Transparent electrode member, method of manufacturing the same, and capacitive sensor that uses transparent electrode member

Abstract

A transparent electrode member has a transparent base material, a transparent electrode placed on the first surface of the base material, and an insulating layer placed in an insulating region positioned in at least part of the circumference of a region in which the transparent electrode is placed, when viewed from the direction of the normal to the first surface. The transparent electrode has a dispersion layer that includes a matrix composed of an insulating material and also includes conductive nanowires dispersed in the matrix. The transparent electrode also has a region composed of the conductive part and regions composed of optical adjustment parts when viewed from the direction of the normal to the first surface. The conductive region has conductivity higher than the optical adjustment part. In the dispersion layer, the dispersion density of conductive nanowires in the optical adjustment part is lower than that in the conductive part.

Claims

1. A transparent electrode member comprising: a base having a translucent property, the base having a first surface; a transparent electrode having a translucent property, the transparent electrode being provided in a region on the first surface; and an insulating layer provided in an insulating region on the first surface, the insulating region including at least part of a peripheral region surrounding the region in which the transparent electrode is provided, viewed from a direction normal to the first surface, wherein the transparent electrode includes a dispersion layer, the dispersion layer including: a matrix formed of an insulating material; and conductive nanowires dispersed in the matrix, wherein the transparent electrode has a conductive region and an optical adjustment region viewed from the normal of the first surface, the conductive region being formed of a conductive portion of the dispersion layer having a first conductivity, and the optical adjustment region being formed of an optical adjustment portion of the dispersion layer having a second conductivity smaller than the first conductivity, wherein the conductive portion has a first dispersion density of the conductive nanowires, and the optical adjustment portion has a second dispersion density of the conductive nanowires smaller than the first dispersion density, wherein the optical adjustment region has a plurality of areas that are discretely arranged within the conductive region, and wherein a shape of each of the plurality of areas is a circle, and a diameter of the circle is 10 m or more and 100 m or less.

2. The transparent electrode member according to claim 1, wherein a reflectivity of the insulating region is lower than a reflectivity of the conductive region.

3. The transparent electrode member according to claim 2, wherein the insulating layer includes a matrix which is the same as the matrix of the dispersion layer.

4. The transparent electrode member according to claim 1, wherein the optical adjustment region is arranged within the conductive region.

5. The transparent electrode member according to claim 1, wherein a ratio of the optical adjustment region per unit area is 40% or less.

6. The transparent electrode member according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of areas are separated 30 m or more from one another.

7. The transparent electrode member according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of areas are disposed over the entire transparent electrode.

8. The transparent electrode member according to claim 1, wherein the optical adjustment portion of the dispersion layer has the dispersion density of the conductive nanowires which is reduced to an extent that the optical adjustment portion exhibits an insulation property.

9. A method of manufacturing the transparent electrode member according to claim 8, the method comprising: preparing a first laminated body by laminating a layer including silver nanowires dispersed in the matrix on the first surface, thereby forming the dispersion layer on the base; covering part of the dispersion layer in the first laminated body with a resist layer, the resist layer exposing a first region; processing the first region of the dispersion layer with an iodine liquid so that at least part of the silver nanowires present in the first region is iodinated to a silver iodide, thereby making the first region of the dispersion layer insulative; processing the first region with a thiosulfate solution to remove at least part of the silver iodide from the first region; and removing the resist layer, thereby obtaining a member including: the optical adjustment portion having an insulation property and the insulating layer in the first region; and the conductive portion provided in a region that was covered by the resist layer.

10. A capacitive sensor comprising: the transparent electrode member according to claim 1; and a detection unit that detects a change in capacitance generated between the transparent electrode and a manipulating body including a finger of an operator.

11. A transparent electrode member comprising: a base having a translucent property, the base having a first surface; a transparent electrode having a translucent property, the transparent electrode being provided in a region on the first surface; and an insulating layer provided in an insulating region on the first surface, the insulating region including at least part of a peripheral region surrounding the region in which the transparent electrode is provided, viewed from a direction normal to the first surface, wherein the transparent electrode includes a dispersion layer, the dispersion layer including: a matrix formed of an insulating material; and conductive nanowires dispersed in the matrix, wherein the transparent electrode has a conductive region and an optical adjustment region viewed from the normal of the first surface, the conductive region being formed of a conductive portion of the dispersion layer having a first conductivity, and the optical adjustment region being formed of an optical adjustment portion of the dispersion layer having a second conductivity smaller than the first conductivity, wherein the conductive portion has a first dispersion density of the conductive nanowires, and the optical adjustment portion has a second dispersion density of the conductive nanowires smaller than the first dispersion density, wherein the optical adjustment region has a plurality of areas that are discretely arranged within the conductive region, and wherein a shape of each of the plurality of areas is a quadrangle, and a length of the longest diagonal line of the quadrangle is 10 m or more and 100 m or less.

12. A transparent electrode member comprising: a base having a translucent property, the base having a first surface; a transparent electrode having a translucent property, the transparent electrode being provided in a region on the first surface and including a dispersion layer, the dispersion layer including: a matrix formed of an insulating material; and conductive nanowires dispersed in the matrix; an insulating layer provided in an insulating region on the first surface, the insulating region including at least part of a peripheral region surrounding the region in which the transparent electrode is provided, viewed from a direction normal to the first surface; a transparent wire made of a material having a translucent property; and a dummy region having a translucent property, wherein the transparent electrode has a conductive region and an optical adjustment region viewed from the normal of the first surface, the conductive region being formed of a conductive portion of the dispersion layer having a first conductivity, and the optical adjustment region being formed of an optical adjustment portion of the dispersion layer having a second conductivity smaller than the first conductivity, wherein the conductive portion has a first dispersion density of the conductive nanowires, and the optical adjustment portion has a second dispersion density of the conductive nanowires smaller than the first dispersion density, wherein the transparent electrode is formed of a plurality of transparent electrode parts disposed on the first surface and electrically connected by the transparent wire, the plurality of transparent electrode parts including: a plurality of first transparent electrode parts arranged along a first direction which is one of in-plane directions of the first surface, the plurality of first transparent electrode parts being electrically connected to one another, and a plurality of second transparent electrode parts arranged along a second direction which is another of the in-plane directions of the first surface, the plurality of second transparent electrode parts being electrically connected to one another; wherein the transparent wire includes: a first transparent wire part that electrically connects two adjacent first transparent electrode parts; and a second transparent wire part that electrically connects two adjacent second transparent electrode parts, the first transparent wire part and the second transparent wire part having an overlapping portion in the direction normal to the first surface with an insulator interposed therebetween, wherein the dummy region is provided between one of the plurality of first transparent electrode parts and corresponding one of the plurality of second transparent electrode parts which is adjacent to the first transparent electrode part, the dummy region having a length of 70 m or greater in a separation direction in which the first transparent electrode part and the corresponding second transparent electrode part are separated by the dummy region, wherein the insulating region includes a portion surrounding the dummy region, wherein the dummy region includes: a dummy conductive region having a same structure as that of the conductive region in the transparent electrode; and a dummy optical adjustment region having a same structure as that of the optical adjustment region in the transparent electrode, and wherein a minimum separation distance Df, which is a distance from the insulating region surrounding the dummy region to the dummy optical adjustment region closest to the insulating region, satisfies a following relationship:
Df>0.

13. The transparent electrode member according to claim 12, wherein the optical adjustment region of the transparent electrode has a plurality of areas that are discretely arranged within the conductive region of the transparent electrode; and the minimum separation distance Df and a minimum inter-area distance D0 which is a separation distance between two closest areas among the plurality of areas, satisfies a following relationship:
0.5Df/D02.5.

14. A transparent electrode member, comprising: a base having a translucent property, the base having a first surface; a transparent electrode having a translucent property, the transparent electrode being provided in a region on the first surface and including a dispersion layer, the dispersion layer including: a matrix formed of an insulating material; and conductive nanowires dispersed in the matrix; an insulating layer provided in an insulating region on the first surface, the insulating region including at least part of a peripheral region surrounding the region in which the transparent electrode is provided, viewed from a direction normal to the first surface; a transparent wire made of a material having a translucent property; and a dummy region having a translucent property, wherein the transparent electrode has a conductive region and an optical adjustment region viewed from the normal of the first surface, the conductive region being formed of a conductive portion of the dispersion layer having a first conductivity, and the optical adjustment region being formed of an optical adjustment portion of the dispersion layer having a second conductivity smaller than the first conductivity, wherein the conductive portion has a first dispersion density of the conductive nanowires, and the optical adjustment portion has a second dispersion density of the conductive nanowires smaller than the first dispersion density, wherein the transparent electrode is formed of a plurality of transparent electrode parts disposed on the first surface and electrically connected by the transparent wire, the plurality of transparent electrode parts including: a plurality of first transparent electrode parts arranged along a first direction which is one of in-plane directions of the first surface, the plurality of first transparent electrode parts being electrically connected to one another, and a plurality of second transparent electrode parts arranged along a second direction which is another of the in-plane directions of the first surface, the plurality of second transparent electrode parts being electrically connected to one another; wherein the transparent wire includes: a first transparent wire part that electrically connects two adjacent first transparent electrode parts; and a second transparent wire part that electrically connects two adjacent second transparent electrode parts, the first transparent wire part and the second transparent wire part having an overlapping portion in the direction normal to the first surface with an insulator interposed therebetween, wherein the dummy region is provided between one of the plurality of first transparent electrode parts and corresponding one of the plurality of second transparent electrode parts which is adjacent to the first transparent electrode part, the dummy region having a length of 70 m or greater in a separation direction in which the first transparent electrode part and the corresponding second transparent electrode part are separated by the dummy region, wherein the insulating region includes a portion surrounding the dummy region, wherein the dummy region includes: a dummy conductive region having a same structure as that of the conductive region in the transparent electrode; and a dummy optical adjustment region having a same structure as that of the optical adjustment region in the transparent electrode, and wherein a ratio AA0 of the optical adjustment region per unit area in the transparent electrode and a ratio AAf of the dummy optical adjustment region per unit area in the dummy region satisfy a following relationship:
AAf/AA0<1.

15. The transparent electrode member according to claim 14, wherein the ratio AA0 and the ratio AAf further satisfy a following relationship:
0.3AAf/AA00.95.

16. A transparent electrode member, comprising: a base having a translucent property, the base having a first surface; a transparent electrode having a translucent property, the transparent electrode being provided in a region on the first surface and including a dispersion layer, the dispersion layer including: a matrix formed of an insulating material; and conductive nanowires dispersed in the matrix; an insulating layer provided in an insulating region on the first surface, the insulating region including at least part of a peripheral region surrounding the region in which the transparent electrode is provided, viewed from a direction normal to the first surface; a transparent wire made of a material having a translucent property; and a dummy region having a translucent property, wherein the transparent electrode has a conductive region and an optical adjustment region viewed from the normal of the first surface, the conductive region being formed of a conductive portion of the dispersion layer having a first conductivity, and the optical adjustment region being formed of an optical adjustment portion of the dispersion layer having a second conductivity smaller than the first conductivity, wherein the conductive portion has a first dispersion density of the conductive nanowires, and the optical adjustment portion has a second dispersion density of the conductive nanowires smaller than the first dispersion density, wherein the transparent electrode is formed of a plurality of transparent electrode parts disposed on the first surface and electrically connected by the transparent wire, the plurality of transparent electrode parts including: a plurality of first transparent electrode parts arranged along a first direction which is one of in-plane directions of the first surface, the plurality of first transparent electrode parts being electrically connected to one another, and a plurality of second transparent electrode parts arranged along a second direction which is another of the in-plane directions of the first surface, the plurality of second transparent electrode parts being electrically connected to one another; wherein the transparent wire includes: a first transparent wire part that electrically connects two adjacent first transparent electrode parts; and a second transparent wire part that electrically connects two adjacent second transparent electrode parts, the first transparent wire part and the second transparent wire part having an overlapping portion in the direction normal to the first surface with an insulator interposed therebetween, wherein the dummy region is provided between one of the plurality of first transparent electrode parts and corresponding one of the plurality of second transparent electrode parts which is adjacent to the first transparent electrode part, the dummy region having a length of 100 m or smaller in a separation direction in which the first transparent electrode part and the corresponding second transparent electrode part are separated by the dummy region, wherein the insulating region includes a portion surrounding the dummy region, and wherein the dummy region is formed of a dummy conductive region having a same structure as that of the conductive region in the transparent electrode.

