Buffer Formulation Method and System

Abstract

The monitoring and control of bioprocesses is provided. More particularly, the present disclosure is directed to formulating buffer products from multiple buffer solutions for feeding the different operations occurring within a bioprocess line. As the buffer product is being formulated, the buffer product is tested for conductivity, refractive index, and optionally pH. The conductivity measurements are used in conjunction with refractive index measurements to ensure that the buffer product not only has the correct concentration of ions but also has the correct concentration of components. A controller can be used to make automatic adjustments to the buffer product should any of the measured parameters fall outside a preset range.

Claims

1. A process for formulating buffer products for feeding to a bioprocess comprising: combining multiple buffer solutions to form a final buffer product, the multiple buffer solutions including at least a first buffer solution and a second buffer solution; measuring a conductivity of the final buffer product; measuring a refractive index of the final buffer product; comparing the measured conductivity to a preset conductivity range and comparing the measured refractive index to a preset refractive index range; and selectively adjusting a flow rate of at least one of the first buffer solution in relation to a flow rate of the second buffer solution in order to maintain the conductivity and the refractive index of the final buffer product within the preset ranges.

2. A process as defined in claim 1, wherein the process is a continuous process and wherein the multiple buffer solutions are combined inline to form the final buffer product.

3. A process as defined in claim 1, further comprising the step of measuring the refractive index of each buffer solution as the buffer solution is being combined with the other buffer solutions to form the final buffer product.

4. A process as defined in claim 1, wherein at least certain of the buffer solutions contain a concentrated buffer component that becomes diluted in the final buffer product.

5. A process as defined in claim 1, wherein the measured conductivity and refractive index of the final buffer product are fed to a controller and wherein the controller selectively increases or decreases flow of one or more buffer solutions in order to maintain the refractive index and the conductivity within the preset ranges.

6. A process as defined in claim 1, wherein at least three buffer solutions are combined to form the final buffer product.

7. A process as defined in claim 1, wherein at least four buffer solutions are combined to form the final buffer product.

8. A process as defined in claim 1, wherein the first buffer solution and the second buffer solution include at least one common cation or anion.

9. A process as defined in claim 8, wherein the first buffer solution and the second buffer solution contain at least one buffer component, the buffer component comprising sodium phosphate, sodium acetate, or sodium chloride.

10. A process as defined in claim 1, wherein the refractive index measurement is compared with a measured temperature of the final buffer product in determining whether the measured refractive index is within the preset limits.

11. A process as defined in claim 1, wherein the final buffer product has a refractive index set point and wherein the preset refractive index range is within 10% of the refractive index set point.

12. A process as defined in claim 1, wherein the final buffer product is fed to a cell culture containing mammalian cells.

13. A process as defined in claim 1, wherein the final buffer product is fed to a chromatography process.

14. A process as defined in claim 1, wherein the final buffer product is fed to a filtration process.

15. A process as defined in claim 14, wherein the filtration process comprises an ultrafiltration process, a diafiltration process, or an ultrafiltration/diafiltration process.

16. A bioprocess system comprising; a bioreactor defining a hollow interior for receiving a cell culture, the bioreactor including a plurality of ports for feeding and/or removing materials from the hollow interior; a nutrient media feed for feeding a nutrient media to the hollow interior of the bioreactor, the nutrient media feed being in fluid communication with at least one of the ports on the bioreactor; a buffer feed for feeding a final buffer product to the hollow interior of the bioreactor, or to a downstream process in communication with the bioreactor; a plurality of buffer solution feeds that are each in communication with the buffer feed, each buffer solution feed being in communication with a control device for controlling flow of a respective buffer solution into the buffer feed for formulating a final buffer product; a conductivity probe for measuring a conductivity of the final buffer product; a refractive index measurement device for measuring a refractive index of the final buffer product; and a controller in communication with the conductivity probe and the refractive index measuring device, the controller being configured to compare conductivity measurements and refractive index measurements with a preset conductivity range and a preset refractive index range respectively, the controller, based on the measured conductivity and refractive index, being configured to control a flow rate of the buffer solutions for selectively increasing or decreasing flow of a buffer solution into the buffer feed in order to maintain the final buffer product within the preset conductivity range and the preset refractive index range.

17. A system as defined in claim 16, wherein the system includes at least three buffer solution feeds that are in fluid communication with the buffer feed.

18. A system as defined in claim 16, further comprising refractive index measuring devices located to measure a refractive index of each buffer solution leaving each buffer solution feed and wherein the controller receives refractive index measurements taken by the refractive index measuring devices in communication with each of the buffer solution feeds.

19. A system as defined in claim 16, wherein the system further includes a temperature sensor for measuring a temperature of the final buffer product, and wherein the temperature measurements taken by the temperature sensor are feed to the controller and wherein the controller is configured to compare the measured temperature with the measured refractive index of the final buffer product for determining whether the final buffer product is within the preset refractive index range.

20. A system as defined in claim 16, wherein the controller is programmed with a refractive index set point and wherein the preset refractive index range is within 10% of the refractive index set point.

21. A system as defined in claim 16, wherein the buffer solutions each contain at least one of tricine, bicine, a sulfonic acid, sodium cacodylate, sodium acetate, sodium phosphate, sodium chloride, an acetic acid, glycinamide, or acetamidoglycine.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0014] A full and enabling disclosure of the present disclosure is set forth more particularly in the remainder of the specification, including reference to the accompanying figures, in which:

[0015] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of a bioreactor system made in accordance with the present disclosure; and

[0016] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of a buffer formulation system made in accordance with the present disclosure.

[0017] Repeat use of reference characters in the present specification and drawings is intended to represent the same or analogous features or elements of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0018] It is to be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that the present discussion is a description of exemplary embodiments only, and is not intended as limiting the broader aspects of the present disclosure.

[0019] In general, the present disclosure is directed to a process and system for producing different buffer products. The buffer products can be formed inline and fed to various operations occurring within a bioprocess. The bioprocess, for example, can include a bioreactor for propagating a cell culture in order to produce a bioproduct, such as an enzyme, a protein, or the like. The bioprocess may further include purification systems, such as downstream chromatography and/or filtration. In accordance with the present disclosure, buffer formulations can be formed inline from multiple buffer solutions and fed to the various different subprocesses that occur within the bioprocess. The buffer products formulated, for instance, can be fed to the bioreactor, to a chromatography operation, and/or to a filtration operation. In accordance with the present disclosure, various controls can be incorporated into the buffer formulation system to ensure that the buffer products contain the desired components in the desired concentrations prior to being fed to a subprocess within the bioprocess.

[0020] For example, in one embodiment, an orthoganol method is utilized that monitors changes in buffer products being formulated from multiple buffer solutions. For example, the conductivity, the refractive index, and/or the pH of the buffer product can be continuously monitored. A controller, such as a microprocessor, can be configured to confirm that the buffer product meets target specifications. In one embodiment, the controller can be configured to make changes to the buffer product by controlling different buffer solution feeds to ensure that the buffer product stays within specifications.

[0021] As a buffer product is produced from multiple buffer solutions, in one embodiment, the buffer product can be continuously monitored for conductivity and refractive index. Both of these measurements measure different characteristics of the buffer product fluid. In accordance with the present disclosure, both measurements are used in combination in order to ensure that the buffer product is within specifications.

[0022] Conductivity measurements, for instance, measure the ability of the solution to transfer electric current. Conductivity, for instance, indicates the amount or concentration of dissolved solutes within the buffer product. Although measuring the conductivity of the buffer product allows for a relatively accurate assessment of the concentration of electrically conductive ions in the solution, conductivity measurements do have some drawbacks. In particular, conductivity measurements are limited by the ability to measure concentrations of solution containing nonionic and weakly ionic substances.

