CONTAINERS AND REFRACTORY METAL COATING THEREFORE FOR CONTAINING RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS

Abstract

Fabricating structural components for a spent nuclear fuel container using the steps of forming cylindrical or rectangular channels to produce a structural component for a spent nuclear fuel container and applying a coating that includes tantalum-based material to the cylindrical or rectangular channels.

Claims

1. A method of fabricating structural components for a spent nuclear fuel container, comprising the steps of: forming cylindrical or rectangular channels to produce a structural component for a spent nuclear fuel container, applying a coating that includes tantalum-based and enriched boron material to said cylindrical or rectangular channels, and using diode arrays to treat said cylindrical or rectangular channels.

2. The method of fabricating structural components for a spent nuclear fuel container of claim 1 wherein said step of using diode arrays to treat said cylindrical or rectangular channels comprises diode arrays to heat said cylindrical or rectangular channels.

3. The method of fabricating structural components for a spent nuclear fuel container of claim 1 wherein said step of using diode arrays to treat said cylindrical or rectangular channels comprises diode arrays to anneal said cylindrical or rectangular channels.

4. The method of fabricating structural components for a spent nuclear fuel container of claim 1 wherein said step of applying a coating that includes tantalum-based material to said cylindrical or rectangular channels comprises

5. The method of fabricating structural components for a spent nuclear fuel container of claim 1 wherein said enriched boron material is boron carbide (B4C), tantalum diboride (TaB2), hafnium diboride (HfB2), zirconium diboride (ZrB2), or iron-based boron-containing amorphous metal.

6. The method of fabricating structural components for a spent nuclear fuel container of claim 1 wherein said step of forming cylindrical or rectangular channels to produce a structural component for a spent nuclear fuel container comprises forming flat plates and bending or rolling said flat plates into cylindrical or rectangular channels.

7. The method of fabricating structural components for a spent nuclear fuel container of claim 1 wherein said step of applying a coating that includes tantalum-based material to said cylindrical or rectangular channels comprises thermal spraying said tantalum-based material to deposit said tantalum-based material on said cylindrical or rectangular channels.

8. The method of fabricating structural components for a spent nuclear fuel container of claim 1 wherein said step of applying a coating that includes tantalum-based material to said cylindrical or rectangular channels comprises cold spraying said tantalum-based material to deposit said tantalum-based material on said cylindrical or rectangular channels.

9. The method of fabricating structural components for a spent nuclear fuel container of claim 1 wherein said step of applying a coating that includes tantalum-based material to said cylindrical or rectangular channels comprises high-velocity oxy fuel spraying said tantalum-based material to deposit said tantalum-based material on said cylindrical or rectangular channels.

10. The method of fabricating structural components for a spent nuclear fuel container of claim 1 wherein said step of applying a coating that includes tantalum-based material to said cylindrical or rectangular channels comprises high-velocity laser-accelerated deposition spraying said tantalum-based material to deposit said tantalum-based material on said cylindrical or rectangular channels.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0026] The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated into and constitute a part of the specification, illustrate specific embodiments of the apparatus, systems, and methods and, together with the general description given above, and the detailed description of the specific embodiments, serve to explain the principles of the apparatus, systems, and methods.

[0027] FIG. 1 illustrates one embodiment of Applicant's components for a spent nuclear fuel container.

[0028] FIG. 2 further illustrates Applicant's components for a spent nuclear fuel container.

[0029] FIG. 3 illustrates another embodiment of Applicant's components for a spent nuclear fuel container.

[0030] FIG. 4 illustrates another embodiment of Applicant's components for a spent nuclear fuel container.

[0031] FIG. 5 illustrates another embodiment of Applicant's components for a spent nuclear fuel container.

[0032] FIG. 6 illustrates another embodiment of Applicant's components for a spent nuclear fuel container.

[0033] FIG. 7 illustrates another embodiment of Applicant's components for a spent nuclear fuel container.

[0034] FIGS. 8A and 8B illustrate another embodiment of Applicant's components for a spent nuclear fuel container.

[0035] FIGS. 9A and 9B illustrate another embodiment of Applicant's components for a spent nuclear fuel container.

[0036] FIG. 10 illustrates another embodiment of Applicant's components for a spent nuclear fuel container.

[0037] FIG. 11 illustrates another embodiment of Applicant's components for a spent nuclear fuel container.

