Mixed anion cesium rare earth silicates

Abstract

Scintillating compounds, methods of synthesizing scintillating compounds, and applications of scintillating compounds are disclosed. The scintillating compounds can include cesium rare earth silicates. A scintillating compound can include cesium, silicon, oxygen, fluorine, and one or more of europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium and scandium. The scintillating compounds can form unit cells having the general formula Cs.sub.3RESi.sub.4O.sub.10F.sub.2 with RE including rare earth metals, lanthanides, and transition metals.

Claims

1. A scintillating compound having the formula: Cs.sub.3RESi.sub.4O.sub.10F.sub.2; wherein RE comprises europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium, scandium, yttrium or a combination thereof.

2. The scintillating compound of claim 1, wherein RE includes a mixture of yttrium and europium.

3. The scintillating compound of claim 2, wherein RE includes from about 90.0 mol % yttrium to about 99.9 mol % yttrium and from about 0.1 mol % europium to about 10 mol % europium.

4. The scintillating compound of claim 1, wherein RE includes a mixture of yttrium and terbium.

5. The scintillating compound of claim 4, wherein RE includes from about 80.0 mol % yttrium to about 99.9 mol % yttrium and from about 0.1 mol % terbium to about 20 mol % terbium.

6. The scintillating compound of claim 1, wherein RE includes a mixture of gadolinium and europium.

7. The scintillating compound of claim 6, wherein RE includes from about 90.0 mol % gadolinium to about 99.9 mol % gadolinium and from about 0.1 mol % europium to about 10 mol % europium.

8. The scintillating compound of claim 1, wherein RE includes a mixture of gadolinium and terbium.

9. The scintillating compound of claim 8, wherein RE includes from about 80.0 mol % gadolinium to about 99.9 mol % gadolinium and from about 0.1 mol % terbium to about 20 mol % terbium.

10. The scintillating compound of claim 1, wherein RE includes a mixture of lutetium and europium.

11. The scintillating compound of claim 10, wherein RE includes from about 90.0 mol % lutetium to about 99.9mol % lutetium and from about 0.1 mol % europium to about 10 mol % europium.

12. The scintillating compound of claim 1, wherein RE includes a mixture of lutetium and terbium.

13. The scintillating compound of claim 12, wherein RE includes from about 80.0 mol % lutetium to about 99.9 mol % lutetium and from about 0.1 mol % terbium to about 10 mol % terbium.

14. A method for synthesizing a scintillating compound having the formula: Cs.sub.3RESi.sub.4O.sub.10F.sub.2, wherein RE comprises europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium, yttrium, scandium, or a combination thereof, the method comprising: layering a mixture of REF.sub.3 and SiO.sub.2 beneath a mixture of CsF and CsCl; heating the REF.sub.3, SiO.sub.2, CsF, and CsCl; cooling the REF.sub.3, SiO.sub.2, CsF, and CsCl; and collecting the Cs.sub.3RESi.sub.4O.sub.10F.sub.2 compound.

15. The method of claim 14, wherein the REF.sub.3, SiO.sub.2, CsF, and CsCl are heated to a temperature of from about 500 C. to about 1200 C.

16. The method of claim 15, wherein the REF.sub.3, SiO.sub.2, CsF, and CsCl are slow cooled after heating at a rate of from about 1 C./h to about 20 C./h.

17. The method of claim 16, wherein the REF.sub.3, SiO.sub.2, CsF, and CsCl are slow cooled to a temperature of from about 300 C. to about 500 C. and then allowed to rapidly cool to room temperature at a rate of from about 30 C./h to about 300 C./h.

18. The method of claim 15, wherein the REF.sub.3, SiO.sub.2, CsF, and CsCl are maintained at the temperature of from about 500 C. to about 1200 C. for a period of from about 6 hours to about 24 hours.

19. The method of claim 14, wherein the REF.sub.3 includes a mixture of YF.sub.3 and EuF.sub.3.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 shows images of crystals of Cs.sub.3RESi.sub.4O.sub.10F.sub.2 (RE=Gd, Eu, Tb).

(2) FIG. 2 shows diagrams of (a) Tb(1)O.sub.6 and (b) Tb(2)O.sub.2F.sub.4 polyhedra in Cs.sub.3TbSi.sub.4O.sub.10F.sub.2, including interatomic distances.