[0023] Another drawback that can occur with conductivity measurements is the ability to discern differences between solutes that may have a common anion or cation. For example, conductivity measurements of a solution containing multiple solutes having the same anion or cation, e.g. a solution containing both sodium phosphate and sodium chloride, does not provide enough information to determine whether each of the solutes are in the solution in the correct proportioned amounts.

[0024] In this regard, the conductivity of the buffer product is measured in conjunction with measuring the refractive index. A refractive index measurement is a measurement of the speed of light in a medium. The index of refraction in a liquid changes as the concentration of a solute changes. Thus, solutions with different concentrations of a given solute will have different refractive indices. Unlike conductivity, refractive index measurements are not strength of ion dependent.

[0025] Thus, conductivity and refractive index measurements can provide relatively instantaneous information about a solution albeit in a different manner. In accordance with the present disclosure, both conductivity measurements and refractive index measurements are taken of the buffer product in order to ensure that the buffer product is made with the proper components and the correct concentrations. Through the use of both measurement techniques, the present disclosure uses an orthoganol monitoring system for maintaining buffer products within preset concentration ranges.

[0026] Monitoring both the conductivity and the refractive index of buffer products made by the buffer formulation system can provide various advantages and benefits. For instance, conductivity measurements alone or refractive index measurements alone do not provide sufficient information and detail regarding the concentration of the various components contained within the buffer product. By monitoring both conductivity and refractive index and by comparing each of these measurements in combination, the amount of estimating or guess work needed to determine if the concentration of the components in the buffer product are minimized. Using both refractive index measurements and conductivity measurements, for instance, helps identify and actually fingerprint individual buffer products, which can be very valuable when creating buffer products inline and in real time.

[0027] In one embodiment, the system and process for producing buffer products occurs within a bioprocess during the harvesting of a cell culture. Buffer products made according to the present disclosure can be fed directly to a bioreactor, but also are used in many downstream processes. For exemplary purposes only, FIG. 1 illustrates one example of a bioprocess that may incorporate the system and process for producing buffer products in accordance with the present disclosure. The bioreactor system includes a bioreactor 10. In general, the system and process of the present disclosure can use any suitable bioreactor. The bioreactor, for instance, may comprise a fermenter, a stirred-tank reactor, an adherent bioreactor, a wave-type bioreactor, a disposable bioreactor, and the like. In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1, the bioreactor 10 comprises a hollow vessel or container that includes a bioreactor volume 12 for receiving a cell culture within a fluid growth medium. As shown in FIG. 1, the bioreactor system can further include a rotatable shaft 14 coupled to an agitator such as dual impellers 16 and 18 and to a motor 24.

[0028] The bioreactor 10 can be made from various different materials. In one embodiment, for instance, the bioreactor 10 can be made from metal, such as stainless steel. Alternatively, the bioreactor 10 may comprise a single use bioreactor made from a rigid polymer or a flexible polymer film.

[0029] The bioreactor 10 can have any suitable volume. For instance, the volume of the bioreactor 10 can be from 0.1 mL to about 25,000 L or larger. For example, the volume 12 of the bioreactor 10 can be greater than about 0.5 L, such as greater than about 1 L, such as greater than about 5 L, such as greater than about 10 L. The volume of the bioreactor 10 is generally less than about 25,000 L, such as less than about 15,000 L, such as less than about 10,000 L, such as less than about 5,000 L, such as less than about 1,000 L, such as less than about 100 L, such as less than about 50 L, such as less than about 20 L.

[0030] In addition to the impellers 16 and 18, the bioreactor 10 can include various additional equipment, such as baffles, spargers, gas supplies, heat exchangers or thermal circulator ports, and the like which allow for the cultivation and propagation of biological cells. For example, in the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1, the bioreactor 10 includes a sparger 20 and a baffle 22.

[0031] As shown in FIG. 1, the bioreactor 10 also includes a plurality of ports. The ports can allow supply lines and feed lines into and out of the bioreactor 10 for adding and removing fluids and other materials. In addition, the one or more ports may be for connecting to one or more probes for monitoring conditions within the bioreactor 10. In addition, the bioreactor 10 and be placed in association with a load cell for measuring the mass of the culture within the bioreactor.

[0032] In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1, the bioreactor 10 includes a bottom port 26 connected to an effluent 28 for withdrawing materials from the bioreactor continuously or periodically. Materials can be withdrawn from the bioreactor 10 using any suitable method. For instance, in an alternative embodiment, an effluent can be removed from the bioreactor 10 from the top of the bioreactor using a dip tube. In addition, the bioreactor 10 includes a plurality of top ports, such as ports 30, 32, and 34. Port 30 is in fluid communication with a first fluid feed 36, port 32 is in fluid communication with a second feed 38 and port 34 is in fluid communication with a third feed 40. The feeds 36, 38 and 40 are for feeding various different materials to the bioreactor 10, such as a nutrient media.

[0033] As shown in FIG. 1, the bioreactor can be in communication with multiple nutrient feeds. In this manner, a nutrient media can be fed to the bioreactor containing only a single nutrient for better controlling the concentration of the nutrient in the bioreactor during the process. In addition or alternatively, the different feed lines can be used to feed gases and liquids separately to the bioreactor.

[0034] Once a cell culture has been propagated in the bioreactor 10, in one embodiment, the cell culture is fed to a harvest system for harvesting a bioproduct. Not shown, for instance, the system may include a harvest tank, and a centrifuge. In many systems, the bioproduct being harvested can then be fed to downstream purification processes. For example, in FIG. 1, the bioproduct harvested from the bioreactor 10 can be fed to a first filtration device 42, a chromatography device 44, and a second filtration device 46. It should be understood that the system illustrated in FIG. 1 is merely exemplary and the system can include more than one chromatography device, less than two filtration devices or more than two filtration devices as desired.

[0035] The filtration devices 42 and 46 may include a variety of filtration mechanisms. For example, in one embodiment, one of the filtration devices may comprise a tangential flow filtration (TFF) device. A tangential flow filtration device, for instance, may enable the diafiltration of the product stream. A tangential flow filtration device may include two stages; volume reduction and diafiltration. During the volume reduction step, the bulk volume of the cell culture medias is filtered out through the permeate side of the filter until a desired product concentration is reached in the holding tank. In a diafiltration stage following the volume reduction stage, the concentrated product is washed with a fluid, such as a buffer, to remove cell culture or harvest media components that are undesired or are unacceptable. Further volume reduction may also be carried out after diafiltration to reach a desired product density.

[0036] In one embodiment, the filtration devices 42 and 46 may use ultrafiltration. During ultrafiltration, the product stream is fed through a semipermeable membrane. Suspended solids and solutes of high molecular weight are retained as a retentate, while water and low molecular weight solutes pass through the membrane as the permeate. Ultrafiltration is particularly well suited to purifying and concentrating protein solutions. In one embodiment, ultrafiltration can be used with diafiltration as described above. The chromatography device 44 as shown in FIG. 1 may use various different chromatography methods such as affinity chromatography, gel filtration chromatography, ion exchange chromatography, reversed phase chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography, and the like.

[0037] The process and system of the present disclosure, for instance, can use any suitable chromatography method.

[0038] Similar to the filtration devices 42 and 46, the chromatography device 44 also needs a buffer for proper operation of the device. The buffer needed for the chromatography device 44 can be different than the buffer needed for the first filtration device 42 which can also be different than the buffer needed for the second filtration device 46. Also, as described above, the system can include more filtration devices and more chromatography devices leading to the necessity for even a greater number of different buffers.

[0039] In this regard, the system as shown in FIG. 1 includes a buffer distribution subsystem 50. The buffer distribution subsystem 50 is shown in greater detail in FIG. 2. The buffer distribution subsystem 50 includes a plurality of buffer feed tanks that each contain a different buffer solution. The different buffer solutions are used to formulate a buffer product for feeding to the bioprocess. In the embodiment illustrated in the figures, for instance, the system includes buffer feed tanks 52, 54, 56 and 58. In general, the system can include anywhere from 2 to about 12 buffer feed tanks. The embodiment illustrated in the figures is for exemplary purposes only. The buffer feed tanks 52, 54, 56 and 58 are in fluid communication with a mixing device 60 for formulating a buffer product from the different buffer solutions. The mixing device 60 can comprise any suitable mixing apparatus. For example, the mixing device 60 may be a mixing tank. In an alternative embodiment, the mixing device 60 may be an inline mixing device.