[0038] FIG. 12 is a flow chart illustrating an embodiment of Applicant's components for a spent nuclear fuel container.

[0039] FIG. 13 is a flow chart illustrating another embodiment of Applicant's components for a spent nuclear fuel container.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS

[0040] Referring to the drawings, to the following detailed description, and to incorporated materials, detailed information about the apparatus, systems, and methods is provided including the description of specific embodiments. The detailed description serves to explain the principles of the apparatus, systems, and methods. The apparatus, systems, and methods are susceptible to modifications and alternative forms. The application is not limited to the particular forms disclosed. The application covers all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the apparatus, systems, and methods as defined by the claims.

[0041] Example embodiments will now be described more fully with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0042] Containers for the safe storage and/or disposal of spent nuclear fuel from the world's nuclear reactors requires that containers be constructed from strong, corrosion-resistant, and neutron-absorbing materials. The various embodiments and methodologies discussed herein describe new ultra corrosion resistant coatings, some with neutron absorbing properties, that can be used for the construction of such spend nuclear fuel containers. The corrosion resistance of various ones of the coatings, alone, without neutron absorption capability, can be exploited on the outside of the container, while similar materials with the added attribute of high cross-sections for the absorption of thermal neutrons can be used to coat the basket assembly on the inside of the container, which is known in the industry as the criticality control assembly.

[0043] Referring to FIG. 1 there is shown a high level illustration of one embodiment of a portion of a cylindrical spent nuclear fuel (SNF) container 10. The container 10 in this example may have an outer shell portion 12, which in this example is cylindrical, and a basket assembly 14, that each may be constructed using a plurality of different types of corrosion and/or neutron absorbing coatings and/or materials via a plurality of application methods as will be described herein. The basket assembly 14 is constructed so as to fit within the container shell 12 and hold a plurality of spent nuclear fuel rods therein. The container 10, while shown as a cylindrical container, could just as readily be formed as a spherical or prismatic shaped container or vessel, and the teachings described herein will be equally applicable to such other structural shapes. The basket assembly 14 may have perpendicularly arranged rails 16 interconnected to form supports for the spent nuclear fuel rods.

[0044] It will be appreciated that while the container 10 described herein is well suited for above-ground storage of spent nuclear fuel, that the coatings, materials and methods of creating same that are discussed in connection with the container 10 may also be used in other applications and on types of structures for containing hazardous radioactive materials. Such applications and/or structures may include, without limitation, coatings for use on the walls of reactor buildings for the purpose of enhance shielding; coatings on the bulkheads and decks of nuclear ships for the purpose of enhanced shielding; coatings or materials for use with shielded tanks and vessels used for the production and reprocessing of nuclear fuels; corrosion-resistant criticality-control assemblies for wet storage of spent nuclear fuel in water-filled pool facilities; and coatings and/or materials used for the fabrication of components such as neutron optics used in neutron radiography facilities.

[0045] The container 10 may include an ultra-high corrosion resistant coating 18 applied on its outer surface, and/or possibly on its inner surface as well. Such a coating 18 (or coatings) provide(s) a significantly enhanced degree of corrosion resistance over what would be present with simply a stainless steel or stainless steel/nickel construction for the container.

[0046] As shown in FIG. 2, each of the interconnected rails 16 of the basket assembly 14 may have rectangular cross sectional shapes, or possibly even cylindrically circular cross sectional shapes, which act as structural members to support spent nuclear fuel rods. The rails 16 may start out as flat sheets of material before being formed into the desired cross sectional shape(s). The rails 16 may have a coating 20 applied thereto which has excellent anti-corrosion properties as well as neutron absorbing characteristics. It will be understood, however, that the teachings of the present disclosure are not limited to any specific basket assembly or container shell construction.

[0047] The materials that can be used as structural material to form either the rails 16 or the shell 12 of the container 10 may include a wide variety of iron-based, nickel-based, aluminum-based and titanium-based materials and alloys. For example, iron-based alloys including but not limited to Type 304 and Type 316 stainless steels; nickel-based alloys including but not limited to the entire range of NiCrMo alloys such as Alloy 600, Alloy 625, Alloy 825, Hastelloy C, Hastelloy C-4, Hastelloy C-276, Hastelloy C-22, and others; titanium alloys including but not limited to Ti Grade 2, Ti Grade 7, Ti Grade 12, and others; and various aluminum alloys, including but not limited to aluminum 5083 and others, may be used to form the structural material for the rails 18 and/or the container 10.

