Turbomachine designed to operate in turning gear mode

Abstract

A field of turbine engines, and more particularly to an engine including a compressor; a combustion chamber; a first turbine connected to the compressor by a first rotary shaft; an actuator device for actuating the first rotary shaft in order to keep the first turbine and the compressor in rotation while the combustion chamber is extinguished; and a lubrication circuit for lubricating the engine. The circuit passes through at least one heat source suitable for heating the lubricant in the lubrication circuit while the first turbine and the compressor are rotating with the combustion chamber extinguished.

Claims

1. A power plant comprising: a first turbine engine including a compressor; a combustion chamber situated downstream from the compressor for combustion of a mixture of fuel and of air coming from the compressor; a first turbine for expanding a combustion gas coming from the combustion chamber and driving the compressor via a first rotary shaft; an actuator device for actuating said first rotary shaft to keep the first turbine and the compressor in rotation while the combustion chamber is extinguished; and a lubrication circuit for lubricating at least one bearing of said first rotary shaft; and a second turbine engine, wherein the lubrication circuit of the first turbine engine passes through at least one heat exchanger arranged so as to transfer heat from the second turbine engine to a lubricant in the lubrication circuit of the first turbine engine when a temperature of the lubricant in the lubrication circuit of the first turbine engine drops below a first predetermined threshold during rotation of the first turbine and the compressor of the first turbine engine with the combustion chamber of the first turbine engine extinguished.

2. A method of regulating a temperature of a lubricant in a lubrication circuit of a first turbine engine comprising at least: a compressor; a combustion chamber situated downstream from the compressor for combustion of a mixture of fuel and of air coming from the compressor; a first turbine for expanding combustion gas coming from the combustion chamber and driving the compressor via a first rotary shaft; and an actuator device for actuating said first rotary shaft, the method comprising: directing the lubricant in the lubrication circuit of the first turbine engine, which serves to lubricate at least one bearing of said first rotary shaft, through a heat exchanger having said lubrication circuit passing therethrough and transferring heat from a second turbine engine to the lubricant in the lubrication circuit of the first turbine engine in order to heat the lubricant in the lubrication circuit of the first turbine engine when the temperature of the lubricant in the lubrication circuit of the first turbine engine drops below a first predetermined threshold while the first turbine and the compressor are being kept in rotation by said actuator device with the combustion chamber extinguished.

3. The temperature regulation method according to claim 2, wherein the lubricant in the lubrication circuit of the first turbine engine is directed through a heat sink through which the lubrication circuit of the first turbine engine passes in order to cool the lubricant in the lubrication circuit of the first turbine engine when the temperature of the lubricant in the lubrication circuit of the first turbine engine exceeds a second predetermined threshold while the combustion chamber is lighted.

4. The temperature regulation method according to claim 2, wherein the heat exchanger is a lubricant/lubricant heat exchanger transferring the heat from a lubricant in a lubrication circuit of the second turbine engine to the lubricant in the lubrication circuit of the first turbine engine.

5. The power plant according to claim 1, wherein the at least one heat exchanger comprises a lubricant/lubricant heat exchanger for transferring the heat from a lubricant in a lubrication circuit of the second turbine engine to the lubricant in the lubrication circuit of the first turbine engine.

6. The power plant according to claim 1, wherein the lubrication circuit of the first turbine engine includes a closable bypass duct around a heat source.

7. The power plant according to claim 1, wherein the lubrication circuit of the first turbine engine also passes through at least one heat sink for cooling the lubricant in the lubrication circuit of the first turbine engine when the combustion chamber is lighted.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) The invention can be well understood and its advantages appear better on reading the following detailed description of embodiments given as non-limiting examples. The description refers to the accompanying drawings, in which:

(2) FIG. 1 is a diagram of an aircraft with a power plant comprising two turbine engines;

(3) FIG. 2 shows the power plant in greater detail;

(4) FIG. 3 is a diagram of the lubrication circuit in a first embodiment for one of the engines of the FIG. 2 power plant;

(5) FIG. 3A shows the flow of lubricant through the FIG. 3 lubrication circuit below a first temperature threshold;

(6) FIG. 3B shows the flow of lubricant through the FIG. 3 lubrication circuit between the first temperature threshold and a second temperature threshold;

(7) FIG. 3C shows the flow of lubricant through the FIG. 3 lubrication circuit above the second temperature threshold;