(3) FIG. 3 shows (a) the structure of Cs.sub.3TbSi.sub.4O.sub.10F.sub.2 and (b) the Si.sub.4O.sub.10 silicate sheet topology.

(4) FIG. 4 shows luminescence spectra for (a) Cs.sub.3EuSi.sub.4O.sub.10F.sub.2 and (b) Cs.sub.3TbSi.sub.4O.sub.10F.sub.2.

(5) FIG. 5 shows images of Cs.sub.3EuSi.sub.4O.sub.10F.sub.2 (left), Cs.sub.3TbSi.sub.4O.sub.10F.sub.2 (center), and LuSiO.sub.5:Ce (right). The top images are optical images, the middle images show scintillation after a short exposure to laboratory X-rays, and the bottom images show scintillation after long-term exposure to laboratory X-rays (Cu K.sub. radiation).

(6) FIG. 6 shows graphs illustrating the temperature dependent magnetic properties of (a) Cs.sub.3EuSi.sub.4O.sub.10F.sub.2 and (b) Cs.sub.3RESi.sub.4O.sub.10F.sub.2 (RE=GdDy).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

(7) Embodiments of the present disclosure include scintillating compounds and methods of synthesizing scintillating compounds. More specifically, embodiments of the present disclosure are directed toward cesium rare earth silicates and the synthesis thereof. Embodiments also include applications for cesium rare earth silicate compounds, such as optical and magnetic applications.

(8) Numerous elements and compounds will be discussed throughout the present disclosure. All elemental abbreviations, symbols, and atomic numbers are made with reference to the periodic table and nomenclature as established by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). Furthermore, all percentages and ratios discussed are molar percentages and molar ratios unless expressly stated otherwise.

(9) The scintillation process begins when radiation (X-rays, -rays or neutrons) is absorbed by a material. For X-ray and -ray scintillators, materials with high densities and high atomic numbered elements are important to maximize their absorption of electromagnetic radiation. The electromagnetic radiation is absorbed through the photoelectric effect, the Compton Effect, and pair production, and ultimately results in electron and hole pairs within the material. These pairs can get trapped by a luminescent center and recombine emitting visible light, which enables these materials to luminescence. The inventor investigated many lanthanide containing covalent oxides for their luminescent properties, including numerous silicates. Empirically, it was observed that the inclusion of fluorine into the embodiments can unexpectedly increase luminescence efficiency. Similar behavior has also been observed in silicate glasses.

(10) A scintillating compound of the present disclosure can include cesium, silicon, oxygen, fluorine, and one or more of europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium, yttrium, scandium, or a combination thereof (i.e., elements 63 to 71, element 39, and element 21 of periodic table). For instance, the scintillating compounds can also include a mixture of two, three, or more of europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium, yttrium, scandium, or a combination thereof. For instance, the scintillating compounds can take the form of crystals having a unit cell or chemical formula defined by Cs.sub.3RESi.sub.4O.sub.10F.sub.2, where RE (rare earth elements) can include europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium, yttrium, and scandium, as well as mixtures thereof.

(11) Embodiments of the present disclosure include mixed crystals that generally follow the chemical formula Cs.sub.3RESi.sub.4O.sub.10F.sub.2, wherein RE is a variable element or mixture of elements. FIG. 1 shows images of crystals having the general formula Cs.sub.3RESi.sub.4O.sub.10F.sub.2 (RE=Gd, Eu, Tb). Instead of RE representing a single element, in some embodiments the crystals can include a mixture of two, three, four, or even more elements in the RE position. Binary mixtures having the general formula Cs.sub.3RESi.sub.4O.sub.10F.sub.2 will now be disclosed. However, it should be noted that a tertiary element, and even a quaternary element, can be provided at the RE position in addition to the recited binary mixture. Furthermore, one skilled in the art will realize that lesser amounts of alternative elements (e.g., elements 21, 39, and 63-71) can be added without materially affecting the properties of the binary mixtures, and can therefore be viewed as equivalent compositions.

(12) In an embodiment, the RE can include a mixture of yttrium and europium, and the formula can be defined by Cs.sub.3(Y.sub.1-xEu.sub.x)Si.sub.4O.sub.10F.sub.2, wherein 0<x<1. In a specific example, the RE element can be from about 90.0% to about 99.9% yttrium, from about 92.0% to about 98.0% yttrium, or from about 93.5% to about 96.5% yttrium. The RE element can also include from about 0.1% to about 10% europium, from about 2.0% to about 8.0% europium, or from about 3.5% to about 6.5% europium.