[0040] In accordance with the present disclosure, once a buffer product is formulated from the buffer solutions, the final buffer product is monitored to ensure that the buffer product is within specifications and contains the correct components in the correct proportionate amounts. In this regard, the buffer product is in fluid communication with various different measuring devices. In the embodiment illustrated in the figures, for instance, the system includes a conductivity probe 62, a refractive index measuring device 64, and a pH probe 66. In addition, the system can include a temperature measurement device. Refractive index measurements and conductivity measurements, for instance, can be temperature dependent. In this regard, temperature measuring device may be incorporated into the conductivity probe 62 and/or the refractive index measuring device 64.

[0041] As shown in FIG. 1, the system can further include a controller 70. The controller may comprise one or more programmable devices or microprocessors. As shown, the controller 70 can be in communication with the one or more feeds 36, 38 and 40 and with one or more effluents 28. In addition, the controller 70 can control the buffer distribution subsystem 50. For instance, the controller 70 is configured to receive measurements and other data from the conductivity probe 62, the refractive index measuring device 64, and the pH probe 66. In addition, the controller 70 can control the flow of a buffer solution from each of the buffer feed tanks 52, 54, 56 and 58. For instance, buffer feed tank 52 includes a flow control device 72, buffer feed tank 54 includes a flow control device 74, buffer feed tank 56 includes a flow control device 76 and buffer feed tank 58 includes a flow control device 78. The flow control devices 72, 74, 76 and 78 control the amount of each respective buffer solution that is used to produce the buffer product within the mixing device 60. In addition, each flow control device 72, 74, 76 and 78 is in communication and controlled by the controller 70. In this manner, the controller 70 can be used to formulate a buffer product in the mixing device 60, monitor the buffer product being formed, and make corrections or changes as desired.

[0042] For example, once a buffer product is formulated, conductivity measurements, refractive index measurements, and the pH of the buffer product can be fed to the controller 70. The controller 70 can compare the measured parameters to a predetermined or preset limit or predetermined range for each parameter.

[0043] For example, the controller 70 can receive conductivity measurements from the conductivity probe 62 and compare the measured conductivity to a preset conductivity range. If the measured conductivity is outside of the preset range, the controller 70 can be configured to alter the flow rate of the buffer solutions by controlling the flow control devices 72, 74, 76 and 78 in order to take corrective action to ensure that the buffer product stays within the preset conductivity range. Similarly, the controller 70 can receive refractive index measurements and compare them to a preset refractive index range. If the buffer product is outside of the preset refractive index range, the controller 70 can control flow of the buffer solutions and change the relative proportions of the buffer solutions in order to maintain the buffer product within the preset refractive index range. The controller 70 can also take the same corrective action with respect to pH and any other measurements made on the buffer product. In formulating the buffer product, the controller 70 can be programmed with the particular buffer solutions contained in each of the buffer solution tanks 52, 54, 56 and 58 and can be preprogrammed with a recipe for creating the desired buffer product that is to be fed to one location within the bioprocess. For instance, as shown in FIG. 1, the particular bioproduct formulated can be fed alternatively to the bioreactor 10 through the feed port 40, to the first filter device 42, to the chromatography device 44, or to the second filter device 46.

[0044] The present conductivity range and the preset refractive index range can be set and determined based upon various different factors. In one embodiment, a buffer product made according to a certain recipe has a conductivity set point and a refractive index set point as determined according to a particular temperature. The controller 70 can be programmed with a preset conductivity range and/or a preset refractive index range that is within tolerance limits of the conductivity set point and refractive index set point. For instance, in one embodiment, the preset conductivity range can be within about 15%, such as within about 10%, such as within about 5% of the conductivity set point. Similarly, the refractive index range can be within about 15%, such as within about 10%, such as within about 5% of the refractive index set point.

[0045] The buffer solutions contained in the buffer solution feed tanks 52, 54, 56 and 58 can vary depending upon the particular application. In one embodiment, for instance, at least one of the buffer solutions contains a bicarbonate solution for maintaining a given pH level within a target environment, such as within a bioreactor. Other buffer solutions that may be contained in the buffer solution tanks include at least one of tricine, bicine, a sulfonic acid, sodium cacodylate, sodium acetate, sodium phosphate, sodium chloride, an acetic acid, glycinamide, acetamidoglycine, or mixtures thereof.

[0046] Various buffer components that may be contained in the buffer solution can include any of the following: tris(hydroxymethyl) aminomethane, tricine, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazive ethane sulfonic acid, 3-(N-morpholino)propane sulfonic acid, piperazine-N-n-bis(2-ethanesulfonic acid), [tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamino] propanesulfonic acid, bicine, N,N-bis[2-hydroxyethyl]-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid, 2-[[1,3-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)propan-2-yl]amino]ethanesulfonicacid, sodium cacodylate, 2-(N-morpholino) ethanesulfonic acid, acetate, 2[(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-(carboxymethyl) amino] acetic acid, N-(2-acetamido)-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid, glycinamide, acetamidoglycine, acetic acid, or mixtures thereof.

[0047] In addition to varying the different buffer components contained in each of the buffer solutions, the concentration of each component can also vary. In one embodiment, for instance, the buffer components can be contained in the buffer solutions at relatively high concentrations that are later diluted when producing buffer products. For instance, in one embodiment, a diluent, such as distilled water, can also be placed in communication with the mixing device 60 for formulating the buffer product.

[0048] Many of the buffer components contained within the buffer solutions have a common anion or cation. Thus, many buffer products will contain buffer components with the same cation or anion. By using a conductivity probe in conjunction with a refractive index measurement device, however, both measurements can be used to ascertain whether the correct buffer component is present and whether the buffer component is present in the buffer product at the desired concentration levels.

[0049] In one embodiment, the controller 70 can also be used to monitor each of the buffer solutions contained in the buffer feed tanks 52, 54, 56 and 58. For instance, as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, each buffer feed tank 52, 54, 56 and 58 can be in communication with a corresponding refractive index measuring device 82, 84, 86 and 88. If desired, each buffer feed tank 52, 54, 56 and 58 can also be in communication with a conductivity probe and/or pH probe. The conductivity measuring devices 82, 84, 86 and 88 can send measurements and other data to the controller 70. In this way, the controller 70 can more accurately determine the composition of each buffer solution. By knowing with greater accuracy the components of each buffer solution, the controller 70 can better control flow rates and maintain the buffer product within preset parameter ranges. For example, in one embodiment, the controller 70 can receive measurements from the conductivity probe 62, the refractive index measuring device 64, and the pH probe 66 and determine whether the buffer product is within preset ranges. The controller 70 can also receive refractive index measurements of each of the individual buffer solutions from the refractive index measurement devices 82, 84, 86 and 88. If the buffer product is outside of any preset ranges, the controller 70 can then automatically control the flow control devices 72, 74, 76 and 78 based upon the refractive index measurements of the individual buffer solutions in order to make any corrections to the buffer product being formulated. The process and system can occur inline and can be used to formulate many different buffer products for delivering to the different stages of the bioprocess. For instance, different buffer products can be formulated for the bioreactor 10, the first filtering device 42, the chromatography device 44, and/or the second filtering device 46.

[0050] The devices, facilities and methods described herein are suitable for culturing any desired cell line including prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic cell lines. Further, in embodiments, the devices, facilities and methods are suitable for culturing suspension cells or anchorage-dependent (adherent) cells and are suitable for production operations configured for production of pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical productssuch as polypeptide products, nucleic acid products (for example DNA or RNA), or cells and/or viruses such as those used in cellular and/or viral therapies.