[0048] Various methods may be employed for the deposition of the above-mentioned corrosion-resistant coating 18 and the anti-corrosion/neutron absorbing coating 20. One such method may involve cold-spray deposition of Ta, Ta-2.5W, or Ta-8W-2Hf, or Ta-10W, each with embedded TaB2 particles for the purpose of neutron absorption. Another method of application may be via a thermal spray of SAM2X5 and SAM1651 iron-based amorphous metal coatings with high concentrations of homogeneously dispersed boron.

[0049] Still another method of applying coatings may be via high-velocity, laser-accelerated coatings produced from metallic foil targets containing boron. The boron can be enriched with the B10 isotope to enhance neutron absorption.

[0050] The coatings described herein can be produced on flat sheets that can then be bent into rectangular channels for the construction of basket assembly 14 or rolled into cylindrical shapes, such as for use in constructing the container shell 12. Such channels or cylindrical shapes may be joined using cold spray at the joint.

[0051] Still another method for applying coatings of various ones of the above-described materials may involve the use of high power diode arrays to heat the substrate and coating being deposited. The diode arrays may be used to heat the substrate and/or the coating up to their respective softening temperatures, to increase adhesion and bond strength of coating layers. The high power diode arrays may be used for annealing and heat-treating coatings, thereby relieving stress and promoting the conversion of precursor coating particles to boron-containing intermetallic compounds (such as TaB2).

[0052] In one embodiment tantalum-based materials are also contemplated for use in forming the coatings 18 and 20. Tantalum-based coatings may be applied via a plurality of different methods involving, but not limited to: a thermal spray approach, such as the cold-spray process; a high-velocity oxy fuel (HVOF) process; a high-velocity, laser-accelerated deposition (HVLAD) process; an explosive bonding; an electroplating process; a powder coating process; and virtually any other technique capable of producing a composite coating. In the case of tantalum-based cold-spray and thermal spray coatings, a metallic binder phase may be formed from powders of: unalloyed tantalum (Ta); unalloyed tungsten (W); unalloyed niobium (Nb); tantalum 2.5% tungsten (Ta-2.5W); tantalum 10.0% tungsten (Ta-10W); tantalum 8.0% tungsten 2.0% hafnium (Ta-111 or Ta-8W-2Hf); special niobium alloys such as Nb-1Zr; special molybdenum alloys such as TZM (Mo-0.5Ti-0.08Zr-0.03C); and others.

[0053] In the case where one or both of the coatings 18 and 20 is/are tantalum-based powders applied via a cold-spray or thermal spray process, the neutron absorbing phase of the coating may be formed from a wide plurality of natural and B10-enriched boron-containing materials. The B-10-enriched boron-containing materials may include, without limitation: boron carbide (B4C); tantalum diboride (TaB2); hafnium diboride (HfB2), zirconium diboride (ZrB2), and iron-based boron-containing amorphous metal powders, such as SAM2X5, SAM1651, and other such compositions.

[0054] The borides can be formed in situ from a precursor phase containing boron, and co-deposited with the metallic binder phase, through special heat treatments which cause the reaction of the boron and metallic binder phase. In the case where the coatings 18 and/or 20 form amorphous-metal cold-spray and thermal spray coatings, any corrosion-resistant iron-based boron-containing alloy may be used including but not limited to SAM2X1, SAM2X3, SAM2X5, SAM2X7, SAM1651 and others. These same metallic binder and neutron absorbing phases can also be deposited by electrodeposition, electrophoretic deposition, powder coating and other such methods. Foils formed from the aforementioned combinations of metallic binder and neutron absorbing phases may be deposited on the structural material using the HVLAD deposition method.

[0055] The foregoing description of the various embodiments sets forth various compositions for the coatings 18 and 20 and has been provided for purposes of illustration and description. The coatings 18 and 20, when applied as a powder via a suitable spray or deposition process, enable a significantly enhanced degree of corrosion resistance to be added to the materials that form the container shell 12 as well as the basket assembly 14. Advantageously, the coatings 18 and 20 do not add appreciable weight the structure and do not necessitate any re-design or modifications to the underlying construction of the container shell 12 or the basket assembly 14. The coatings 18 and 20 may enable a container 10 to be constructed with a significantly greater degree of corrosion resistance as well as an enhanced degree of protection against criticality, with only a modest increase in the cost of manufacture. It will also be appreciated that the coatings 18 and 20 may be used with any type of container, structure, component or device that may be exposed to highly corrosive or otherwise hazardous chemical, biological and/or radioactive substances.

