm diode laser.

Example 10

[0083] An Er.sup.3+-doped silicate crystal end-pumped by a 976 nm diode laser realizing a frequency-doubled solid-state laser at 790 nm.

[0084] A nonlinear optical crystal for a 1.5 m frequency-doubled laser (such as a K TP crystal, an LBO crystal, a -BBO crystal, etc.) was directly inserted between any one laser crystal of Examples 1 to 7 and the output mirror. The input mirror of the laser cavity had a transmission of 90% at 976 nm, and 0.1% at 1.58 m and 790 nm; the output mirror had a transmission of 0.3% at 1580 nm and 80% at 790 nm. A frequency-doubled laser at 790 nm could be achieved when the the laser crystal was end-pumped by a 976 nm diode laser. The input mirror can further be directly deposited on the input surface of the gain medium, and the output mirror can be directly deposited on the output surface of the nonlinear optical crystal, respectively, to achieve the same purpose.

Example 11

[0085] An (Er.sub.0.007Yb.sub.0.02Ce.sub.0.03Ca.sub.0.943).sub.3NbGa.sub.3Si.sub.2O.sub.14 crystal end-pumped by a 976 nm diode laser realizing a self-frequency-doubled solid-state laser at 790 nm.

[0086] The (Er.sub.0.007Yb.sub.0.02Ce.sub.0.03Ca.sub.0.943).sub.3NbGa.sub.3Si.sub.2O.sub.14 laser crystal in Example 4 was used as a self-frequency-doubling crystal, which was fixed in a copper chamber with a small hole in the middle of front and rear ends. The chamber was placed in a laser cavity. The cut angles of the type I phase-matching direction of the self-frequency-doubling crystal were 0=27.5, o=30. The input mirror of the laser cavity had a transmission of 90% at 976 nm, and 0.1% at 1.58 m and 790 nm; the output mirror had a transmission of 0.3% at 1.58 m and 80% at 790 nm. A self-frequency-doubled laser at 790 nm could be achieved when the laser crystal was end-pumped by a 976 nm diode laser. The input and output mirrors of the laser cavity can be directly deposited on the input and/or output surfaces of the self-frequency-doubling laser crystal, respectively, to achieve the same purpose.

[0087] The embodiments of the disclosure are described above. However, the disclosure is not limited to the above-described embodiments. Any modification, equivalent alternative, improvement, etc., made within the spirit and principles of the disclosure, are intended to be included within the scope of the disclosure.