Degassing, De-bubbling, and Dampening Device

Abstract

A device which includes a pulse dampener and a degasser or de-bubbler. The device includes a fluid flow path and a fluid chamber located within the device. In addition, the device includes a pulse dampening membrane for dampening pulses in the fluid as it flows through the device. The device also includes a degassing membrane for degassing the fluid as it flows through the device, and/or a de-bubbling membrane for removing gas bubbles from the fluid as it flows through the device. The degassing or de-bubbling membrane can be separate and distinct from the dampening membrane. The de-bubbling membrane can be in addition to or in place of the degassing membrane in some embodiments.

Claims

1. A device comprising: a body having a first port and a second port, wherein said body has a chamber therein in fluid communication with the first port and the second port; a dampening membrane, wherein at least a first portion of said dampening membrane defines a top portion of the chamber in said body and at least a second portion of said dampening membrane is sealingly secured to said body; a degassing or de-bubbling membrane, wherein at least a first portion of said degassing or de-bubbling membrane defines a bottom portion of the chamber in said body and at least a second portion of said degassing or de-bubbling membrane is sealingly secured to said body.

2. The device according to claim 1 wherein said body comprises a thermoplastic material, a metal, a ceramic, or a combination thereof.

3. The device according to claim 1 wherein said dampening membrane comprises a material selected from the group consisting of: silicone rubber, fluoropolymer elastomer, perfluoroelastomer, biocompatible materials, polyurethane, rubber, neoprene, ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber, and combinations thereof.

4. The device according to claim 1 wherein said degassing or de-bubbling membrane comprises a substantially non-porous material.

5. The device according to claim 1 wherein said degassing or de-bubbling membrane comprises a substantially porous material.

6. The device according the claim 1 wherein said degassing or de-bubbling membrane comprises a material selected from the group consisting of: silicone rubber, polytetrafluoroethylene, fibrillated polymers, and combinations thereof.

7. The device according to claim 1 further comprising a porous support, wherein at least a portion of said support is located between said degassing or de-bubbling membrane and a bottom side of said body.

8. The device according to claim 1 wherein both said dampening and said degassing membrane maintain a sealed connection to said body when the pressure of a fluid in the chamber is less than or equal to 100 psi.

9. The device according to claim 1 wherein said device reduces pulse amplitudes in a fluid provided to the chamber from 10% to 95%.

10. A device comprising: a body having a first port and a second port, wherein said body has a chamber therein in fluid communication with the first port and the second port; a first membrane comprising a first material, wherein at least a first portion of said first membrane defines a top portion of the chamber in said body and at least a second portion of said first membrane is secured to said body; and a second membrane comprising a second material, wherein the second material is different from the first material, wherein at least a first portion of said second membrane defines a bottom portion of the chamber in said body and at least a second portion of said second membrane is secured to said body, wherein said first membrane and said second membrane comprise at least two of the following: a dampening membrane, a degassing membrane, a de-bubbling membrane, and a permeable membrane.

11. The device according to claim 10 wherein both said first membrane and said second membrane maintain a sealed connection to said body when the pressure of a fluid in the chamber is less than or equal to 100 psi.

12. The device according to claim 10 wherein said device reduces pulse amplitudes in a fluid provided to the chamber by from 10% to 95%.

13. The device according to claim 10 wherein at least one of said first membrane and said second membrane comprise a substantially porous membrane.

14. The device according to claim 10 wherein at least one of said first membrane and said second membrane comprise a substantially non-porous material.

15. A system for pumping, testing, or analyzing liquids, comprising a device having a body having a first port and a second port, wherein said body has a chamber therein in fluid communication with the first port and the second port, a dampening membrane, wherein at least a first portion of said dampening membrane defines a top portion of the chamber in said body and at least a second portion of said dampening membrane is secured to said body, and a second membrane, wherein at least a first portion of said second membrane defines a bottom portion of the chamber in said body and at least a second portion of said second membrane is secured to said body, wherein said second membrane comprises a degassing membrane, a de-bubbling membrane, or a permeable membrane.

16. The system according to claim 15 wherein said system comprises an analytical instrument system.

17. The system according to claim 16 wherein said analytical instrument system comprises a liquid chromatography system, a gas chromatography system, an ion chromatography system, a mass spectroscopy system, a micro chromatography system, a biochemical detection system, a biological sensing system, a drug discovery or delivery system, a molecular separation system, a proteomics system, or an optofluidics system.

