Compound and method for manufacturing organic material

Abstract

Synthesis of organic compounds that has chirality is an important technique in the fields of pharmaceuticals, agrichemicals, health foods and the like. However, raw materials of a catalyst used for the synthesis of such compounds are expensive, and the synthesis needs many steps, so that it is difficult to reduce the cost. Linking a catalyst center to a polymer chain or a resin through an organic group enables to use the catalyst repeatedly and produce a chiral compound at low cost.

Claims

1. A compound comprising: a plurality of first portions; a second portion; a third portion; and a linker that connects each of the plurality of first portions with the second portion and that has at least one covalent bond, wherein each of the plurality of first portions has a chirality; the chirality is induced by any one selected from the group consisting of an axial chirality, a planar chirality and a helix; when the chirality is induced by an axial chirality, each of the plurality of first portions has an axially chiral substituent to be the axial chirality, the linker bonds directly to: a second atom contained in a cyclic structure that shares a plurality of atoms in constituent atoms that constitute the axially chiral substituent; or a third atom contained in the axially chiral substituent, and a bond between: a fourth atom; and the second atom or the third atom is rotatable, the fourth atom being contained in the linker and bonding directly to the second atom or the third atom; when the chirality is induced by a planar chirality, the compound has a planar-chiral substituent to be the planar chirality, the linker bonds directly to a fifth atom contained in the planar-chiral substituent, and a bond between a sixth atom and the fifth atom is rotatable, the sixth atom being contained in the linker and bonding directly to the planar-chiral substituent; when the chirality is induced by a helix, the compound has a helical substituent to be the helix, the linker bonds directly to a seventh atom contained in the helical substituent, and a bond between an eighth atom and the seventh atom is rotatable, the eighth atom bonding directly to the helical substituent; the compound is an organic salt including a cation portion and an anion portion; the anion portion is the third portion; and the cation portion includes the plurality of first portions, the second portion and the linker.

2. The compound of claim 1, wherein the axially chiral substituent, the planar-chiral substituent and the helical substituent have no freely rotatable bond.

3. The compound of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of first portions has the axially chiral substituent.

4. The compound of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of first portions has a binaphthyl group that induces the chirality and a nitrogen atom; and one part of the binaphthyl group and the nitrogen atom constitute at least one part of a cyclic structure.

5. The compound of claim 4, wherein the nitrogen atom bonds to a carbon atom at 2-position of the binaphthyl group and a carbon atom at 2-position of the binaphthyl group through a first methylene group and a second methylene group, respectively; the nitrogen atom further bonds to a first organic group and a second organic group other than the first methylene group and the second methylene group; and the linker has the first organic group.

6. The compound of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of first portions has a cationic center of an ammonium salt.

7. The compound of claim 1, wherein the second portion constitutes a main chain of a polymer.

8. The compound of claim 7, wherein a constituent atom in the main chain of the polymer is a carbon atom.

9. The compound of claim 1, wherein the linker has a hydrocarbon group having 6 or more carbon atoms.

10. The compound of claim 1, wherein the linker has an aryl group; and the aryl group bonds to the second portion.

11. The compound of claim 1, wherein the second portion has a branched or crosslinked structure.

12. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is a catalyst that induces a chirality.

13. The compound of claim 1, wherein the axially chiral substituent has an allenyl group, biphenyl group or a binaphthyl group which may have a substituent; the planar-chiral substituent has a cyclophane structure, a trans-cyclooctene or a ferrocenyl structure which may have a substituent; and the helical substituent has a helical structure in which a plurality of aromatic rings or heterocyclic rings bond.

14. A method for manufacturing an organic material comprising: a first step of proceeding with an organic reaction by using the compound of claim 1 as a catalyst.

15. The method of claim 14, further comprising: a second step of recovering the compound after the first step.

16. The method of claim 15, further comprising: a third step of reusing the recovered compound in the second step as a catalyst to proceed with an organic reaction.

17. A method for manufacturing an organic material comprising: a first step of preparing a container or a column filled with the compound according to claim 1; and a second step of proceeding with an organic reaction that uses the compound as a catalyst in the container or the column, wherein in the second step, a reaction reagent or a solution of the reaction reagent for the organic reaction is introduced into a first end of the container or the column and discharged from a second end that is an opposite end of the first end.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 illustrates a typical schematic structure of a compound according to an embodiment of the present invention.

(2) FIG. 2 illustrates a typical schematic structure of a compound according to another embodiment of the present invention.

(3) FIG. 3 illustrates a typical compound according to one embodiment of the present invention.

(4) FIG. 4 illustrates a typical compound according to one embodiment of the present invention.

(5) FIG. 5 illustrates a typical compound according to one embodiment of the present invention.

(6) FIG. 6 illustrates a typical compound according to one embodiment of the present invention.

(7) FIG. 7 illustrates a typical compound according to one embodiment of the present invention.

(8) FIG. 8 illustrates a typical compound according to one embodiment of the present invention.

(9) FIG. 9 illustrates a typical compound according to one embodiment of the present invention.

(10) FIG. 10 illustrates a typical compound according to one embodiment of the present invention.

(11) FIG. 11 illustrates a typical compound according to one embodiment of the present invention.

(12) FIG. 12 illustrates a schematic diagram of a flow reaction.

EMBODIMENTS

(13) A synthesis of catalyst Cat-1 represented by the following formula (1) according to an embodiment of the present invention will be described. Catalyst Cat-1 does not contain a metal atom in its chemical structure, and has a structure in which an onium salt having a plurality of binaphthyl groups bonds to a polymer chain. One of the plurality of binaphthyl groups bonds to the polymer chain through at least one covalent bond or through a side chain containing an ether bond, which is a type of an organic group. Specifically, the catalyst has two axially chiral binaphthyl groups, and has an alkylene group such as a methylene group at 2-position carbon atom and at 2-position carbon atom of each of the two binaphthyl groups. The alkylene group bonds to a nitrogen atom to form a spiro structure. Accordingly, the nitrogen atom has four bonds and is a cation center of the onium salt.

(14) The side chain between the onium salt and the polymer chain bonds to a binaphthyl group which does not have a substituent such as an aryl group at 3-position carbon atom or 3-position carbon atom. Specifically, the side chain bonds to the 6-position of the binaphthyl group which does not have a substituent such as an aryl group at 3- or 3-position. The onium salt and the polymer chain of the catalyst according to some embodiments of the present invention are connected by an organic group, and the organic group has a plurality of carbon atoms. In Cat-1, the side chain is a linear alkyl group including a bond of 6 carbon atoms.