(13) Embodiments can also include mixtures of yttrium and terbium, represented by the formula Cs.sub.3(Y.sub.1-xTb.sub.x)Si.sub.4O.sub.10F.sub.2, wherein 0<x<1. In a specific example, the RE element can be from about 80.0% to about 99.9% yttrium, from about 85.0% to about 95.0% yttrium, or from about 88.0% to about 92.0% yttrium. The RE element can also include from about 0.1% to about 20% terbium, from about 5.0% to about 15.0% terbium, or from about 8.0% to about 12.0% terbium.

(14) Another embodiment can include a mixture of gadolinium and europium, and the formula can generally be defined by Cs.sub.3(Gd.sub.1-xEu.sub.x)Si.sub.4O.sub.10F.sub.2, wherein 0<x<1. In a specific example, the RE element can be from about 90.0% to about 99.9% gadolinium, from about 92.0% to about 98.0% gadolinium, or from about 93.5% to about 96.5% gadolinium. The RE element can also include from about 0.1% to about 10% europium, from about 2.0% to about 8.0% europium, or from about 3.5% to about 6.5% europium.

(15) Embodiments can also include mixtures of gadolinium and terbium, represented generally by the formula Cs.sub.3(Gd.sub.1-xTb.sub.x)Si.sub.4O.sub.10F.sub.2, where 0<x<1. In a specific example, the RE element can be from about 80.0% to about 99.9% gadolinium, from about 85.0% to about 95.0% gadolinium, or from about 88.0% to about 92.0% gadolinium. The RE element can also include from about 0.1% to about 20% terbium, from about 5.0% to about 15.0% terbium, or from about 8.0% to about 12.0% terbium.

(16) Another embodiment can include a mixture of lutetium and europium, and the formula can be defined by Cs.sub.3(Lu.sub.1-xEu.sub.x)Si.sub.4O.sub.10F.sub.2, where 0<x<1. In a specific example, the RE element can be from about 90.0% to about 99.9% lutetium, from about 92.0% to about 98.0% lutetium, or from about 93.5% to about 96.5% lutetium. The RE element can also include from about 0.1% to about 10% europium, from about 2.0% to about 8.0% europium, or from about 3.5% to about 6.5% europium.

(17) Embodiments can also include mixtures of lutetium and terbium, represented generally by the formula Cs.sub.3(Lu.sub.1-xTb.sub.x)Si.sub.4O.sub.10F.sub.2, where 0<x<1. In a specific example, the RE element can be from about 80.0% to about 99.9% lutetium, from about 85.0% to about 95.0% lutetium, or from about 88.0% to about 92.0% lutetium. The RE element can also include from about 0.1% to about 20% terbium, from about 5.0% to about 15.0% terbium, or from about 8.0% to about 12.0% terbium.

(18) Embodiments also include methods for synthesizing scintillating compounds that include cesium, silicon, oxygen, fluorine, and RE, wherein RE can include europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium, yttrium, scandium, or a combination thereof. The method can begin by mixing REF.sub.3 (or RECl.sub.3), SiO.sub.2, CsF, and CsCl. Instead of these specific reagents, other equivalent reagents can be used as sources of RE, fluorine, silicon, oxygen, and cesium. Furthermore, all of the mixtures of RE elements discussed above can be incorporated into the synthesis process to produce binary, tertiary, and quaternary mixtures. For example, the REF.sub.3 in the reaction mixture can include from about 90.0% to about 99.9% yttrium (YF.sub.3) and from about 0.1% to about 10.0% europium (EuF.sub.3).

(19) In a specific embodiment, the method can begin by layering a mixture of REF.sub.3 and SiO.sub.2 beneath a mixture of CsF and CsCl. The mixture of REF.sub.3, SiO.sub.2, CsF, and CsCl can then be heated. More specifically, the mixture can be heated to from about 500 C. to about 1000 C., and more particularly from about 600 C. to about 900 C. The mixture can be held at this temperature for from 6 to 24 hours, and more preferably from 8 to 16 hours.

(20) After dwelling at an elevated temperature to help drive the reaction and form the scintillation compound, the mixture can be slow cooled to an intermediate temperature of from about 300 C. to about 500 C., and more particularly from about 350 C. to about 450 C. The cooling can take place at a rate of from 1 C./h to 20 C./h, from 2 C./h to 15 C./h, or from 3 C./h to 10 C./h. The mixture can continue to be slow cooled to room temperature. Alternatively, once the intermediate temperature is reached, the mixture can be rapidly cooled to room temperature. However, allowing the mixture to slow cool can produce more uniform and higher quality crystals.