(8) FIGS. 4A to 4G show a heat source arranged in the FIG. 3 lubrication circuit in various different alternatives;

(9) FIG. 5 is a flow chart showing diagrammatically a method of regulating the FIG. 3 lubrication circuit;

(10) FIG. 6 is a graph showing the opening and closing of bypass valves in the FIG. 5 method;

(11) FIG. 7 is a diagram of the lubrication circuit in a second embodiment, for one of the engines of the FIG. 2 power plant;

(12) FIG. 8 is a flow chart showing diagrammatically a method of regulating the FIG. 7 lubrication circuit;

(13) FIG. 9 is a graph showing the opening and the closing of bypass valves in the method of FIG. 8;

(14) FIG. 10 is a diagram of the lubrication circuit in a third embodiment for one of the engines of the FIG. 2 power plant;

(15) FIG. 11 is a diagram showing the lubrication circuit in a fourth embodiment for one of the engines of the FIG. 2 power plant;

(16) FIG. 12 is a diagram showing the lubrication circuit in a fifth embodiment for one of the engines of the FIG. 2 power plant; and

(17) FIG. 13 is a diagram showing the lubrication circuit in a sixth embodiment for one of the engines of the FIG. 2 power plant.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

(18) The first figure shows a rotary wing aircraft 1, more specifically a helicopter having a main rotor 2 and an anti-torque tail rotor 3, which rotors are coupled to a power plant 4 that actuates them. The power plant 4 shown comprises a first turbine engine 5a and a second turbine engine 5b. More specifically, these engines 5a and 5b are turboshaft engines having both of their power takeoff shafts 6 connected to a main gearbox 7 for actuating the main rotor 2 and the tail rotor 3.

(19) The power plant 4 is shown in greater detail in FIG. 2. Each engine 5a, 5b comprises a compressor 8, a combustion chamber 9, a first turbine 10 connected by a rotary shaft 11 to the compressor 8, and a second turbine 12, or free turbine, that is coupled to the power takeoff shaft 6. The assembly comprising the compressor 8, the combustion chamber 9, the first gas turbine 10, and the rotary shaft 11 is also known as a gas generator. The rotary shaft 11 of each gas generator is coupled mechanically to an actuator device 13 comprising an electrical machine 13a, more specifically a motor-generator, and a power converter 13b that is electrically connected to the electrical machine 13a and that is connected to the electricity network of the aircraft 1.

(20) The actuator device 13 serves both for starting the corresponding engine 5a, 5b and also for generating electricity after it has started. During starting, the electrical machine 13a acts in motor mode, and the power converter 13b powers it electrically from the electricity network of the aircraft. After starting, the electrical machine 13a operates in generator mode and the power converter adapts the electricity it generates to an appropriate voltage and amperage for powering the electricity network of the aircraft.

(21) Furthermore, the actuator device 13 can nevertheless also be used to keep the corresponding engine 5a, 5b in turning mode, by causing the rotary shaft 11 to turn while the combustion chamber 9 is extinguished, at a reduced speed N.sub.turn, which may for example lie in the range 5% to 20% of a nominal speed N.sub.1 of the rotary shaft 11. Keeping an engine in turning mode serves to accelerate possible starting thereof.

(22) The power delivered by the power plant 4 may vary significantly depending on the stage of flight of the aircraft 1. Thus, the power required under cruising conditions is normally substantially less than the maximum continuous power that the power plant 4 can deliver, and even less than its maximum takeoff power. Given that the power plant 4 is dimensioned as a function of its maximum takeoff power, it is significantly overdimensioned compared with the power required for cruising conditions. Consequently, while cruising, with both engines 5a and 5b in operation, they may both be far away from their optimum operating speed, which leads to relatively high specific fuel consumption. In practice, with a power plant that has a plurality of engines, it is possible to envisage maintaining cruising conditions with at least one of the engines extinguished. The other engines can then operate at a speed that is closer to their optimum speed, so specific fuel consumption can be reduced. In order to enable a power plant to operate in such a mode of operation, while also ensuring that the engine that is extinguished can be started immediately, proposals are made in FR 2 967 132 to keep this engine that is extinguished in a turning mode.

