Inclusion of chitosan and herbal extracts as an antimicrobial agent

Abstract

The present invention is a product and process to produce a new inclusion of a Chitosan-based compound and herbal extract, to provide consistent and long-lasting antimicrobial, antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-spore, and anti-odor characteristics.

Claims

1. An inclusion complex, referred to as Z-Chitosan, formed by interaction in solvent between: Chitosan bearing hydrophobic groups of the formula ##STR00010## wherein m is the number of D-glucosamine units, and n is the number of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine units of Chitosan, in which a negatively charged oxygen atom is formed from breaking the —O— group in between C5 and C1 of an internal 5C—O cycle of Chitosan, and at least one herbal extract, in the presence of a catalyst, is attached to the negatively charged atom in cyclic oligomers of D-glucosamine and/or N-acetyl-D-glucosamine joined together in three forms of α, β, and γ cycles formed respectively from 6, 7, or 8 subunits in a truncated cone delimiting a cavity at its center, and in which the at least one herbal extract is attached to the negatively charged oxygen atom to form: ##STR00011##

2. The inclusion of claim 1, wherein said herbal extract is selected from the group consisting of a Sericin, a Neem, Tulsi Leave, Olive, Onion peels, Henna, Pepper, Saffron, Turmeric, Black cumin, black seed, Dill, Mint, Cutchin tea, Apple cider, Garlic, Cranberry, Cinnamon peels, Cloves, Guava, Indian lavender, Thyme, Eucalyptus, Bamboo charcoal, Bay laurel, Grape seed, Mango seed, Tarragon, Lavender, Lemon, Chamomile, Fennel flower, Nutmeg, Oregano, Cashew, Anise, Prickly Chaff Flowers, Aloe Vera, Adzuki Beans, Lemongrass, Thymol, Rosemary, Grapefruit, Clove, Cypress, Karanga, Resorcinol, Cellulose, Bentonite, Terpenes, Bogus, Rapeseed, Sugar Cane, Andrographis plant, Catharanthus roseus Linn, Coleus forskohlii, Derris scandens, Benth, Gynandropsis gynandra, Hyptis suaveolens, Melia azedarach, Moringa heterophylla, Salvadora persic, Linn, Terminalia chebula Retz, Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, Melissa, Clinopodium, Apiaceae, Torilis, Fabaceae, Dorycniu, Cytisus, and Seaweed.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) Embodiments herein will hereinafter be described in conjunction with the appended drawings provided to illustrate and not to limit the scope of the claims, wherein like designations denote like elements, and in which:

(2) FIG. 1 shows an SEM image of functionalized Chitosan with different herbal extracts to create Z-Chitosan in liquid form,

(3) FIG. 2 shows an SEM image of functionalized Chitosan with different herbal extracts to create Z-Chitosan in liquid form,

(4) FIG. 3 shows an SEM image of functionalized Chitosan with different herbal extracts to create Z-Chitosan in liquid form, where the white spots are Chitosan molecules that have not been functionalized, and the larger and irregular-shaped footprints are functionalized Chitosan with herbal extracts.

(5) FIG. 4 shows the encapsulation of Z-chitosan into masterbatch of Polypropylene pellet, and

(6) FIG. 5 shows the encapsulation of Z-chitosan into the masterbatch of Polypropylene pellet.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

(7) Chitosan is a naturally occurring biomaterial made up of arbitrarily distributed β-(1.fwdarw.4) linked linear copolymer, employing monomeric units D-glucosamine (Left molecule) and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (Right molecule) in Formula 1.

(8) Generally, chitosan contains three functional groups at different sites: one primary amino group of C2—NH.sub.2, one secondary hydroxyl group of C3—OH as well as one primary hydroxyl group of C6—OH. The modification at C2—NH.sub.2 or C6—OH groups can be easily achieved because of their weak bonding strength and their positions in the molecular structure. But modifying chitosan at the site of C3—OH groups is harder because of the large steric hindrance.

(9) There are two types of Oxygen atoms with bonding to Carbon atoms in Chitosan, extra-molecular Oxygen which bonds with D-glucosamine molecules, and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine Molecules together, and intra-molecular Oxygen with bonding to C1 and C6 in each D-glucosamine molecule and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine molecule.