[0051] In embodiments, the cells express or produce a product, such as a recombinant therapeutic or diagnostic product. As described in more detail below, examples of products produced by cells include, but are not limited to, antibody molecules (e.g., monoclonal antibodies, bispecific antibodies), antibody mimetics (polypeptide molecules that bind specifically to antigens but that are not structurally related to antibodies such as e.g. DARPins, affibodies, adnectins, or IgNARs), fusion proteins (e.g., Fc fusion proteins, chimeric cytokines), other recombinant proteins (e.g., glycosylated proteins, enzymes, hormones), viral therapeutics (e.g., anti-cancer oncolytic viruses, viral vectors for gene therapy and viral immunotherapy), cell therapeutics (e.g., pluripotent stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells and adult stem cells), vaccines or lipid-encapsulated particles (e.g., exosomes, virus-like particles), RNA (such as e.g. siRNA) or DNA (such as e.g. plasmid DNA), antibiotics or amino acids. In embodiments, the devices, facilities and methods can be used for producing biosimilars.

[0052] As mentioned, in embodiments, devices, facilities and methods allow for the production of eukaryotic cells, e.g., mammalian cells or lower eukaryotic cells such as for example yeast cells or filamentous fungi cells, or prokaryotic cells such as Gram-positive or Gram-negative cells and/or products of the eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells, e.g., proteins, peptides, antibiotics, amino acids, nucleic acids (such as DNA or RNA), synthesised by the eukaryotic cells in a large-scale manner. Unless stated otherwise herein, the devices, facilities, and methods can include any desired volume or production capacity including but not limited to bench-scale, pilot-scale, and full production scale capacities.

[0053] Moreover and unless stated otherwise herein, the devices, facilities, and methods can include any suitable reactor(s) including but not limited to stirred tank, airlift, fiber, microfiber, hollow fiber, ceramic matrix, fluidized bed, fixed bed, and/or spouted bed bioreactors. As used herein, reactor can include a fermentor or fermentation unit, or any other reaction vessel and the term reactor is used interchangeably with fermentor. For example, in some aspects, an example bioreactor unit can perform one or more, or all, of the following: feeding of nutrients and/or carbon sources, injection of suitable gas (e.g., oxygen), inlet and outlet flow of fermentation or cell culture medium, separation of gas and liquid phases, maintenance of temperature, maintenance of oxygen and CO2 levels, maintenance of pH level, agitation (e.g., stirring), and/or cleaning/sterilizing. Example reactor units, such as a fermentation unit, may contain multiple reactors within the unit, for example the unit can have 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, or 100, or more bioreactors in each unit and/or a facility may contain multiple units having a single or multiple reactors within the facility. In various embodiments, the bioreactor can be suitable for batch, semi fed-batch, fed-batch, perfusion, and/or a continuous fermentation processes. Any suitable reactor diameter can be used. In embodiments, the bioreactor can have a volume between about 100 mL and about 50,000 L. Non-limiting examples include a volume of 100 mL, 250 mL, 500 mL, 750 mL, 1 liter, 2 liters, 3 liters, 4 liters, 5 liters, 6 liters, 7 liters, 8 liters, 9 liters, 10 liters, 15 liters, 20 liters, 25 liters, 30 liters, 40 liters, 50 liters, 60 liters, 70 liters, 80 liters, 90 liters, 100 liters, 150 liters, 200 liters, 250 liters, 300 liters, 350 liters, 400 liters, 450 liters, 500 liters, 550 liters, 600 liters, 650 liters, 700 liters, 750 liters, 800 liters, 850 liters, 900 liters, 950 liters, 1000 liters, 1500 liters, 2000 liters, 2500 liters, 3000 liters, 3500 liters, 4000 liters, 4500 liters, 5000 liters, 6000 liters, 7000 liters, 8000 liters, 9000 liters, 10,000 liters, 15,000 liters, 20,000 liters, and/or 50,000 liters. Additionally, suitable reactors can be multi-use, single-use, disposable, or non-disposable and can be formed of any suitable material including metal alloys such as stainless steel (e.g., 316L or any other suitable stainless steel) and Inconel, plastics, and/or glass.

[0054] In embodiments and unless stated otherwise herein, the devices, facilities, and methods described herein can also include any suitable unit operation and/or equipment not otherwise mentioned, such as operations and/or equipment for separation, purification, and isolation of such products. Any suitable facility and environment can be used, such as traditional stick-built facilities, modular, mobile and temporary facilities, or any other suitable construction, facility, and/or layout. For example, in some embodiments modular clean-rooms can be used. Additionally and unless otherwise stated, the devices, systems, and methods described herein can be housed and/or performed in a single location or facility or alternatively be housed and/or performed at separate or multiple locations and/or facilities.

[0055] By way of non-limiting examples and without limitation, U.S. Publication Nos. 2013/0280797; 2012/0077429; 2011/0280797; 2009/0305626; and U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,298,054; 7,629,167; and 5,656,491, which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety, describe example facilities, equipment, and/or systems that may be suitable.

[0056] In embodiments, the cells are eukaryotic cells, e.g., mammalian cells. The mammalian cells can be for example human or rodent or bovine cell lines or cell strains. Examples of such cells, cell lines or cell strains are e.g. mouse myeloma (NSO)-cell lines, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-cell lines, HT1080, H9, HepG2, MCF7, MDBK Jurkat, NIH3T3, PC12, BHK (baby hamster kidney cell), VERO, SP2/0, YB2/0, YO, C127, L cell, COS, e.g., COS1 and COS7, QC1-3,HEK-293, VERO, PER.C6, HeLA, EB1, EB2, EB3, oncolytic or hybridoma-cell lines. Preferably the mammalian cells are CHO-cell lines. In one embodiment, the cell is a CHO cell. In one embodiment, the cell is a CHO-K1 cell, a CHO-K1 SV cell, a DG44 CHO cell, a DUXB11 CHO cell, a CHOS, a CHO GS knock-out cell, a CHO FUT8 GS knock-out cell, a CHOZN, or a CHO-derived cell. The CHO GS knock-out cell (e.g., GSKO cell) is, for example, a CHO-K1 SV GS knockout cell. The CHO FUT8 knockout cell is, for example, the Potelligent CHOK1 SV (Lonza Biologics, Inc.). Eukaryotic cells can also be avian cells, cell lines or cell strains, such as for example, EBx cells, EB14, EB24, EB26, EB66, or EBv13.

[0057] In one embodiment, the eukaryotic cells are stem cells. The stem cells can be, for example, pluripotent stem cells, including embryonic stem cells (ESCs), adult stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), tissue specific stem cells (e.g., hematopoietic stem cells) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs).

[0058] In one embodiment, the cells are for cell therapy.

[0059] In one embodiment, the cells may include T cells, or immune cells. For instance, the cells can include B cells, natural killer cells, dendritic cells, tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, monocytes, megakaryocytes, or the like.

[0060] In one embodiment, the cell is a differentiated form of any of the cells described herein. In one embodiment, the cell is a cell derived from any primary cell in culture.

[0061] In embodiments, the cell is a hepatocyte such as a human hepatocyte, animal hepatocyte, or a non-parenchymal cell. For example, the cell can be a plateable metabolism qualified human hepatocyte, a plateable induction qualified human hepatocyte, plateable Qualyst Transporter Certified TM human hepatocyte, suspension qualified human hepatocyte (including 10-donor and 20-donor pooled hepatocytes), human hepatic kupffer cells, human hepatic stellate cells, dog hepatocytes (including single and pooled Beagle hepatocytes), mouse hepatocytes (including CD-1 and C57BI/6 hepatocytes), rat hepatocytes (including Sprague-Dawley, Wistar Han, and Wistar hepatocytes), monkey hepatocytes (including Cynomolgus or Rhesus monkey hepatocytes), cat hepatocytes (including Domestic Shorthair hepatocytes), and rabbit hepatocytes (including New Zealand White hepatocytes). Example hepatocytes are commercially available from Triangle Research Labs, LLC, 6 Davis Drive Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA 27709.