17. The transparent electrode member comprising: a base having a translucent property, the base having a first surface; a transparent electrode having a translucent property, the transparent electrode being provided in a region on the first surface; and an insulating layer provided in an insulating region on the first surface, the insulating region including at least part of a peripheral region surrounding the region in which the transparent electrode is provided, viewed from a direction normal to the first surface, wherein the transparent electrode includes a dispersion layer, the dispersion layer including: a matrix formed of an insulating material; and conductive nanowires dispersed in the matrix, wherein the transparent electrode has a conductive region and an optical adjustment region viewed from the normal of the first surface, the conductive region being formed of a conductive portion of the dispersion layer having a first conductivity, and the optical adjustment region being formed of an optical adjustment portion of the dispersion layer having a second conductivity smaller than the first conductivity, wherein the conductive portion has a first dispersion density of the conductive nanowires, and the optical adjustment portion has a second dispersion density of the conductive nanowires smaller than the first dispersion density, and wherein the optical adjustment portion has a higher conductivity than that of the insulating layer.

18. A method of manufacturing the transparent electrode member according to claim 17, the method comprising: preparing a first laminated body by laminating a layer including silver nanowires dispersed in the matrix on the first surface, thereby forming the dispersion layer on the base; covering part of the dispersion layer in the first laminated body with a first resist layer, the first resist layer exposing a first region; processing the first region of the dispersion layer with an iodine liquid so that at least part of the silver nanowires present in the first region is iodinated to a silver iodide, thereby causing the first region of the dispersion layer to function as the insulating layer; processing the first region with a thiosulfate solution to remove at least part of the silver iodide from the first region; removing the first resist layer to obtain an intermediate member having the insulating layer formed in the first region; covering a second region with a second resist layer, the second region being part of a region that was covered by the first resist layer, the second resist layer exposing a third region which was another part of the region covered by the first resist; processing the third region with an iodine liquid so that at least part of the silver nanowires present in the third region is iodinated to a silver iodide, thereby reducing a conductivity of the third region to be smaller than a conductivity of the second region; processing the third region with a thiosulfate solution to remove at least part of the silver iodide from the third region; and removing the second resist layer, thereby obtaining a member including: the insulating layer provided in the first region; the conductive portion provided in the second region; and the optical adjustment portion provided in the third region, the optical adjustment portion having a conductivity higher than a conductivity of the insulating layer and lower than a conductivity of the conductive portion.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 is a plan view that conceptually illustrates the structure of a transparent electrode member according to an embodiment of the present invention;

(2) FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view taken along line II-II in FIG. 1;

(3) FIG. 3 is a partial cross-sectional view that conceptually illustrates a specific example of the structure of a transparent electrode of the transparent electrode member according to an embodiment of the present invention;

(4) FIG. 4 is a partial cross-sectional view that conceptually illustrates another specific example of the structure of the transparent electrode of the transparent electrode member according to an embodiment of the present invention;

(5) FIG. 5 is a plan view that conceptually illustrates the structure of an example of a transparent electrode member having a plurality of transparent electrodes;

(6) FIG. 6 is a plan view that conceptually illustrates the structure of another example of a transparent electrode member having a plurality of transparent electrodes;

(7) FIG. 7 is a flowchart of a method of manufacturing a transparent electrode member in a first structure;

(8) FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view that conceptually illustrates a state in which a first laminated body is prepared;

(9) FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view that conceptually illustrates a state in which a resist layer is placed on the first laminated body;

(10) FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view that conceptually illustrates a state in which processing based on an iodine liquid has been performed;

(11) FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view that conceptually illustrates a state in which processing based on a thiosulfate solution has been performed;

(12) FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view that conceptually illustrates a state in which the resist layer has been removed;

(13) FIG. 13 is a flowchart of a method of manufacturing a transparent electrode member in a second structure;

(14) FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view that conceptually illustrates a state in which the first laminated body is prepared;

(15) FIG. 15 is a cross-sectional view that conceptually illustrates a state in which a first resist layer is placed on the first laminated body;

(16) FIG. 16 is a cross-sectional view that conceptually illustrates a state in which processing based on an iodine liquid has been performed;

(17) FIG. 17 is a cross-sectional view that conceptually illustrates a state in which processing based on a thiosulfate solution has been performed;

(18) FIG. 18 is a cross-sectional view that conceptually illustrates a state in which the first resist layer has been removed;

(19) FIG. 19 is a cross-sectional view that conceptually illustrates a state in which a second resist layer is placed on the first laminated body;

(20) FIG. 20 is a cross-sectional view that conceptually illustrates a state in which processing based on an iodine liquid has been performed;

(21) FIG. 21 is a cross-sectional view that conceptually illustrates a state in which processing based on a thiosulfate solution has been performed;

(22) FIG. 22 is a cross-sectional view that conceptually illustrates a state in which the second resist layer has been removed;

(23) FIG. 23 is a plan view that illustrates a capacitive sensor according to an embodiment;

(24) FIG. 24 is a plan view in which the region XXIV, XXVII illustrated in FIG. 23 is enlarged;

(25) FIG. 25 is a cross-sectional view taken along line XXVI-XXVI illustrated in FIG. 24;

(26) FIG. 26 is a cross-sectional view taken along line XXV-XXV illustrated in FIG. 24;

(27) FIG. 27 is a plan view that illustrates a variation (specifically, a first variation) of a first transparent electrode and a second transparent electrode in an embodiment;

(28) FIG. 28 is a graph that exemplifies an example of a relationship between an adjustment ratio and wire resistance;

(29) FIG. 29 is a graph that exemplifies an example of a relationship between a gap width and the adjustment ratio;

(30) FIG. 30 is a graph that exemplifies an example of a relationship between sheet resistance and a continuity assuring line width;

(31) FIG. 31 is a plan view that explains visibility when optical adjustment parts are provided in the vicinity of a gap in an embodiment;

(32) FIG. 32 is a graph that exemplifies an example of a relationship between wavelength and reflectance when the diameter of the optical adjustment part is varied;

(33) FIG. 33 is a graph in which part of the graph illustrated in FIG. 32 is enlarged;

(34) FIG. 34 is a graph that exemplifies an example of a relationship between wavelength and reflectance when the shape of the optical adjustment part is varied;

(35) FIG. 35 is a graph in which part of the graph illustrated in FIG. 34 is enlarged;

(36) FIG. 36A illustrates a state in which processing based on a thiosulfate solution has been performed in a variation of the method of manufacturing the transparent electrode member in the first structure, and FIG. 36B is a cross-sectional view that conceptually illustrates a state in which the first resist layer has been removed and a transparent electrode member is obtained;

(37) FIG. 37A illustrates a state in which processing based on a thiosulfate solution has been performed to form an insulating layer in a variation of the method of manufacturing the transparent electrode member in the second structure, and FIG. 37B is a cross-sectional view that conceptually illustrates a state in which the first resist layer has been removed an intermediate member is obtained;

(38) FIG. 38A illustrates a state in which processing based on a thiosulfate solution has been performed to form optical adjustment parts in a variation of the method of manufacturing the transparent electrode member in the second structure, and FIG. 38B is a cross-sectional view that conceptually illustrates a state in which the second resist layer has been removed and a transparent electrode member is obtained;

(39) FIG. 39 is a plan view that illustrates part of a detection region in another variation (specifically, a second variation) of the capacitive sensor in an embodiment;

(40) FIG. 40 is a partially enlarged view of a region including a dummy region in the second variation;

(41) FIG. 41 is a partially enlarged view of a detection region in a first example;

(42) FIG. 42 is a partially enlarged view of a detection region in a second example;

(43) FIG. 43 is a partially enlarged view of a detection region in a third example;

(44) FIG. 44 is a partially enlarged view of a detection region in a first comparative example; and

(45) FIG. 45 is a partially enlarged view of a detection region in a second comparative example.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

(46) An embodiment of the present invention will be described below with reference to the drawings. In the drawings, like elements are assigned like reference characters and detailed descriptions will be appropriately omitted.

(47) FIG. 1 is a plan view that conceptually illustrates the structure of a transparent electrode member according to an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view taken along line II-II in FIG. 1. FIG. 3 is a partial cross-sectional view that conceptually illustrates a specific example of the structure of a transparent electrode of the transparent electrode member according to an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 4 is a partial cross-sectional view that conceptually illustrates another specific example of the structure of the transparent electrode of the transparent electrode member according to an embodiment of the present invention.

(48) As indicated in FIGS. 1 and 2, the transparent electrode member 100 according to an embodiment of the present invention includes a base material 101 having a translucent property. In the specification of this application, transparency and translucent property indicate a state in which visible light transmittance is 50% or higher (preferably, 80% or higher). Furthermore, it is preferable for the haze value to be 6% or lower. In the specification of this application, light shielding and light shielding property indicate a state in which visible light transmittance is lower than 50% (preferably, lower than 20%). The base material 101 is formed from a glass base material or a transparent base material, such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET), in a film shape.

(49) The transparent electrode member 100 includes a transparent electrode 110 having a translucent property and an insulating layer 102, which are placed on a first surface S1, which is one surface of the base material 101.

(50) The insulating layer 102 is placed in an insulating region IR positioned in at least part of the circumference of a region in which the transparent electrode 110 is placed, when viewed from the direction of the normal to the first surface S1.

(51) The transparent electrode 110 has a dispersion layer DL. The dispersion layer DL includes a matrix MX composed of an insulating material and also includes conductive nanowires NW in the matrix MX, as illustrated in FIG. 3 and FIG. 4. Specific examples of the insulating material forming the matrix MX include a polyester resin, an acrylic resin, a polyurethane resin, and the like. As the conductive nanowire NW, at least one selected from a group comprising a gold nanowire, a silver nanowire, and a copper nanowire is used. The dispersibility of the conductive nanowires NW is assured by the matrix MX. Since at least some of a plurality of conductive nanowires NW come into contact with one another, the conductivity of the transparent electrode 110 in its plane is maintained.

(52) The transparent electrode 110 has a region (specifically, a conductive region) CR composed of a conductive part 111, and also has regions (specifically, optical adjustment regions) AR, each of which has an optical adjustment part 112, when viewed from the direction of the normal to the first surface S1, as indicated in FIGS. 1 and 2. The conductivity of the conductive part 111 is higher than the conductivity of the optical adjustment part 112. In the dispersion layer DL, the dispersion density of conductive nanowires NW in the optical adjustment part 112 is lower than in the conductive part 111.

(53) In this structure, since conductive nanowires NW are dispersed in the matrix MX and are mutually linked in the dispersion layer DL that the transparent electrode 110 has, high conductivity can be attained when compared with other transparent electrode materials, particularly oxide-based conductive materials. However, since the conductive nanowire NW itself has no translucent property, a high dispersion density of the conductive nanowires NW in the dispersion layer DL causes the reflectance of the transparent electrode 110 to tend to become high. That is, since, in the transparent electrode 110 having the dispersion layer DL, the dispersion density of the conductive nanowires NW affects both conductivity and reflectance, there is a tradeoff between high conductivity and low reflectance. Therefore, when the transparent electrode 110 is structured so as to have the conductive region CR the conductivity of which is relatively high and also have the optical adjustment region AR the reflectance of which is relatively low, it is achieved to reduce the reflectance of the transparent electrode 110 and increase its invisibility while the conductivity of the transparent electrode 110 is maintained.

(54) The reflectance of the optical adjustment region AR can be made lower than the reflectance of the conductive region CR without changing optical properties (such as a refractive index) other than the reflectance so much when compared with a case in which the transparent electrode has through-holes as described in PCT Japanese Translation Patent Publication No. 2016-514873 and PCT Japanese Translation Patent Publication No. 2010-157400. Therefore, when, for example, there is an image visually recognized through the transparent electrode member 100, the evenness of the display of the image can be enhanced. Furthermore, when the structure of the optical adjustment region AR is appropriately controlled, it is also possible to increase the conductivity of the optical adjustment region AR when compared with through-holes are formed in the transparent electrode 110. In this case, it is possible to increase the conductivity of the whole of the transparent electrode 110 and it is also possible to increase the area ratio of the optical adjustment regions AR in the transparent electrode 110. Therefore, when the optical adjustment regions AR are provided, it is achieved at a high order to increase the conductivity of the transparent electrode 110 and to increase its invisibility when compared with a case in which through-holes are provided.