(23) In the power plant 4 shown in FIG. 2, the first engine 5a is thus extinguished while the aircraft 1 is cruising, and the second engine 5b delivers all of the power for the main rotor 2 and the tail rotor 3 via the main gearbox 7. The electrical machine 13a of the second engine 5b also acts simultaneously to power the electricity network of the aircraft 1 via its power converter 13b. In order to be able to ensure that the first engine 5a can be started in an emergency, in particular in the event of the second engine 5b failing, the first engine 5a is kept in turning mode by its electrical machine 13a driving its rotary shaft 11 under power from its power converter 13b.

(24) Nevertheless, in flight, with the combustion chamber 9 extinguished and with ambient temperatures that may be very low, particularly at high altitude, the temperature T of the lubricant in the first engine 5a may drop very significantly. In order to prevent it reaching a level that is too low, which might compromise lubrication of the moving parts of the first engine 5a, the lubrication circuit 14 in a first embodiment as shown in FIG. 3 passes through a heat source 15.

(25) More specifically, the lubrication circuit 14 is a closed circuit comprising a tank 16 and a pump 17 and passing through a heat sink 18 and the heat source 15, together with the elements 19 for lubricating in the first engine 5a. The circuit 14 also has bypass ducts 20 and 21 respectively for bypassing the heat sink 18 and the heat source 15, each having a respective thermostatic valve 22, 23 for closing it in a corresponding predetermined temperature range. Nevertheless, valves that are connected to a control unit, which is itself connected to sensors for sensing the temperature of the lubricant, could be used instead of thermostatic valves for the same purpose.

(26) The heat sink 18 is typically a lubricant/air heat exchanger serving to discharge heat from the lubricant to ambient air. Nevertheless, other types of heat sink, in particular lubricant/fuel heat exchangers, could also be used.

(27) The heat source 15 may also be a heat exchanger. In the variant shown in FIG. 4A, the heat source 15 is a heat exchanger 24 connected to a cooling circuit 25 for cooling the electrical machine 13a of the first engine 5a. While operating as a motor actuating the rotary shaft 11 in turning mode, the electrical machine 13a generates heat, which heat is discharged through the heat exchanger 24 to the lubricant flowing through the lubrication circuit 14. Thus, heating the lubricant may simultaneously contribute to cooling the electrical machine. In the variant shown in FIG. 4B, the heat source 15 is a heat exchanger 24 connected in the same manner to a cooling circuit 25 of the power converter 13b. While the electrical machine 13a is operating as a motor actuating the rotary shaft 11 in turning mode, the power supply to the electrical machine via the power converter 13b also generates heat, which heat is discharged in this variant by the lubricant passing through the lubrication circuit 14. Thus, heating the lubricant can simultaneously contribute to cooling the power converter 13b.

(28) It is also possible to envisage using a heat exchanger for transferring heat from members other than the actuator device 13 of the first engine 5a. By way of example, this transfer of heat may take place from the second engine 5b that remains lighted in flight while the first engine 5a is in turning mode. Thus, in a third variant, shown in FIG. 4C, the heat exchanger 24 forming the heat source 15 of the lubrication circuit 14 is connected to a cooling circuit 25 of the actuator device 13 for actuating the second engine 5b. If this second engine 5b is operating in normal mode while the first engine 5a is kept in turning mode, the electrical machine 13a can act as an electricity generator powering the electricity network of the aircraft 1 via the power converter 13b. In this situation, both the electrical machine 13a and the power converter 13b generate heat simultaneously, which heat can be discharged to the lubrication circuit 14 of the first engine 5a via the cooling circuit 25. In a fourth variant, shown in FIG. 4D, the heat exchanger 24 forming the heat source 15 of the lubrication circuit 14 of the first engine 5a is placed in an exhaust nozzle 26 downstream from the second turbine 12 of the second engine 5b, so as to enable heat to be transferred from the combustion gas of the second engine 5b to the lubricant in the lubrication circuit 14 of the first engine 5a. In a fifth variant, shown in FIG. 4E, the heat exchanger 24 forming the heat source 15 of the lubrication circuit 14 of the first engine 5a has a fuel feed circuit 27 of the second engine 5b passing therethrough downstream from a heat source 28 used for heating the fuel. In a sixth variant, shown in FIG. 4F, the heat exchanger 24 forming the heat source 15 of the lubrication circuit 14 of the first engine 5a is a lubricant/lubricant heat exchanger having the lubrication circuit 14 of the second engine 5b passing therethrough. The heat from the lubricant of the second engine 5b, which is lighted, thus serves to heat the lubricant of the first engine 5a.