18. The system according to claim 16 wherein said system comprises an in vitro diagnostics system.

19. The system according to claim 16 wherein said system comprises an industrial application system for food, liquids, air, or other fluids.

20. The system according to claim 15 wherein said device reduces pulse amplitudes in a fluid provided to the chamber by from 10% to 95%.

21. The system according to claim 20 wherein both said dampening membrane and said second membrane maintain a sealed connection to said body when the pressure of the fluid is less than or equal to 100 psi.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0019] FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional side view of a dampening and degassing device in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0020] FIG. 2 is a top view of the device of FIG. 1.

[0021] FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional side view in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0022] FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional side view of one embodiment of a device in accordance with another embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0023] FIGS. 5A, 5B, and 5C are top views of alternative embodiments of a chamber in a device in accordance with the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0024] Referring first to FIG. 1, pulse dampening and degassing device 50 is shown. As a fluid flows in the direction of the arrows shown in FIG. 1 and through said device 50, device 50 dampens fluid pulses with a membrane 11 that expands and contracts in relation to the increases and decreases in fluid pressure (e.g., the pulses in the fluid).

[0025] Device 50 may be embodied in a variety of configurations, and is illustrated in FIG. 1 as a representative simplified embodiment. Device 50 includes a fluid input port 1 and a fluid output port 5, which are connected by fluid channels 2, 4. Located between the fluid channels 2, 4 is a dampening and degassing chamber 3. As shown in FIG. 1, the dampening and degassing chamber 3 is also located between and partially defined by a dampening membrane 11 and a degassing membrane 12. In FIG. 1, the dampening membrane 11 and degassing membrane 12 extend the length of the dampening and degassing chamber 3. As shown in FIG. 1, dampening membrane 11 defines the top boundary of the dampening and degassing chamber 3. To prevent fluid from leaking out of the chamber 3, the dampening membrane 11 is secured to one side of the body 9 of the dampening device 50 by a top cover 13. Degassing membrane 12 defines the bottom boundary of the dampening and degassing chamber 3 as shown in FIG. 1. To prevent fluid from leaking out of the chamber 3, the degassing membrane 12 is secured to the dampening device 50 by a bottom cover 14. A fluid flows through the fluid input port 1, fluid channel 2, through the dampening and degassing chamber 3, fluid channel 4, and the fluid output port 5 in the direction of the arrows shown in FIG. 1.

[0026] Although not shown, it will be understood by those of skill in the art that tubing or other fluid conveyance means may be attached to the inlet port 1 and to the outlet port 5 of the device 50, and may be sealingly attached to ports 1 and 5 by conventional means, such as a fitting assembly consisting of tubing, a nut and a ferrule or the like. Those skilled in the art will also appreciate that the selection of the tubing, nut and ferrule or other fitting assembly or connection means may be chosen based on the intended application of the device 50, such as those involving corrosive chemicals as the fluid, those involving high or low pressures of the fluid, those involving high or low flow rates for the fluid, and the like. As further described below, it will be appreciated that one of the advantages of the device 50 is that it can be adapted and used in a wide variety of applications.

[0027] A top view of the device 50 is illustrated in FIG. 2. Generally, the same numerals are used in the Figures throughout this disclosure to indicate the same features, although the Figures may show alternative embodiments. The interior features of the dampening device 50—namely the fluid inlet port 1, fluid channels 2, 4, dampening and degassing chamber 3, and fluid outlet port 5—are enclosed within the device 50 by the body 9 and may not be visible from a top view of said device 50. If, however, device 50 comprises a transparent or translucent top cover 13, additional details in body 9 can be visible. Device 50 may include a plurality of mounting holes 7, which can be provided to allow the dampening device 50 to be mounted in various orientations and to a variety of devices (not shown in FIG. 2). For example, the device 50 may be mounted and secured to a liquid chromatography device by nuts, bolts, or screws located in one or more of holes 7. Device 50 may further include a plurality of bolt holes 8, which are provided to help secure the components of the device 50 together. In one embodiment, these bolt holes 8 may be in a circular configuration, as shown in FIG. 2. In another embodiment, these bolt holes 8 may be in an elliptical or other configuration. The configuration of the bolt holes may be varied depending on the shape of the dampening and degassing chamber 3 in a particular embodiment. Although referred to herein as bolt holes 8, it will be understood that the holes 8 can be used with other attaching means, such as nuts or screws. Moreover, it will be understood and appreciated that body 9, top cover 13, and bottom cover 14 can be secured together by other securing means, such as by adhesives, glues, resins, clamps, and so forth.

