Diversion plunger for reciprocating rod pump

Abstract

A diversion connector is used for a downhole pump having a plunger and a barrel in a well. The diversion connector is useful in a sandy well having particulates. The plunger has an interior and is reciprocated by a rod relative to the barrel. The connector includes one or more bodies, such as a mandrel, attaching the rod to the plunger. The mandrel has a first exterior surface and defines a fluid passage communicating with the interior of the plunger. A sleeve is disposed on the first exterior surface and has an interior surface floating relative to the first exterior surface. The floating sleeve at least partially prevents particulate uphole of the plunger from passing in a gap between the plunger and the barrel.

Claims

1. A downhole apparatus comprising a diversion connector for a downhole pump, the downhole pump having a plunger reciprocated by a rod in a barrel, the plunger having an interior, the connector comprising: one or more bodies having a rod end attaching to the rod and having a plunger end attaching to the plunger of the downhole pump, the one or more bodies having a first exterior surface and defining a fluid passage, the fluid passage having an inlet port toward the plunger end and having at least one first outlet port toward the rod end, the inlet port communicating the fluid passage with the interior of the plunger, the at least one first outlet port communicating the fluid passage outside the first exterior surface; and a sleeve disposed on the first exterior surface between the at least one first outlet port and the plunger end of the one or more bodies and being radially movable on the first exterior surface relative to the barrel, the sleeve having an interior surface floating relative to the first exterior surface between the at least one first outlet port and the plunger end.

2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the sleeve is composed of a different material than the one or more bodies.

3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the sleeve is composed of a ceramic material, and wherein the one or more bodies are composed of a metal material.

4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the sleeve defines a first shoulder at an uphole end of the sleeve facing toward the rod.

5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the sleeve further defines one or more external grooves defined about a second exterior surface thereof between the uphole end and a downhole end of the sleeve.

6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more bodies comprise a mandrel having the rod and plunger ends and having the first exterior surface.

7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the one or more bodies comprise at least one fixture attaching the mandrel to the plunger and permitting fluid communication between the fluid passage of the mandrel and the interior of the plunger.

8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the at least one fixture comprises a first ring disposed on the plunger end of the mandrel and engaged against a first shoulder on the mandrel adjacent a downhole end of the sleeve.

9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the at least one fixture further comprises a second ring disposed on the plunger end and holding the first ring against the first shoulder on the mandrel.

10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the first and second rings thread onto the plunger end of the mandrel; and wherein the second ring threads onto the plunger.

11. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the sleeve has an uphole end disposed adjacent a second shoulder on the mandrel.

12. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the sleeve has a second exterior surface with an outer dimension configured to match that of the plunger.

13. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising one or more biasing elements disposed between the interior surface of the sleeve and the first exterior surface of the one or more bodies.

14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the one or more biasing elements comprises one or more O-rings disposed between the interior surface of the sleeve and the first exterior surface of the one or more bodies.

15. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the one or more O-rings are disposed in grooves in the first exterior surface or in the interior surface of the sleeve.

16. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one more bodies comprise a perforated body having a screen, the perforated body connected to the plunger.

17. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the sleeve has an uphole end adjacent the at least one fluid outlet port of the one or more bodies, the uphole end defining a conical surface angled inward.

18. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more bodies define at least one second outlet port disposed between the at least one first outlet port and the plunger end, the at least one second outlet port communicating the fluid passage outside the first exterior surface; and wherein the one or more bodies comprise at least one sealing element disposed about the first exterior surface between the at least one second outlet port and the plunger end.

19. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein the at least one sealing element comprises at least one wiper seal.

20. A downhole apparatus operated by a rod, the apparatus comprising: a barrel having a first one-way valve permitting fluid communication into the barrel and restricting fluid communication out of the barrel; a plunger reciprocally disposed in the barrel and having a second one-way valve, the second one-way valve permitting fluid communication into an interior of the plunger from a variable volume defined between the first and second one-way valves, the second one-way valve restricting fluid communication out of the interior to the variable volume; a connector having a rod end attaching the rod and having a plunger end attaching to the plunger, the connector having a first exterior surface and defining a fluid passage, the fluid passage having an inlet port toward the plunger end and having at least one outlet port toward the rod end, the inlet port communicating the fluid passage with the interior of the plunger, the at least one outlet port communicating the fluid passage outside the first exterior surface; and a sleeve disposed on the connector between the at least one outlet port and the plunger end of the connector and being radially movable on the first exterior surface relative to the barrel, the sleeve having an interior surface floating relative to the first exterior surface of the connector between the at least one outlet port and the plunger end.

21. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the first one-way valve comprises a check valve having a ball movable relative to a seat; and wherein the second one-way valve comprises a check valve having a ball movable relative to a seat.

22. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein in a first stroke moving the barrel and the plunger relative to one another in a first direction, the variable volume decreases, the first one-way valve closes, and the second one-way valve opens; and wherein in a second stroke moving the barrel and the plunger relative to one another in a second direction, the variable volume increases, the first one-way valve opens, and the second one-way valve closes.

23. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the connector comprises a mandrel having the rod and plunger ends and having the first exterior surface; and wherein the sleeve is disposed on the mandrel.

24. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the plunger end of the connector attaches directly to an upper end of the plunger.

25. The apparatus of claim 20, comprising an intermediate member attaching the plunger end of the connector to an upper end of the plunger.

26. The apparatus of claim 25, wherein the intermediate member comprises a perforated body having a screen, the perforated body connected between the plunger end of the connector and the upper end of the plunger.

27. The apparatus of claim 20, comprising a surface drive reciprocating the rod.

28. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the sleeve has an outer dimension configured to match that of the plunger.

29. The apparatus of claim 20, further comprising one or more biasing elements disposed between the interior surface of the sleeve and the first exterior surface of the connector.

30. A downhole apparatus operating with a rod, the apparatus comprising: a barrel having a first one-way valve permitting fluid communication into the barrel and restricting fluid communication out of the barrel; a plunger reciprocally disposed in the barrel and having a second one-way valve, the second one-way valve permitting fluid communication into an interior of the plunger from a variable volume defined between the first and second one-way valves, the second one-way valve restricting fluid communication out of the interior to the variable volume; a first end portion of the plunger having a first exterior surface and defining a first fluid passage, the first fluid passage communicating with the interior of the plunger, the first end portion defining a first fluid port, the first fluid port communicating the first fluid passage outside the first end portion; and a first sleeve disposed on the first end portion between the first fluid port and the plunger and being radially movable on the first exterior surface relative to the barrel, the first sleeve having a first interior surface floating relative to the first exterior surface of the first end portion between the first fluid port and the plunger; and one or more first biasing elements disposed between the first interior surface of the first sleeve and the first exterior surface of the first end portion.

31. The apparatus of claim 30, wherein the first end portion is disposed on an uphole end of the plunger and connects to the rod, the first fluid port being in communication with an outlet for the plunger.

32. The apparatus of claim 31, wherein the first end portion comprises a connector attaching the rod to the plunger; and wherein the first sleeve is disposed on the connector.

33. The apparatus of claim 31, further comprising: a second end portion disposed on a downhole end of the plunger, the second end portion having a second exterior surface and defining a second fluid passage, the second fluid passage communicating with the interior of the plunger, the second end portion defining a second fluid port, the second fluid port communicating the second fluid passage outside the second end portion; and a second sleeve disposed on the second end portion between the second fluid port and the plunger and being radially movable on the second exterior surface relative to the barrel, the second sleeve having a second interior surface floating relative to the second exterior surface of the second end portion between the second fluid port and the plunger.

34. The apparatus of claim 30, wherein the first end portion is disposed on a downhole end of the plunger, the first fluid port being an inlet for the plunger.

35. The apparatus of claim 34, wherein first fluid port of the first end portion communicates with the second one-way valve.

36. The apparatus of claim 33, wherein the second fluid port of the second end portion communicates with the second one-way valve.

37. The apparatus of claim 30, wherein the first sleeve has an outer dimension configured to match that of the plunger.

38. The apparatus of claim 33, further comprising one or more second biasing elements disposed between the second interior surface of the second sleeve and the second exterior surface of the second end portion.