[0056] The foregoing description of the various embodiments has been provided merely as an illustration and is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the disclosure. Individual elements or features of a particular embodiment are generally not limited to that particular embodiment, but, where applicable, are interchangeable and can be used in a selected embodiment, even if not specifically shown or described. The same may also be varied in many ways. Such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the disclosure, and all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the disclosure.

[0057] Example embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough, and will fully convey the scope to those who are skilled in the art. Numerous specific details are set forth such as examples of specific components, devices, and methods, to provide a thorough understanding of embodiments of the present disclosure. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that specific details need not be employed, that example embodiments may be embodied in many different forms and that neither should be construed to limit the scope of the disclosure. In some example embodiments, well-known processes, well-known device structures, and well-known technologies are not described in detail.

[0058] Referring now to FIG. 3, another embodiment of Applicant's components for a spent nuclear fuel container is illustrated. A spray apparatus 300 directs the material 302 onto the vessel being coated 304. The spray pattern is indicated by the crosshatched area 306. A first diode array 308 is positioned to heat the vessel 302. A second diode array 310 is positioned to anneal the vessel 302. A turntable 312 rotates the vessel being coated 304 during the process.

[0059] Referring now to FIG. 4, another embodiment of Applicant's components for a spent nuclear fuel container is illustrated. Spray apparatus 400a and 400b direct the material 402 onto sheet metal 404 being coated. The spray pattern is indicated by the area 406. A first diode array 408 is positioned to heat the sheet metal 404. A second diode array 410 is positioned to anneal the sheet metal 404.

[0060] Referring now to FIG. 5, another embodiment of Applicant's components for a spent nuclear fuel container is illustrated. Spray apparatus 500a and 500b direct the material 502 onto screen material 504 being coated. The spray pattern is indicated by the area 506. A first diode array 508 is positioned to heat the screen material 504. A second diode array 510 is positioned to anneal the screen material 504.

[0061] Referring now to FIG. 6, another embodiment of Applicant's components for a spent nuclear fuel container is illustrated. Sheet metal 600 is folded into container 602 for spent fuel elements.

[0062] Referring now to FIG. 7, another embodiment of Applicant's components for a spent nuclear fuel container is illustrated. Screen material 700 is folded into container 702 for spent fuel elements.

[0063] Referring now to FIG. 8A and FIG. 8B, another embodiment of Applicant's components for a spent nuclear fuel container is illustrated. Baskets 800 are located in container 802 for spent fuel elements.

[0064] Referring now to FIGS. 9a and 9B, another embodiment of Applicant's components for a spent nuclear fuel container is illustrated. A spray apparatus 900 directs the material 902 onto the vessel being coated 904. A spray shield 906 controls the spray. A first diode array 908 is positioned to heat the vessel 902. A second diode array 910 is positioned to anneal the vessel 902.

[0065] Referring now to FIG. 10, another embodiment of Applicant's components for a spent nuclear fuel container is illustrated. Sheet metal 1000 is folded into container 1002 for spent fuel elements as illustrated on the left side. Screen material 1004 is folded into container 1002 for spent fuel elements as illustrated on the right side.

[0066] Referring now to FIG. 11, another embodiment of Applicant's components for a spent nuclear fuel container is illustrated. A vessel 1100 is shown for storing spent nuclear fuel in pellet form. The vessel 1100 is positioned on a base 1102 and includes an access port 1004.

[0067] Referring now to FIG. 12, another embodiment of Applicant's components for a spent nuclear fuel container is illustrated. A flow chart illustrates the steps for coating a spent nuclear fuel container.

[0068] Referring now to FIG. 13, another embodiment of Applicant's components for a spent nuclear fuel container is illustrated. A flow chart illustrates the steps for coating a spent nuclear fuel container.