(29) In each of these variants, the heat source 15 and the heat sink 18 can be bypassed in order to regulate the temperature of the lubricant of the first engine 5a.

(30) In yet another variant, shown in FIG. 4G, the heat exchanger 24 forming the heat source 15 of the lubrication circuit 14 of the first engine 5a passes a heat transfer fluid circuit C. This circuit C also passes through a heat exchanger 24 thermally coupled to the lubrication circuit 14 of the second engine 5b, whereby the heat from the circuit 14 of the second engine 5b is transferred to the lubrication circuit 14 of the first engine 5a via the circuit C. The circuit C includes a pump P for circulating the heat transfer fluid. Such a structure for the heat source 15 makes it possible to avoid having a bypass duct 21 present in the lubrication circuit 14 in order to bypass the heat source 15. In the variant of FIG. 4G, it suffices to actuate or stop the pump P in order to deliver or not deliver heat to the lubrication circuit 14 of the first engine 5a. In other words, by actuating or stopping the pump P, the heat source 15 is switched on or off. In the same manner, the bypass ducts 21 of FIGS. 4A, 4B, and 4C could be omitted and the heat source 15 should be controlled via the pump of the circuit 25 (also serving, where necessary, to cool the respective pieces of equipment 13a, 13b, or 13). Thus, in general terms, in order to control the heating of the lubrication circuit 14 of the first engine 5a by means of the heat source 15, either action is taken on the valve 23, or action is taken on the pump P. If both those elements are present, as shown in FIGS. 4A, 4B, and 4C, it is possible to act on only one of those elements, or on both of them.

(31) The flow chart of FIG. 5 shows how the temperature regulation operates, starting from an initial situation in which both thermostatic valves 22 and 23 of the lubrication circuit 14 shown in FIG. 3 are open, a situation that is shown in FIG. 3B and in which the major portion of the flow of lubricant pumped by the pump 17 through the circuit 14 bypasses both the heat sink 18 and the heat source 15, by passing respectively along the bypass ducts 20 and 21. In the step S501, the temperature T of the lubricant is compared with a first closure threshold T.sub.1a. If the temperature T of the lubricant is equal to or less than the closure threshold T.sub.1a, the thermostatic valve 23 in the bypass duct 21 around the heat source 15 closes in step S502, thereby closing this bypass duct 21 and forcing the lubricant to pass through the heat source 15, as shown in FIG. 3A. The lubricant is thus heated in order to ensure that it can flow, even if the first engine 5a is in turning mode. By way of example, the closure threshold T.sub.1a may lie in the range 333 K to 343 K.

(32) If the thermostatic valve 23 is thus closed, in the following step S503, the temperature T of the lubricant is compared with a first opening threshold T.sub.1b. So long as the temperature T is not higher than the opening threshold T.sub.1b, this step is repeated regularly in a loop. If the temperature T of the lubricant is higher than this opening threshold T.sub.1b, then the thermostatic valve 23 in the bypass duct 21 around the heat source 15 reopens in step S504 so as to return to the configuration shown in FIG. 3B. The opening threshold T.sub.1b may be identical to the closure threshold T.sub.1a. Nevertheless, in order to establish hysteresis for avoiding instability of the thermostatic valve 23, the opening threshold T.sub.1b may be perceptibly higher than the closure threshold T.sub.1a, e.g. 5 K to 10 K higher. This hysteresis is shown in FIG. 6. It is specific to certain types of thermostatic valve, such as wax core thermostatic valves, but other types of valve, such as solenoid valves, can also be adapted to operate with such hysteresis in order to avoid instability.

(33) After the thermostatic valve 23 has reopened in step S504, or if the temperature T was already higher than the first closure threshold T.sub.1a in step S501, then in step S505, the temperature T of the lubricant is compared with a second closure threshold T.sub.2a. If the temperature T of the lubricant is equal to or higher than this second closure threshold T.sub.2a, the thermostatic valve 22 in the bypass duct 20 around the heat sink 18 closes in step S506, thereby closing this bypass duct 20 and forcing the lubricant to pass through the heat sink 18, as shown in FIG. 3C. The lubricant is thus cooled in order to discharge the heat generated in the first engine 5a. The second closure threshold T.sub.2a is substantially higher than the first closure threshold T.sub.1a and also than the first opening threshold T.sub.1b, and by way of example it may lie in the range 353 K to 363 K.