(15) Each of the binaphthyl group located on the onium salt side of the alkyl group and the phenyl group located on the polymer chain side of the alkyl group bonds to the alkyl chain through an ether bond.

(16) In the catalyst according to some embodiments of the present invention, as described in the explanation of the compounds exemplified in FIG. 6, a portion connecting a substituent inducing chirality with the polymer chain is referred to the linker. Specifically, in Cat-1, a portion including an oxygen atom bonding to a carbon atom at 6-position of the binaphthyl group, an alkyl group bonding to the oxygen atom and a phenyl group bonding to the alkyl group through an ether bond is defined as the linker.

(17) A number of bonds from the nitrogen atom at the cation center to the polymer chain, in shortest, is 20 bonds. In this case, a number of atoms constituting the linker is 19, which is a number by counting atoms from a carbon atom bonding to the nitrogen atom to a carbon atom of a phenyl group skeleton bonding directly to the polymer chain. Among these 19 atoms constituting the linker, a portion from an oxygen atom bonding to the carbon atom at 6-position of the binaphthyl skeleton to an oxygen atom bonding to the phenyl ring bonding to the polymer chain is a hydrocarbon group including a bond of 6 carbon atoms. When this compound is used as a catalyst of an asymmetric reaction which must obtain selectivity within a slight energy difference, it is possible to reduce an influence from the polymer chain in the reaction proceeding in a vicinity of the cation center by increasing the distance between the polymer chain and the highly polar cation center, an optical yield of an obtained product may be improved. Therefore, it is preferred that the number of constituent atoms of the linker is 4 or more, and the number of carbon atoms of the hydrocarbon group contained in the linker is 3 or more. It is further preferred that the number of the carbon atoms of the hydrocarbon group contained in the linker is 6 or more.

(18) ##STR00001##

(19) For example, Cat-1 can be synthesized by synthesizing a segment I and a segment II separately, bonding the segment I and the segment II to form an ammonium salt having two binaphthyl groups, and then bonding the ammonium salt, as at least one part of a side chain, to the polymer chain.

(20) The segment I can be synthesized by a synthetic process as illustrated in the following formula (2). Specifically, a hexane solution of 1.5 equivalents of n-butyllithium is added dropwise at 78 C. to Compound 1 having a methoxymethyl group (MOM group) as a protecting group at 2-position and 2-position of a binaphthyl group and having a bromine atom as a halogen atom at 6-position of the binaphthyl group, in dehydrated tetrahydrofuran, and the mixture is stirred at room temperature for 4 hours. Thereafter, 2 equivalents of isopropoxyboronic acid pinacol ester is added dropwise at 78 C., and the mixture is stirred at room temperature for 12 hours to obtain Compound 2 having a boron atom at 6-position of the binaphthyl group, the boron atom bonding two oxygen atoms, in 85% yield based on Compound 1.

(21) To this Compound 2, 12 equivalents of hydrogen peroxide and 3 equivalents of cesium carbonate are set to react in a mixed solvent of dichloromethane and ethanol at 35 C. for 2 hours to obtain Compound 3 having a hydroxy group at 6-position of the binaphthyl group in 88% yield based on Compound 2.

(22) Compound 3 is dissolved in acetone, 10 equivalents of potassium carbonate and 5 equivalents of methyl iodide are added to this acetone solution of Compound 3, and the mixture is stirred at 50 C. for 18 hours to obtain Compound 4 having a methoxy group, which is an alkoxy group, at 6-position of the binaphthyl group is obtained in 90% yield based on Compound 3.

(23) Compound 4 is dissolved in 1,4-dioxane to prepare a 1,4-dioxane solution of Compound 4. Concentrated hydrochloric acid is added dropwise to the 1,4-dioxane solution at room temperature and stirred at 50 C. for 6 hours to obtain Compound 5 in which the methoxymethyl groups as the protecting group of 2- and 2-positions are deprotected, and 2- and 2-positions are converted to hydroxy groups in 99% based on Compound 4.

(24) Compound 5 is dissolved in methylene chloride to prepare a methylene chloride solution of Compound 5. To this methylene chloride solution, 3 equivalents of triethylamine is added, 2.5 equivalents of trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride is added dropwise at 0 C., and then the mixture is stirred at room temperature for 1 hour to obtain Compound 6 in which 2- and 2-positions of the binaphthyl group are converted to trifluoromethylsulfonyl groups in 99% yield based on Compound 5.

(25) Compound 6 is dissolved in diethyl ether to prepare a diethyl ether solution of Compound 6. To the solution of Compound 6 in diethyl ether, 5 mol % of dichloro(1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino) propane)nickel (II) based on Compound 6 is added, and 6 equivalents of methylmagnesium iodide is added dropwise to the resulting ether solution at 0 C. The mixture is stirred at room temperature for 60 hours to obtain Compound 7 having a methyl group, which is an alkyl group, at each of 2- and 2-position of the binaphthyl group in 75% yield based on Compound 6.

(26) Compound 7 is dissolved in methylene chloride to prepare a methylene chloride solution of Compound 7. Boron tribromide is added dropwise to this methylene chloride solution of Compound 7 at 0 C., and stirred at room temperature for 12 hours to obtain Compound 8 in which the methoxy group at 6-position is converted to a deprotected hydroxy group in 95% yield based on Compound 7.

(27) Compound 8 is dissolved in acetone to prepare an acetone solution of Compound 8. An equivalent amount of potassium carbonate and 5 equivalents of 6-bromo-1-hexanol are added to the acetone solution of Compound 8, and the mixture is stirred at 70 C. for 18 hours to obtain Compound 9 having 6-hydroxyhexyl group, which is an alkoxy group having a hydroxy group at an end, at 6-position of the binaphthyl group in 85% yield based on Compound 8.

(28) Compound 9 is dissolved in benzene to prepare a benzene solution of Compound 9. 10 mol % of 2,2-azobis (isobutyronitrile) and 2 equivalents of N-bromosuccinimide are added to the benzene solution of Compound 9. The mixture is heated to refluxed for 4 hours to obtain Compound 10 having a bromomethyl group at 2- and 2-positions in 90% yield based on Compound 9.