(55) It is preferable for the reflectance of the insulating region IR to be lower than the reflectance of the conductive region CR. In this case, the difference in reflectance between the insulating region IR and the transparent electrode 110, the reflectance of which has been lowered as a whole by providing the optical adjustment regions AR, becomes lower than when no optical adjustment part 112 is provided. Therefore, it becomes difficult to visually recognize the boundary between the transparent electrode 110 and the insulating region IR, so the invisibility of the transparent electrode 110 can be enhanced.

(56) It is also preferable for the insulating layer 102 placed in the insulating region IR to include the matrix MX, which is one of the constituent elements of the dispersion layer DL. In this case, due to the sharing of the matrix MX, there is a proximity between the optical properties (such as a refractive index) of the optical adjustment part 112 other than the reflectance and the optical properties of the insulating layer 102. Therefore, when, for example, there is an image visually recognized through the transparent electrode member 100, the evenness of the display of the image is easily enhanced and the invisibility of the transparent electrode 110 can be more stably improved.

(57) In the dispersion layer DL of the optical adjustment part 112 in the transparent electrode member 100, the dispersion density of conductive nanowires NW may be lowered to an extent in which an insulation property is still exhibited. FIG. 3 is a specific example of this structure (specifically, a first structure). In the dispersion layer DL of the optical adjustment part 112, no conductive nanowires NW are essentially present. The dispersion layer DL is composed of the matrix MX. In this case, since conductive nanowires NW, which are a material that increases reflectance, are not essentially present, the reflectance of the optical adjustment part 112 is particularly lowered. As illustrated in FIG. 3, the insulating layer 102 placed in the insulating region IR in the transparent electrode member 100 is composed of the matrix MX as in the dispersion layer DL of the optical adjustment part 112. In this case, the structure of the transparent electrode member 100 is such that members placed in regions (specifically, the insulating region IR and optical adjustment regions AR) positioned around the conductive region CR, the reflectance of the regions being low, are composed of a common material (specifically, the matrix MX). When the transparent electrode member 100 has this structure, the reflectance of the whole of the transparent electrode 110 is particularly low and the invisibility of the transparent electrode 110 is more stably improved.

(58) Although, in FIG. 3, a case is indicated in which both the insulating layer 102 and the optical adjustment part 112 are composed of the matrix MX without the conductive nanowires NW essentially being present, this is not a limitation. If conductivity of both the insulating layer 102 and optical adjustment part 112 is appropriately lowered and they become non-conductive and can bring out an insulation function, conductive nanowires NW or materials based on the conductive nanowire NW may be still dispersed in the matrix MX.

(59) In the transparent electrode member 100, the optical adjustment part 112 may have higher conductivity than the insulating layer 102. FIG. 4 illustrates a specific example of this structure (specifically, a second structure). In the dispersion layer DL of the optical adjustment part 112, the dispersion density of conductive nanowires NW is low on a side distant from the base material 101 (that is, on a side opposite to the user) and is high on a side close to the base material 101 (that is, on a side opposite to the base material 101). Although exposed conductive nanowires NW, which are part of the conductive nanowires NW dispersed in the dispersion layer DL, are most visible, if the dispersion layer DL of the optical adjustment part 112 has the structure illustrated in FIG. 4, the visibility of the optical adjustment part 112 can be appropriately lowered. Furthermore, although conductivity in the dispersion layer DL of the optical adjustment part 112 is lower than in the dispersion layer DL of the conductive part 111, a certain degree of conductivity can be assured due to the conductive nanowires NW positioned on the side close to the base material 101. Therefore, if the dispersion layer DL of the optical adjustment part 112 has the structure illustrated in FIG. 4, the conductivity of the whole of the transparent electrode 110 can be increased. In this case, since the difference in the dispersion density of conductive nanowires NW between the dispersion layer DL of the optical adjustment part 112 and the dispersion layer DL of the conductive part 111 becomes relatively small, patterns formed by the optical adjustment parts 112 and conductive part 111 in the transparent electrode 110 become less likely to be visually recognized.

(60) Although, in FIG. 4, a case is indicated in which the dispersion density of conductive nanowires NW in the optical adjustment part 112 varies along the direction of the normal to the first surface S1, this is not a limitation. If conductivity of both the insulating layer 102 and optical adjustment part 112 is appropriately lowered and they become non-conductive and can bring out an insulation function, conductive nanowires NW or materials based on the conductive nanowire NW may be still dispersed in the matrix MX.

(61) In the transparent electrode member 100, the optical adjustment regions AR are positioned in the conductive region CR as illustrated in FIG. 1. In this structure, there is no portion in which the optical adjustment region AR comes into direct contact with the insulating region IR. Therefore, it is possible to use the conductive region CR to appropriately form conductive paths in the transparent electrode 110, suppressing a drop in the conductivity of the transparent electrode 110. If there is a portion in which the optical adjustment region AR comes into direct contact with the insulating region IR, the conductive path formed in the transparent electrode 110 may meander. In this case, the conductivity of the transparent electrode 110 is lowered. If there is a portion in which the optical adjustment region AR is connected to the insulating region IR, invisibility may be lowered as will be described later.

(62) In the transparent electrode member 100, the area ratio (that is, the adjustment ratio) of the optical adjustment regions AR is not limited. It is sometimes preferable for the adjustment ratio to be 40% or less as will be described later. The conductivity of the optical adjustment part 112 tends to be relatively lowered as a tradeoff for lowering reflectance. With the transparent electrode member 100 according to an embodiment of the present invention, however, even if the adjustment ratio is increased to about 40% to improve the invisibility of the transparent electrode 110, conductivity demanded for the transparent electrode 110 may be capable of being assured.

(63) With the transparent electrode 110 according to an embodiment of the present invention, the optical adjustment regions AR occupy a plurality of partial regions that are discretely positioned in the conductive region CR. The optical adjustment region AR and conductive region CR have relatively different translucent properties. If the optical adjustment regions AR and conductive region CR form a large pattern separately, it is feared that the visibility of the pattern is increased depending on the shape of the pattern. Since the optical adjustment part 112 is a region with relatively low conductivity, if a collection of optical adjustment parts 112 is positioned in the transparent electrode 110, conductive paths meandering in the transparent electrode 110 may be formed. In this case, the conductivity of the transparent electrode 110 is lowered. Therefore, when partial regions composed of optical adjustment parts 112 with relatively low conductivity (that is, optical adjustment regions AR) are discretely placed in the conductive region CR as described above, it is suppressed that a pattern that is likely to be visually recognized is formed in the transparent electrode 110 and conductively is essentially lowered. If a plurality of transparent electrodes 110 are placed with insulating regions IR intervening between them as will be described later, since the reflectance of the insulating region IR positioned between transparent electrodes 110 differs from the reflectance of the conductive part 111 in the transparent electrode 110, the visibility of the insulating region IR may be increased. Even in this case, since optical adjustment regions AR are discretely placed in the conductive region CR of the transparent electrode 110, it is possible to improve the invisibility of the transparent electrode 110 placed in a state in which at least part of the transparent electrode 110 is enclosed by the insulating region.

(64) It is sometimes preferable for the partial regions constituting the optical adjustment regions AR to be separated 30 m or more from one another. That is, this separation distance denoted sd is the width of the conductive region CR positioned between optical adjustment parts 112 that are discretely placed, so the separation distance sd is the width of an individual conductive path in the transparent electrode 110. Therefore, when the separation distance sd is 30 m or more, a drop in the conductivity of the transparent electrode 110 is stably suppressed.

(65) When optical adjustment regions AR are discretely placed, the shape of each of a plurality of partial regions (that is, optical adjustment regions AR) may be a circle. The diameter of the circle may be 10 m or more and 100 m or less. To stably improve the invisibility of the transparent electrode 110, it is preferable that the shapes of the plurality of partial regions (that is, optical adjustment regions AR) described above be uniform in the transparent electrode 110. If the shape of this partial region (that is, the optical adjustment region AR) is a circle and its diameter is within the above range, it can be easily achieved to set the separation distance between the plurality of partial regions (that is, optical adjustment regions AR) to 30 m or more with the adjustment ratio being 40% or less.

(66) The shape of each of the plurality of partial regions (that is, optical adjustment regions AR) may be a quadrangle instead of a circle. In this case, it is preferable that the length of the longest diagonal line of the quadrangle be 10 m or more and 100 m or less due to a reason similar to the above reason.

(67) If the plurality of partial regions (that is, optical adjustment regions AR) are placed across the transparent electrode 110, as illustrated in FIG. 1, variations are less likely to occur in reflectance in the whole of the transparent electrode 110, so the invisibility of the transparent electrode 110 is likely to be improved, which is preferable.

(68) FIG. 5 is a plan view that conceptually illustrates the structure of an example of a transparent electrode member having a plurality of transparent electrodes. As illustrated in FIG. 5, a transparent electrode member 200 according to an embodiment of the present invention has a plurality of transparent electrodes, 110a to 110d. Since insulating regions IR are positioned in at least part of the circumferential region around these transparent electrodes 110a to 110d, the transparent electrode 110a and transparent electrode 110b are electrically independent from each other and the transparent electrode 110c and transparent electrode 110d are electrically independent from each other. Specifically, insulating regions IR are positioned between the transparent electrode 110a and the transparent electrode 110c and between the transparent electrode 110b and the transparent electrode 110c and other insulating regions IR are positioned between the transparent electrode 110a and the transparent electrode 110d and between and transparent electrode 110b and the transparent electrode 110d. A transparent wire 130 composed of a material having a translucent property is positioned between the transparent electrode 110a and the transparent electrode 110b, electrically connecting the transparent electrode 110a and transparent electrode 110b together. In the transparent electrode member 200, the transparent wire 130 is formed from the dispersion layer DL as with the transparent electrode 110a and transparent electrode 110b, and has the conductive region CR and optical adjustment regions AR. In the transparent electrode member 200, a region composed of the transparent electrodes 110a to 110d and a region composed of insulating regions IR and the transparent wire 130 are present on the first surface S1. Even in this case, since the translucent property of the transparent electrodes 110a to 110d is appropriately enhanced, patterns based on these regions are less likely to be visually recognized.

(69) Even if no optical adjustment region AR is provided in the transparent wire 130 as illustrated in FIG. 5, if the area of the transparent wire 130 is appropriately small, an influence on visibility can be lowered. Specifically, it is preferable for the length (width) of the transparent wire 130 in the minor-axis direction to have been set so as to be smaller than the lengths of the transparent electrode 110a and transparent electrode 110b connected to the transparent wire 130 in that direction.

(70) FIG. 6 is a plan view that conceptually illustrates the structure of another example of a transparent electrode member having a plurality of transparent electrodes. As illustrated in FIG. 6, the transparent electrode 110a to transparent electrode 110d in a transparent electrode member 300 have a non-adjustment region NR, in which no optical adjustment part 112 is provided, in a region positioned around the transparent wire 130. In a region around the region in which the transparent wire 130 is placed, insulating regions IR are likely to be positioned relatively closely. Since the insulating layer 102 positioned in the insulating region IR is composed of the matrix MX, the reflectance of the insulating layer 102 is lower than the reflectance of the conductive part 111. Thus, even if part of each of the transparent electrode 110a to transparent electrode 110d positioned in the region around the transparent wire 130 is not formed as the optical adjustment part 112 to actively lower the reflectance of the transparent electrode 110 in that region, the reflectance in the region is lower than in other regions. Therefore, the non-adjustment region NR may be provided in the region around the transparent wire 130. Although the conductivity of the optical adjustment part 112 is relatively lowered, charges tend to concentrate in the region around the transparent wire 130 during usage. When the non-adjustment region NR is provided, however, it is possible to lower the possibility of the occurrence of a problem such as the blowout of the conductive nanowire NW due to charge concentration.

(71) A method, according to an embodiment of the present invention, of manufacturing a transparent electrode member is not limited. When a manufacturing method described next is used, it may be possible to efficiently manufacture the transparent electrode member according to an embodiment of the present invention and to manufacture a high-quality transparent electrode member.

(72) An example of the method, according to an embodiment of the present invention, of manufacturing a transparent electrode member is a method of manufacturing the transparent electrode member 100 in the first structure described above.

(73) FIG. 7 is a flowchart of the method of manufacturing the transparent electrode member in the first structure. FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view that conceptually illustrates a state in which a first laminated body is prepared. FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view that conceptually illustrates a state in which a resist layer is placed on the first laminated body. FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view that conceptually illustrates a state in which processing based on an iodine liquid has been performed. FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view that conceptually illustrates a state in which processing based on a thiosulfate solution has been performed. FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view that conceptually illustrates a state in which the resist layer has been removed.