[0028] The dampening and degassing chamber 3 may be fabricated with any desired shape. In one embodiment, the shape of the chamber when viewed from above in a planar view may have a substantially circular shape, as shown in FIG. 5A. A circular shape maximizes the ratio of the dampening power of the device 50—a function of the smallest unsupported dimension of the dampening membrane 11—to the internal volume of the dampening and degassing chamber 3. However, experience has shown that it can be difficult to completely sweep fluid through a circular chamber. Such sweeping may be desirable, for example, when changing the type of fluid being passed through the dampening and degassing chamber 3 in repeated use of the device 50. Failure to fully sweep fluid out of said chamber 3 may leave behind carryover fluid from a prior use that may contaminate or otherwise affect the next use.

[0029] An alternative embodiment has a chamber that when viewed from above in a planar view, constitutes a long, tortuous-shape. (such as is shown in FIG. 5C). Although shown in FIG. 5C as a substantially straight flow path, a tortuous path can be serpentine or diagonal in shape, or may include portions that are straight, serpentine from a longitudinal axis, diagonal from the longitudinal axis, and the like. Such a shape for chamber 3 can be swept very cleanly, but provides extremely limited dampening capabilities, relative to a circular chamber.

[0030] Between these two extremes, there exist any number of chamber shapes that may be fabricated, with a desire to maximize dampening performance, reduce chamber internal volume, and enable clean fluid exchange. In general, there is a trade-off between the dampening performance-to-internal volume ratio, and the ability to sweep the fluid path. A compromise between these desires may therefore be the best solution. As one example, in another embodiment, an eye-shaped dampening and degassing chamber 3 (such as is shown in FIG. 5B) may be used. Such shapes as a lens or vesica piscis, or variations on either, may be considered substantially eye-shaped for purposes of this disclosure. An eye-shaped chamber 3 may be advantageous because it may in some applications provide good dampening performance, while at the same time provide better sweeping capabilities than a circular shape.

[0031] It will be understood by those skilled in the art that other shapes are also possible for chamber 3.

[0032] FIG. 3 shows a detailed cross-sectional view of another embodiment of the device 50. The components of the device 50 shown in FIG. 3 may be embodied in a variety of configurations, only one of which is illustrated in FIG. 3. The fluid input port 1, fluid channels 2, 4, and the fluid output port 5 are formed in a body 9, and the body 9 may be made of any suitable material, which may be selected depending in part on the fluid to be used in one or more intended applications. The body 9 may be made of, for example, thermoplastics such as acrylic or polyetheretherketone (PEEK). Body 9 may be made of other materials, including other plastics, metals, or ceramics. For applications in which aqueous fluids are to be used, for example, body 9 may be made of an acrylic plastic. When fluids containing harsh or corrosive chemicals are used for the fluid, body 9 may be made of high-performance thermoplastics such as, for example, any one of the following: a cyclic-olefin-polymer, co-polymers, polysulfone, polyphenylsulfone, PEEK, or polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). When fluids are to be passed through the device 50 at high pressures, body 9 may be made of ceramic or metals such as, for example, stainless steel.

[0033] Dampening membrane 11 may be made of any material which deforms elastically in response to changes in fluid pressure. The material to be used for the dampening membrane 11 will vary depending on the range of expected fluid pressures and the chemical compatibility of the dampening membrane 11 material with the fluid to be used in one or more intended applications. Dampening membrane 11 may be made of, for example, silicone rubber, thermoplastic vulcanizate (e.g., SANTOPRENE), fluoropolymer elastomer (e.g., VITON), perfluoroelastomer (e.g., KALREZ), biocompatible materials (e.g., PHARMED), polyurethane, natural rubber, neoprene, and/or ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber. When fluids containing harsh or corrosive chemicals (e.g., fluids that are acidic or basic) are to be used for the fluid, dampening membrane 11 may be made of EPDM, fluoropolymer elastomer (e.g., VITON), perfluoroelastomer (e.g., KALREZ), biocompatible materials (e.g., PHARMED), or other rubber material appropriate for contact with the fluid(s) intended for one or more uses.