(29) ##STR00002## ##STR00003##

(30) By heating and refluxing an acetonitrile solution of Compound 10 in the presence of 28% aqueous ammonia for 15 hours under a nitrogen stream, Compound 11 which is a secondary amine having seven-membered ring composed of a carbon atom at 1-position of the binaphthyl group, a carbon atom at 1-position of the binaphthyl group, a carbon atom at 2-position of the binaphthyl group, a carbon atom at 2-position of the binaphthyl group, a methylene group bonding to a carbon atom at 2-position of the binaphthyl group, a methylene group bonding to a carbon atom at 2-position of the binaphthyl group, and a nitrogen atom bonding to the two methylene groups is obtained in 85% yield based on Compound 10.

(31) Next, the synthesis of the segment II of Cat-1 will be described based on the following formula (3).

(32) A diethyl ether solution of Compound 12 is prepared by dissolving Compound 12 having a methoxymethyl group as a protecting group at each of the 2- and 2-positions of the binaphthyl group in diethyl ether. A hexane solution of 2.4 equivalents of n-butyllithium is added dropwise to the diethyl ether solution of Compound 12 at room temperature and the mixture is stirred at room temperature for 4 hours. Thereafter, 3 equivalents of trimethoxyborane is added dropwise at 78 C. and the mixture is stirred at room temperature for 12 hours.

(33) Subsequently, the solvent is replaced with benzene, then 12 equivalents of hydrogen peroxide is dropped thereto, and the mixture is stirred at 80 C. for 2 hours to obtain Compound 13 in 56% yield based on Compound 12.

(34) Compound 13 is dissolved in acetone, 10 equivalents of potassium carbonate and 10 equivalents of methyl iodide are added to the acetone solution of Compound 13, and the mixture is stirred at 50 C. for 18 hours to obtain Compound 14 having a methoxy group, which is an alkoxy group, at 3- and 3-positions of the binaphthyl group in 90% yield based on Compound 13.

(35) Compound 14 is dissolved in 1,4-dioxane to prepare a 1,4-dioxane solution of Compound 14. Concentrated hydrochloric acid is added dropwise to the 1,4-dioxane solution at room temperature, and the mixture is stirred at 50 C. for 6 hours to obtain Compound 15 in which the methoxy groups as the protecting group of 2- and 2-positions are deprotected and 2- and 2-positions of the binaphthyl group are converted to hydroxy groups is obtained in 99% yield based on Compound 14.

(36) Compound 15 is dissolved in methylene chloride to prepare a methylene chloride solution of Compound 15. To this methylene chloride solution, 6 equivalents of triethylamine, and 5.5 equivalents of trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride is added dropwise at 0 C., and then the mixture is stirred at room temperature for 1 hour to obtain Compound 16 in which 2- and 2-positions of the binaphthyl group are converted to trifluoromethylsulfonyl groups in 99% yield based on Compound 15.

(37) Compound 16 is dissolved in dehydrated diethyl ether to prepare a diethyl ether solution of Compound 16. To the diethyl ether solution of Compound 16, 5 mol % of dichloro(1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane) nickel (II) based on Compound 16 is added, and 6 equivalents of methylmagnesium iodide is added dropwise to the resulting ether solution at 0 C., and then the mixture is stirred at room temperature for 60 hours to obtain Compound 17 having a methyl group, which is an alkyl group, at 2- and 2-positions of the binaphthyl group in 75% yield based on Compound 16.

(38) Compound 17 is dissolved in methylene chloride to prepare a methylene chloride solution of Compound 17. Boron tribromide is added dropwise to the methylene chloride solution of Compound 18 at 0 C. and stirred at room temperature for 12 hours to obtain Compound 18 in which alkoxy groups at 3- and 3-positions of the binaphthyl group are deprotected and converted to hydroxy groups in 95% yields based on Compound 17.

(39) Compound 18 is dissolved in methylene chloride to prepare a methylene chloride solution of Compound 18. To the methylene chloride solution, 3 equivalents of triethylamine is added, 2.5 equivalents of trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride is added dropwise at 0 C., and then the mixture is stirred at room temperature for 1 hour to obtain Compound 19 in which 3- and 3-positions of the binaphthyl group are converted to trifluoromethylsulfonyl groups in 99% yield based on Compound 18.

(40) Compound 19 is dissolved in tetrahydrofuran to prepare a tetrahydrofuran solution of Compound 19. To the tetrahydrofuran solution of Compound 19, 5 mol % of tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (0) based on Compound 19, 3.5 equivalent of 1-bromo-3,4,5-trifluorobenzene and 4 equivalents of potassium phosphate hydrate are added, and stirred at 65 C. for 24 hours to obtain Compound 20 having 3,4,5-trifluorophenyl groups, which are aryl groups, at each of the 3- and 3-positions of the binaphthyl group.

(41) Compound 20 is dissolved in benzene to prepare a benzene solution of Compound 20. 10 mol % of 2,2-azobis (isobutyronitrile) and 2.3 equivalents of N-bromosuccinimide are added to the benzene solution of Compound 20. By heating and refluxing this mixture for 4 hours, Compound 21 having bromomethyl groups at 2- and 2-positions is obtained in 90% yield based on Compound 20.

(42) ##STR00004## ##STR00005##

(43) Next, Compound 11 corresponding to the segment I in the formula (1) and Compound 21 corresponding to the segment II are bonded by a process illustrated in the following formula (4). Compound 11 and Compound 21 in a molar ratio of 1:1 are dissolved in acetonitrile to prepare an acetonitrile solution of Compounds 11 and 21. To the acetonitrile solution of Compounds 11 and 21, 2.5 equivalents of potassium carbonate based on Compound 11 is added, and heated to reflux with stirring for 48 hours to obtain Compound 22 which is a spiro quaternary ammonium compound having two binaphthyl groups in 90% yield based on Compound 11.

(44) ##STR00006##

(45) Compound 22 is dissolved in methylene chloride to prepare a methylene chloride solution of Compound 22. To this methylene chloride solution of Compound 22, 3 equivalents of triethylamine based on Compound 22 is added, 2.5 equivalents of trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride based on Compound 22 is added dropwise to the mixture at 0 C., and then the mixture is stirred for 1 hour to obtain Compound 23 having an alkyl group at 6-position of a binaphthyl group not having an aryl group at 3- and 3-positions among the two binaphthyl groups, the alkyl group having a trifluoromethylsulfonyl group at the end, in 95% yield based on Compound 22.