39. A method of producing fluid in a sandy well, the method comprising: reciprocating a plunger and a barrel relative to one another; transferring a first volume of fluid and particulate trapped in a first interior of the barrel into a second interior of the plunger by reciprocating the plunger and the barrel relative to one another in a first direction; lifting uphole a second volume of fluid and particulate trapped in the second interior of the plunger by reciprocating the plunger and the barrel relative to one another in a second direction; and at least partially preventing particulate uphole of the plunger from passing in a gap between the plunger and the barrel by floating an interior surface of a first sleeve on a first exterior surface disposed between at least one outlet port and an uphole end of the plunger and radially moving the floating first sleeve on the first exterior surface relative to the barrel.

40. The method of claim 39, further comprising floating a second sleeve on a downhole end of the plunger and radially moving the floating second sleeve on a second exterior surface of the downhole end of the plunger relative to the barrel.

41. The apparatus of claim 39, wherein floating the interior surface of the first sleeve on the first exterior surface disposed between the at least one outlet port and the uphole end of the plunger comprises floating the first sleeve with one or more biasing elements disposed between the interior surface of the first sleeve and the first exterior surface.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1A illustrates a reciprocating rod lift system having a rod pump according to the prior art.

(2) FIG. 1B illustrates a detailed cross-sectional view of the rod pump of FIG. 1A.

(3) FIG. 2A illustrates a rod pump having a balancing chamber according to the prior art for use in a sandy well.

(4) FIG. 2B illustrates a rod pump having a sand snare chamber according to the prior art for use in a sandy well.

(5) FIG. 3A illustrates a rod-type pump according to the prior art.

(6) FIG. 3B illustrates a diversion connector according to the prior art for a rod-type pump.

(7) FIG. 4 illustrates a diversion connector according to the present disclosure for a rod-type pump.

(8) FIG. 5A illustrates another diversion connector according to the present disclosure for a rod-type pump.

(9) FIG. 5B illustrates a detail of the diversion connector in FIG. 5A.

(10) FIG. 6 illustrates the mandrel of the disclosed diversion connector.

(11) FIG. 7 illustrates the sleeve of the disclosed diversion connector.

(12) FIG. 8 illustrates the lock nut of the disclosed diversion connector.

(13) FIG. 9 illustrates the attachment nut of the disclosed diversion connector.

(14) FIG. 10A illustrates the diversion connector connecting on a plunger.

(15) FIG. 10B illustrates the diversion connector connecting on a plunger with an intermediate component.

(16) FIG. 10C illustrates the diversion connector used with wiper seals.

(17) FIG. 11A illustrates several configurations for sleeves disposed on uphole and/or downhole ends of a plunger.

(18) FIG. 11B illustrates one of the configurations having sleeve disposed on the uphole and downhole ends of the plunger.

(19) FIG. 12A illustrates an alternative arrangement of a sleeve on the end of the plunger.

(20) FIG. 12B illustrates a connector affixed to the end of the plunger and holding the sleeve in place.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(21) FIG. 4 illustrates a diversion connector 300 according to the present disclosure in cross-section. The diversion connector 300 is used for a downhole pump having a plunger and a barrel, such as discussed previously with reference to FIG. 3A, in which the plunger (158) is reciprocated by a rod (154) relative to a barrel (116). The connector 300 connects the rod (154) to the plunger (158) and moves with the plunger (158) in the barrel (116). The connector 300 does not have to connect to the rod (154) directly. Depending on the upper connection, the connector 300 can attach to another mandrel or device, such as a wiper mandrel.

(22) The connector 300 has a mandrel 310, a sleeve or insert 320, and at least one fixture 330, 340. The mandrel 310, which is shown in an isolated view in FIG. 6, has ends 312, 314 and an exterior surface 318. An uphole end 314 attaches to the rod (154: FIG. 3A). The downhole end 312 defines an opening 313 for a fluid passage 316 that communicates toward exit openings 317 toward the uphole end 314.

(23) The sleeve 320 is disposed on the mandrel 310 and shoulders against an upper shoulder 315a of the mandrel 310. The sleeve 320, which is shown in an isolated view in FIG. 7, has an interior surface 328 that floats relative to the exterior surface 318 of the mandrel 310. The inner dimension B of the sleeve 320 can be approximately 0.010-in. larger than an outer dimension A of the mandrel's exterior surface 318. The outer dimension C of the sleeve 320 may typically be about 0.003-0.005-in. smaller than nominal barrel size. In general, the sleeve's exterior surface may have an outer dimension configured to match that of the plunger, although this is not strictly necessary as other configurations can be used.