(74) First, a first laminated body 150 is prepared in which a layer in which silver nanowires AgNW, which are one type of conductive nanowires NW, are dispersed in the matrix MX is laminated on the first surface S1 of the base material 101 as the dispersion layer DL as illustrated in FIG. 8 (S101). In all regions, the dispersion density of the silver nanowires AgNW in this dispersion layer DL is equal to the dispersion density of the silver nanowires AgNW in the conductive part 111 of the transparent electrode member 100 that is finally obtained.

(75) Next, part of the dispersion layer DL of the first laminated body 150 is covered with a resist layer 160 (S102). A positive-type or negative-type photoresist or a film resist is formed on the dispersion layer DL. The photoresist is formed by one of various methods such as a roll coat method so that the photoresist has a film thickness of about 1 m to 5 m. When a film resist is used, it is formed so as to have a film thickness of about 20 m. The photoresist is partially exposed by using a mask and an exposure machine. When a conductive layer exposed in a subsequent development process is developed by using an alkaline liquid such as tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide (TMAH), the resist layer 160 partially remains as illustrated in FIG. 9.

(76) Subsequently, a first region R1, which is not covered by the resist layer 160, in the dispersion layer DL is processed with an iodine liquid (S103). Due to this processing, at least part of silver nanowires AgNW present in the first region R1 is iodinated to a silver iodide SI as illustrated in FIG. 10, making the dispersion layer DL positioned in the first region R1 insulative.

(77) The iodine liquid used in this processing is an iodine iodide solution. For example, the iodine liquid is an iodine potassium iodide solution. The iodine potassium iodide solution is such that iodine is dissolved in a potassium iodide solution. A solution including 0.05 to 1.0 mass % iodine and 0.1 to 5.0 mass % potassium iodide is used.

(78) When the first laminated body 150 in which the resist layer 160 is formed is immersed in the iodine potassium iodide solution for about 0.5 to 10 minutes, the solution infiltrates into the interior of the dispersion layer DL in regions that are not covered by the resist layer 160 and at least part of the silver nanowires AgNW is iodinated and is transformed to a silver iodide SI.

(79) In the first region R1, since silver nanowires AgNW are iodinated, the area resistivity of the dispersion layer DL in that region is increased, resulting in a state in which an insulation function that is essentially electrical can be brought out.

(80) However, if an iodine potassium iodide solution is used for processing, silver nanowires AgNW in the dispersion layer DL are iodinated in the first region R1, and whitish or white metallic compounds (including a silver iodide SI) is created.

(81) Therefore, the first region R1 is processed with a thiosulfate solution (S104). Due to this processing, at least part of the silver iodide SI is removed from the first region R1 as illustrated in FIG. 11. As the thiosulfate solution, a sodium thiosulfate solution with a concentration of 1.0 to 25 mass % is used. When the first laminated body 150 covered by the resist layer 160 is immersed in the sodium thiosulfate solution for about 10 to 60 seconds, the metallic compounds, such as a silver iodide SI, included in the dispersion layer DL in the first region R1 is removed. As a result, the translucent property of the dispersion layer DL positioned in the first region R1 is enhanced. Also, if a silver iodide SI exposed on the surface of the dispersion layer DL is exposed to oxygen for a long time, the silver iodide SI may return to sliver. If the silver iodide SI returns to silver, the reflectance of the optical adjustment part 112 becomes equivalent to the reflectance of the conductive part 111, and the optical adjustment function of the optical adjustment region AR in which the optical adjustment part 112 is positioned is lowered. Furthermore, if silver nanowires AgNW become whitish or white during iodination, contrast to the silver nanowires AgNW makes the obtained silver iodide SI noticeable. Therefore, it is preferable to perform processing as described above to remove metallic compounds, such as a silver iodide SI, positioned on the front surface side of the dispersion layer DL positioned in the first region R1.

(82) Finally, the resist layer 160 is removed by using a resist stripping liquid (S105). As a result, the transparent electrode member 100 is obtained that has the insulative optical adjustment parts 112 and insulating layer 102 in the first region R1 and also has the conductive part 111 in the region that has been covered by the resist layer 160, as illustrated in FIG. 12.

(83) When this manufacturing method is used, the insulating layer 102 and optical adjustment parts 112 can be manufactured by one-time resist working. Therefore, the transparent electrode member 100 can be efficiently manufactured. Also, in the transparent electrode member 100 in the first structure, the optical properties of the insulating layer 102 and optical adjustment part 112 become equal. Therefore, patterns formed by the transparent electrode 110 and insulating regions IR become less likely to be visually recognized. Therefore, the transparent electrode member 100 with particularly high invisibility may be obtained when the transparent electrode member 100 is manufactured by the manufacturing method described above.

(84) FIG. 36A illustrates a state in which processing based on a thiosulfate solution has been performed in a variation of the method of manufacturing the transparent electrode member in the first structure. FIG. 36B is a cross-sectional view that conceptually illustrates a state in which the first resist layer has been removed and a transparent electrode member is obtained. In thiosulfate solution processing (S104) subsequent to iodine liquid processing (S103), it is preferable to remove metallic compounds, such as a silver iodide SI, at distances from the base material 101, that is, on the front surface side of the dispersion layer DL, in the dispersion layer DL positioned in the first region R1, as illustrated in FIG. 36A. When, for example, time taken in processing based on a thiosulfate solution (for 5 to 30 seconds, as an example) is relatively shortened, it is possible to remove these metallic compounds, such as a silver iodide SI, positioned on the front surface side. When the resist layer 160 is then removed (S105), a structure is obtained in which, in the optical adjustment part 112, metallic compounds, such as a silver iodide SI, are removed from the front surface side of the dispersion layer DL, the dispersion layer DL is essentially composed of the matrix MX, and metallic compounds, such as a silver iodide SI, are left on the side close to the base material 101, as indicated in FIG. 36B.

(85) In this structure in which metallic compounds such as a silver iodide SI are removed from the front surface side of the dispersion layer DL (that is, on the side distant from the base material 101) and metallic compounds such as a silver iodide SI are left on the side close to the base material 101, the optical adjustment part 112 and conductive part 111 become more difficult to visually identify. Therefore, the invisibility of the transparent electrode member 100 is improved. If a manufacturing method similar to that for the optical adjustment part 112 is executed for the insulating layer 102 to form a similar structure, this is preferable in that the manufacturing process is simplified. This is also preferable in that the insulating layer 102 is less likely to be visually recognized from the conductive part 111 (that is, invisibility is improved).

(86) Another example of the method, according to an embodiment of the present invention, of manufacturing of a transparent electrode member is a method of manufacturing the transparent electrode member 100 in the second structure described above.

(87) FIG. 13 is a flowchart of a method of manufacturing a transparent electrode member in the second structure. FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view that conceptually illustrates a state in which the first laminated body is prepared. FIG. 15 is a cross-sectional view that conceptually illustrates a state in which the first resist layer is placed on the first laminated body. FIG. 16 is a cross-sectional view that conceptually illustrates a state in which processing based on an iodine liquid has been performed. FIG. 17 is a cross-sectional view that conceptually illustrates a state in which processing based on a thiosulfate solution has been performed. FIG. 18 is a cross-sectional view that conceptually illustrates a state in which the first resist layer has been removed. FIG. 19 is a cross-sectional view that conceptually illustrates a state in which a second resist layer is placed on the first laminated body. FIG. 20 is a cross-sectional view that conceptually illustrates a state in which processing based on an iodine liquid has been performed. FIG. 21 is a cross-sectional view that conceptually illustrates a state in which processing based on a thiosulfate solution has been performed. FIG. 22 is a cross-sectional view that conceptually illustrates a state in which the second resist layer has been removed.

(88) First, the first laminated body 150 is prepared in which a layer in which silver nanowires AgNW, which are one type of conductive nanowires NW, are dispersed in the matrix MX is laminated on the first surface S1 of the base material 101 as the dispersion layer DL, as illustrated in FIG. 14 (S201). In all regions, the dispersion density of the silver nanowires AgNW in this DL is equal to the dispersion density of the silver nanowires AgNW in the conductive part 111 of the transparent electrode member 100 that is finally obtained.

(89) Next, part of the dispersion layer DL of the first laminated body 150 is covered with a first resist layer 161, as illustrated in FIG. 15 (S202). Details of the first resist layer 161 and a second resist layer 162, which will be referred to later, are common to the resist layer 160, so their details will be omitted.

(90) Subsequently, the first region R1, which is not covered by the first resist layer 161, in the dispersion layer DL is processed with an iodine liquid (S203). Details of this processing are similar to those in the method of manufacturing the transparent electrode member 100 in the first structure, so a description of this processing will be omitted. Due to this processing, at least part of silver nanowires AgNW present in the first region R1 is iodinated to a silver iodide SI as illustrated in FIG. 16, making the dispersion layer DL in the first region R1 insulative.

(91) Furthermore, the first region R1 is processed with a thiosulfate solution (S204). Details of this processing are similar to those in the method of manufacturing the transparent electrode member 100 in the first structure, so a description of this processing will be omitted. Due to this processing, at least part of the silver iodide SI is removed from the first region R1 as illustrated in FIG. 17. As a result, the translucent property of the dispersion layer DL in the first region R1 is enhanced.

(92) Then, the first resist layer 161 is removed by using a resist stripping liquid (S205). As a result, an intermediate member 151 that has the insulating layer 102 in the first region R1 is obtained.

(93) Subsequently, the transparent electrode member 100 is manufactured as the starting member of this intermediate member 151. First, a second region R2, which is part of the region that has been covered by the first resist layer 161 in the dispersion layer DL, is covered by the second resist layer 162, as illustrated in FIG. 19 (S206).

(94) Next, a third region R3, which is a region that has been covered by the first resist layer 161 but is not covered by the second resist layer 162, is processed with an iodine liquid (S207). At that time, although the first region R1 is also processed with the iodine liquid, silver nanowires AgNW have been appropriately removed from the dispersion layer DL positioned in this region, so this processing based on the iodine liquid does not affect the first region R1. Due to this processing, at least part of silver nanowires AgNW present in the third region R3 is iodinated to a silver iodide SI as illustrated in FIG. 20 so that the conductivity of the third region R3 falls below the conductivity of the second region R2.

(95) Subsequently, the third region R3 is processed with a thiosulfate solution (S208). Due to this processing, at least part of the silver iodide SI is removed from the third region R3 as illustrated in FIG. 21. As a result, the translucent property of the dispersion layer DL in the third region R3 is enhanced.

(96) Finally, the second resist layer 162 is removed (S209). As a result, the transparent electrode member 100 is obtained in which the insulating layer 102 is provided in the first region R1, the conductive part 111 is provided in the second region R2, and the optical adjustment part 112 with conductivity higher than the conductivity of the insulating layer 102 and lower than the conductivity of the conductive part 111 is disposed in the third region R3, as illustrated in FIG. 22.

(97) When this manufacturing method is used, the optical adjustment part 112 with a certain level of conductivity can be manufactured. Therefore, the transparent electrode member 100 having the transparent electrode 110 with high conductivity can be manufactured. Also, when the manufacturing method described above is appropriately executed, silver nanowires AgNW present at a distance from the base material 101 in the dispersion layer DL can be preferentially removed. The silver nanowire AgNW in this portion in the dispersion layer DL the most affects visibility. In view of this, the optical adjustment part 112 with low reflectance and high conductivity may be formed. When the optical adjustment part 112 of this type is formed, the transparent electrode member 100 with higher conductivity and higher invisibility may be obtained.

(98) To further enhance the invisibility of the transparent electrode member 100, it is preferable the insulating layer 102 and optical adjustment part 112 to have a structure in which metallic compounds such as a silver iodide SI are removed from the front surface side (that is, on the side distant from the base material 101) so that the insulating layer 102 and optical adjustment part 112 are essentially composed of the matrix MX and metallic compounds such as a silver iodide SI are dispersed in the matrix MX on the lower layer side of the front surface side (that is, on the side close to the base material 101), as indicated in FIGS. 37A and 37B and FIGS. 38A and 38B. FIG. 37A illustrates a state in which processing based on a thiosulfate solution has been performed to form an insulating layer in a variation of the method of manufacturing the transparent electrode member in the second structure. FIG. 37B is a cross-sectional view that conceptually illustrates a state in which the first resist layer has been removed and an intermediate member is obtained. FIG. 38A illustrates a state in which processing based on a thiosulfate solution has been performed to form the optical adjustment part in a variation of the method of manufacturing the transparent electrode member in the second structure. FIG. 38B is a cross-sectional view that conceptually illustrates a state in which the second resist layer has been removed and a transparent electrode member is obtained.