(46) Compound 23 is dissolved in acetone to prepare an acetone solution of Compound 23. To the acetone solution of Compound 23, 20 equivalents of lithium bromide based on Compound 23 is added and heated to reflux for 24 hours with stirring to obtain Compound 24 having an alkyl group at 6-position of the binaphthyl group not having an aryl group at 3- and 3-positions among the two binaphthyl groups, the alkyl group having a bromine atom, which is a halogen atom, bonds at the end, in 90% yield based on Compound 23.

(47) Compound 24 is connected with the polymer chain by a process illustrated in the following formula (5). Compound 24 is dissolved in acetonitrile to prepare a dimethyl sulfoxide solution of Compound 24. 2.5 equivalents of potassium carbonate and 1.2 equivalents of p-hydroxystyrene based on Compound 24 are added to the dimethyl sulfoxide solution of Compound 24, and the mixture is heated to reflux with stirring for 48 hours to obtain Compound 25 which is a spiro-type quaternary ammonium compound having two binaphthyl groups and an alkoxy group at 6-position of the binaphthyl group not having an aryl group at 3- and 3-positions among the two binaphthyl groups, the alkoxy group having a 4-vinylphenoxy group at the end, in 90% yield based on Compound 24.

(48) Compound 25 is dissolved in anisole to prepare an anisole solution of Compound 25. 10 mol % of 2,2-azobis (isobutyronitrile) based on Compound 26 and 4 equivalents of styrene based on Compound 25 are added to the anisole solution of Compound 25, and the mixture is heated to reflux under a nitrogen stream for 16 hours to obtain Cat-1, which is a copolymer.

(49) Further, styrene may have a substituent on at least one of two carbon atoms of an olefin moiety, and may have at least one substituent on benzene.

(50) Further, a monomer having an aryl group other than benzene such as a vinyl naphthalene derivative and a vinyl anthracene which may have a substituent on the olefin or on the aryl group may be used instead of or in addition to styrene.

(51) ##STR00007##

(52) For example, a monomer having a plurality of polymerizable groups such as divinylbenzene may be added instead of styrene or in addition to styrene during the reaction of polymerizing Compound 25. According to this, for example, a catalyst having improved insolubility to a solvent such as Cat-2 illustrated in the following formula (6) with improved degree of crosslinking of Cat-1 is obtained.

(53) In Cat-2, a polymer chain having the spiro-type quaternary ammonium, which is a catalyst center, on a side chain bonds through a crosslinking group whose constituent material is mainly composed of a plurality of carbon atoms.

(54) ##STR00008##

(55) Next, synthesis of Cat-3 having only one binaphthyl group, having an alkyl group at the nitrogen atom which is a cation center of ammonium, and bonding to a polymer chain through an organic group such as the alkyl group and an ether bond will be explained according to a following formula (7). In Cat-3, a portion containing: the alkyl group bonding to the nitrogen atom as the cation center; and a phenyl group bonding to the alkyl group through the ether bond and bonding to the polymer chain is defined as the linker connecting the cation center of the onium salt with the polymer chain.

(56) A number of bonds from the nitrogen atom of the cation center to the polymer chain, in shortest, is 12 bonds. In this case, a number of atoms constituting the linker is 11, which is a number by counting atoms from a carbon atom bonding to the nitrogen atom to a carbon atom of a phenyl group skeleton bonding directly to the polymer chain. Among these 11 atoms constituting the linker, a portion from an oxygen atom bonding to a carbon at 6-position of binaphthyl group skeleton to an oxygen atom bonding to the benzene ring bonding to the polymer chain is a hydrocarbon group constituted by bonding of 6 carbon atoms.

(57) When this compound is used as a catalyst of an asymmetric reaction which must obtain selectivity within a slight energy difference, it is possible to reduce an influence from the polymer chain in the reaction proceeding in a vicinity of the cation center by increasing the distance between the polymer chain and the highly polar cation center, and an optical yield of an obtained product may be improved. Therefore, it is preferred that the number of constituent atoms of the linker is 4 or more, and the number of carbon atoms of the hydrocarbon group contained in the linker is 3 or more. It is further preferred that the number of the carbon atoms of the hydrocarbon group contained in the linker is 6 or more.

(58) Compound 21 having bromomethyl groups at 2- and 2-positions of the binaphthyl groups and 1.5 equivalents of 6-amino-1-hexanol, which is a primary amine having a hydroxyl group at an end, and 3 equivalents of potassium carbonate based on Compound 21 are added and stirred at 50 C. for 5 hours to obtain Compound 26 in which an alkyl group having a hydroxy group at the end bonds to the nitrogen atom in 62% yield based on Compound 21.

(59) To Compound 26, 1.3 equivalents of triphenylphosphine and 1.3 equivalents of carbon tetrabromide based on Compound 27 are added, and stirred at room temperature for 3 hours to obtain Compound 27 in 70% yield based on Compound 26.

(60) Compound 27 is dissolved in acetonitrile to prepare an acetonitrile solution of compound 27. Hexyl bromide, which is an alkyl halide, is added to the acetonitrile solution and the mixture is heated to reflux with stirring for 24 hours to obtain Compound 28 which is an ammonium salt having the binaphthyl group, an alkyl group and an alkyl group having a halogen atom at an end is obtained in 85% yield based on Compound 27.

(61) Compound 28 is dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide to prepare a dimethylsulfoxide solution of Compound 28. 2.5 equivalents of potassium carbonate and 1.2 equivalents of p-hydroxystyrene based on Compound 28 are added to the dimethyl sulfoxide solution of Compound 28, and the mixture is heated to reflux with stirring for 48 hours to obtain Compound 29 which is a quaternary ammonium compound having an alkoxy group on the nitrogen atom, the alkoxy group having a 4-vinylphenoxy group at the end in 90% yield based on Compound 28.

(62) Compound 29 is dissolved in anisole to prepare a toluene solution of compound 29. 10 mol % of 2,2-azobis (isobutyronitrile) based on Compound 29 and 4 equivalents of styrene based on Compound 29 are added to the anisole solution of Compound 29, and the mixture is heated to reflux under a nitrogen stream for 16 hours to obtain Cat-3, which is a copolymer.

(63) ##STR00009## ##STR00010##

(64) For example, during the polymerization reaction of Compound 29, a monomer having a plurality of polymerizable groups such as divinylbenzene may be added as a crosslinking agent instead of styrene or in addition to styrene. According to this, for example, a catalyst having improved insolubility to a solvent such as Cat-4 illustrated in the following formula (8) with improved degree of crosslinking of Cat-3 is obtained.