(34) If the thermostatic valve 22 is thus closed, then in the following step S507 the temperature T of the lubricant is compared with a second opening threshold T.sub.2b. So long as the temperature T is not less than this opening threshold T.sub.1b, this step is repeated regularly in a loop. If the temperature T of the lubricant is less than this opening threshold T.sub.2b, the thermostatic valve 22 in the bypass duct 20 around the heat sink 18 reopens in step S508, in order to return to the configuration shown in FIG. 3B. The opening threshold T.sub.2b may be identical to the closure threshold T.sub.2a. Nevertheless, in order to establish hysteresis for avoiding instability of the thermostatic valve 22, the opening threshold T.sub.2b may be perceptibly lower than the closure threshold T.sub.2a, e.g. 5 K to 10 K lower, while remaining substantially higher than the first closure threshold T.sub.1a, and than the first opening threshold T.sub.1b. This hysteresis is also shown in FIG. 6.

(35) Nevertheless, other alternatives can be envisaged for regulating the temperature of the lubricant of a turbine engine, in particular for heating it in turning mode. Thus, in a second embodiment, shown in FIG. 7, the lubrication circuit 14 has two heat sources 15a and 15b: a first heat source 15a is in accordance with any of the variants shown in FIGS. 4A to 4G, while a second heat source 15b comprises an electrical resistor 29 in the tank 16. The remaining elements in this second embodiment are analogous to those receiving the same reference numbers in the preceding figures.

(36) The flow chart of FIG. 8 shows the method of regulating this second embodiment starting from an initial situation in which the power supply to the electrical resistor 29 is deactivated and the thermostatic valves 22 and 23 are open. In step S1101, the temperature T of the lubricant is compared with a first closure threshold T.sub.1a. If the temperature T of the lubricant is equal to or lower than the closure threshold T.sub.1a, the thermostatic valve 23 in the bypass duct 21 around the first heat source 15a closes in step S1102, thereby closing this bypass duct 21 and forcing the lubricant to pass through the first heat source 15a, as shown in FIG. 3A. The lubricant is thus heated to ensure that it can flow, even if the first engine 5a is in turning mode. By way of example, the first closure threshold T.sub.1a may lie in the range 333 K to 343 K.

(37) Nevertheless, it can happen that the temperature T of the lubricant is too low to enable the lubricant to be heated sufficiently quickly solely by the first heat source 15a. Consequently, in the following step S1103, the temperature T of the lubricant is compared with an activation threshold T.sub.0a that is substantially lower than the first closure threshold 15a. If the temperature T of the lubricant is equal to or lower than the activation threshold T.sub.0a, the power supply to the electrical resistor 29 is activated in step S1104, thereby generating heat that is transmitted to the lubricant passing through the lubrication circuit 14. This procures additional heating of the lubricant. By way of example, in this embodiment, the activation threshold T.sub.0a may lie in the range 283 K to 293 K.

(38) If the power supply to the electrical resistor 29 is thus activated, then in the following step S1105, the temperature T of the lubricant is compared with a deactivation threshold T.sub.0b. So long as the temperature T is not higher than the deactivation threshold T.sub.0b, this step is repeated regularly in a loop. If the temperature T of the lubricant is higher than the deactivation threshold T.sub.0b, then the power supply to the electrical resistor 29 is deactivated in a step S1106. The deactivation threshold T.sub.0b may be identical to the activation threshold T.sub.0a. Nevertheless, in order to establish hysteresis, the deactivation threshold T.sub.0b may be perceptibly higher than the activation threshold T.sub.0a, e.g. 5 K to 10 K higher, while remaining substantially lower than the first closure threshold T.sub.1a. This hysteresis is shown in FIG. 9.

(39) After deactivation of the power supply to the electrical resistor 26 in step S1106, or if the temperature T is already higher than the activation threshold T.sub.0a in step S1103, then in step S1107, the temperature T of the lubricant is compared with a first opening threshold T.sub.1b. So long as the temperature T is not higher than this opening threshold T.sub.1b, the method is returned to step S1103, and at least the steps S1103 and S1107 are repeated in a loop. If the temperature T of the lubricant is higher than the first opening threshold T.sub.1b, the thermostatic valve 23 in the bypass duct 21 of the heat source 15 reopens in step S1108. The first opening threshold T.sub.1b may be identical to the first closure threshold T.sub.1a. Nevertheless, in order to establish hysteresis for avoiding instability of the thermostatic valve 23, the first opening threshold T.sub.1b may be perceptibly higher than the first closure threshold T.sub.1a, e.g. 5 K to 10 K higher. This hysteresis is also shown in FIG. 9.