(10) The Z-Chitosan is cyclic oligomers of D-glucosamine and/or N-acetyl-D-glucosamine joined together in three forms of α, β, and γ cycles formed respectively from 6, 7, or 8 subunits, p=6 corresponds to α-cyclo Z-Chitosan; p=7 corresponds to β-cyclo Z-Chitosan and p=8 corresponds to γ-cyclo Z-Chitosan. They are shown in (Formula 5).

(11) ##STR00005##

(12) Their geometry is comparable to a truncated cone delimiting a cavity at its center

(13) (Formula 6).

(14) ##STR00006##

(15) They are therefore cage molecules, capable of receiving molecules by inclusion, species in particular of a hydrophobic nature. The internal portion of the cavity is hydrophobic, and the external portion is hydrophilic.

(16) The hydroxyl —OH groups may be substituted later, in particular with other groups, such as herbal extract. The substitutions may increase the solubility of the Z-Chitosan.

(17) Existing antimicrobial active agents normally utilize single antimicrobial material or a combination of a maximum of two antimicrobial materials that often restrict the antimicrobial efficacy against different microorganisms. But, t h e “Chitosan+Herbal Extracts” active agent includes at least three different antimicrobial materials (Chitosan, and two herbal extracts such as Peppermint, Origanum, Thyme, Black cumin/seed) that are fully compatible with each other while superimposing each antimicrobial efficacy significantly and can inhibit a wide range of microorganisms (e.g. bacteria, viruses, funguses, mycobacteria, bacterial spores). Some of these compounds are (Formula 7 & 8 and 9). The chemical structures of ginger oil are (Formula 7).

(18) ##STR00007##

(19) And the chemical structure of peppermint oil and thymol, from thyme oil, are (Formula 8)

(20) ##STR00008##

(21) And the chemical structures of oregano oil including thymol are (Formula 9)

(22) ##STR00009##

(23) The method of making Z-Chitosan comprises the following steps:

(24) Step #1: The first batch of a liquid active agent comprising 50 ppm to 5,000 ppm aqueous solution of each of a Chitosan group, and a catalyst group which are emulsified for 24 to 72 hours.

(25) Step #2: At the same time, the second batch of a liquid active agent comprising 50 ppm to 5,000 ppm aqueous solution of each herbal extracts group and a catalyst group which are emulsified for 24 to 72 hours.

(26) Step #3: The two batches of Step #1, and Step#2 are mixed with the addition of another batch of 50 ppm to 5,000 ppm aqueous solution of a catalyst group, and they are all mixed for 24 to 72 hours. This type of emulsification results in a final liquid active agent with covalent bonds (mainly triple bonds) and electrostatic bonds.

(27) Step #4: Drying the liquid active agent by heat gradually to produce a powder form of the active agent.

(28) During Step #1, a catalyst group added to a Chitosan group in emulsion format creates temporary and weak bonds with both primary and secondary hydroxyl groups as well as the primary amino group of the said Chitosan.

(29) During Step #2, a catalyst group added to a herbal extracts group in emulsion format creates temporary and weak bonds with hydrogen bonds of the said herbal extracts molecules which are normally used for functionalization with Chitosan.

(30) Creation of temporary bonds in Step #1, and Step #2, will prevent typical functionalization of Chitosan group through both hydroxyl and amino group with added herbal extracts group in step #3 in presence of additional catalyst group, while Z-Chitosan is created as shown in FIGS. 1 to 3.

(31) After the creation of Z-Chitosan, the temporary bonds created in Step#1, Step#2 between catalysts and Chitosan and herbal extracts are often gradually eliminated by heating step exposed during Step #4.

(32) After drying in Step #4, the powder can then be encapsulated within a plastic, a polymer, to make a masterbatch of said product. Blending 1 to 10 percent of said masterbatch with a batch of plastic, polymer, or fabric can produce a long-term (in the scale of years) and consistent antimicrobial product as shown in FIGS. 4 and 5.

(33) “Chitosan+Herbal Extracts” active agent has full stability against temperature, pH, humidity, and other environmental conditions to keep its antimicrobial efficacy. The experimental tests have shown that there was no release of antimicrobial particles, no-odor release, and no-physical degradation during service life, which is significant in products with direct touch with the patient skin. Stability of final product in a wide range of temperatures (−100° C. to 300° C.). While the finished product is almost neutral (in pH level of 5.5-6), it keeps its antimicrobial efficacy in lower and higher pH ranges.