(65) In Cat-4, the ammonium salt having a seven-membered ring composed of a carbon atom at 1-position contained in the binaphthyl group skeleton which is a catalytic center, a carbon atom at 1-position of the binaphthyl group, a carbon atom at 2-position of the binaphthyl group, a carbon atom at 2-position of the binaphthyl group, methylene groups bonding to each of the carbon atom at 2- and 2-positions of the binaphthyl group, respectively, and a nitrogen atom bonds to a polymer chain through a crosslinking group whose constituent material is mainly composed of a plurality of carbon atoms.

(66) ##STR00011##

(67) Cat-3 can also be synthesized by the following formula (9). 1.5 equivalents of hexylamine, which is a primary alkylamine, and 3 equivalents of potassium carbonate based on Compound 21 are added to an acetonitrile solution of Compound 21 having bromomethyl groups at each of the 2- and 2-positions of the binaphthyl group, and the mixture is stirred at 50 C. for 5 hours to obtain Compound 30, which is a cyclic amine compound in which an alkyl group bonds to a nitrogen atom and methylene groups at 2- and 2-positions of the binaphthyl group bond to the nitrogen atom in 70% yield based on Compound 21.

(68) 1.5 equivalents of 6-bromo-1-hexanol is added to an acetonitrile solution of Compound 30, and the mixture is heated to reflux with stirring for 48 hours to obtain Compound 31, which is an ammonium salt having a binaphthyl group and an alkyl group on the nitrogen atom of the cation center, the alkyl group having a hydroxy group at an end, in 45% yield.

(69) To a methylene chloride solution of Compound 31, 3 equivalents of triethylamine is added, then 2.5 equivalents of trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride is added dropwise at 0 C., and the mixture is stirred at room temperature for 1 hour to quantitatively obtain Compound 32 in which an alkyl group having a trifluoromethanesulfonyl group at the end bonds to the nitrogen atom of the cation center of the ammonium salt.

(70) 20 equivalents of lithium bromide is added to an acetone solution of Compound 32, and the mixture is heated to reflux with stirring for 24 hours to obtain Compound 28 in 95% yield.

(71) Compound 28 is dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide to prepare a dimethylsulfoxide solution of compound 28. 2.5 equivalents of potassium carbonate and 1.2 equivalents of p-hydroxystyrene based on Compound 28 are added to the dimethyl sulfoxide solution of Compound 28, and the mixture is heated to reflux with stirring for 48 hours to obtain Compound 29 which is a quaternary ammonium compound having an alkoxy group on the nitrogen atom, the alkoxy group having a 4-vinylphenoxy group at the end in 90% yield based on Compound 28.

(72) Compound 29 is dissolved in anisole to prepare an anisole solution of Compound 29. 10 mol % of 2,2-azobis (isobutyronitrile) based on Compound 29 and 4 equivalents of styrene based on Compound 29 are added to the anisole solution of Compound 29, and the mixture is heated to reflux under a nitrogen stream for 16 hours to obtain Cat-3, which is a copolymer.

(73) For example, during the polymerization reaction of Compound 29, a monomer having a plurality of polymerizable groups such as divinylbenzene may be added as a crosslinking agent instead of styrene or in addition to styrene. According to this, Cat-4 having improved insolubility to a solvent can be obtained.

(74) ##STR00012##

(75) Compound 31 can also be synthesized by a route illustrated in the following formula (10).

(76) A solution of Compound 21 in N,N-dimethylformamide is prepared, 0.95 equivalents of 2-nitrobenzenesulfonamide and 4 equivalents of potassium carbonate based on Compound 22 are added to the N,N-dimethylformamide solution of Compound 21, and then the mixture is stirred at 60 C. for 24 hours to obtain Compound 33 in which a 2-nitrobenzenesulfonyl group, which is one of protecting groups for an amino group, bonds to the nitrogen atom in 85% yield.

(77) 1.1 equivalents of benzenethiol and 2 equivalents of calcium carbonate are added to the obtained compound 33, and the mixture is stirred at 40 C. for 1 hour to obtain Compound 34 which is a secondary amine having a seven-membered ring composed of a carbon atom at 1-position of the binaphthyl group, a carbon atom at 1-position of the binaphthyl group, a carbon atom at 2-position of the binaphthyl group, a carbon atom at 2-position of the binaphthyl group, a methylene group bonding to a carbon atom at 2-position of the binaphthyl group, a methylene group bonding to a carbon atom at 2-position of the binaphthyl group and a nitrogen atom bonding to the two methylene groups in 79% yield based on Compound 33.

(78) 4 equivalents of potassium carbonate, 0.95 equivalents of 1-bromohexane, which is a hydrocarbon compound having halogen atoms, based on Compound 34 are added to an acetonitrile solution of Compound 34, and the mixture is stirred at 45 C. for 5 hours, then 1.2 equivalents of 6-bromo-1-hexanol, which has a plurality of functional groups such as a hydroxy group and a halogeno group at the both ends is added and heated to reflux with stirring for 48 hours to obtain Compound 31 in 58% yield based on Compound 34.

(79) Compound 31 can be further converted to Compound 32 and then Compound 28 as illustrated in the formula (9).

(80) ##STR00013##

(81) Compound 31 can also be synthesized by a process illustrated in the following formula (11). 2 equivalents of 6-hexylamino-1-hexanol, which is a secondary amine having an alkyl group having a functional group such as a hydroxy group, based on Compound 21, and 2.5 equivalents of potassium carbonate based on Compound 22 are added to an acetonitrile solution of compound 21, and heated to reflux for 48 hours to obtain Compound 31 in 87% yield.

(82) ##STR00014##

(83) As a method for insolubilizing of the polymer including the catalytic center described above, there is a method illustrated in the following formula (12). Cat-5 is obtained by this method. The synthesis is as follows.

(84) 0.624 g of an oil in which sodium hydride dispersed (content of sodium hydride=40%), 0.625 g of polyhydroxystyrene (weight-average molecular weight=25000) and a catalytic amount of N, N-dimethylformamide are stirred in tetrahydrofuran at room temperature for 15 minutes. Then, a tetrahydrofuran solution of Compound 28 (44 mg; 0.05 mmol) is added at room temperature and stirred at 40 C. for 2 hours. Thereafter, 0.263 g of 1,4-bis(bromomethyl)benzene (0.263 g; 1.0 mmol) having a plurality of alkyl groups containing a halogen atom as a crosslinking agent is added dropwise at 40 C. and stirred at 40 C. for 18 hours. Then, 1 mL of methyl iodide is added dropwise, and the mixture is stirred at 40 C. for 24 hours. Thereafter, the reaction solution is neutralized with hydrobromic acid and filtered to obtain Cat-5. Note that methyl iodide is added to capture an anion species generated by abstracting hydrogen atoms from a phenol group of polyhydroxystyrene by a base.