(21) Cs.sub.3RESi.sub.4O.sub.10F.sub.2 generally crystallizes in the triclinic space group P-1 with lattice parameters a=7.0832(2) , b=7.1346(2) , c=16.2121(5) , =95.8090(10), =90.1000(10), and =119.7600(10) for the terbium analogue. The asymmetric unit contains three cesium sites, two rare earth sites, four silicon sites, ten oxygen sites, and two fluorine sites. The RE(1) site, shown in FIG. 2a, is coordinated by six oxygen atoms to form a slightly distorted RE(1)O.sub.6 octahedron with bond distances of 2.265(2)-2.279(2) for the Tb analogue. The RE(2) site, shown in FIG. 2b, is coordinated by two oxygen atoms and four fluorine atoms to form a slightly distorted RE(1)O.sub.2F.sub.4 octahedron with bond distances of 2.242(2) (RE-O) and 2.225(3)-2.226(3) (RE-F) for the terbium analogue.

(22) FIG. 3(a) shows the structure of Cs.sub.3TbSi.sub.4O.sub.10F.sub.2. The cesium atoms lie in voids within the rare earth slabs and provide charge balance to the overall anionic framework. The silicon atoms are coordinated by four oxygen atoms to form SiO.sub.4 tetrahedra with bond distances of 1.565(2)-1.649(2) for the terbium analogue. The SiO.sub.4 tetrahedra connect to form a Si.sub.4O.sub.10 silicate sheet topology consisting of Si.sub.3O.sub.9 rings connected through a fourth SiO.sub.4 group as seen in FIG. 3b. These sheets lie in the ab-plane and are connected in the c-direction by alternating slabs of isolated RE(1)O.sub.6 and RE(2)O.sub.2F.sub.4 polyhedra that corner share with the silicate sheets. There are numerous silicate topologies with isolated SiO.sub.4 and corner shared Si.sub.2O.sub.7 pyrosilicate units being the most prevalent. Larger isolated units, such as Si.sub.3O.sub.9 and Si.sub.6O.sub.17 units, and silicate sheets are less common and the particular variant of Si.sub.4O.sub.10 disclosed herein is not believed to have been reported. It is possible that the presence of the fluorine anions attached to the rare earth cations in the RE.sub.2O.sub.2F.sub.4 polyhedra limits geometrically the available points of attachment to the silicate sheets, thus favoring this particular silicate sheet topology

(23) Optical properties of Cs.sub.3RESi.sub.4O.sub.10F.sub.2 will now be discussed. FIG. 4a shows the luminescence spectra for Cs.sub.3EuSi.sub.4O.sub.10F.sub.2. The excitation spectrum is typical of Eu.sup.3+ containing compounds with an intense band below 270 nm and several weak excitation bands, including those at 303, 325, 398 and 470 nm. The emission spectrum consists of four peaks, two intense peaks at 586 and 607 nm that arise due to the D.sub.0-F.sub.1 transition and two broad, weak emission peaks at 646 and 699 nm that are associated with the D.sub.0-F.sub.2 transition. The high intensity of the first two peaks and low intensity of the latter two is indicative of a centrosymmetric structure.

(24) The fluorescence spectra of Cs.sub.3TbSi.sub.4O.sub.10F.sub.2 are shown in FIG. 4b. The excitation spectrum consists of three bands, an intense band below 250 nm, a band of intermediate intensity at 268 nm, and a weak band at 383 nm. The emission spectrum consists of a doublet at 483 and 492 nm, an intense doublet at 537 and 545 nm, a broad band at 578 nm and a singlet at 618 nm, corresponding to the D.sub.4-F.sub.6, D.sub.4-F.sub.5, D.sub.4-F.sub.4, and D.sub.4-F.sub.3 transitions, respectively.