[0062] In one embodiment, the eukaryotic cell is a lower eukaryotic cell such as e.g. a yeast cell (e.g., Pichia genus (e.g. Pichia pastoris, Pichia methanolica, Pichia kluyveri, and Pichia angusta), Komagataella genus (e.g. Komagataella pastoris, Komagataella pseudopastoris or Komagataella phaffii), Saccharomyces genus (e.g. Saccharomyces cerevisae, cerevisiae, Saccharomyces kluyveri, Saccharomyces uvarum), Kluyveromyces genus (e.g. Kluyveromyces lactis, Kluyveromyces marxianus), the Candida genus (e.g. Candida utilis, Candida cacaoi, Candida boidinii,), the Geotrichum genus (e.g. Geotrichum fermentans), Hansenula polymorpha, Yarrowia lipolytica, or Schizosaccharomyces pombe,. Preferred is the species Pichia pastoris. Examples for Pichia pastoris strains are X33, GS115, KM71, KM71H; and CBS7435.

[0063] In one embodiment, the eukaryotic cell is a fungal cell (e.g. Aspergillus (such as A. niger, A. fumigatus, A. orzyae, A. nidula), Acremonium (such as A. thermophilum), Chaetomium (such as C. thermophilum), Chrysosporium (such as C. thermophile), Cordyceps (such as C. militaris), Corynascus, Ctenomyces, Fusarium (such as F. oxysporum), Glomerella (such as G. graminicola), Hypocrea (such as H. jecorina), Magnaporthe (such as M. orzyae), Myceliophthora (such as M. thermophile), Nectria (such as N. heamatococca), Neurospora (such as N. crassa), Penicillium, Sporotrichum (such as S. thermophile), Thielavia (such as T. terrestris, T. heterothallica), Trichoderma (such as T. reesei), or Verticillium (such as V. dahlia)).

[0064] In one embodiment, the eukaryotic cell is an insect cell (e.g., Sf9, Mimic Sf9, Sf21, High Five (BT1-TN-5B1-4), or BT1-Ea88 cells), an algae cell (e.g., of the genus Amphora, Bacillariophyceae, Dunaliella, Chlorella, Chlamydomonas, Cyanophyta (cyanobacteria), Nannochloropsis, Spirulina, or Ochromonas), or a plant cell (e.g., cells from monocotyledonous plants (e.g., maize, rice, wheat, or Setaria), or from a dicotyledonous plants (e.g., cassava, potato, soybean, tomato, tobacco, alfalfa, Physcomitrella patens or Arabidopsis).

[0065] In one embodiment, the cell is a bacterial or prokaryotic cell.

[0066] In embodiments, the prokaryotic cell is a Gram-positive cells such as Bacillus, Streptomyces Streptococcus, Staphylococcus or Lactobacillus. Bacillus that can be used is, e.g. the B. subtilis, B. amyloliquefaciens, B. licheniformis, B. natto, or B. megaterium. In embodiments, the cell is B. subtilis, such as B. subtilis 3NA and B.subtilis 168. Bacillus is obtainable from, e.g., the Bacillus Genetic Stock Center, Biological Sciences 556, 484 West 12th Avenue, Columbus Ohio 43210-1214.

[0067] In one embodiment, the prokaryotic cell is a Gram-negative cell, such as Salmonella spp. or Escherichia coli, such as e.g., TG1, TG2, W3110, DH1, DHB4, DH5a, HMS 174, HMS174 (DE3), NM533, C600, HB101, JM109, MC4100, XL1-Blue and Origami, as well as those derived from E. coli B-strains, such as for example BL-21 or BL21 (DE3), all of which are commercially available.

[0068] Suitable host cells are commercially available, for example, from culture collections such as the DSMZ (Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen and Zellkulturen GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany) or the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC).

[0069] In embodiments, the cultured cells are used to produce proteins e.g., antibodies, e.g., monoclonal antibodies, and/or recombinant proteins, for therapeutic use. In embodiments, the cultured cells produce peptides, amino acids, fatty acids or other useful biochemical intermediates or metabolites. For example, in embodiments, molecules having a molecular weight of about 4000 daltons to greater than about 140,000 daltons can be produced. In embodiments, these molecules can have a range of complexity and can include posttranslational modifications including glycosylation.