[0034] As shown in FIG. 3, screws 17 are threaded through the bolt holes 8, which securely attach the top cover 13, the bottom cover 14, and the body 9 together. In this embodiment, this secure attachment also holds the dampening membrane 11 in place and against the body 9, so that a fluid-tight seal at the top of the dampening and degassing chamber 3 is provided by membrane 11. Likewise, this assembly secures the degassing membrane 12 in place and against the body 9, so that a fluid-tight seal at the bottom of the dampening and degassing chamber 3. It will be understood that fluid-tight seals may also be created by placing gaskets (not shown in FIG. 3) between the dampening membrane 11 and the body 9, and/or between the degassing membrane 12 and the body 9. These gaskets may be made of, for example, TEFLON or silicone.

[0035] Degassing membrane 12 may be made of any one or more of a variety of non-porous, gas-permeable materials. Degassing membrane 12 may be made of, for example, silicone rubber or polytetrafluoroethylene (e.g., TEFLON AF2400). The material or materials used for the degassing membrane 12 can be selected based on knowledge of the likely expected fluid or fluids to be passed through the device 50 in one or more intended applications and the expected gas(es) contained in the fluid or fluids to be used and the corresponding permeability necessary for the degassing membrane 12 to better allow said gas(es) to flow out of the dampening and degassing chamber 3. It will be understood that the degassing membrane 12 may be a stand-alone membrane or may be a composite structure comprising multiple materials, such as a membrane—containing carbon nanotubes which is non-porous or a hydrophobic porous support structure. As an exemplary embodiment, the degassing membrane 12 may be made of an aerosol-applied non-porous, but highly permeable material, such as that described in expired U.S. Pat. No. 5,238,471 assigned to E.I. Du Pont De Nemours and Company, which is hereby incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein. Said non-porous material such as TEFLON AF 2400 and other highly permeable non-porous polymers may be made by coating such permeable polymers onto a porous fibrillated polymer support structure 16 (e.g., polyvinylidene fluoride or polypropylene) as is shown in FIG. 3. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 3, a thin porous support structure 16 is located between the degassing membrane 12 and the bottom cover 14. Support structure 16 can allow gases to flow more freely through the degassing membrane 12. Support structure 16 may be made of, for example, a thermoplastic mesh, such as the woven PEEK material PEEKTEX, or any other porous substrate that can provide mechanical support to the degassing membrane while at the same time allowing gases to pass freely through it.

[0036] In another embodiment, the degassing membrane 12 can be a porous de-bubbling membrane instead of a non-porous membrane. Thus, in such an embodiment, the degassing membrane 12 can be referred to as a de-bubbling membrane. A de-bubbling membrane is more effective than a non-porous membrane at removing physical gas bubbles from a fluid. With a non-porous, de-bubbling membrane, gas bubbles can be removed from the fluid and move through the membrane by the solution-diffusion mechanism. However, with a porous de-bubbling membrane, gas bubbles can be removed from the fluid and move through the membrane pores through Knudsen diffusion. To achieve de-bubbling, the de-bubbling membrane may be made of, for example, fibrillated polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) TEFLON or fibrillated polypropylene. The type of material to be used for the de-bubbling membrane will usually depend on the expected type of fluid or fluids to be passed through the device 50 and the anticipated gas bubbles to be removed in one or more intended applications. It will be appreciated that porous materials which act through Knudsen diffusion must resist penetration through the pore structure by the fluid being debubbled. Mostly, these fluids are aqueous which may contain organic modifiers. The selection of the type of porous material can be determined using the bubble point method using well understood techniques such as ASTM F316-03 (2011) as applied to the target liquid or range of liquids. The performance of the de-bubbling membrane typically decreases for fluids with low surface tensions. Still referring to FIG. 3, the top cover 13 defines a cavity 15, which allows the dampening membrane 11 to extend upwards in response to increased fluid pressure within the dampening and degassing chamber 3.