(25) FIG. 5 shows the scintillation of Cs.sub.3RESi.sub.4O.sub.10F.sub.2 (RE=Eu and Tb). Images were taken under exposure to laboratory X-rays, Cu K radiation. As a qualitative indicator of intensity, scintillation images were also taken of 1% Ce doped LuSiO.sub.5, one of the best inorganic scintillators. Cs.sub.3EuSi.sub.4O.sub.10F.sub.2 scintillates the typical orange-red of Eu.sup.3+ and is similar in intensity to the LuSiO.sub.5:Ce.sup.3+ standard. Scintillation makes use of the same light emission process as fluorescence and, hence, the scintillation emission matches the wavelengths of the fluorescence emission. Cs.sub.3TbSi.sub.4O.sub.10F.sub.2 scintillates the typical green color of Tb.sup.3+ and is visually more intense than the LuSiO.sub.5:Ce.sup.3+ standard.

(26) Magnetic properties of Cs.sub.3RESi.sub.4O.sub.10F.sub.2 will now be discussed. FIG. 6a shows the inverse susceptibilities for Cs.sub.3RESi.sub.4O.sub.10F.sub.2 (RE=GdDy). All three compounds follow Curie-Weiss behavior over the entire measured temperature range. Fitting the susceptibilities to the Curie-Weiss law results in effective moments of 7.93(3) .sub.B/Gd, 9.68(3) .sub.B/Tb, and 10.44(3) .sub.B/Dy, which agree with the calculated moments of 7.94.sub.B/Gd, 9.72 .sub.B/Tb, and 10.61.sub.B/Dy for free RE.sup.3+ ions. No magnetic ordering was observed down to 2 K and the Weiss temperatures of 1.3 K (Gd), 2.3 K (Tb), and 0.3 K (Dy) suggest extremely weak coupling between the f-electrons of adjacent RE ions. The magnetic susceptibility of Cs.sub.3EuSi.sub.4O.sub.10F.sub.2, shown in FIG. 6b, displays Van Vleck paramagnetism as is expected for Eu.sup.3+. The effective moment can be approximated as 2.827(.sub.MT).sup.1/2. This approximation yields a moment of 3.38(3) .sub.B/Eu, which agrees with the moment of 3.4.sub.B/Eu typically observed in Eu.sup.3+ containing compounds. The magnetic data are summarized in Table 1.

(27) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Magnetic Properties for Cs.sub.3RESi.sub.4O.sub.10F.sub.2 (RE = Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy) Fit H (T) Range (K) (K) .sub.eff (.sub.B/RE).sup.a .sub.calc (.sub.B/RE).sup.b Cs.sub.3EuSi.sub.4O.sub.10F.sub.2 0.1 300 3.38(3) 3.4 Cs.sub.3GdSi.sub.4O.sub.10F.sub.2 0.1 50-300 1.3 7.96(3) 7.94 Cs.sub.3TbSi.sub.4O.sub.10F.sub.2 0.1 50-300 2.3 9.68(3) 9.72 Cs.sub.3DySi.sub.4O.sub.10F.sub.2 0.1 50-300 0.3 10.44(3) 10.61 .sup.aApproximated using 2.827(T).sup.1/2 at 300 K .sup.bMoment typically observed for Eu(III) compounds

(28) A greater understanding of the embodiments and their advantages may be had from the following examples, given by way of illustration. The following examples are illustrative of some of the methods, applications, embodiments and variants of the present invention. They are, of course, not to be considered as limiting the invention. Numerous changes and modifications can be made yet still fall within the scope of the present invention.

Example 1

(29) Single crystals of Cs.sub.3RESi.sub.4O.sub.10F.sub.2 were grown using an enhanced flux growth technique for the synthesis of mixed anion systems. For the EuDy analogues, single crystals of suitable size and quality for single crystal X-ray diffraction were grown by layering a mixture of 1 mmol REF.sub.3 (Alfa Aesar, powder, 99.9%) and 1 mmol SiO.sub.2 (Alfa Aesar, powder, 99.9%) beneath a mixture of 9 mmol CsF (Alfa Aesar, powder, 99%) and 11 mmol CsCl (Alfa Aesar, crystalline, 99%) in a 5.7 cm tall by 1.2 cm diameter cylindrical silver crucible. The loaded crucibles were loosely covered with a silver lid and placed into a programmable furnace. The reactions were heated at 600 C./h to 900 C., dwelled at this temperature for 12 h, slow cooled to 400 C. at 6 C./h and then rapidly cooled to room temperature by shutting the furnace off. After cooling, the frozen flux was dissolved in distilled water, aided by sonication, and the resulting products were isolated via vacuum filtration. Single crystals of suitable size for crystal picking were grown using a similar method except that 1 mmol RECl.sub.3.xH.sub.2O (Alfa Aesar, crystalline, 99.9%) and 4 mmol SiO.sub.2 were used. For the remaining analogues, single crystals of suitable size and quality for single crystal X-ray diffraction were grown using 1 mmol RECl.sub.3.xH.sub.2O and either 1 mmol or 4 mmol SiO.sub.2.