[0070] In embodiments, the protein is, e.g., BOTOX, Myobloc, Neurobloc, Dysport (or other serotypes of botulinum neurotoxins), alglucosidase alpha, daptomycin, YH-16, choriogonadotropin alpha, filgrastim, cetrorelix, interleukin-2, aldesleukin, teceleulin, denileukin diftitox, interferon alpha-n3 (injection), interferon alpha-nl, DL-8234, interferon, Suntory (gamma-1a), interferon gamma, thymosin alpha 1, tasonermin, DigiFab, ViperaTAb, EchiTAb, CroFab, nesiritide, abatacept, alefacept, Rebif, eptoterminalfa, teriparatide (osteoporosis), calcitonin injectable (bone disease), calcitonin (nasal, osteoporosis), etanercept, hemoglobin glutamer 250 (bovine), drotrecogin alpha, collagenase, carperitide, recombinant human epidermal growth factor (topical gel, wound healing), DWP401, darbepoetin alpha, epoetin omega, epoetin beta, epoetin alpha, desirudin, lepirudin, bivalirudin, nonacog alpha, Mononine, eptacog alpha (activated), recombinant Factor VIII+VWF, Recombinate, recombinant Factor VIII, Factor VIII (recombinant), Alphnmate, octocog alpha, Factor VIII, palifermin,Indikinase, tenecteplase, alteplase, pamiteplase, reteplase, nateplase, monteplase, follitropin alpha, rFSH, hpFSH, micafungin, pegfilgrastim, lenograstim, nartograstim, sermorelin, glucagon, exenatide, pramlintide, iniglucerase, galsulfase, Leucotropin, molgramostirn, triptorelin acetate, histrelin (subcutaneous implant, Hydron), deslorelin, histrelin, nafarelin, leuprolide sustained release depot (ATRIGEL), leuprolide implant (DUROS), goserelin, Eutropin, KP-102 program, somatropin, mecasermin (growth failure), enlfavirtide, Org-33408, insulin glargine, insulin glulisine, insulin (inhaled), insulin lispro, insulin deternir, insulin (buccal, RapidMist), mecasermin rinfabate, anakinra, celmoleukin, 99 mTc-apcitide injection, myelopid, Betaseron, glatiramer acetate, Gepon, sargramostim, oprelvekin, human leukocyte-derived alpha interferons, Bilive, insulin (recombinant), recombinant human insulin, insulin aspart, mecasenin, Roferon-A, interferon-alpha 2, Alfaferone, interferon alfacon-1, interferon alpha, Avonex' recombinant human luteinizing hormone, dornase alpha, trafermin, ziconotide, taltirelin, diboterminalfa, atosiban, becaplermin, eptifibatide, Zemaira, CTC-111, Shanvac-B, HPV vaccine (quadrivalent), octreotide, lanreotide, ancestirn, agalsidase beta, agalsidase alpha, laronidase, prezatide copper acetate (topical gel), rasburicase, ranibizumab, Actimmune, PEG-Intron, Tricomin, recombinant house dust mite allergy desensitization injection, recombinant human parathyroid hormone (PTH) 1-84 (sc, osteoporosis), epoetin delta, transgenic antithrombin III, Granditropin, Vitrase, recombinant insulin, interferon-alpha (oral lozenge), GEM-21S, vapreotide, idursulfase, omnapatrilat, recombinant serum albumin, certolizumab pegol, glucarpidase, human recombinant Cl esterase inhibitor (angioedema), lanoteplase, recombinant human growth hormone, enfuvirtide (needle-free injection, Biojector 2000), VGV-1, interferon (alpha), lucinactant, aviptadil (inhaled, pulmonary disease), icatibant, ecallantide, omiganan, Aurograb, pexigananacetate, ADI-PEG-20, LDI-200, degarelix, cintredelinbesudotox, Favld, MDX-1379, ISAtx-247, liraglutide, teriparatide (osteoporosis), tifacogin, AA4500, T4N5 liposome lotion, catumaxomab, DWP413, ART-123, Chrysalin, desmoteplase, amediplase, corifollitropinalpha, TH-9507, teduglutide, Diamyd, DWP-412, growth hormone (sustained release injection), recombinant G-CSF, insulin (inhaled, AIR), insulin (inhaled, Technosphere), insulin (inhaled, AERx), RGN-303, DiaPep277, interferon beta (hepatitis C viral infection (HCV)), interferon alpha-n3 (oral), belatacept, transdermal insulin patches, AMG-531, MBP-8298, Xerecept, opebacan, AIDSVAX, GV-1001, LymphoScan, ranpirnase, Lipoxysan, lusupultide, MP52 (beta-tricalciumphosphate carrier, bone regeneration), melanoma vaccine, sipuleucel-T, CTP-37, Insegia, vitespen, human thrombin (frozen, surgical bleeding), thrombin, TransMID, alfimeprase, Puricase, terlipressin (intravenous, hepatorenal syndrome), EUR-1008M, recombinant FGF-I (injectable, vascular disease), BDM-E, rotigaptide, ETC-216, P-113, MBI-594AN, duramycin (inhaled, cystic fibrosis), SCV-07, OPI-45, Endostatin, Angiostatin, ABT-510, Bowman Birk Inhibitor Concentrate, XMP-629, 99 mTc-Hynic-Annexin V, kahalalide F, CTCE-9908, teverelix (extended release), ozarelix, rornidepsin, BAY-504798, interleukin4, PRX-321, Pepscan, iboctadekin, rhlactoferrin, TRU-015, IL-21, ATN-161, cilengitide, Albuferon, Biphasix, IRX-2, omega interferon, PCK-3145, CAP-232, pasireotide, huN901-DMI, ovarian cancer immunotherapeutic vaccine, SB-249553, Oncovax-CL, OncoVax-P, BLP-25, CerVax-16, multi-epitope peptide melanoma vaccine (MART-1, gp100, tyrosinase), nemifitide, rAAT (inhaled), rAAT (dermatological), CGRP (inhaled, asthma), pegsunercept, thymosinbeta4, plitidepsin, GTP-200, ramoplanin, GRASPA, OBI-1, AC-100, salmon calcitonin (oral, eligen), calcitonin (oral, osteoporosis), examorelin, capromorelin, Cardeva, velafermin, 131I-TM-601, KK-220, T-10, ularitide, depelestat, hematide, Chrysalin (topical), rNAPc2, recombinant Factor V111 (PEGylated liposomal), bFGF, PEGylated recombinant staphylokinase variant, V-10153, SonoLysis Prolyse, NeuroVax, CZEN-002, islet cell neogenesis therapy, rGLP-1, BIM-51077, LY-548806, exenatide (controlled release, Medisorb), AVE-0010, GA-GCB, avorelin, ACM-9604, linaclotid eacetate, CETi-1, Hemospan, VAL (injectable), fast-acting insulin (injectable, Viadel), intranasal insulin, insulin (inhaled), insulin (oral, eligen), recombinant methionyl human leptin, pitrakinra subcutancous injection, eczema), pitrakinra (inhaled dry powder, asthma), Multikine, RG-1068, MM-093, NBI-6024, AT-001, PI-0824, Org-39141, Cpn10 (autoimmune diseases/inflammation), talactoferrin (topical), rEV-131 (ophthalmic), rEV-131 (respiratory disease), oral recombinant human insulin (diabetes), RPI-78M, oprelvekin (oral), CYT-99007 CTLA4-Ig, DTY-001, valategrast, interferon alpha-n3 (topical), IRX-3, RDP-58, Tauferon, bile salt stimulated lipase, Merispase, alaline phosphatase, EP-2104R, Melanotan-II, bremelanotide, ATL-104, recombinant human microplasmin, AX-200, SEMAX, ACV-1, Xen-2174, CJC-1008, dynorphin A, SI-6603, LAB GHRH, AER-002, BGC-728, malaria vaccine (virosomes, PeviPRO), ALTU-135, parvovirus B19 vaccine, influenza vaccine (recombinant neuraminidase), malaria/HBV vaccine, anthrax vaccine, Vacc-5q, Vacc-4x, HIV vaccine (oral), HPV vaccine, Tat Toxoid, YSPSL, CHS-13340, PTH(1-34) liposomal cream (Novasome), Ostabolin-C, PTH analog (topical, psoriasis), MBRI-93.02, MTB72F vaccine (tuberculosis), MVA-Ag85A vaccine (tuberculosis), FARA04, BA-210, recombinant plague FIV vaccine, AG-702, OxSODrol, rBetV1, Der-p1/Der-p2/Der-p7 allergen-targeting vaccine (dust mite allergy), PR1 peptide antigen (leukemia), mutant ras vaccine, HPV-16 E7 lipopeptide vaccine, labyrinthin vaccine (adenocarcinoma), CIVIL vaccine, WT1-peptide vaccine (cancer), IDD-5, CDX-110, Pentrys, Norelin, CytoFab, P-9808, VT-111, icrocaptide, telbermin (dermatological, diabetic foot ulcer), rupintrivir, reticulose, rGRF, HA, alpha-galactosidase A, ACE-011, ALTU-140, CGX-1160, angiotensin therapeutic vaccine, D-4F, ETC-642, APP-018, rhMBL, SCV-07 (oral, tuberculosis), DRF-7295, ABT-828, ErbB2-specific immunotoxin (anticancer), DT3SSIL-3, TST-10088, PRO-1762, Combotox, cholecystokinin-B/gastrin-receptor binding peptides, 111In-hEGF, AE-37, trasnizumab-DM1, Antagonist G, IL-12 (recombinant), PM-02734, IMP-321, rhIGF-BP3, BLX-883, CUV-1647 (topical), L-19 based radioimmunotherapeutics (cancer), Re-188-P-2045, AMG-386, DC/1540/KLH vaccine (cancer), VX-001, AVE-9633, AC-9301, NY-ESO-1 vaccine (peptides), NA17.A2 peptides, melanoma vaccine (pulsed antigen therapeutic), prostate cancer vaccine, CBP-501, recombinant human lactoferrin (dry eye), FX-06, AP-214, WAP-8294A (injectable), ACP-HIP, SUN-11031, peptide YY [3-36] (obesity, intranasal), FGLL, atacicept, BR3-Fc, BN-003, BA-058, human parathyroid hormone 1-34 (nasal, osteoporosis), F-18-CCR1, AT-1100 (celiac disease/diabetes), JPD-003, PTH(7-34) liposomal cream (Novasome), duramycin (ophthalmic, dry eye), CAB-2, CTCE-0214, GlycoPEGylated erythropoietin, EPO-Fc, CNTO-528, AMG-114, JR-013, Factor XIII, aminocandin, PN-951, 716155, SUN-E7001, TH-0318, BAY-73-7977, teverelix (immediate release), EP-51216, hGH (controlled release, Biosphere), OGP-I, sifuvirtide, TV4710, ALG-889, Org-41259, rhCC10, F-991, thymopentin (pulmonary diseases), r(m)CRP, hepatoselective insulin, subalin, L19-IL-2 fusion protein, elafin, NMK-150, ALTU-139, EN-122004, rhTPO, thrombopoietin receptor agonist (thrombocytopenic disorders), AL-108, AL-208, nerve growth factor antagonists (pain), SLV-317, CGX-1007, INNO-105, oral teriparatide (eligen), GEM-OS1, AC-162352, PRX-302, LFn-p24 fusion vaccine (Therapore), EP-1043, S pneumoniae pediatric vaccine, malaria vaccine, Neisseria meningitidis Group B vaccine, neonatal group B streptococcal vaccine, anthrax vaccine, HCV vaccine (gpE1+gpE2+MF-59), otitis media therapy, HCV vaccine (core antigen+ISCOMATRIX), hPTH(1-34) (transdermal, ViaDerm), 768974, SYN-101, PGN-0052, aviscumnine, BIM-23190, tuberculosis vaccine, multi-epitope tyrosinase peptide, cancer vaccine, enkastim, APC-8024, GI-5005, ACC-001, TTS-CD3, vascular-targeted TNF (solid tumors), desmopressin (buccal controlled-release), onercept, and TP-9201.