(85) ##STR00015##

(86) By using Compound 24, which is the spiro-type quaternary ammonium compound, as a raw material, Cat-6 can be obtained by the same method as the formula (12) (the following formula (13)).

(87) ##STR00016##

(88) In the synthetic methods of the above formulas (12) and (13), instead of polyhydroxystyrene or in addition to polyhydroxystyrene, for example, a crosslinked polymer having a functional group such as a hydroxy group and an amino group in a side chain as illustrated in the following formula (14) may be used. In some cases, it may be unnecessary to add a crosslinking agent. In the following formula (14), P represents a polymer.

(89) ##STR00017##

(90) Examples of a polymer corresponding to P include: a polymer having an alkyl chain which may have a substituent or a side chain group; a polymer having an ether structure such as a polyoxyalkylene, where the ether structure has a carbon atom and an oxygen atom in the main chain, and may have a substituent or a side chain group; a polymer having a structure such as a polyethyleneimine, where the structure has a carbon atom and a nitrogen atom in the main chain and may have a substituent or a side chain group; a polymer having a structure such as a siloxane, where the structure has an atom of an element such as a silicon atom other than a carbon atom, an oxygen atom and a nitrogen atom in the main chain and may have a substituent or a side chain group in the main chain; a polymer having a structure such as a nylon structure which may have a substituent or a side chain group, or a vinylon structure which may have a substituent or a side chain group; a polymer having a polyester structure such as polyethylene terephthalate, where the polyester structure may have a substituent or a side chain group; a polymer having a structure which may have a substituent or a side chain group, where the structure has a plurality of amide bonds in the main chain and may have a substituent; and a polymer having a polyimide structure which may have a substituent or a side chain group, or a polysaccharide structure which may have a substituent or a side chain group.

(91) Compounds having a functional group such as hydroxy in the ammonium salt of the catalytic center as in Compounds 22 and 31 may bond to, for example, a polymer such as: CP-X, which is a halogenated benzyl type polymer having a highly active halogen atom-carbon atom bond; CP-AMIDE, which is a polymer having an amide group and a halogen atom at -position of a carbonyl group; and CPCOOH, which is a polymer having a carboxyl group as a support. Note that P in the following formula (15) represents a polymer chain.

(92) ##STR00018##

(93) Examples of a polymer corresponding to P include: a polymer having an alkyl chain which may have a substituent or a side chain group; a polymer having an ether structure such as a polyoxyalkylene, where the ether structure has a carbon atom and an oxygen atom in the main chain, and may have a substituent or a side chain group; a polymer having a structure such as a polyethyleneimine, where the structure has a carbon atom and a nitrogen atom in the main chain and may have a substituent or a side chain group; a polymer having a structure such as a siloxane, where the structure has an atom of an element such as a silicon atom other than a carbon atom, an oxygen atom and a nitrogen atom in the main chain and may have a substituent or a side chain group in the main chain; a polymer having a structure such as a nylon structure which may have a substituent or a side chain group, or a vinylon structure which may have a substituent or a side chain group; a polymer having a polyester structure such as polyethylene terephthalate, where the polyester structure may have a substituent or a side chain group; a polymer having a structure which may have a substituent or a side chain group, where the structure has a plurality of amide bonds in the main chain and may have a substituent; and a polymer having a polyimide structure which may have a substituent or a side chain group, or a polysaccharide structure which may have a substituent or a side chain group.

(94) When a steric hindrance of the catalyst center is large, it is preferred that a polymer as illustrated in the following formula (16) in which a number of bonds from a base main chain skeleton is 7 or more, the bonds including a bond between the polymer chain and a carbon atom in a benzene ring bonding to the polymer chain, is used as a support.

(95) ##STR00019##

(96) Further, instead of the polyhydroxystyrene in the synthetic methods of the above formulas (12) and (13), for example, a material having a functional group such as a hydroxy group and an amino group and being an inorganic material such as a silica and an alumina as a base material, as illustrated in the following formula (16), may be used. In this case, it may be unnecessary to add a crosslinking agent.

(97) ##STR00020##

(98) A linker used for bonding from the organic polymer and the inorganic base material to the catalytic center may have, for example, an aryl group, an alkyl chain, an amide bond, an ether bond, a thioether bond, a disulfide bond, an imide bond, a single bond or a double bond between a carbon atom and a nitrogen atom, a bond between a phosphorus atom and a carbon atom, or a bond between a phosphorus atom and an oxygen atom. In particular, the linker having one or two kinds of bonds among a bond between carbon atoms, a bond between a carbon atom and an oxygen atom, and a bond between a carbon atom and a nitrogen atom is preferable because they are chemically stable.

(99) For example, practically, the P1 and the chiral ammonium salt can be connected by a method illustrated in the following formula (18).

(100) ##STR00021##

(101) Polymer P1 (50-100 mesh, 1.0 mmol/g OH) illustrated in the above formula (16) is added to 18 mg of an oil in which sodium hydride is dispersed (content of sodium hydride: 40%) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) at room temperature, and stirred for 15 minutes. Then, a tetrahydrofuran solution of Compound 35 (48 mg; 0.05 mmol) is added at room temperature and stirred at 40 C. for 12 hours. Thereafter, the reaction solution is neutralized with hydrobromic acid and filtered to obtain Cat-7. Cat-7 includes a linker composed of 24 constituent atoms and the linker includes a hydrocarbon group in which 12 carbon atoms are connected. When it is necessary to weaken an interaction between the polymer chain and the catalyst center or the cation center to obtain higher stereoselectivity in an asymmetric reaction, the number of constituent atoms of the linker is preferably 24 or more, more preferably 30 or more, further preferably 40 or more.

(102) Compound 35, in which chain lengths of the two substituents on the nitrogen atom of the cation center are different from each other, is synthesized by the same method as the method for synthesizing Compound 28 from Compound 21 of the above formula (7).