(99) Upon the termination of the iodine liquid processing to form the insulating layer 102 (S203), by, for example, shortening time taken in processing based on a thiosulfate solution (S204), metallic compounds such as a silver iodide SI (see FIG. 16) positioned in the first region R1 are removed only from the front surface side, as illustrated in FIG. 37A. After that, when the first resist layer 161 is removed (S205), the intermediate member 151 as illustrated in FIG. 37B is obtained instead of the intermediate member 151 in FIG. 18; this intermediate member 151 in FIG. 37B has the insulating layer 102 in which a region composed of the matrix MX is positioned on the front surface side and a region in which metallic compounds such as a silver iodide SI are dispersed is positioned on the lower layer side of the region composed of the matrix MX (that is, on the side close to the base material 101).

(100) Then, step S206 is performed for this intermediate member 151 and iodine liquid processing to form the optical adjustment part 112 (S207) is further performed. After that, by, for example, shortening time taken in processing based on a thiosulfate solution (S208), metallic compounds such as a silver iodide SI (see FIG. 20) positioned in the third region R3 are removed only from on the front surface side, as illustrated in FIG. 38A. Finally, when the second resist layer 162 is removed (S209), the optical adjustment part 112 as illustrated in FIG. 38B is obtained instead of the optical adjustment part 112 in FIG. 22; in this optical adjustment part 112 in FIG. 38B, a region composed of the matrix MX is positioned on the front surface side, a region in which metallic compounds such as a silver iodide SI are dispersed is positioned on the lower layer side of the region composed of the matrix MX (that is, on the side close to the base material 101), and a region in which silver nanowires AgNW are dispersed is further positioned on the lower layer side of the region with metallic compounds dispersed. When the transparent electrode member 100 has a structure of this type, the insulating layer 102, optical adjustment part 112, and conductive part 111 become particularly difficult to visually identify. Therefore, the invisibility of the transparent electrode member 100 is further improved.

(101) The above transparent electrode member 100 according to an embodiment of the present invention can be preferably used as a constituent element of a position sensor such as a capacitive sensor. A capacitive sensor having the transparent electrode member 100 will be described below.

(102) FIG. 23 is a plan view that illustrates a capacitive sensor according to this embodiment. FIG. 24 is a plan view in which the region XXIV, XXVII illustrated in FIG. 23 is enlarged. FIG. 25 is a cross-sectional view taken along line XXVI-XXVI illustrated in FIG. 24. FIG. 26 is a cross-sectional view taken along line XXV-XXV illustrated in FIG. 24. Since transparent electrodes are transparent, they cannot be viewed in reality. In FIGS. 23 and 24, however, the outlines of the transparent electrodes are illustrated for easy understanding.

(103) As illustrated in FIGS. 23 to 26, a capacitive sensor 1 according to this embodiment has a base material 2, first transparent electrodes 4, second transparent electrodes 5, bridge wiring parts 10, and a panel 3 as well as a detection unit and a control unit (which are not illustrated). The panel 3 is disposed on the opposite side to the base material 2 when viewed from the bridge wiring part 10. An optical clear adhesive (OCA) 30 is provided between the base material 2 and the panel 3. An insulating part 20 is provided between the base material 2 and the bridge wiring part 10. As illustrated in FIG. 25, at the portion where the bridge wiring part 10 is disposed, the optical clear adhesive 30 is disposed between the bridge wiring part 10 and the panel 3.

(104) The base material 2 is formed from a glass base material or a transparent base material such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET), which has a translucent property, in a film shape. The first transparent electrodes 4 and second transparent electrodes 5 are disposed on a main surface 2a, which is one of the main surfaces of the base material 2. Details of this will be described below. As illustrated in FIG. 25, the panel 3 is disposed on the opposite side to the base material 2 when viewed from the bridge wiring part 10 and has a translucent property. When a manipulating body such as a finger of the manipulator comes into contact with or close to this panel 3, a manipulation to transparent electrodes is performed. The material of the panel 3 is not particularly restricted. As the material of the panel 3, a glass base material and a plastic base material are preferably applied. The panel 3 is bonded to the base material 2 through the optical clear adhesive 30 disposed between the base material 2 and the panel 3. The optical clear adhesive 30 is composed of an acrylic adhesive, a double-sided adhesive tape, or the like.

(105) As represented in FIG. 23, the capacitive sensor 1 is composed of a detection region 11 and a non-detection region 25 when viewed from a direction (Z1-Z2 direction: see FIGS. 25 and 26) along the normal to a surface of the panel 3. On the detection region 11, a manipulation can be performed with a manipulating body such as a finger. The non-detection region 25, shaped like a picture frame, is positioned on the outer circumference side of the detection region 11. The non-detection region 25 is light-shielded by a decorative layer (not illustrated). In the capacitive sensor 1, light (exemplified by external light) that propagates from a surface of the panel 3 toward a surface of the base material 2 and light (exemplified by light from a backlight of a display device used in combination with the capacitive sensor 1) that propagates from the surface of the base material 2 toward the surface of the panel 3 are less likely to pass through the non-detection region 25.

(106) As illustrated in FIG. 23, first electrode links 8 and second electrode links 12 are provided on the main surface 2a, which is one of the main surfaces of the base material 2. The first electrode links 8 are placed in the detection region 11. Each first electrode link 8 has a plurality of first transparent electrodes 4. As indicated in FIGS. 25 and 26, the plurality of first transparent electrodes 4 are disposed on the main surface (sometimes simply referred to below as the front surface) 2a, which is one of the main surfaces of the base material 2 and is positioned on the Z1 side, the normal to the main surfaces being along the Z1-Z2 direction. Each first transparent electrode 4 is linked through an elongated link 7 in the Y1-Y2 direction (specifically, a first direction). The first electrode links 8, each of which has a plurality of first transparent electrodes 4 linked in the Y1-Y2 direction, are arranged in the X1-X2 direction at intervals. The link 7 is formed integrally with the first transparent electrode 4. The link 7 electrically connects two adjacent first transparent electrodes 4 to each other. The insulating region IR is disposed around the first electrode links 8 and second electrode links 12.

(107) The first transparent electrode 4 and link 7 are formed from a material that has a translucent property and includes conductive nanowires. When a material including conductive nanowires is used, it is possible to achieve a high translucent property and low electric resistance for the first transparent electrode 4. Also, when a material including conductive nanowires is used, it is possible to improve the deformation performance of the capacitive sensor 1.

(108) As illustrated in FIGS. 24 and 26, the first transparent electrode 4 has a plurality of first optical adjustment regions 41. The plurality of first optical adjustment regions 41 are placed apart from one another and are provided across the whole of the first transparent electrode 4. The distance (specifically, the first distance) D1 between each two adjacent first optical adjustment regions 41 is constant; the distance is 30 m or more. That is, the plurality of first optical adjustment regions 41 are evenly disposed across the whole of the first transparent electrode 4. In the example illustrated in FIG. 24, the shape of the first optical adjustment region 41 is a circle. The diameter D11 of the first optical adjustment region 41 is 10 m or more and 100 m or less. Details of dimensions related to the first optical adjustment region 41 will be described later.

(109) The second electrode links 12 are placed in the detection region 11. Each second electrode link 12 has a plurality of second transparent electrodes 5. As indicated in FIGS. 25 and 26, the plurality of second transparent electrodes 5 are disposed on the front surface 2a of the base material 2. Thus, the second transparent electrodes 5 are disposed on the same surface (front surface 2a of the base material 2) as the first transparent electrodes 4. Each second transparent electrode 5 is linked through the elongated bridge wiring part 10 in the X1-X2 direction (specifically, a second direction). Then, as illustrated in FIG. 23, the second electrode links 12, each of which has the plurality of second transparent electrodes 5 linked in the X1-X2 direction, are arranged in the Y1-Y2 direction at intervals. The bridge wiring part 10 is formed separately from the second transparent electrodes 5. The X1-X2 direction crosses the Y1-Y2 direction. For example, the X1-X2 direction perpendicularly crosses the Y1-Y2 direction.

(110) The second transparent electrode 5 is formed from a material that has a translucent property and includes conductive nanowires. The conductive nanowires are as described above in relation to the material of the first transparent electrode 4.

(111) As illustrated in FIGS. 24 and 26, the second transparent electrode 5 has a plurality of second optical adjustment regions 51. The plurality of second optical adjustment regions 51 are placed apart from one another and are disposed across the whole of the second transparent electrode 5. The distance (specifically, the second distance) D2 between each two adjacent second optical adjustment regions 51 is constant; the distance is 30 m or more. That is, the plurality of second optical adjustment regions 51 are evenly provided across the whole of the second transparent electrode 5. In the example illustrated in FIG. 24, the shape of the second optical adjustment region 51 is a circle. The diameter D12 of the second optical adjustment region 51 is 10 m or more and 100 m or less. Details of dimensions related to the second optical adjustment region 51 will be described later together with dimensions related to the first optical adjustment region 41.

(112) The bridge wiring part 10 is formed from a material that has a translucent property and conductivity and includes an oxide material. As the oxide material that has a translucent property and conductivity, at least one selected from a group of an indium tin oxide (ITO) material, an indium zinc oxide (IZO) material, a gallium-doped zinc oxide (GZO) material, an aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) material, and an fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) material is used.

(113) Alternatively, the bridge wiring part 10 may have a first layer including an oxide material such as an ITO material and a second layer composed of a metal that has a lower resistance than the first layer and is transparent. Also, the bridge wiring part 10 may further have a third layer including an oxide material such as an ITO material. If the bridge wiring part 10 has a laminated structure of the first layer and second layer or a laminated structure of the first layer, second layer, and third layer, it is preferable that there be etching selectivity between a combination of the bridge wiring part 10 and the first transparent electrode 4 and a combination of the bridge wiring part 10 and the second transparent electrode 5.

(114) As illustrated in FIGS. 24 to 25, the insulating part 20 is disposed on the front surface of the link 7, which links first transparent electrodes 4. As illustrated in FIG. 25, the insulating part 20 fills space between the link 7 and the second transparent electrode 5 and also slightly rides on the front surface of the second transparent electrode 5. As the insulating part 20, a novolak resin (a type of resist), for example, is used.

(115) As indicated in FIGS. 25 and 26, the bridge wiring part 10 is disposed so as to extent from the front surface 20a of the insulating part 20 to the front surfaces of the individual second transparent electrodes 5 positioned on both sides of the insulating part 20 in the X1-X2 direction. The bridge wiring part 10 electrically connects two adjacent second transparent electrodes 5 to each other.

(116) As indicated in FIGS. 25 and 26, the insulating part 20 is disposed on the front surface of the link 7, which links first transparent electrodes 4, and the bridge wiring part 10, which connects second transparent electrode 5, is disposed on the front surface of the insulating part 20. Thus, the insulating part 20 is present between the link 7 and the second linking part 10, so the first transparent electrode 4 and second transparent electrode 5 are electrically insulated from each other. Since, in this embodiment, the first transparent electrode 4 and second transparent electrode 5 are disposed on the same surface (specifically, the front surface 2a of the base material 2), the thinning of the capacitive sensor 1 can be achieved.

(117) As illustrated in FIG. 24, the first transparent electrode 4 and second transparent electrode 5 are arranged adjacently on the main surface 2a of the base material 2. The first transparent electrode 4 and second transparent electrode 5 correspond to the transparent electrodes, 110a to 110d in FIGS. 5 and 6. An insulating layer 21 is provided between the first transparent electrode 4 and the second transparent electrode 5. The insulating layer 21 corresponds to the insulating region IR in FIGS. 5, 6, and 23. Therefore, the first transparent electrode 4 and second transparent electrode 5 are electrically insulated from each other. The insulating layer 21 may be embedded in, for example, a novolak resin (a type of resist) or the like by an insulating material. That is, an insulating material may be present in the insulating layer 21 between the first transparent electrode 4 and the second transparent electrode 5. As described above, the insulating part 20 is present in part of the insulating layer 21 (specifically, between the second transparent electrode 5 and the link 7 of the first transparent electrode 4). That is, the first transparent electrode 4 and second transparent electrode 5 are placed in a state in which they are segmented from each other through the insulating part 20 and part of the insulating layer 21. The width D3 of the insulating layer 21 is, for example, about 10 m or more and 20 m or less. Details of the width D3 of the insulating layer 21 will be described later.