(34) The antimicrobial characteristics of individual materials listed in the present invention when integrated with the plastics, polymer, and fabrics are reported to be much lower than the 50% of inhibition rate of microorganisms in a very long contact time of 2 days. Such antimicrobial efficacy also diminishes when exposed to ambient conditions in a few months, which is not acceptable for long-lasting antimicrobial efficacy in antimicrobial plastic, polymer, and fabric products for consumers.

(35) The present invention produces consistent, strong, and long-lasting antimicrobial a nd self-sanitizing (plastic, polymer, fabric) products with blending materials in different concentrations ranging from 50 ppm (part per million) to 5,000 ppm per group (Chitosan, Herbal Extracts, and Catalysts) which can be used separately, collectively and commonly with other organic materials for consistent and high antimicrobial efficacy rate of about 99% in a period of 2 hours to 24 hours based on the type of microorganisms.

(36) In the present invention, a masterbatch of the product is used in the typical plastic molding and extrusion process of plastic, fabric, and polymeric products. The new newly manufactured products have shown very effective antimicrobial efficacy against a wide range of microorganisms of bacteria, viruses, funguses, mycobacteria, and bacterial spores in a contact time of 2 hours to 24 hours based on the type of microorganism.

(37) The following herbal extracts have been shown to have high antimicrobial characteristics when combined with the present Z-Chitosan. These are Peppermint and its derivatives, Ginger and its derivatives, Oregano and its derivatives, Thymes and its derivatives, Black seed and cumin, and their derivatives, and the organic material of Tar and its derivatives, which are identified as an important catalyst for the consistent and long-lasting antimicrobial characteristics.

(38) Numerous tests have been performed on the final products to validate the antimicrobial characteristics of the Chitosan+Herbal Extracts active agent. In other production batches, masterbatches of Chitosan+Herbal Extracts active agents were encapsulated in different types of polymers such as Nylon, PolyCarbonate, Poly Styrene, and Poly Ethylene. Then, the antimicrobial and self-sanitizing characteristics of said products against different types of microorganisms (spores, gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, fungus) were tested based on two known industrial test methods (ASTM E2180-2018 and ISO 22196-2011) for 24 hours contact time. The growth inhibition in bacteria spore and killing ratio for funguses and bacteria were measured and listed in Table 1, which proves the long-term antimicrobial efficacy of the products on a scale of years.

(39) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Growth Reduction or Type of killing rate % after 24 hr Micro- Name of Poly Poly Poly organ- Micro- Test Car- Sty- Eth- ism organism Method Nylon bonate rene ylene Bacteria Staphy- ASTM 99.62% lococcus E2180- aureus 18 (ATCC #6538) Bacteria Methicillin- ISO 66.30% 66.70% 86.10% spore Resistant 22196- Staphy- 2011 lococcus aureus (MRSA) (ATCC #33591) Bacteria Escherichia ISO 77.70% 60.00% 49.80% coli 22196- (ATCC 2011 #25922) Bacteria Staphy- ISO 97.20% 99.70% 99.40% lococcus 22196- aureus 2011 (ATCC #6538) Fungus Candida ISO 77.60% 71.10% 68.40% albicans 22196- (ATCC 2011 #10231) Longevity of Age at 9 17 13 7 Antimicrobial Time months months months months Efficacy of Test

(40) Other tests have been performed on the epoxy coating to validate the antimicrobial characteristics of the Chitosan+Herbal Extracts active agent. In other production batches, masterbatches of Chitosan+Herbal Extracts active agents were encapsulated in Polyamide resin. Then, antimicrobial polyamide resin was mixed with its hardener and applied over different hard surface samples such as wood panels, metal sheets, and stones. Then, after 10 months of fabrication of the samples with epoxy coat, the antimicrobial and self-sanitizing characteristics of said products against different Hospital Associated Infections (HAI) pathogens were tested based on ISO 22196-2011 as a known industrial test method for 2 hours of contact time (shorter than Table 1). The inhibition rates for bacteria and funguses were measured and listed in Table 2, which proves the long-term antimicrobial efficacy of the products on a scale of years.