[0069] Applicant's components for a spent nuclear fuel container and method of fabricating components for a spent nuclear fuel container include many other embodiments. The apparatus, systems, and methods include the following:

[0070] 1. Use of coated cylindrical and rectangular channels as the structural members of criticality control assemblies.

[0071] 2. The coating of channels with corrosion-resistant neutron-absorbing materials either before or after forming flat plates into cylindrical and rectangular channels. Flat plates can be coated, and then bent or rolled into the structural members of criticality control assemblies.

[0072] 3. The use of either thermal or cold spray technology to deposit such coatings on channel materials serving as structural members.

[0073] 4. The materials that can be used as structural material include a wide variety of iron-based, nickel-based, aluminum-based and titanium-based materials and alloys. For example, iron-based alloys include but are not limited to Type 304 and Type 316 stainless steels; nickel-based alloys including but not limited to the entire range of NiCrMo alloys, such as Alloy 600, Alloy 625, Alloy 825, Hastelloy C, Hastelloy C-4, Hastelloy C-276, Hastelloy C-22, and others; titanium alloys including but not limited to Ti Grade 2, Ti Grade 7, Ti Grade 12, and others; and various aluminum alloys, including but not limited to aluminum 5083 and others.

[0074] 5. The use of tantalum-based materials for coating the structural members, using either a thermal spray approach, such as the cold-spray process; the high-velocity oxy fuel (HVOF) process; the high-velocity laser-accelerated deposition (HVLAD) process; explosive bonding; electroplating; powder coating; and any other technique capable of producing a composite coating.

[0075] 6. In the case of tantalum-based cold-spray and thermal spray coatings, a metallic binder phase will be formed from powders of: unalloyed tantalum (Ta); unalloyed tungsten (W); unalloyed niobium (Nb); tantalum 2.5% tungsten (Ta-2.5W); tantalum 10.0% tungsten (Ta-10W); tantalum 8.0% tungsten 2.0% hafnium (Ta-111 or Ta-8W-2Hf); special niobium alloys such as Nb-1Zr; special molybdenum alloys such as TZM (Mo-0.5Ti-0.08Zr-0.03C); and others.

[0076] 7. In the case of the tantalum-based cold-spray and thermal spray coatings, the neutron absorbing phase will be formed from a wide variety of natural and B10-enriched boron-containing materials, including but not limited to: boron carbide (B4C); tantalum diboride (TaB2); hafnium diboride (HfB2), zirconium diboride (ZrB2), and iron-based boron-containing amorphous metal powders, such as SAM2X5, SAM1651, and other such compositions.

[0077] 8. The borides can be formed in situ from a precursor phase containing boron, and co-deposited with the metallic binder phase, through special heat treatments which cause the reaction of the boron and metallic binder phase.

[0078] 9. In the case of amorphous-metal cold-spray and thermal spray coatings, any corrosion-resistant iron-based boron-containing alloy can be used, including but not limited to SAM2X1, SAM2X3, SAM2X5, SAM2X7, SAM1651, and others.

[0079] 10. These same metallic binder and neutron absorbing phases can also be deposited by electrodeposition, electrophoretic deposition, powder coating, and other such methods.

[0080] 11. Foils formed from the aforementioned combinations of metallic binder and neutron absorbing phases can be deposited on the structural material using the HVLAD method.

[0081] The apparatus, systems, and methods include the following pertaining to corrosion-resistant criticality control assemblies:

[0082] 1. The coating of cylindrical, spherical or prismatic shaped vessels for the storage of spent nuclear fuel with corrosion-resistant materials.

[0083] 2. The use of either thermal or cold spray technology to deposit such coatings on channel materials serving as structural members.

[0084] 3. The materials that can be used as structural material include a wide variety of iron-based, nickel-based, aluminum-based and titanium-based materials and alloys. For example, iron-based alloys include but are not limited to Type 304 and Type 316 stainless steels; nickel-based alloys including but not limited to the entire range of NiCrMo alloys, such as Alloy 600, Alloy 625, Alloy 825, Hastelloy C, Hastelloy C-4, Hastelloy C-276, Hastelloy C-22, and others; titanium alloys including but not limited to Ti Grade 2, Ti Grade 7, Ti Grade 12, and others; and various aluminum alloys, including but not limited to aluminum 5083 and others.