(118) The link 7 illustrated in FIGS. 24 to 26 is integrally formed as part of the first transparent electrode 4 and extends in the Y1-Y2 direction. Also, the bridge wiring part 10 illustrated in FIGS. 24 to 26 is formed on the front surface 20a of the insulating part 20, which covers the link 7, separately from the second transparent electrodes 5, and extends in the X1-X2 direction. However, forms of the placement of the link 7 and bridge wiring part 10 are not limited to this. For example, the link 7 may be integrally formed as part of the second transparent electrode 5 and may extend in the X1-X2 direction. In this case, the link 7 electrically connects two adjacent second transparent electrodes 5 to each other. The bridge wiring part 10 may be formed on the front surface 20a of the insulating part 20, which covers the link 7, separately from the first transparent electrodes 4, and may extend in the Y1-Y2 direction. In this case, the bridge wiring part 10 electrically connects two adjacent first transparent electrodes 4 to each other. In the description of the capacitive sensor 1 according to this embodiment, an example is used in which the bridge wiring part 10 is formed on the front surface 20a of the insulating part 20, which covers the link 7, separately from the second transparent electrodes 5, and extends in the X1-X2 direction.

(119) As illustrated in FIG. 23, a plurality of wiring parts 6 led out from individual first electrode links 8 and 1 second electrode links 12 are formed in the non-detection region 25. Each of the first electrode links 8 and second electrode links 12 is electrically connected to the wiring part 6 through a connection wire 16. Each wiring part 6 is connected to an external connection part 27 that is electrically connected to a flexible printed circuit board (not illustrated). That is, the wiring parts 6 electrically connect the first electrode links 8 and second electrode links 12 and the external connection part 27. The external connection part 27 is electrically connected to the flexible printed circuit board (not illustrated) through, for example, a material that has a conductive paste or a metal such as Cu, a Cu alloy, a CuNi alloy, Ni, Ag, Au, or the like.

(120) On a printed wiring board (not illustrated) connected to this flexible printed circuit board, the detection unit (not illustrated) that detects a change in capacitance generated between the manipulating body and a transparent electrode (mainly, the first transparent electrode 4 or second transparent electrode 5) and the control unit (not illustrated) that calculates the position of the manipulating body according to a signal from the detection unit are mounted. Although not described in detail, an integrated circuit is used in the detection unit and control unit.

(121) Each wiring part 6 is formed from a material that has a metal such as Cu, a Cu alloy, a CuNi alloy, Ni, Ag, Au, or the like. The connection wire 16, which is formed from a transparent conductive material such as an ITO material or metal nanowires, extends from the detection region 11 to the non-detection region 25. The wiring part 6 is laminated on the connection wire 16 in the non-detection region 25 and is electrically connected to the connection wire 16. Also, the capacitive sensor 1 may have a laminated wiring structure in which the dispersion layer DL having the same metal nanowires (a specific example is silver nanowires) as the first transparent electrode 4 and second transparent electrode 5 continuously extends to the non-detection region 25 to form the connection wire 16 and, in the non-detection region 25, this connection wire 16 and a metal layer forming the wiring part 6 are laminated.

(122) The wiring part 6 is disposed at a portion, on the front surface 2a of the base material 2, where the non-detection region 25 is positioned. The external connection part 27 is also disposed at a portion, on the front surface 2a of the base material 2, where the non-detection region 25 is positioned, as is the wiring part 6.

(123) In FIG. 23, the wiring part 6 and external connection part 27 are illustrated so as to be visually recognized for easy understanding. In practice, however, a decorative layer (not illustrated) having a shielding property is provided at a portion where the non-detection region 25 is positioned. Therefore, the wiring part 6 and external connection part 27 are hidden by the decorative layer and are not visually recognized when the capacitive sensor 1 is viewed from the panel on the same side as the panel 3. Any material can be used to form the decorative layer if the material has a light shielding property. The decorative layer may have an insulating property.

(124) In the capacitive sensor 1 according to this embodiment, when a finger, which is an example of a manipulation body, is caused to come into contact with, for example, a surface 3a of the panel 3 as illustrated in FIG. 25, a capacitance is generated between the finger and the first transparent electrode 4 close to the finger and between the finger and the second transparent electrode 5 close to the finger. The capacitive sensor 1 can detect a change in capacitance at this time by the detecting unit and can calculate the contact position of the finger by the control unit according to this change in capacitance. Specifically, the capacitive sensor 1 detects the X coordinate of the position of the finger according to a change in capacitance between the finger and the first electrode link 8 and detects the Y coordinate of the position of the finger according to a change in capacitance between the finger and the second electrode link 12 (that is, the capacitive sensor 1 is of self-capacitance detection type).

(125) Alternatively, the capacitive sensor 1 may be of mutual capacitance detection type. Specifically, the capacitive sensor 1 may apply a driving voltage to any one of the first electrode link 8 and second electrode link 12, and may detect a change in capacitance between the finger and the other of the first electrode link 8 and the second electrode link 12. Thus, the capacitive sensor 1 detects the X direction of the position of the finger from one electrode link, and also detects the Y coordinate of the position of the finger from the other electrode link.

(126) Here, when the difference between the reflectance of a conductive region including conductive nanowires and the reflectance of an insulating part including a gap becomes large, the difference between the conductive region and the insulting part becomes visually apparent. Then, the first transparent electrode and second transparent electrode become likely to be visually recognized as a pattern. If the capacitive sensor has a reflection preventing layer, a reflection reducing layer, or the like, the difference between the reflectance of the conductive region and the reflectance of the insulating part can be suppressed, but a facility to form the reflection preventing layer or reflection reducing layer needs to be added and process to manufacture the capacitive sensor are increased.

(127) In the capacitive sensor 1 according to this embodiment, however, the first transparent electrode 4 has a plurality of first optical adjustment regions 41 placed apart from one another. Also, the second transparent electrode 5 has a plurality of second optical adjustment regions 51 placed apart from one another. Therefore, the first transparent electrodes 4 includes a conductive region including conductive nanowires and a plurality of regions (specifically, optical adjustment regions) formed by a plurality of first optical adjustment regions 41. Similarly, the second transparent electrode 5 includes a conductive region including conductive nanowires and a plurality of regions (specifically, optical adjustment regions) formed by a plurality of second optical adjustment regions 51. Therefore, in each of the first transparent electrode 4 and second transparent electrode 5, a plurality of boundaries (specifically, inner boundaries) are present between the conductive region and the optical adjustment regions. Furthermore, a boundary (specifically, an outer boundary) is present between the first transparent electrode 4 and the insulating layer 21 and between the second transparent electrode 5 and the insulating layer 21.

(128) Therefore, even if both inner boundaries and outer boundaries are visually recognized in a plan view of the capacitive sensor 1, it is suppressed that only the outer boundaries are emphasized. Therefore, the first transparent electrodes 4 and second transparent electrodes 5 become difficult to visually recognize as patterns. Thus, the invisibility of the patterns of the first transparent electrodes 4 and second transparent electrodes 5 can be improved.

(129) Also, the first optical adjustment regions 41 are provided across the whole of the first transparent electrodes 4, and the second optical adjustment regions 51 are provided across the whole of the second transparent electrode 5. According to this, since the first optical adjustment regions 41 and second optical adjustment regions 51 are provided, it is possible to restrain the electric resistances of the first transparent electrode 4 and second transparent electrode 5 from being excessively increased. It is also possible to restrain the first optical adjustment regions 41 and second optical adjustment regions 51 from being concentrated and thereby the first transparent electrode 4 and second transparent electrode 5 from being visually recognized easily as a pattern.

(130) Also, the first distance between each two adjacent first optical adjustment regions 41 is constant, and the second distance between each two adjacent second optical adjustment regions 51 is constant. That is, the plurality of first optical adjustment regions 41 are evenly provided across the whole of the first transparent electrode 4, and the plurality of second optical adjustment regions 51 are evenly provided across the whole of the second transparent electrode 5. Therefore, it is possible to restrain the electric resistance of each of the first transparent electrode 4 and second transparent electrode 5 from varying depending on the position and to restrain the electric resistances of the first transparent electrode 4 and second transparent electrode 5 from being locally increased. Also, it is possible to restrain the first optical adjustment regions 41 and second optical adjustment regions 51 from being concentrated and thereby the first transparent electrode 4 and second transparent electrode 5 from being visually recognized easily as a pattern.

(131) Also, the conductive nanowire included in the first transparent electrode 4 and second transparent electrode 5 is at least one selected from a group of a gold nanowire, a silver nanowire, and a copper nanowire. According to this, it is possible to suppress the electric resistance of the first transparent electrode 4 including the first optical adjustment regions 41 and the electric resistance of the second transparent electrode 5 including the second optical adjustment regions 51 to a lower resistance than when an oxide material such as, for example, an ITO material is used as the material of the first transparent electrode 4 and second transparent electrode 5.

(132) FIG. 27 is a plan view that illustrates a variation (specifically, a first variation) of the first transparent electrode and second transparent electrode in this embodiment. FIG. 27 is equivalent to a plan view in which the region XXIV, XXVII illustrated in FIG. 23 is enlarged.

(133) A first transparent electrode 4A in this variation has a plurality of first optical adjustment regions 41A. The shape of the first optical adjustment region 41A is a quadrangle. The length D13 of the longest diagonal line of the first optical adjustment region 41A in a quadrangular shape is 10 m or more and 100 m or less. Details of dimensions related to the first optical adjustment region 41A will be described later. In other respects, the structure of the first transparent electrode 4A is similar to the structure of the first transparent electrode 4 described above with reference to FIGS. 23 to 26.

(134) A second transparent electrode 5A in this variation has a plurality of second optical adjustment regions 51A. The shape of the second optical adjustment region 51A is a quadrangle. The length D14 of the longest diagonal line of the second optical adjustment region 51A in a quadrangular shape is 10 m or more and 100 m or less. Details of dimensions related to the second optical adjustment region 51A will be described later together with dimensions related to the first optical adjustment region 41A. In other respects, the structure of the second transparent electrode 5A is similar to the structure of the second transparent electrode 5 described above with reference to FIGS. 23 to 26.

(135) As exemplified in this variation, the shape of each of the first optical adjustment region 41A and second optical adjustment region 51A may be a quadrangle without being limited only to a circle. Even in this case, according to the findings that the present inventor obtained, the optical properties such as the reflectance of each of the first transparent electrode 4A and second transparent electrode 5A are similar to the optical properties such as the reflectance of each of the first transparent electrode 4 and second transparent electrode 5 described above with reference to FIGS. 23 to 26. Therefore, even if both inner boundaries and outer boundaries are visually recognized in a plan view of the capacitive sensor 1, it is suppressed that only the outer boundaries are emphasized. Therefore, the first transparent electrodes 4A and second transparent electrodes 5A become difficult to visually recognize as a pattern. Thus, the pattern invisibility of the first transparent electrodes 4A and second transparent electrodes 5A can be improved.

(136) FIG. 28 is a graph that exemplifies an example of a relationship between the adjustment ratio and wire resistance. In the graph in FIG. 28, the horizontal axis represents the adjustment ratio (%) and the vertical axis represents the wire resistance (k). In this specification, the adjustment ratio refers to the area of the optical adjustment region per unit area.

(137) As in the graph illustrated in FIG. 28, when the adjustment ratio is relatively high, the wire resistance is relatively high. According to the findings that the present inventor obtained, when the screen size is about 4 inches or more and 6 inches or less as with, for example, a movable terminal such as smartphone, to assure the performance of the capacitive sensor 1, it is preferable for the wire resistance to be 20 k or less. In FIG. 28, a 20-k line is indicated by a dashed line. In this case, according to the graph illustrated in FIG. 28, the adjustment ratios of the first optical adjustment regions 41 in the first transparent electrode 4 and the second optical adjustment regions 51 in the second transparent electrode 5 are preferably 40% or less.

(138) If the adjustment ratios of the first optical adjustment regions 41 in the first transparent electrode 4 and the second optical adjustment regions 51 in the second transparent electrode 5 are 40% or less, it is possible to improve the invisibility of the patterns of the first transparent electrodes 4 and second transparent electrodes 5 and suppress the rise of the electric resistance of each of the first transparent electrode 4 and second transparent electrode 5, making it possible to assure the performance of the capacitive sensor 1.

(139) If the screen size of a terminal in which the capacitive sensor 1 according to this embodiment is mounted is about less than 4 inches, to assure the performance of the capacitive sensor 1, it is preferable for wiring resistance to be 30 k or less. In this case, according to the graph illustrated in FIG. 28, it is preferable for the adjustment ratios of the first optical adjustment regions 41 in the first transparent electrode 4 and the second optical adjustment regions 51 in the second transparent electrode 5 to be 45% or less.