(30) When using 1 mmol of RECl.sub.3.xH.sub.2O and 4 mmol SiO.sub.2, the EuDy reactions yielded Cs.sub.3RESi.sub.4O.sub.10F.sub.2, Cs.sub.3RES.sub.6O.sub.15, and AgCl as the major products. The title compound formed as thick hexagonal plates that could easily be distinguished from the Cs.sub.3RESi.sub.6O.sub.15 by their morphology, the latter forming as equant crystals. The HoYb reactions yielded Cs.sub.3RESi.sub.4O.sub.10F.sub.2, Cs.sub.3RESi.sub.6O.sub.15, RE.sub.2O.sub.3 and AgCl as the major products.

(31) Multiple additional binary mixtures of Cs.sub.3RESi.sub.4O.sub.10F compounds were also prepared. Specifically, compounds were prepared with RE being: about 95% yttrium and about 5% europium; about 95% yttrium and about 5% terbium; about 95% gadolinium and about 5% europium; about 97% gadolinium and about 3% europium; about 99.5% gadolinium and about 0.5% europium; about 90% gadolinium and about 10% terbium; about 95% gadolinium and about 5% terbium; about 97% gadolinium and about 3% terbium; about 95% lutetium and about 5% europium; and about 95% lutetium and about 5% terbium. In describing the binary mixtures of this paragraph, the term about can be understood to mean+/0.5% or +/1.0%.

Example 2

(32) Structure determination for Cs.sub.3RESi.sub.4O.sub.10F.sub.2 was performed using single crystal X-ray diffraction (SXRD) data collected on a Bruker D8 Quest diffractometer equipped with a Mo K microfocus source (=0.71073 ). Diffraction data were collected and integrated using SAINT and corrected for absorption effects using SADABs in the APEX 3 software suite. For the Dy analogue, an initial structure solution was obtained via direct methods using ShelXT and refined using ShelXS in Olex2. For the other analogues, models were either obtained in the aforementioned method or by using the atomic coordinates of a solved structure as a starting point.

(33) All crystals studied via SXRD were found to be pseudo-merohedrally twinned to mimic a C-centered monoclinic lattice with the lattice parameters of a=12.3925(4) , b=7.0859(2) , c=16.1873(6) , and =96.7040(10) for the Dy analogue. Structures modeled with these lattice parameters resulted in a high R value (0.1111 for Dy analogue) and a high number of large residual electron density peaks (largest peak for Dy analogue=6.3 e.sup./.sup.3) in the silicate sheet portion of the structure. The actual symmetry was determined to be triclinic with lattice parameters of a=7.0856(2) , b=7.1360(3) , c=16.1856(5) , =95.7630(10), =90.1000(10), and =119.7430(10) for the Dy analogue. The TwinRotMat functionality in the Platon suite was used to determine the relevant twin law, 1 0 01 1 0 0 0 1 in each case, which was then accounted for using the TWIN and BASF commands in ShelXL. Modeling in the triclinic cell and accounting for the twin law lead to a much better R value (0.0258 for the Dy analogue) and a much flatter residual electron density map (highest peak for Dy analogue=2.6 e.sup./.sup.3 located next to a Cs atom).

(34) Along with pseudo-merohedral twinning, many crystals were also non-merohedrally twinned, necessitating careful selection of crystals for X-ray diffraction. This twinning became more pronounced in the latter rare earth analogues. Ultimately, no crystals without non-merohedral twinning were found for the Tm and Lu analogues. For these two analogues, Cell_Now was used to paint the peaks of each non-merohedral twin prior to integrating the images with SAINT. Absorption correction was performed using TWINABS which produced an HKLF 4 reflection file containing single and composite reflections for a single twin domain. This set of reflections, as opposed to an HKLF5 reflection file containing reflections from both domains, was used for structure solution and refinement as it allows for the further inclusion of the pseudo-merohedral twinning.

(35) Phase purity of ground samples of picked single crystals was confirmed using powder X-ray diffraction data. Diffraction data were collected on a Bruker D2 Phaser equipped with a Cu K source (=1.54018 ).