[0071] In some embodiments, the polypeptide is adalimumab (HUMIRA), infliximab (REMICADE), rituximab (RITUXAN/MAB THERA) etanercept (ENBREL), bevacizumab (AVASTIN), trastuzumab (HERCEPTIN), pegrilgrastim (NEULASTA), or any other suitable polypeptide including biosimilars and biobetters.

[0072] Other suitable polypeptides are those listed below and in Table 1 of US2016/0097074 :

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE I Protein Product Reference Listed Drug interferon gamma-1b Actimmune alteplase; tissue plasminogen activator Activase/Cathflo Recombinant antihemophilic factor Advate human albumin Albutein Laronidase Aldurazyme Interferon alfa-N3, human leukocyte derived Alferon N human antihemophilic factor Alphanate virus-filtered human coagulation factor IX AlphaNine SD Alefacept; recombinant, dimeric fusion protein Amevive LFA3-Ig Bivalirudin Angiomax darbepoetin alfa Aranesp Bevacizumab Avastin interferon beta-1a; recombinant Avonex coagulation factor IX BeneFix Interferon beta-1b Betaseron Tositumomab BEXXAR antihemophilic factor Bioclate human growth hormone BioTropin botulinum toxin type A BOTOX Alemtuzumab Campath acritumomab; technetium-99 labeled CEA-Scan alglucerase; modified form of beta- Ceredase glucocerebrosidase imiglucerase; recombinant form of beta- Cerezyme glucocerebrosidase crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab, ovine CroFab digoxin immune fab [ovine] DigiFab Rasburicase Elitek Etanercept ENBREL epoietin alfa Epogen Cetuximab Erbitux algasidase beta Fabrazyme Urofollitropin Fertinex follitropin beta Follistim Teriparatide FORTEO human somatropin GenoTropin Glucagon GlucaGen follitropin alfa Gonal-F antihemophilic factor Helixate Antihemophilic Factor; Factor XIII HEMOFIL adefovir dipivoxil Hepsera Trastuzumab Herceptin Insulin Humalog antihemophilic factor/von Willebrand factor Humate-P complex-human Somatotropin Humatrope Adalimumab HUMIRA human insulin Humulin recombinant human hyaluronidase Hylenex interferon alfacon-1 Infergen eptifibatide Integrilin alpha-interferon Intron A Palifermin Kepivance Anakinra Kineret antihemophilic factor Kogenate FS insulin glargine Lantus granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating Leukine g/Leukine factor Liquid lutropin alfa for injection Luveris OspA lipoprotein LYMErix Ranibizumab LUCENTIS gemtuzumab ozogamicin Mylotarg Galsulfase Naglazyme Nesiritide Natrecor Pegfilgrastim Neulasta Oprelvekin Neumega Filgrastim Neupogen Fanolesomab NeutroSpec (formerly LeuTech) somatropin [rDNA] Norditropin / Norditropin Nordiflex Mitoxantrone Novantrone insulin; zinc suspension; Novolin L insulin; isophane suspension Novolin N insulin, regular; Novolin R Insulin Novolin coagulation factor VIIa NovoSeven Somatropin Nutropin immunoglobulin intravenous Octagam PEG-L-asparaginase Oncaspar abatacept, fully human soluable fusion protein Orencia muromomab-CD3 Orthoclone OKT3 high-molecular weight hyaluronan Orthovisc human chorionic gonadotropin Ovidrel live attenuated Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Pacis peginterferon alfa-2a Pegasys pegylated version of interferon alfa-2b PEG-Intron Abarelix (injectable suspension); gonadotropin- Plenaxis releasing hormone antagonist epoietin alfa Procrit Aldesleukin Proleukin, IL-2 Somatrem Protropin dornase alfa Pulmozyme Efalizumab; selective, reversible T-cell blocker RAPTIVA combination of ribavirin and alpha interferon Rebetron Interferon beta 1a Rebif antihemophilic factor Recombinate rAHF/ antihemophilic factor ReFacto Lepirudin Refludan Infliximab REMICADE Abciximab ReoPro Reteplase Retavase Rituxima Rituxan interferon alfa-2.sup.a Roferon-A Somatropin Saizen synthetic porcine secretin SecreFlo Basiliximab Simulect Eculizumab SOLIRIS (R) Pegvisomant SOMAVERT Palivizumab; recombinantly produced, Synagis humanized mAb thyrotropin alfa Thyrogen Tenecteplase TNKase Natalizumab TYSABRI human immune globulin intravenous 5% and Venoglobulin-S 10% solutions interferon alfa-n1, lymphoblastoid Wellferon drotrecogin alfa Xigris Omalizumab; recombinant DNA-derived Xolair humanized monoclonal antibody targeting immunoglobulin-E Daclizumab Zenapax ibritumomab tiuxetan Zevalin Somatotropin Zorbtive(Serostim)

[0073] In embodiments, the polypeptide is a hormone, blood clotting/coagulation factor, cytokine/growth factor, antibody molelcule, fusion protein, protein vaccine, or peptide as shown in Table 2.

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Exemplary Products Therapeutic Product type Product Trade Name Hormone Erythropoietin, Epoein- Epogen, Procrit Darbepoetin- Aranesp Growth hormone (GH), Genotropin, Humatrope, somatotropin Norditropin, NovIVitropin, Human follicle- Nutropin, Omnitrope, Protropin, stimulating hormone Siazen, Serostim, Valtropin (FSH) Gonal-F, Follistim Human chorionic Ovidrel gonadotropin Luveris Lutropin- GlcaGen Glucagon Geref Growth hormone ChiRhoStim (human peptide), releasing hormone SecreFlo (porcine peptide) (GHRH) Thyrogen Secretin Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thyrotropin Blood Factor VIIa NovoSeven Clotting/ Factor VIII Bioclate, Helixate, Kogenate, Coagulation Factor IX Recombinate, ReFacto Factors Antithrombin III (AT-III) Benefix Protein C concentrate Thrombate III Ceprotin Cytokine/ Type I alpha-interferon Infergen Growth Interferon-n3 (IFNn3) Alferon N factor Interferon-1a (rIFN- Avonex, Rebif ) Betaseron Interferon-1b (rIFN- Actimmune ) Proleukin Interferon-1b (IFN) Kepivance Aldesleukin (interleukin Regranex 2(IL2), epidermal Anril, Kineret theymocyte activating Avastin factor; ETAF Erbitux Palifermin (keratinocyte Vectibix growth factor; KGF) Campath Becaplemin (platelet- Rituxan derived growth factor; Herceptin PDGF) Orencia Anakinra (recombinant Humira IL1 antagonist) Enbrel Antibody Bevacizumab (VEGFA Remicade molecules mAb) Amevive Cetuximab (EGFR mAb) Raptiva Panitumumab (EGFR Tysabri mAb) Soliris Alemtuzumab (CD52 Orthoclone, OKT3 mAb) Rituximab (CD20 chimeric Ab) Trastuzumab (HER2/Neu mAb) Abatacept (CTLA Ab/Fc fusion) Adalimumab (TNFmAb) Etanercept (TNF receptor/Fc fusion) Infliximab (TNF chimeric mAb) Alefacept (CD2 fusion protein) Efalizumab (CD11a mAb) Natalizumab (integrin 4 subunit mAb) Eculizumab (C5mAb) Muromonab-CD3 Other: Insulin Humulin, Novolin Fusion Hepatitis B surface Engerix, Recombivax HB proteins/ antigen (HBsAg) Gardasil Protein HPV vaccine LYMErix vaccines/ OspA Rhophylac Peptides Anti-Rhesus(Rh) Fuzeon immunoglobulin G QMONOS Enfuvirtide Spider silk, e.g., fibrion

[0074] In embodiments, the protein is multispecific protein, e.g., a bispecific antibody as shown in Table 3.