(140) FIG. 29 is a graph that exemplifies an example of a relationship between a gap width and the adjustment ratio. In the graph in FIG. 29, the vertical axis represents the gap width (m) and the horizontal axis represents the adjustment ratio (%). The gap width illustrated in FIG. 29 is equivalent to the width D3 of the insulating layer 21 described above with reference to FIG. 24.

(141) The present inventor studied the invisibility of the patterns of the first transparent electrodes 4 and second transparent electrodes 5 when the width D3 and adjustment ratio were varied. In this study, the inventor made visual decisions on invisibility under conditions described below.

(142) In this study, a sample was used in which a glass substrate is pasted to a sensor film on which transparent electrodes having optical adjustment parts are provided, with an optical transparent adhesive layer intervening between the glass substrate and the sensor film. A light source that emits light to the sample was a three-waveform type of daylight fluorescent lamp. The illumination of the light source was 1300 lux (lx). The distance (specifically, an inspection distance) between the sample and a visual position was 30 cm. The angle between the eye line and a straight line (specifically, the normal) perpendicular to the front surface of the sensor film or glass substrate was 0 degree or more and 45 degrees or less. A black board was placed on a side (specifically, rear side of the sample) opposite to the eye line.

(143) An example of the results of the study is as illustrated in FIG. 29. The graph in FIG. 29 indicates that: when the width D3 is 10 m, if the adjustment ratio is 15% or more, the invisibility of the patterns of the first transparent electrodes 4 and second transparent electrodes 5 is assured; when the width D3 is 15 m, if the adjustment ratio is 30% or more, the invisibility of the patterns of the first transparent electrodes 4 and second transparent electrodes 5 is assured; and when the width D3 is 20 m, if the adjustment ratio is 35% or more, the invisibility of the patterns of the first transparent electrodes 4 and second transparent electrodes 5 is assured. That is, when the width D3 is relatively wide, a relatively high adjustment ratio is needed to assure the invisibility of the patterns of the first transparent electrodes 4 and second transparent electrodes 5.

(144) As described above with reference to FIG. 28, it is preferable for the adjustment ratios of the first optical adjustment regions 41 and the second optical adjustment regions 51 to be 40% or less. According to the graph illustrated in FIG. 29, it is preferable for the width D3 to be 10 m or more and 20 m or less in consideration of the invisibility of the patterns of the first transparent electrodes 4 and second transparent electrodes 5 and the allowable limit of the wire resistance. That is, the region A2 illustrated in FIG. 29 is a region that satisfies both the invisibility of the patterns of the first transparent electrodes 4 and second transparent electrodes 5 and the allowable limit of the wire resistance. As illustrated in FIG. 29, it was found that there is a correlation between the invisibility of the patterns of the first transparent electrodes 4 and second transparent electrodes 5 and the adjustment ratios of the first optical adjustment regions 41 and second optical adjustment regions 51.

(145) FIG. 30 is a graph that exemplifies an example of a relationship between sheet resistance and a continuity assuring line width. In the graph in FIG. 30, the horizontal axis represents sheet resistance (/) and the vertical axis represents the continuity assuring line width (m). The continuity assuring line width refers to the width of an electrical conductor needed to assure its conductivity without the electrical conductor being broken. Therefore, if the sheet resistance is relatively high as illustrated in FIG. 30, a relatively long width is needed as the width (specifically, the continuity assuring line width) of an electrical conductor needed to assure its conductivity without the electrical conductor being broken.

(146) The broken line in the graph illustrated in FIG. 30 exemplifies a relationship between the sheet resistance and the width of the continuity assuring line width for a transparent electrode formed from a material including silver nanowires.

(147) According to the findings that the present inventor obtained, the lower limit of the sheet resistance of the transparent electrode formed from a material including silver nanowires is about 30 to 50/. Therefore, according to the graph illustrated in FIG. 30, for the transparent electrode formed from a material including silver nanowires, it is preferable for the continuity assuring line width to be 30 m or more.

(148) Accordingly, in the conductive region of the first transparent electrode 4 having a plurality of first optical adjustment regions 41, it is preferable for a width of 30 m or more to be assured. Therefore, as described above with reference to FIG. 24, it is preferable for the distance D1 between a plurality of adjacent first optical adjustment regions 41 to be 30 m or more. This is also true for the second transparent electrode 5. That is, it is preferable for the distance D2 between a plurality of adjacent second optical adjustment regions 51 to be 30 m or more.

(149) According to this, even if a plurality of first optical adjustment regions 41 are provided in the first transparent electrode 4 including conductive nanowires and a plurality of second optical adjustment regions 51 are provided in the second transparent electrode 5 including conductive nanowires, since the width of the conductive region is narrow, it is possible to restrain the first transparent electrode 4 and second transparent electrode 5 from being broken.

(150) FIG. 31 is a plan view that explains visibility when optical adjustment parts are provided only in the vicinity of the insulating layer 21 in this embodiment. In FIG. 31, for convenience of explanation, two insulating layers 21 are arranged vertically; one insulating layer 21 is placed between one first transparent electrode 4 and one second transparent electrode 5 and the other insulating layer 21 is placed between the one first transparent electrode 4 and another second transparent electrode 5. That is, one first transparent electrode 4 is placed between two insulating layers 21 and two second transparent electrodes 5 are placed on both sides of the two insulating layers 21. The placement of the transparent electrodes illustrated in FIG. 30 is just for convenience of explanation. Therefore, one second transparent electrode 5 may be provided between two insulating layers 21 and two first transparent electrodes 4 may be provided on both sides of the two insulating layers 21.

(151) The width D3 of the insulating layer 21 on the upper side is the same as the width D3 of the insulating layer 21 on the lower side. In the vicinity of the insulating layer 21 on the upper side of the two insulating layers 21 illustrated in FIG. 31, neither the first optical adjustment region 41 nor the second optical adjustment region 51 is provided. However, in the vicinity of the insulating layer 21 on the lower side of the two insulating layers 21 illustrated in FIG. 31, both the first optical adjustment region 41 and the second optical adjustment region 51 are provided.

(152) It was found that when the first optical adjustment region 41 and second optical adjustment region 51 are provided only in the vicinity of the insulating layer 21 as illustrated in FIG. 31, the insulating layer 21 is emphasized and becomes noticeable due to the existence of the first optical adjustment region 41 and second optical adjustment region 51 when compared with a case in which neither the first optical adjustment region 41 nor the second optical adjustment region 51 is provided in the vicinity of the insulating layer 21. Specifically, since the first optical adjustment region 41 and second optical adjustment region 51, which were originally circular, were semicircular and were contiguous to the insulating layer 21 in a stripe shape, the local area of a region composed of the insulating layer 21, first optical adjustment region 41, and second optical adjustment region 51 was increased. As a result, the pattern of the insulating layer 21 positioned between the first transparent electrode 4 and the second transparent electrode 5 was emphasized instead. This tendency became outstanding in a case in which optical adjustment regions (specifically, first optical adjustment region 41 and second optical adjustment region 51) are provided only in the vicinity of the insulating layer 21 and no optical adjustment region is provided in regions in the transparent electrodes (specifically, first transparent electrode 4 and second transparent electrode 5), the regions being distant from the insulating layer 21, as illustrated in FIG. 31. Therefore, it is preferable for the plurality of first optical adjustment regions 41 to be evenly provided across the whole of the first transparent electrode 4 without being concentrated in the vicinity of the insulating layer 21. Similarly, it is preferable for the plurality of second optical adjustment region 51 to be evenly provided across the whole of the second transparent electrode 5 without being concentrated in the vicinity of the insulating layer 21. When this point is explained in another representation, it is preferable that optical adjustment regions, each of which is a region in which an optical adjustment part is positioned, be positioned in a conductive region, which is a region in which a conductive part is positioned, and that the optical adjustment region and an insulating region, in which the insulating layer is positioned, are not in direct contact with each other. It is also preferable that the optical adjustment regions be placed across the whole of the transparent electrode.

(153) FIG. 32 is a graph that exemplifies an example of a relationship between wavelength and reflectance when the diameter of the optical adjustment part is varied. FIG. 33 is a graph in which part of the graph illustrated in FIG. 32 is enlarged. FIG. 33 is a graph in which a wavelength range of 500 m to 600 m in the graph illustrated in FIG. 32 is enlarged.

(154) The present inventor studied a relationship between the wavelength of light and reflectance when the diameter of the optical adjustment part in a round shape (that is, a circular shape) was varied. In this study, the inventor used an ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectrophotometer to measure the reflectance of the transparent electrodes. The measurement method was based on expanded reflection. Measured waveforms were 250 nm or more and 800 nm or less. A sample was used in which a cover member is pasted to a sensor film on which transparent electrodes having optical adjustment parts are provided, with an optical transparent adhesive layer intervening between the cover member and the sensor film. The cover member was EAGLE XG (registered trademark), from Corning Incorporated, that has a thickness of 0.5 mm.

(155) An example of the results of the study is as illustrated in FIGS. 32 and 33. That is, when the diameter of the optical adjustment part was relatively large, the reflectance of the transparent electrode was relatively low. The graphs illustrated in FIGS. 32 and 33 indicate that the diameter D11 (see FIG. 24) of the first optical adjustment region 41 and the diameter D12 (see FIG. 24) of the second optical adjustment region 51 are preferably 10 m or more and more preferably 20 m or more.

(156) According to the findings that the present inventor obtained, when the diameter of the optical adjustment part in the transparent electrode was more than 100 m, it was visually confirmed that the invisibility of the patterns of the first transparent electrodes 4 and second transparent electrodes 5 is lowered. Conditions for visual confirmation were as described above with reference to FIG. 29. Accordingly, the diameter D11 of the first optical adjustment region 41 and the diameter D12 of the second optical adjustment region 51 are preferably 100 m or less and more preferably 90 m or less.

(157) According to this, it is possible to restrain the reflectance of the first transparent electrode 4 and second transparent electrode 5 from being increased because the diameter D11 of the first optical adjustment region 41 and the diameter D12 of the second optical adjustment region 51 are too small and to assure the invisibility of the patterns of the first transparent electrodes 4 and second transparent electrodes 5. It is also possible to restrain the inner boundaries from being easily viewed because the diameter D11 of the first optical adjustment region 41 and the diameter D12 of the second optical adjustment region 51 are too large and to assure the invisibility of the patterns of the first transparent electrode 4 and second transparent electrode 5.

(158) FIG. 34 is a graph that exemplifies an example of a relationship between wavelength and reflectance when the shape of the optical adjustment part is varied. FIG. 35 is a graph in which part of the graph illustrated in FIG. 34 is enlarged. FIG. 35 is a graph in which a wavelength range of 500 m to 600 m in the graph illustrated in FIG. 34 is enlarged.

(159) The present inventor studied a relationship between the wavelength of light and reflectance when the shape of the optical adjustment part was round (that is, circular) and when the shape was quadrangular. The method of measuring reflectance was as described above with reference to FIGS. 32 and 33.

(160) An example of the results of the study is as illustrated in FIGS. 34 and 35. That is, reflectance when the shape of the optical adjustment part was round was substantially the same as reflectance when the shape of the optical adjustment part was quadrangular. Accordingly, as described above with reference to FIG. 27, the shape of each of the first optical adjustment region 41 and second optical adjustment region 51 is not limited to a circle, and may be a quadrangle. As with the diameter range described above with reference to FIGS. 32 and 33, the length D13 (see FIG. 27) of the longest diagonal line of the first optical adjustment region 41A in a quadrangular shape and the length D14 (see FIG. 27) of the longest diagonal line of the second optical adjustment region 51A in a quadrangular shape are preferably 10 m or more and more preferably be 20 m or more. Also, the length D13 of the longest diagonal line and the length D14 of the longest diagonal line are preferably 100 m or less and more preferably 90 m or less.

(161) According to this, it is possible to restrain the reflectance of the first transparent electrode 4A and second transparent electrode 5A from being increased because the length D13 of the first optical adjustment region 41A and the length D14 of the second optical adjustment region 51A are too short and to assure the invisibility of the patterns of the first transparent electrodes 4A and second transparent electrodes 5A. It is also possible to restrain the inner boundaries from being easily viewed because the length D13 of the first optical adjustment region 41A and the length D14 of the second optical adjustment region 51A are too long and to assure the invisibility of the patterns of the first transparent electrodes 4A and second transparent electrodes 5A.