[0037] In one embodiment, shown in FIG. 4, to prevent the dampening membrane 11 from extending upward to such a degree as to cause inelastic stretching or rupture of the membrane 11, a lid 21 can be placed above the dampening membrane 11 and in a cavity formed in the top cover 13. As shown in FIG. 4, a lid 21 is secured to the top cover 13, body 9, and bottom cover 14, such as by screws 17, which are threaded through bolt holes 8. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the lid 21 can be secured to top cover 13 by other securing means, such as bolts, nuts, glue, adhesives, resins, clamps, and so forth. As shown in FIG. 3, said lid 21 has a substantially spherically-contoured, concave lower surface 23. As a fluid passes in the direction of the arrows shown in FIG. 4 through the dampening and degassing chamber 3, and the dampening membrane 11 responds to increases in fluid pressure, the dampening membrane 11 will extend upward and may fill the space between the membrane 11 and the spherically-contoured lower surface 23 of the lid 21. Said lid 21 also may include at least one vent hole 22, which allows for air to escape as the membrane 11 expands. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 4, for example, multiple vent holes 22 may be used, since a single vent hole 22 may be occluded by an upwardly extended dampening membrane 11 (and, hence, may prevent air from escaping).

[0038] In the embodiment shown in FIG. 4, for example, a port 24 is connected to an air channel 25 and is located below the degassing membrane 12 and the support structure 16. Said port 24 and air channel 25 facilitate degassing and de-bubbling of a fluid by allowing for entrained gases in the fluid that pass through the degassing membrane 12 to escape the device 50. A vacuum pump, for example (not shown in FIG. 4), if desired may be attached to said port 24 and air channel 25 to help remove gases from the degassing membrane 12.

[0039] It will be appreciated that the device 50 may be configured in ways other than the configurations illustrated in FIGS. 1-5. In one embodiment, for example, a pump (not shown) may be attached to the fluid input port 1, so as to help increase the pressure differential such as may be useful to more quickly achieve degassing and/or de-bubbling of a fluid. In another embodiment, a vacuum may be attached to the fluid output port 5 to perform the same function. In another embodiment, the fluid channels 2, 4 may be angled relative to the horizontal plane of the device 50. In other embodiments, the lid 21, top block 13, body 9, and bottom block 14 may be joined by clips, clamps, glue, other adhesives, or a heat-sealable plastic instead of by screws 17 threaded through bolt holes 8. Another alternative embodiment of the present disclosure includes the use of the device 50 with a membrane 12 selected to allow a gas to be introduced into the fluid moving through the device 50, instead of allowing for the removal of a gas from the fluid. In such an embodiment, a pump and/or vacuum could be used to create a pressure differential designed to push or force a gas through a permeable membrane chosen to allow the gas to pass through it and into the fluid.

[0040] Although not shown, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the device 50 can be used with a restrictive element to help generate back-pressure. For example, a restrictive element may be connected to the port 5 of device 50 so that back-pressure increases as the flow rate of a fluid through the device 50 increases. A restrictive element can be provided by a small orifice, a long tube with a relatively small inner diameter through which the fluid passes, or any other device that provides increasing back-pressure when the flow rate of the fluid moving through the restrictive element increases.

[0041] Pulse dampeners and degassers and/or de-bubblers in accordance with the present disclosure can be used in a wide variety of applications. For example, the devices of the present disclosure can be used in systems like an analytical instrument system (e.g., liquid or gas chromatography, ion chromatography, mass spectrometry, micro chromatography, biochemical detection, biological sensing, drug discovery, drug delivery, molecular separation, proteomics, opto-fluidics, and the like), in vitro diagnostic systems including systems that do testing or analysis of blood, urine, DNA or the like, in systems used for other medical and healthcare applications, and in systems used in industrial applications, such as those in which food products, potable liquids (e.g., milk, water, soft drinks, alcoholic beverages, orange juice, lemonade, and other drinks), air, other liquids, or other fluids are pumped and/or tested. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that pulse dampeners of the present disclosure may be used in still other applications.