(40) After reopening of the thermostatic valve 23 in step S1108, or if the temperature T is already higher than the first closure threshold T.sub.1a in step S1101, then in step S1109 the temperature T of the lubricant is compared with a second closure threshold T.sub.2a. If the temperature T of the lubricant is equal to or higher than the second closure threshold T.sub.2a, then the thermostatic valve 22 in the bypass duct 20 around the heat sink 18 closes in a step S1110, thereby closing the bypass duct 20 and forcing the lubricant to pass through the heat sink 18. The lubricant is thus cooled in order to discharge the heat generated in the first engine 5a. The second closure threshold T.sub.2a is substantially higher than the first closure threshold T.sub.1a and than the first opening threshold T.sub.1b, and for example it may lie in the range 353 K to 363 K.

(41) If the thermostatic valve 22 is thus closed, then in the following step S1111 the temperature T of the lubricant is compared with a second opening threshold T.sub.2b. So long as the temperature T is not lower than this opening threshold T.sub.1b this step is repeated regularly in a loop. If the temperature T of the lubricant is lower than this opening threshold T.sub.2b, the thermostatic valve 22 in the bypass duct 20 around the heat sink 18 reopens in a step S1112. The opening threshold T.sub.2b may be identical to the closure threshold T.sub.2a. Nevertheless, in order to establish hysteresis for instability in the thermostatic valve 22, the opening threshold T.sub.2b may be perceptibly lower than the closure threshold T.sub.2a, e.g. 5 K to 10 K lower, while remaining substantially higher than the first closure threshold T.sub.1a and than the first opening threshold T.sub.1b. This hysteresis is also shown in FIG. 9.

(42) In general, it is always possible to envisage combining a plurality of heat sources that can be bypassed or deactivated in the lubrication circuit. Thus, in a third embodiment, shown in FIG. 10, two heat sources 15a and 15b are placed in parallel in the lubrication circuit 14. Each of these two heat sources 15a and 15b may correspond to any one of the variants shown in FIGS. 4A to 4G. The other elements are analogous to those of the first embodiment, and they are given the same reference numbers. Thus, a common closable bypass duct 21 serves to bypass both heat sources 15a and 15b simultaneously, and the temperature of the lubricant can be regulated using the method of FIG. 5. In a fourth embodiment, shown in FIG. 11, the two heat sources 15a and 15b are combined with a third heat source 15c comprising an electrical resistor 29 in the tank 16, as in the second embodiment. The other elements are analogous to those of the second embodiment, and they are given the same reference numbers. The temperature of the lubricant in this embodiment can be regulated using the method of FIG. 8.

(43) FIG. 12 shows a fifth embodiment, analogous to the third embodiment, but with its two heat sources 15a and 15b in series rather than in parallel. Elements analogous to those of the third embodiment are given the same reference numbers. FIG. 13 shows a sixth embodiment, analogous to the fourth embodiment, but with its two heat sources 15a and 15b in series rather than in parallel. Elements analogous to those of the fourth embodiment are given the same reference numbers. In the last two embodiments, as in the third and fourth embodiments, the two heat sources 15a and 15b have a common closable bypass duct 21, thus enabling the temperature of the lubricant to be regulated using the method of FIG. 5 for the fifth embodiment and the method of FIG. 8 for the sixth embodiment. It is nevertheless also possible to envisage fitting the lubrication circuits with individual closable bypass ducts for each of the first and second heat sources, with opening and closure thresholds that are equal or different for the closure devices of each of the individual bypass ducts.

(44) Although the present invention is described with reference to specific embodiments, it is clear that various modifications and changes may be made to those embodiments without going beyond the general ambit of the invention as defined by the claims. For example, the optional electrical power supply to elements in each lubrication circuit could come from sources other than an electricity network of an aircraft, such as for example a dedicated generator and/or battery. In addition, individual characteristics of the various embodiments described may be combined in additional embodiments. Consequently, the description and the drawings should be considered in a sense that is illustrative rather than restrictive.