(41) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Growth Reduction or Name of killing rate % Type Microorganism ATCC # after 2 hr Bacteria Staphylococcus aureus ATCC #6538   99.8% Fungus Candida albicans ATCC #10231   99.2% Bacteria Escherichia coli ATCC #25922 >99.9%

(42) Other tests have been performed on the different fabrics to validate the antimicrobial characteristics of the Chitosan+Herbal Extracts active agent. Masterbatches of Chitosan+Herbal Extracts active agents were encapsulated in Polypropylene and Polyester. Then, after 9 and 3 months of post-production of fabric samples, the antimicrobial and self-sanitizing characteristics of said products against different microorganisms were tested based on ISO 20743-2013, AATCC 100-2019, and ASTM E 2149-2020, as known industrial tests method for 24 hours contact time. The growth inhibition in bacteria spore and killing ratio for funguses and bacteria were measured and listed in Table 3, which proves the long-term antimicrobial efficacy of the fabric products.

(43) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Growth Reduction or killing rate % after 24 hr Type of Polypro- Poly- organ- Name of pylene Poly- ester Poly- ism Micro- Test (spun ester (knitted ester Micro organism Method bound) (carpet) fabric) (carpet) Bacteria Methicillin- ISO 97.90% spore Resistant 20743: Staphy- 2013 lococcus aureus (MRSA) (ATCC #33591) Fungus Candida ISO 94.20% albicans 20743: (ATCC 2013 #10231) Bacteria Escherichia ISO 61.10% coli 20743: (ATCC 2013 #25922) Bacteria Staphy- AATCC 94.88% 89.31% 99.25% lococcus 100- aureus 2019 (ATCC #6538) Bacteria Staphy- ASTM 95.57% 87.83% 91.60% lococcus E aureus 2149- (ATCC 2020 #6538) Longevity of Age at 9 3 3 3 Antimicrobial Time of months months months months Efficacy Test

(44) The following materials are used as Chitosan group for manufacturing of Z-Chitosan in the present invention. (A) Chitin, Chitosan, and Chitosan derivatives are nontoxic, and biocompatible, antimicrobial (antiviral, antibacterial, and antifungal). To increase antimicrobial characteristics, Chitin and Chitosan and their derivatives have been used in different forms of suspension, liquid, powder, granule, sponge, encapsulated in regular polymers and biopolymers. (B) Quaternary Ammonium and its derivatives (QAC) were used to enhance antimicrobial (antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal) characteristics along with Chitin, Chitosan derivatives in polymers. QAC derivatives such as N-alkylated poly(4-vinyl pyridine), Methyltrialkylammonium chloride, Methyltrialkylammonium chloride, (Vinylbenzyl)trimethylammonium. Polyacrylonitrile-block-poly (n-butyl acrylate), can be added to the Chitosan group individually and collectively in different mixing amounts to enhance antimicrobial characteristics of the polymer, plastic, and fabric. Polyhexamethylene Biguanide (PHMB), Polyhexanide in two forms of a biguanide and have shown antimicrobial characteristics in polymers and were used in this invention.

(45) Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs) with synthetic amino acids have shown antimicrobial characteristics in polymers. Cationic AMPs as biocompatible compounds have shown higher antimicrobial characteristics, especially on gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Antimicrobial enzymes have shown antimicrobial characteristics in polymers. Proteolytic enzymes such as Subtilisin, Lysostaphin, Lysine, Amylase, Alginate Lyase, Oxidative enzymes, Lipase, Peptidase, and Esterase enzymes, have shown antimicrobial characteristics in polymers.

(46) Any of the following can be used as herbal extracts group to enhance the antimicrobial effect of Z-Chitosan: Sericin, Neem, Tulsi Leave, Honey (methyl hydroxy furfural), Olive oil, Onion peels, Henna, Pepper, Saffron, Turmeric, Black cumin/seed, Dill extract, Mint, Cutchin tea, Apple cider vinegar, Garlic, and its extract, Cranberry, Cinnamon peels, Cloves, Guava, Indian lavender, Thyme, Eucalyptus Oil, Lemongrass essential oil, Thymol, Oregano Oil, Rosemary, Garlic essential oils, Garlic oil, Grapefruit seed extract, Clove Oil (eugenol), Tea extract, Cypress, Karanga, Cashew Shell & oil, Bamboo charcoal, Bay laurel, Grape seed extract, Mango seed extract, Tarragon, Lavender oil, Lemon, Chamomile, Fennel flower, Nutmeg, Anise extract, Prickly Chaff Flowers, Aloe Vera, Adzuki Beans (Vigna angularis) extracts, Andrographis plant, Leaves, and roots of Catharanthus roseus Linn, Roots of Coleus forskohlii, the stem of Derris scandens (Roxb.) Benth, leaves of Gynandropsis gynandra, the stem of Hyptis suaveolens, Extract and texture of Melia azedarach L., seeds, and roots of Moringa heterophylla L, roots and stems of Salvadora persic, Linn, fruit, and plant of Terminalia chebula Retz, Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, Melissa, Clinopodium, Apiaceae, Torilis, Fabaceae, Dorycniu, Cytisus, and Seaweed have shown antimicrobial characteristics and have been used in this invention.