[0042] Although it will be apparent that the embodiments of the present disclosure can be used in a wide variety of situations, the following are some specific details regarding potential applications. For example, a device having a restrictive element that provides a hydraulic resistance of about 25 pounds per square inch per milliliter per minute of water, may be used for applications in which the fluid is under a pressure of from 0 to 100 pounds per square inch or so, and the fluid flows at a flow rate in the range of 0 to 1000 microliters per minute or so. In such an application, the device 50 in accordance with one of the embodiments of the present disclosure could typically have an allowed pulse size of from 0 to 50 microliters or so, and have a liquid volume in the chamber 3 of from 100 to 1000 microliters or so. Such a device 50 would reduce the amplitude of the pulses by from 10% to 95% or so, depending upon the dampening membrane thickness, area, and durometer. The same device would be expected to enable 200 microliters of air to be purged from the chamber 3, in from one to ten minutes, depending on the area and efficiency of the degassing membrane, and the pressure difference between the inner and outer sides of the degassing membrane. As noted, this is just one example of a specific embodiment; the present disclosure is expected to find use in a wide variety of applications and situations, not just those with these particular pressure, flow rate, and size specifications.

[0043] Those skilled in the art will also appreciate that different applications often use different types of pumping mechanisms, and the pulse dampener and degasser and/or de-bubbler device 50 like that shown and disclosed herein can be used with different types of pumping mechanisms. For example, conventional peristaltic and piston pumps often are used in systems to pump a fluid through the system. Such conventional peristaltic and piston pumps can generate unwanted fluctuations in the pressure of the fluid as it flows from the pump. Accordingly, a device 50 of the present disclosure can be successfully used in connection with pumps which may generate pressure fluctuations, including peristaltic and piston pumps, as well as other positive displacement pumps such as gear, membrane, screw, syringe, diaphragm, and impeller, pumps. While other types of pumps, such as pressure-driven and electroosmotic pumps tend to be less pulsatile, the present invention might certainly be used with such pumps as well, to reduce or eliminate any residual pulsations that might be present on their outputs.

[0044] Those skilled in the art will also appreciate that pulse dampeners and degassers and/or de-bubbler devices like those shown and described above can vary as to size, shape, and dimensions, and can vary as to the materials used for the various components and features as may be desired for one or more anticipated applications. For example, the chamber may be circular, elliptical, or shaped like an eye or a cylindrical shape as shown in FIGS. 5A, 5B, and 5C, or may have some other shape as may be desired for a given application for which the device is intended. In addition, any or all of these shapes may be used with a hemispherical shape of the dampening chamber 3 as shown in FIG. 4 or some other shape as may be desired for a particular intended application of the device. In addition, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the devices disclosed herein shown can be easily adapted for orientations different than those shown and described above for a given intended application if so desired. Thus, references herein to terms such as “top,” “bottom, “right,” “left,” “above,” “below,” and the like are merely used for convenience with respect to the illustrations in the figures and are not limiting of the scope of the invention.

[0045] Those skilled in the art will further appreciate that the pulse dampener and degasser and/or de-bubbler device of the present disclosure has a number of advantages. The device 50 of the present disclosure does not require complex mechanical or electrical systems as part of a feedback or control mechanism for dampening pulses, nor does it require complex mechanical or electrical systems or components for degassing or de-bubbling functions. Thus, the device 50 of the present disclosure can be manufactured more easily and more cheaply and is believed to be more durable and easier to maintain. In addition, the device 50 of the present disclosure has only one chamber that must be filled with liquid, and hence minimizes the volume of liquid that must be used to prime the device, relative to conventional approaches, which require separate dampeners and degassers. The invention achieves this, while still providing excellent dampening and degassing and/or de-bubbling characteristics across a wide range of pressures and flow rates. These advantages and still others will be apparent to those skilled in the art in view of the embodiments shown and described in this disclosure.

[0046] The foregoing detailed descriptions and disclosure are only illustrative and by way of examples. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the foregoing embodiments can be changed and arranged in different ways, and can be implemented in a variety of ways, all without going beyond the scope and spirit of the invention which is set forth in the claims below. Those skilled in the art will also appreciate that various types of components, such as for example, may be used as may be desired. In addition, while the foregoing disclosure has focused on a particular type of device as an example, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the systems and methods described herein will find useful application in a variety of fields in which the present disclosure may be useful. Thus, it will be appreciated that the foregoing descriptions and the figures are illustrative only, and not limiting.