(162) FIG. 39 is a plan view that illustrates part of a detection region in another variation (specifically, a second variation) of the capacitive sensor 1 in this embodiment. FIG. 39 is a plan view in which the region corresponding to the region A1 illustrated in FIG. 23 is further enlarged.

(163) This variation is similar to the example illustrated in FIG. 39 in that a first transparent electrode 4B in this variation has a plurality of first optical adjustment regions 41B in a substantially circular shape, a second transparent electrode 5B has a plurality of second optical adjustment regions 51B in a substantially circular shape, and the insulating layer 21 is provided between the first transparent electrode 4B and the second transparent electrode 5B. For convenience of explanation, the insulating part 20 and bridge wiring part 10 are not illustrated. In a region including the link 7, neither the first optical adjustment region 41B nor the second optical adjustment region 51B is provided. This region is a non-adjustment region NR.

(164) A dummy region IF, which is electrically insulted from both the first transparent electrode 4B and the second transparent electrode 5B by the insulating layers 21, is provided between the first transparent electrode 4B and the second transparent electrode 5B so as to be enclosed by the insulating layers 21. The dummy region IF has a dummy conductive region CR1 having a structure in common with the conductive region CR in the first transparent electrode 4B and second transparent electrode 5B, that is, a structure in which conductive nanowires are dispersed in an insulating material that functions as a matrix. When the dummy region IF of this type is provided, the separation distance between the first transparent electrode 4B and the second transparent electrode 5B in an XY plane can be changed with an influence on invisibility suppressed. When the separation distance between these electrodes is changed, capacitance between electrodes can be adjusted.

(165) To lower the visibility of the dummy region IF, a plurality of dummy optical adjustment regions AR1 in a substantially circular shape are placed in the dummy conductive region CR1 in the dummy region IF so as to be mutually discrete in a plan view, as in the first optical adjustment region 41B and second optical adjustment region 51B. The dummy optical adjustment region AR1 is formed by a method similar to the method for the first optical adjustment region 41B and second optical adjustment region 51B (specifically, the method in which conductive nanowires are removed from the insulating material that functions as a matrix at least on the front surface part). The dummy optical adjustment region AR1 has a structure in common with the first optical adjustment region 41B and second optical adjustment region 51B.

(166) As will be described next, the visibility of the dummy region IF can be lowered by appropriately placing the dummy optical adjustment regions AR1 in the dummy region IF. Thus, if the length of the dummy region IF in a direction in which the first transparent electrode 4B and second transparent electrode 5B are separated by the dummy region IF, that is, the width Wf of the dummy region IF, is 70 m or more, it is preferable for the dummy optical adjustment region AR1 having a predetermined shape (exemplified by a circle, a quadrangle, or the like) to be placed. If the width Wf of the dummy region IF is 80 m or more, it is more preferable for the dummy optical adjustment region AR1 to be placed. If the width Wf of the dummy region IF is 90 m or more, it is further preferable for the dummy optical adjustment region AR1 to be placed. If the width Wf of the dummy region IF is 100 m or more, it is particularly preferable for the dummy optical adjustment region AR1 to be placed.

(167) If the width Wf of the dummy region IF is less than 100 m, the dummy region IF does not have the dummy optical adjustment region AR1. That is, it is sometimes preferable for the dummy region IF to be composed of the dummy conductive region CR1. If the width Wf of the dummy region IF is less than 70 m, particularly 60 m or less, it is preferable for the dummy region IF to be composed of the dummy conductive region CR1. The minimum value of the width Wf of the dummy region IF is appropriately determined according to, for example, the settings of a semiconductor device (IC) that drives the capacitive sensor 1. In non-limiting exemplary examples, the width Wf of the dummy region IF may be 30 m or more, may be 40 m or more, and may be 50 m or more.

(168) As indicated in FIG. 40, a plurality of dummy optical adjustment areas AR1 are provided in the dummy region IF that is separated from the first transparent electrode 4B by one insulating layer 21 and is also separated from the second transparent electrode 5B by another insulating layer 21, the insulating layer 21 having a width Wi of, for example, about 10 m. These dummy optical adjustment regions AR1 have no portion contiguous to the insulating layer 21. That is, the minimum value (specifically, the minimum separation distance) Df of the separation distance between the dummy optical adjustment region AR1 and the insulating layer 21 in a plan view satisfies the equation below:
Df>0

(169) Thus, since the insulating layer 21 and dummy optical adjustment region AR1 are not in direct contact with each other, that is, the dummy optical adjustment region AR1 has no portion contiguous to the insulating layer 21, the invisibility of the insulating layer 21 can be maintained. It is preferable for the minimum separation distance Df to be 10 m or more; it is more preferable for the minimum separation distance Df to be 20 m or more; it is particularly preferable for the minimum separation distance Df to be 30 m or more. However, if the minimum separation distance Df becomes excessively large, the invisibility of the dummy region IF may tend to drop because of the nonexistence of the dummy optical adjustment area AR1. Therefore, it is preferable for the minimum separation distance Df to be 100 m or less, it is more preferable for the minimum separation distance Df to be 90 m or less, it is further preferable for the minimum separation distance Df to be 80 m or less, and it is particularly preferable for the minimum separation distance Df to be 70 m or less.

(170) It is preferable for the placement density of dummy optical adjustment regions AR1 in the dummy region IF to have a relationship to the placement density of first optical adjustment regions 41B in the first optical adjustment region 41B and the placement density of second optical adjustment regions 51B in the second optical adjustment region 51B. As described above, the first optical adjustment regions 41B are evenly placed in the first transparent electrode 4B, and the second optical adjustment regions 51B are evenly placed in the second transparent electrode 5B. There is an essential match between the placement of first optical adjustment regions 41B in the first transparent electrode 4B and the placement of second optical adjustment regions 51B in the second transparent electrode 5B so that the first transparent electrode 4B and second transparent electrode 5B have similar visibility. In the description below, therefore, the placement of first optical adjustment regions 41B in the first transparent electrode 4B and the placement of dummy optical adjustment regions AR1 in the dummy region IF will be compared.

(171) The separation distance (inter-closest-region separation distance) D0 between each two of a plurality of first optical adjustment regions 41B placed in the first transparent electrode 4B, the two being placed at the closest positions the distance of which is shortest in a plan view, is the difference (P0L0) between a pitch P0 between the two first optical adjustment regions 41B at the closest positions and the length of each first optical adjustment region 41B in the array direction. It is preferable for this inter-closest-region separation distance D0 to satisfy the following relation to the minimum separation distance Df described above:
0.5Df/D02.5

(172) Since Df/D0 (separation ratio) is in the above range, the invisibility of the dummy region IF can be stably assured. To more stably assure the invisibility of the dummy region IF, it is sometimes preferable for the separation ratio Df/D0 to be 0.7 or more and 2.0 or less and it is sometimes more preferable for the separation ratio Df/D0 to be 0.7 or more and 1.3 or less.

(173) A relationship that satisfies the following equation is preferably present between the area ratio (electrode adjustment ratio) AA0 (unit: %) of a region composed of first optical adjustment regions 41B in the first transparent electrode 4B and the area ratio (dummy adjustment ratio) AAf (unit: %) of a region composed of dummy optical adjustment areas AR1 in the dummy region IF:
AAf/AA0<1

(174) That is, it is preferable for the dummy adjustment ratio AAf to be lower than the electrode adjustment ratio AA0. Insulating layers 21 with the predetermined width Wi are positioned so as to enclose the dummy region IF. In consideration of this, therefore, if the dummy adjustment ratio AAf is set so as to be lower than the electrode adjustment ratio AA0, superior invisibility can be attained. To more stably achieve superior invisibility, it is sometimes preferable for AAf/AA0 (adjustment area ratio) to be 0.3 or more and 0.95 or less and it is sometimes more preferable for AAf/AA0 to be 0.6 or more and 0.9 or less.

(175) Descriptions will be given below with specific examples.

(176) FIGS. 41 to 45 are each a partially enlarged view of a detection region having transparent electrodes (specifically, first transparent electrodes and second transparent electrodes) and dummy regions. In these drawings, reference characters are omitted so that an impression given by the entire drawing is easily confirmed.

(177) The optical adjustment regions (specifically, first optical adjustment region 41B and second optical adjustment region 51B) in the transparent electrodes (specifically, first transparent electrode 4B and second transparent electrode 5B) are each in a circular shape with a diameter of 35 m in a plan view, and are evenly placed in the transparent electrodes. Specifically, the arrangement pitch P0 between each two optical adjustment parts that are the closet arranged is 68 m. Therefore, the inter-closest-region separation distance D0 is 33 m. The width Wf of the dummy region IF separated from the transparent electrodes (specifically, first transparent electrode 4B and second transparent electrode 5B) by the insulating layers 21 with the width Wi is 180 m. Conditions for visual confirmation are as described above.

First Example

(178) In the detection region 11 according to a first example illustrated in FIG. 41, two rows of dummy optical adjustment regions AR1 in a circular shape (diameter: 35 m), the minimum separation distance Df of each dummy optical adjustment region AR1 in each row being 36.6 m in relation to each of two insulating layers 21 positioned in the width direction of the dummy region IF, are placed at a pitch of 75 m in a direction in which the dummy region IF extends. The separation ratio Df/D0 in this case is 1.22 and the adjustment area ratio AAf/AA0 is 0.7. In this case, this embodiment is superior particularly in invisibility, and it was not essentially visually recognized that the dummy region IF is placed in the detection region 11.

Second Example

(179) In the detection region 11 according to a second example illustrated in FIG. 42, dummy optical adjustment regions AR1 in a circular shape (diameter: 50 m), the minimum separation distance Df of each dummy optical adjustment region AR1 in each row being 65 m in relation to each of two insulating layers 21 positioned in the width direction of the dummy region IF, are placed at a pitch of 75 m in a direction in which the dummy region IF extends. The separation ratio Df/D0 in this case is 1.96 and the adjustment area ratio AAf/AA0 is 0.33. In this case as well, this embodiment is superior in invisibility to substantially the same extent as the first example, and it was not essentially visually recognized that the dummy region IF is placed in the detection region 11.

Third Example

(180) In the detection region 11 according to a third example illustrated in FIG. 43, two rows of dummy optical adjustment regions AR1 in a circular shape (diameter: 60 m), the minimum separation distance Df of each dummy optical adjustment region AR1 in each row being 20 m in relation to each of two insulating layers 21 positioned in the width direction of the dummy region IF, are placed at a pitch of 75 m in a direction in which the dummy region IF extends. The separation ratio Df/D0 in this case is 0.6 and the adjustment area ratio AAf/AA0 is 2.0. Although, in this case as well, this embodiment is superior in invisibility, the presence of dummy optical adjustment regions AR1 was visually recognized slightly when compared with the first example.

First Comparative Example

(181) In the detection region 11 according to a first comparative illustrated in FIG. 44, dummy optical adjustment regions AR1 in a linear shape (width: 10 m), which are linked to two insulating layers 21 positioned in the width direction of the dummy region IF, are placed at a pitch of 50 m in a direction in which the dummy region IF extends. The separation ratio Df/D0 in this case is 0 and the adjustment area ratio AAf/AA0 is 1.0. In this case, it was visually recognized that the dummy region IF is placed in the detection region 11 because the linking part of the dummy optical adjustment region AR1 to the insulating layer 21 makes the presence of the insulating layer 21 noticeable.

Second Comparative Example

(182) In the detection region 11 according to a second comparative illustrated in FIG. 45, dummy optical adjustment regions AR1 in a linear shape (width: 10 m), which are linked to two insulating layers 21 positioned in the width direction of the dummy region IF, are placed at a pitch of 150 m in a direction in which the dummy region IF extends. The separation ratio Df/D0 in this case is 0 and the adjustment area ratio AAf/AA0 is 0.5. In this case, although the adjustment area ratio AAf/AA0 is adequately smaller than 1, it not possible to hide the prominence of the insulating layer 21 due to the connection part of the dummy optical adjustment region AR1 to the insulating layer 21, so it was visually recognized that the dummy region IF is placed in the detection region 11 as in the first comparative example.

(183) So far, an embodiment and its application examples have been described above. However, present invention is not limited to these examples. For example, the scope of the present invention also includes embodiments obtained as a result of adding or deleting constituent elements to or from the embodiment described above or its application examples, performing design changes to the embodiment or its application examples, or appropriately combining features in the embodiment as long as the obtained embodiments are within the intended scope of the present invention; the additions, deletions, design changes, or combination is effected by a person having ordinary skill in the art.