(47) Any of the following can be used to enhance the antimicrobial efficacy of Z-Chitosan. I. Tar is a viscous liquid of hydrocarbons and free carbon, obtained from different organic materials such as coal, wood, petroleum, or peat through destructive distillation. Tar Aromatic derivatives have shown antimicrobial characteristics and have been used in this invention. II. Alum is a compound in the formulation of AB (SO4)2.12H2O whereas White alum has medical and industrial applications. Potassium alum (KAL (SO4)2.12H2O) is an efficient, safe, and eco-friendly acid catalyst in implementing a large number of organic transformations with antimicrobial characteristics and was used in this invention. III. N-halamine and its derivatives have shown antimicrobial characteristics on the surface of cellulosic, polyamide, and polyester fibers and have been used in this invention. IV. Aromatic compounds such as Zeolite and some natural aromatic compounds (such as the scent of flowers) have been used in antimicrobial polymers. V Cellulose, Bentonite, Terpenes, Anioinc Anionic compounds, and some fungi with antimicrobial efficacy have shown high antimicrobial characteristics and have been used in this invention. VI. Antibiotics such as Terbinafine, Clotrimazole, Ketoconazole, Penicillin, Amoxicillin, Cephalosporin, Macrolide (Erythromycin, E-Mycin, Clarithromycin, Biaxin, Azithromycin, Zithromax), Fluoroquinolone (Cipro, Levaquin, Floxin), Sulfonamides (Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole, Proloprim), Tetracycline (Sumycin, Panmycin, Vibramycin), Aminoglycoside (Garamycin, Tobrex) have shown high antimicrobial characteristics and have been used in this invention. VII. Funguses such as Colletotrichum, Phomopsis, Periconia, Guignardia, Rhizoctonia, Aspergillus, Pichia, Xylaria, Thielavia, Ampelomyces, Fusarium, Trichoderma, Microsphaeropsis, Microdiplodia, Alternaria, Chloridium have shown antimicrobial characteristics in polymers and have been used in this invention. VIII. Organic acids herbs, spices, and other plants, Phenolic derivatives including but not limited to Resorcinol, Organic Chlorine, Methylated, Flavones, Flavonols, Alkaloids (e.g., α-tomatine), Hydroxyphenyl—threne derivatives (Lactones). IX. Protein-like compounds, Glucosides, Glycosides, dienes, Sulfoxides, Isothiocyanates, Phytoalexins, Chavicol, Carvacrol, Thymol, Eugenol, Caffeic acid, Cathecol, Vanillin, Gallic acid, 6-Gingerol, Zingerone, Coumarin, Cinnamic acid, Citral B (Neral), Limonene, Menthol, Cymene, Anethole, Cuminal, α-Terpinene, Oleuropein, Allicin, Allyl isothyocyanate, Geraniol have antibacterial characteristics and have been used in this invention.

(48) Different manufacturing methods, such as Tensile, Extrusion (melt) spinning, Phase separation spinning, Edge-crimping, Electrospinning, Solution (dry and wet) spinning, Dry-jet wet spinning, and Gel (semi-melt) spinning, can be used for manufacturing the present antimicrobial plastics, polymers, and fabrics.

(49) This invention can be used to introduce antimicrobial characteristics into the following plastics, polymers, fabrics: Polyolefin, Polyamide (PA), Cellulose polymers, Polycarbonates, Thermosetting polymers, Elastomers,—Polymethylpentene (PMP), and Acetal homopolymer (Polyoxymethylene POM) Epoxy resins, High-temperature thermoplastics, and Biopolymers.