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Bispecific Formats Name (other names, Proposed Diseases (or sponsoring BsAb mechanisms of Development healthy organizations) format Targets action stages volunteers) Catumaxomab BsIgG: CD3, Retargeting of T Approved in Malignant (Removab, Triomab EpCAM cells to tumor, EU ascites in Fresenius Fc mediated EpCAM Biotech, Trion effector positive tumors Pharma, functions Neopharm) Ertumaxomab BsIgG: CD3, HER2 Retargeting of T Phase I/II Advanced solid (Neovii Biotech, Triomab cells to tumor tumors Fresenius Biotech) Blinatumomab BiTE CD3, CD19 Retargeting of T Approved in Precursor B-cell (Blincyto, AMG cells to tumor USA ALL 103, MT 103, Phase II and ALL MEDI 538, III DLBCL Amgen) Phase II NHL Phase I REGN1979 BsAb CD3, CD20 (Regeneron) Solitomab (AMG BiTE CD3, Retargeting of T Phase I Solid tumors 110, MT110, EpCAM cells to tumor Amgen) MEDI 565 BiTE CD3, CEA Retargeting of T Phase I Gastrointestinal (AMG 211, cells to tumor adenocancinoma MedImmune, Amgen) RO6958688 BsAb CD3, CEA (Roche) BAY2010112 BiTE CD3, PSMA Retargeting of T Phase I Prostate cancer (AMG 212, cells to tumor Bayer; Amgen) MGD006 DART CD3, CD123 Retargeting of T Phase I AML (Macrogenics) cells to tumor MGD007 DART CD3, gpA33 Retargeting of T Phase I Colorectal (Macrogenics) cells to tumor cancer MGD011 DART CD19, CD3 (Macrogenics) SCORPION BsAb CD3, CD19 Retargeting of T (Emergent cells to tumor Biosolutions, Trubion) AFM11 (Affimed T and Ab CD3, CD19 Retargeting of T Phase I NHL and ALL Therapeutics) cells to tumor AFM12 (Affimed T and Ab CD19, CD16 Retargeting of Therapeutics) NK cells to tumor cells AFM13 (Affimed T and Ab CD30, Retargeting of Phase II Hodgkin's Therapeutics) CD16A NK cells to Lymphoma tumor cells GD2 (Barbara T cells CD3, GD2 Retargeting of T Phase I/II Neuroblastoma Ann Karmanos preloaded cells to tumor and Cancer Institute) with BsAb osteosarcoma pGD2 (Barbara T cells CD3, Her2 Retargeting of T Phase II Metastatic Ann Karmanos preloaded cells to tumor breast cancer Cancer Institute) with BsAb EGFRBi-armed T cells CD3, EGFR Autologous Phase I Lung and other autologous preloaded activated T cells solid tumors activated T cells with BsAb to EGFR- (Roger Williams positive tumor Medical Center) Anti-EGFR- T cells CD3, EGFR Autologous Phase I Colon and armed activated preloaded activated T cells pancreatic T-cells (Barbara with BsAb to EGFR- cancers Ann Karmanos positive tumor Cancer Institute) rM28 (University Tandem CD28, Retargeting of T Phase II Metastatic Hospital scFv MAPG cells to tumor melanoma Tbingen) IMCgp100 ImmTAC CD3, Retargeting of T Phase I/II Metastatic (Immunocore) peptide cells to tumor melanoma MHC DT2219ARL 2 scFv CD19, CD22 Targeting of Phase I B cell leukemia (NCI, University linked to protein toxin to or lymphoma of Minnesota) diphtheria tumor toxin XmAb5871 BsAb CD19, (Xencor) CD32b NI-1701 BsAb CD47, CD19 (NovImmune) MM-111 BsAb ErbB2, (Merrimack) ErbB3 MM-141 BsAb IGF-1R, (Merrimack) ErbB3 NA (Merus) BsAb HER2, HER3 NA (Merus) BsAb CD3, CLEC12A NA (Merus) BsAb EGFR, HER3 NA (Merus) BsAb PD1, undisclosed NA (Merus) BsAb CD3, undisclosed Duligotuzumab DAF EGFR, Blockade of 2 Phase I and II Head and neck (MEHD7945A, HER3 receptors, Phase II cancer Genentech, ADCC Colorectal Roche) cancer LY3164530 (Eli Not EGFR, MET Blockade of 2 Phase I Advanced or Lily) disclosed receptors metastatic cancer MM-111 HSA body HER2, Blockade of 2 Phase II Gastric and (Merrimack HER3 receptors Phase I esophageal Pharmaceuticals) cancers Breast cancer MM-141, IgG-scFy IGF-1R, Blockade of 2 Phase I Advanced solid (Merrimack HER3 receptors tumors Pharmaceuticals) RG7221 CrossMab Ang2, Blockade of 2 Phase I Solid tumors (RO5520985, VEGF A proangiogenics Roche) RG7716 (Roche) CrossMab Ang2, Blockade of 2 Phase I Wet AMD VEGF A proangiogenics OMP-305B83 BsAb DLL4/VEGF (OncoMed) TF2 Dock and CEA, HSG Pretargeting Phase II Colorectal, (Immunomedics) lock tumor for PET breast and lung or radioimaging cancers ABT-981 DVD-Ig IL-1, IL-1 Blockade of 2 Phase II Osteoarthritis (AbbVie) proinflammatory cytokines ABT-122 DVD-Ig TNF, IL- Blockade of 2 Phase II Rheumatoid (AbbVie) 17A proinflammatory arthritis cytokines COVA322 IgG- TNF, IL17A Blockade of 2 Phase I/II Plaque psoriasis fynomer proinflammatory cytokines SAR156597 Tetravalent IL-13, IL-4 Blockade of 2 Phase I Idiopathic (Sanofi) bispecific proinflammatory pulmonary tandem IgG cytokines fibrosis GSK2434735 Dual- IL-13, IL-4 Blockade of 2 Phase I (Healthy (GSK) targeting proinflammatory volunteers) domain cytokines Ozoralizumab Nanobody TNF, HSA Blockade of Phase II Rheumatoid (ATN103, proinflammatory arthritis Ablynx) cytokine, binds to HSA to increase half-life ALX-0761 Nanobody IL-17A/F, Blockade of 2 Phase I (Healthy (Merck Serono, HSA proinflammatory volunteers) Ablynx) cytokines, binds to HSA to increase half-life ALX-0061 Nanobody IL-6R, HSA Blockade of Phase I/II Rheumatoid (AbbVie, proinflammatory arthritis Ablynx; cytokine, binds to HSA to increase half-life ALX-0141 Nanobody RANKL, Blockade of Phase I Postmenopausal (Ablynx, HSA bone resorption, bone loss Eddingpharm) binds to HSA to increase half-life RG6013/ACE910 ART-Ig Factor IXa, Plasma Phase II Hemophilia (Chugai, Roche) factor X coagulation

[0075] These and other modifications and variations to the present invention may be practiced by those of ordinary skill in the art, without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, which is more particularly set forth in the appended claims. In addition, it should be understood that aspects of the various embodiments may be interchanged both in whole or in part. Furthermore, those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the foregoing description is by way of example only, and is not intended to limit the invention so further described in such appended claims.