[0085] 4. The use of tantalum-based materials for coating the structural members, using either a thermal spray approach, such as the cold-spray process; the high-velocity oxy fuel (HVOF) process; the high-velocity laser-accelerated deposition (HVLAD) process; explosive bonding; electroplating; powder coating; and any other technique capable of producing a composite coating.

[0086] 5. In the case of tantalum-based cold-spray and thermal spray coatings, a metallic binder phase will be formed from powders of: unalloyed tantalum (Ta); unalloyed tungsten (W); unalloyed niobium (Nb); tantalum 2.5% tungsten (Ta-2.5W); tantalum 10.0% tungsten (Ta-10W); tantalum 8.0% tungsten 2.0% hafnium (Ta-111 or Ta-8W-2Hf); special niobium alloys such as Nb-1Zr; special molybdenum alloys such as TZM (Mo-0.5Ti-0.08Zr-0.03C); and others.

[0087] 6. In the case of the tantalum-based cold-spray and thermal spray coatings, the neutron absorbing phase will be formed from a wide variety of natural and B10-enriched boron-containing materials, including but not limited to: boron carbide (B4C); tantalum diboride (TaB2); hafnium diboride (HfB2), zirconium diboride (ZrB2), and iron-based boron-containing amorphous metal powders, such as SAM2X5, SAM1651, and other such compositions.

[0088] 7. The borides can be formed in situ from a precursor phase containing boron, and co-deposited with the metallic binder phase, through special heat treatments which cause the reaction of the boron and metallic binder phase.

[0089] 8. In the case of amorphous-metal cold-spray and thermal spray coatings, any corrosion-resistant iron-based boron-containing alloy can be used, including but not limited to SAM2X1, SAM2X3, SAM2X5, SAM2X7, SAM1651, and others.

[0090] 9. These same metallic binder and neutron absorbing phases can also be deposited by electrodeposition,

[0091] electrophoretic deposition, powder coating, and other such methods.

[0092] 10. Foils formed from the aforementioned combinations of metallic binder and neutron absorbing phases can be deposited on the structural material using the HVLAD method.

[0093] 11. Criticality channels or cylindrical shapes can be joined using cold spray at the joint. Such coatings can also be placed on the outside of cylindrical containers.

[0094] 12. Diode arrays can be used to heat the substrate and coating being deposited, up to the respective softening temperatures, to increase adhesion and bond strength of coating layers. We also claim that diode arrays can be used for annealing and heat-treating coatings, thereby relieving stress, and promoting the conversion of precursor coating particles to boron-containing intermetallic compounds (such as TaB2).

[0095] Although the description above contains many details and specifics, these should not be construed as limiting the scope of the application but as merely providing illustrations of some of the presently preferred embodiments of the apparatus, systems, and methods. Other implementations, enhancements and variations can be made based on what is described and illustrated in this patent document. The features of the embodiments described herein may be combined in all possible combinations of methods, apparatus, modules, systems, and computer program products. Certain features that are described in this patent document in the context of separate embodiments can also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single embodiment can also be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitable subcombination. Moreover, although features may be described above as acting in certain combinations and even initially claimed as such, one or more features from a claimed combination can in some cases be excised from the combination, and the claimed combination may be directed to a subcombination or variation of a subcombination. Similarly, while operations are depicted in the drawings in a particular order, this should not be understood as requiring that such operations be performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, or that all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirable results. Moreover, the separation of various system components in the embodiments described above should not be understood as requiring such separation in all embodiments.

[0096] Therefore, it will be appreciated that the scope of the present application fully encompasses other embodiments which may become obvious to those skilled in the art. In the claims, reference to an element in the singular is not intended to mean one and only one unless explicitly so stated, but rather one or more. All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the above-described preferred embodiment that are known to those of ordinary skill in the art are expressly incorporated herein by reference and are intended to be encompassed by the present claims. Moreover, it is not necessary for a device to address each and every problem sought to be solved by the present apparatus, systems, and methods, for it to be encompassed by the present claims. Furthermore, no element or component in the present disclosure is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether the element or component is explicitly recited in the claims. No claim element herein is to be construed under the provisions of 35 U.S.C. 112, sixth paragraph, unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase means for.

[0097] While the apparatus, systems, and methods may be susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments have been shown by way of example in the drawings and have been described in detail herein. However, it should be understood that the application is not intended to be limited to the particular forms disclosed. Rather, the application is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the application as defined by the following appended claims.