(50) Polyolefin is selected from the groups consisting of: (i) Polyethylene, High Density Polyethylene (HDPE), Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE), Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UMHPE), Polypropylene (PP), PP copolymers, COC, Polybutylene; (ii) Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC); (iii) Polyvinyl acetate (PVA), PVAc, Poly (ethenyl ethanoate); (iv) Polystyrene/Styrenics, Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), SAN; (v) Polymethylpentene (PMP), and (vi) Fluoropolymers, Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE or PTFCE), Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), FEP, ECTFE/ETFE, PVF/PVF2.

(51) Thermosetting polymers are selected from the groups consisting of (i) Polyurethanes; (ii) Polyester resin, Copolyesters, and (iii) Vulcanized rubber.

(52) Elastomer polymers are selected from the groups consisting of (i) Trans-1,4-polyisoprene (PIR); (ii) Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR); (iii) Nitrile rubber (NR) and (iv) Butyl rubber.

(53) High-temperature thermoplastics are selected from the groups consisting of Polysulfones, PPS, LCP, PEI, and PEEK.

(54) Biopolymers are selected from the groups consisting of Natural Rubber (NR), Collagen, Silk fibroin, Gelatin, Starch, Polysaccharides, Alginate, and their derivatives.

(55) The present product has a consistent and long-lasting antimicrobial characteristic that can be incorporated into a wide range of plastics, polymers, and fabrics to disinfect over 650 microorganisms of bacteria, viruses, funguses, mycobacteria, and bacterial spores. They include but are not limited to Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica, Bacillus atrophaeus, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus stearothermophilus, Clostridium perfringens, Enterobacter aerogenes, Staphylococcus Aureus Subsp. Aureus, Streptococcus Pneumoniae, Bovine Corona Virus, Human immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV), SARS-COV-2.

(56) The present product is nontoxic for personal and medical applications of the invention including but not limited to the MTT array test for assessing cell metabolic activity based on the IS010993 method.

(57) The present product has high resiliency and resistivity in the pathogenic environment which shall kill more microorganisms when in touch with the person. It prevents biofilm colonization in the environment. Some microorganisms become resistant to various types of antibiotics after multiple destructions, in other words, they change their structure to survive. However, this invention provides effective tools by utilizing some mechanisms for the prevention of such microorganisms being resistant to the environment. Due to the low ratio of antimicrobial agent blended in the base plastic, polymer, and fabric, the finished product is not much expensive as regular plastic, polymer, and fabric product. The process of manufacturing antimicrobial plastic, polymer, and fabrics is very identical to the manufacturing of regular plastic, polymer, fabrics with the minimum enhancement of mixing the antimicrobial agent in a pre-defined ratio into raw materials.

(58) The present material can be used for consistent and long-lasting sanitization of a wide range of microorganisms on the hard surfaces of products made with plastic, polymer, and fabrics. It can be used for self-sanitizing of polymeric products through antimicrobial polymeric products and other products with direct touching points, including but not limited to ID Cards, Bank Cards, Credit Cards, Gas Station Nozzles, Knobs, Doors, Furniture, Toys, Stationery, Seats, Flooring, Ceiling, Wall Panels, in private and public places and tools such as Subways, Airports, Public Transit Terminals and any other consumer products that can be touched by humans. It can also be used on all forms of finished products to inhibit microorganisms in foods in food-grade plastics for packaging and appliances with direct contact with foods such as refrigerators, freezers, and similar food-containing products. All forms of Personal Health Products can be used in Sanitary Pads, Tampons, and different types of Diapers, Tissues, wound dressing, gaseous bandages, a n d drug packaging plastics. All forms of finished products can be used in consumer products with t h e risk of transmission of microorganisms to people such as garbage bags, enclosure and bottling of consumer goods, medical tools, and similar products. All forms of antimicrobial plastics can be used to effectively recycle regular plastics, polymers, and fabrics into new consumer products with antimicrobial characteristics. All forms of antimicrobial plastics can be used in filaments of additive manufacturing (3D printing).

(59) The foregoing is considered illustrative only of the principles of the invention. Further, since numerous modifications and changes will readily occur to those skilled in the art, it is not desired to limit the invention to the exact construction and operation shown and described, and accordingly, all suitable modifications and equivalents may be resorted to, falling within the scope of the invention.

(60) Concerning the above description, it is to be realized that the optimum relationships for the parts of the invention regarding size, shape, form, materials, function, and manner of operation, assembly, and use are deemed readily apparent and obvious to those skilled in the art, and all equivalent relationships to those illustrated in the drawings and described in the specification are intended to be encompassed by the present invention.