Example 3

(36) Fluorescence data were collected on ground samples of Cs.sub.3RESi.sub.4O.sub.10F.sub.2 (RE=Eu and Tb) using a Perkin Elmer LS55 Luminescence Spectrometer. Excitation spectra were collected at emission wavelengths of 587 nm (Eu) and 544 nm (Tb) and emission scans were collected at excitation wavelengths of 235 nm (Eu) and 269 nm (Tb).

(37) Scintillation images of Cs.sub.3RESi.sub.4O.sub.10F.sub.2 (RE=Eu and Tb) were taken using a Rigaku Ultima IV diffractometer equipped with a Cu K source (=1.54018 ). As a qualitative indicator of intensity, a scintillation image of LuSiO.sub.5:Ce.sup.3+ (0.5 atom % Ce in Lu) was also taken. This sample was prepared via the solid-state reaction of Lu.sub.2O.sub.3, CeO.sub.2, and SiO.sub.2 heated at 1400 C. for a total of 2.5 days with intermittent grindings.

(38) Magnetic susceptibility data were collected on ground samples of Cs.sub.3RESi.sub.4O.sub.10F.sub.2 (RE=EuDy) using a Quantum Design Magnetic Properties Measurement System (QD-MPMS3 SQUID). Data were collected under zero-field-cooled (ZFC) conditions at an applied field of 1000 Oe. The raw data were corrected for sample shape and radial offset effects based on the difference between the raw moments measured using the VSM and DC scan modes at 30 K.

Example 4

(39) An enhanced flux growth method for the synthesis of mixed anion compounds, namely oxyhalides and salt-inclusion materials, was utilized. The method included two enhancements that increase the likelihood of non-oxygen anions being incorporated into the formed crystals. The first enhancement included the use of reaction vessels with a small surface area to volume ratio, which decreases the availability of oxygen to the melt, making the inclusion of other anions more likely. For example, using the crucible previously described, the reaction of 1 mmol TbCl.sub.3.6H.sub.2O and 4 mmol SiO.sub.2 resulted in the formation of the desired product, Cs.sub.3TbSi.sub.4O.sub.10F.sub.2, while performing the same reaction in a 24 mL high form Pt crucible resulted in the formation of an A.sub.2MSi.sub.3O.sub.9 related phase, but not of Cs.sub.3TbSi.sub.4O.sub.10F.sub.2. The second enhancement included the utilization of metal halide reagents (LnF.sub.3, LnCl.sub.3) as opposed to metal oxide reagents, which is also believed to decrease the oxygen anion concentration within the melt. While the reaction between 1 mmol GdF.sub.3 and 1 mmol SiO.sub.2 beneath a mixture of 9 mmol CsF and 11 mmol CsCl results in the formation of Cs.sub.3GdSi.sub.4O.sub.10F.sub.2, the reaction between 0.5 mmol Gd.sub.2O.sub.3 and 4 mmol SiO.sub.2 beneath a mixture of 9 mmol CsF and 11 mmol CsCl conducted in the aforementioned cylindrical silver crucible resulted in the formation of Cs.sub.3GdSi.sub.6O.sub.15 as the major product, with no evidence of any Cs.sub.3GdSi.sub.4O.sub.10F.sub.2.

(40) Other work using the enhanced flux growth technique explored the mixed anion alkali uranyl silicate phase space. The resulting mixed anion phases were salt-inclusion compounds. The formation of salt-inclusion compounds, as opposed to oxyhalides, was attributed to two factors, the favorability of M-O bonds over M-X bonds (M=multivalent cation; X=halide ion) in uranyl silicates and the low anionicity of the framework. That is, since the uranyl oxygens and silicate oxygens within uranyl silicates cannot be substituted by halide ions, the formation of salt-inclusion compounds is favorable as they contain no M-X bonds. In the case of lanthanide silicates, the lanthanide cations are able to accommodate both RE-X and RE-O bonds, allowing for the formation of oxyhalides.

(41) The present disclosure includes explanations of theories that are believed to be behind the advantageous performance aspects of the various embodiments. However, these theories are only intended to be explanatory in nature and are not intended to limit the scope of the embodiments. The embodiments may certainly incorporate and utilize various other theories or phenomena in operation. Furthermore, the theories discussed may not be applicable to all of the embodiments. It should also be understood that the examples and embodiments described herein are for illustrative purposes only and that various modifications or changes in light thereof will be suggested to persons skilled in the art and are to be included within the spirit and scope of this disclosure.