(103) Cat-8, illustrated in the following formula (19), is also obtained by using CP-AMIDE. Specifically, a polymer CP-AMIDE (50-100 mesh, 1.0 mmol/g OH) represented by the above formula (15) is added to 18 mg of an oil in which sodium hydride is dispersed (sodium hydride content: 40% 1.0 mmol/gOH) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) at room temperature and the mixture is stirred for 15 minutes. Then, a tetrahydrofuran solution of Compound 35 (48 mg; 0.05 mmol) is added at room temperature and stirred at 40 C. for 12 hours. Thereafter, the reaction solution is neutralized with hydrobromic acid and filtered to obtain Cat-8.

(104) ##STR00022##

(105) By making the chain lengths of two substituents on the nitrogen atom of the cation center different from each other like Compound 35, a steric hindrance at the chiral center may be decreased, so that it may facilitate to bond to the polymer.

(106) Also when the nitrogen atom of the cation center has a cyclic structure containing the nitrogen atom like the compound 36, the steric hindrance of the chiral center may be decreased, so that it may become easier to bond to the polymer. As illustrated in the following formula (20), 2 equivalents of 4-piperidine ethanol and 2.5 equivalents of potassium carbonate based on Compound 21 are added and the mixture is heated to reflux with stirring for 48 hours to obtain Compound 36 in 80% yield.

(107) ##STR00023##

(108) Compound 36 can bond to the polymer in the method described above.

(109) A compound such as compound 37 which is not an axially chiral type chiral compound can also bond to a polymer. P2 (100-200 mesh, 1.0 mmol/g Br) illustrated in the above formula (16) is added to 18 mg of an oil in which sodium hydride is dispersed (content of sodium hydride: 40%) in tetrahydrofuran at room temperature. Then Compound 37 (50 mg; 0.05 mmol) is added and stirred at 40 C. for 12 hours. Thereafter, the reaction solution is neutralized with hydrobromic acid and filtered to obtain Cat-9. Note that Compound 37 can be obtained by the methods described in Syn Commun., 2010, 40, 266. and J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2003, 125, 11206. as references.

(110) ##STR00024##

(111) Cat-10 to Cat-13 illustrated in the following formula (22) can be synthesized by using P1 or P2.

(112) ##STR00025## ##STR00026##

(113) FIG. 11 illustrates sections of the first portion, the second portion, the third portion and the linker in Cat-13. A portion including: a binaphthyl group being the axially chiral substituent; a seven-membered ring composed of a plurality of atoms of constituent atoms contained in the binaphthyl group skeleton, a carbon atom at 2-position of the binaphthyl group, a carbon atom at 2-position of the binaphthyl group, a methylene group bonding directly to 2-position of the binaphthyl group, a methylene group bonding directly to 2-position of the binaphthyl group and a nitrogen atom bonding directly to the two methylene groups; and a six-membered ring including the nitrogen atom is defined as the first portion. This is because, similar to the compound exemplified in FIG. 6, a conformational movement of the seven-membered ring and the six-membered ring is substantially restricted by a steric effect of the binaphthyl group which is the axially chiral substituent. Two trifluorophenyl groups bonding to a carbon atom at 3-position and a carbon atom at 3-position of the binaphthyl group skeleton are not included in the first portion, since bonds between the trifluorophenyl groups and each of the carbon atoms at 3- and 3-positions are rotatable.

(114) The linker includes a portion from a methylene group bonding directly to a carbon atom being opposite to the nitrogen atom contained in the six-membered ring to a carbon atom of a benzene ring bonding directly to a polymer chain P. The second portion and the third portion is the polymer chain P being a base and a bromide ion, respectively.

(115) Cat-14 to Cat-17 illustrated in the following formula (23) can be synthesized by using P-AMIDE.

(116) ##STR00027## ##STR00028##

(117) Cat-12 and Cat-16 have a substituent having a methoxy group, which has an oxygen atom of less coordinating ability at an end, on the nitrogen atom which is the cation center as a substituent which is not the linker.

(118) In any one of the above compounds, when the compound is an organic salt, a compound illustrated in the following formula (24) can be synthesized to investigate an effect by the structure in which a coordinating nitrogen atom is present within 6 bonds counted from a bond having an atom which is a cation or an anion center.

(119) ##STR00029##

(120) Cat-18 may be synthesized in the same method as the synthesis of Compound 28 illustrated in the above formula (7). Specifically, a compound is reacted with 4-(bromomethyl) pyridine instead of hexyl bromide and then connected with P-1 by the same method as in the above formula (18).

(121) Cat-18 has a coordinating nitrogen atom in a pyridine skeleton in the fifth bond counted from a bond having a nitrogen atom which is the cation center.

(122) The Cat-3, Cat-4, and Cat-5 are catalysts including an alkylene group in a portion constituting an organic group connecting nitrogen atom of the cation center of the ammonium salt with the polymer chain, the alkylene group bonding directly to the nitrogen atom, bonding to an oxygen atom on a phenyl group of a polystyrene, and composed of 6 carbon atoms. And another alkyl group on the nitrogen group also constituted by bonding of 6 carbon atoms. That is, the catalysts may have alkyl groups of the same chain length on the nitrogen atom which is the cation center of the ammonium salt.

(123) However, other than the two substituents between the binaphthyl group on the nitrogen atom which is the cation center of the ammonium salt, depending on an application of a reaction to be catalyzed, a desired reactivity or reaction mode, the number of constituent atoms of the substituent on the nitrogen atom may be made different like Cat-7 and Cat-8.

(124) In order to reduce an interaction between the portion of the ammonium salt which is the catalytic center and the polymer chain or resin which is a support, it is preferred that the chain length of the organic group bonding the nitrogen atom and the polymer chain is set so that a cyclic structure including the binaphthyl group and the nitrogen atom is not influenced. Specifically, the linker connecting the polymer chain with the nitrogen atom preferably may have a substituent or a structure which is to be four or more bonds from the nitrogen atom which is the cation center.

(125) An organic reaction is carried out using the above-mentioned Cat-1 to Cat-18 as a solid catalyst, and its optical yield is examined.

(126) The following formula (25) describes an application example for a carbon-carbon bond reaction as a specific example. The reaction represented by the following formula (25) is a reaction of a Schiff base and an alkyl halide having an alkyl group which may have a substituent such as an aryl group in the presence of a base. By this reaction, an alkyl group bonds to -position of an ester group.

(127) ##STR00030##

(128) Specific reaction conditions are as follows: N-(diphenylmethylene)glycine tert-butyl ester (0.065 g; 0.22 mmol) and benzyl bromide (0.375 g; 2.2 mmol) are dissolved in a mixed solvent of toluene/dichloromethane (=7/3, volume ratio), 1 mmol % of the above-mentioned compounds Cat-1 to 18 as a solid-molecular catalyst is added, and 50% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (0.55 mL) is further added. The mixture is stirred at room temperature for 16 hours and the reaction product is analyzed. A chemical yield is determined by isolating the reaction product and an optical yield is measured by liquid phase chromatography equipped with a chiral column for analysis.

(129) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Yields, optical yields and catalyst recovery rates in batch reactions in a 50% NaOH aqueous solution-toluene/ methylene chloride solvent system (two-phase system) by using catalysts according to some embodiments of the invention Catalyst Optical Recovery Catalyst Yield/% Yield/% ee Rate/% Cat-1 75 70 70 Cat-2 80 73 90 Cat-3 80 72 70 Cat-4 80 72 90 Cat-5 80 72 90 Cat-6 83 78 93 Cat-7 70 68 78 Cat-8 70 68 75 Cat-9 68 68 72 Cat-10 74 65 72 Cat-11 72 70 72 Cat-12 70 68 70 Cat-13 70 69 72 Cat-14 74 68 73 Cat-15 70 65 70 Cat-16 70 62 72 Cat-17 68 70 72 Cat-18 58 35 70

(130) As can be seen from Table 1, when Cat-1 to Cat-17 are used as the solid chiral molecular catalyst, the catalysts give good yields and optical yields. On the other hand, when Cat-18 in which a coordination nitrogen atom is present in the fifth bond counted from a bond containing a nitrogen atom, which is a cation center, is used as a catalyst, it is observed that the yield and optical yield are low.

(131) At least 70% or more of the catalyst can be recovered by an operation such as filtration of the reaction solution after the reaction using Cat-1 to Cat-18 as a catalyst, and the recovered catalyst can be reused. Therefore, it is possible to reuse an asymmetric catalyst which is extremely expensive as a homogeneous catalyst due to an expensive raw material and many synthetic steps.

(132) Particularly, with respect to Cat-2, Cat-4, Cat-5 and Cat-6 having a crosslinked structure, the catalyst recovery rate of 90% or more is observed. It is indicated that the insolubility is improved by forming a crosslinked structure at the time of synthesizing the compound.

(133) Next, yields, optical yields and catalyst recovery rates in a batch reaction in a 50% KOH aqueous solution-toluene solvent system by using Cat-1 to Cat-18 as a catalyst are described.

(134) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Yields, optical yields and catalyst recovery rates in batch reactions in a 50% KOH aqueous solution-toluene solvent system (two-phase system) by using catalysts according to some embodiments of the invention Catalyst Optical Recovery Catalyst Yield/% Yield/% ee Rate/% Cat-1 75 80 75 Cat-2 80 80 94 Cat-3 80 75 74 Cat-4 80 75 94 Cat-5 80 85 95 Cat-6 83 86 97 Cat-7 70 71 80 Cat-8 70 73 78 Cat-9 73 72 80 Cat-10 74 75 80 Cat-11 72 72 75 Cat-12 70 70 74 Cat-13 70 72 75 Cat-14 74 72 77 Cat-15 70 70 73 Cat-16 70 65 75 Cat-17 68 72 74 Cat-18 58 48 76

(135) As can be seen from Table 2, the optical yields are higher in the 50% KOH aqueous solution-toluene solvent system as a whole. It is considered that due to a high polarity of methylene chloride, methylene chloride slightly dissolves in water, so that reactions occur at a field other than the asymmetric reaction field formed by Cat-1 to Cat-18.

(136) Since Cat-1, Cat-2, Cat-3, Cat-4, Cat-5, Cat-6, Cat-7 and Cat-8 have highly insolubility, they can be used as a catalyst of a flow reaction by filling them into a column. Unlike the batch reaction described above, the flow reaction has an advantage that the catalyst can be used repeatedly without recovering by the operation such as filtration.

(137) FIG. 12 illustrates a schematic diagram of the flow reaction. As illustrated in FIG. 2, by mixing two solutions via a T-shaped or Y-shaped mixer, even when incompatible reaction solvents such as toluene and potassium hydroxide aqueous solution, sodium hydroxide aqueous solution or the like are used, the reaction solvent can be smoothly introduced into the column.

(138) As a substrate, a benzylideneamino ester or a benzhydrylideneamino ester as illustrated in FIG. 12 can be used, and Table 3 describes the case where the same reaction system as the reaction system illustrated in Table 2 is adopted.

(139) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Yields and optical yields in flow reactions using catalysts according to some embodiments of the present invention Optical Catalyst Yield/% Yield/% ee Cat-1 89 76 Cat-2 86 75 Cat-3 87 70 Cat-4 87 70 Cat-5 86 80 Cat-6 89 82 Cat-7 80 70 Cat-8 78 68

(140) As can be seen from Table 3, good yields and optical yields can be obtained by applying any catalyst to the flow reaction system. Even when any one of Cat-1 to Cat-8 is used as a catalyst, it can be repeatedly used for the reaction at least five times or more.

(141) As the chiral center of the compound according to some embodiments of the present invention, compounds represented by the following formula (26) can be used. The substituents R may be the same or different from each other, and the position of substitution can be appropriately set.

(142) ##STR00031## ##STR00032##

(143) Specifically, a compound having a Spiro structure such as A and B, a compound having an axially chiral biphenyl skeleton such as C, D and G, a compound having a polycyclic structure sharing at least one side such as F, and a compound in which a hetero atom such as a phosphorus atom other than a nitrogen atom is the cation center such as H can be applied.

(144) Similar to the compound having the binaphthyl skeleton described above, the above-mentioned compounds A to I can also bond to the polymer chain by using the substituent R appropriately.

(145) Similar to other compounds of the present invention, the above-mentioned A to I skeletons may bond to the polymer chain through an alkyl chain, a polyether chain, a triazole structure, an amide group, a thioamide group, an ester group, a thioester group, a carbamate group, an amine structure, a sulfide structure, a disulfide structure, an ether structure or the like.

(146) Each of the constituent parts of the compound according to the present invention, such as the chiral center or cation center, the polymer chain, and the linker connecting the chiral center or the cation center with the polymer chain can be appropriately selected, and combinations thereof are also appropriately selected, unless it is going against the gist of the present invention.