(24) The fixture 330, 340 attaches the downhole end 312 of the mandrel 310 to the plunger (158) and permits fluid communication between the mandrel's fluid passage 316 and the interior space (159) of the plunger (158). As shown, one of the fixtures is a first ring or lock nut 330, which is shown in an isolated view in FIG. 8. The first ring 330 has a central opening 332 that slides or threads onto the end 312 of the mandrel 310.

(25) A shoulder 334 supports the downhole end of the sleeve 320 and preferably abuts against a shoulder 315b on the mandrel 310 to prevent further movement against the sleeve 320. This keeps the sleeve 320 from being tightened in place during assembly, which would prevent the sleeve 320 from moving. In fact, the first ring 330 can tighten up against the shoulder 315b on the mandrel 310. Even with the first ring 330 in place, the sleeve 320 can still move axially on the mandrel 310 approximately 0.020-in., if needed.

(26) As shown, another of the fixtures is a second ring or attachment nut 340, which is shown in isolated view in FIG. 9. The second ring 340 has a central opening with thread 332 that threads onto the end 312 of the mandrel 310. Second threads 334 allow the second ring 340 to affix to the uphole end of the plunger (158). The second ring 340 holds the first ring 330 shouldered against the mandrel's shoulder 315b, and the second ring 340 is tightened against the first ring 330 to prevent either from backing off during operation.

(27) The sleeve 320 can be composed of the same or a different material as the mandrel 310. Rather than being limited to particular materials/coatings, several materials and coatings can be used on the sleeve 320. The sleeve 320 can be made of any material that is abrasion resistant. In fact, the sleeve 320 is not limited to materials that can withstand the tensile loads typical of rod pumping. As some example, the sleeve 320 can be composed of a ceramic, a hardened stainless steel, or a metal having a hard coating or surface treatment.

(28) As one example, the sleeve 320 can be composed of a ceramic material, and the mandrel 310 can be composed of a metal material, such as a stainless steel or a suitable alloy. The sleeve 320 just needs to be corrosion resistant and hard enough to resist sand scoring because there are no tensile loads being transmitted through it.

(29) To mitigate sand traveling between the plunger (158) and the barrel (116), the sleeve 320 has an uphole end with a sharp edge 327. As shown, the sharp edge 327 can be a right angle corner and can have a funnel formed more toward the interior. Other edges can be used with shoulder being more or less orthogonal to the axis of the sleeve 320.

(30) The sleeve 320 can float freely on the connector 300. Alternatively, to help with positioning of the connector 300 on the plunger (158) and relative to the barrel (116), the connector 300 can have one or more biasing elements 319 disposed between the interior surface 328 of the sleeve 320 and the exterior surface 318 of the mandrel 310. As shown, the one or more biasing elements can be O-rings 319 disposed in grooves in the exterior surface 318 of the mandrel 310 that engage against the interior surface 328 of the sleeve 320. As an alternative, the O-rings 319 can be disposed in grooves in the interior surface 328 of the sleeve 320 and can simply engage against the exterior surface 318 of the mandrel 310, or a combination of both arrangements can be used.

(31) The sleeve 320 with its edge 327 prevents sand from getting into the gap between the working plunger (158) and barrel (116). Additionally, the sleeve 320 can float on the mandrel 310 with the aid of the O-rings 319 to allow the sleeve 320 to move radially independent of the plunger's axis and to help the sleeve 320 to locate in the barrel (116). This gives the sleeve 320 the ability to centralize in the barrel (116).

(32) Rather than having a fixed-axis diameter, the sleeve 320 operates as a floating-axis diversion insert. In one configuration, the outer dimension OA of the mandrel 310 can be approximately 0.010-in. smaller than the inner dimension of the sleeve 320. This allows the sleeve 320 to move radially in the barrel (116) and not come in contact with the mandrel 310. With this configuration, axial alignment of the assembly to the plunger (158) is less problematic due to an approximately 0.010-in. annular clearance between the sleeve 320 and the mandrel 310. In this way, the sleeve 320 is somewhat self-aligning, and the O-rings 319 help keep the sleeve 320 centralized.

(33) As shown in FIG. 4, the sleeve 320 can be made with a smooth external surface. In another configuration, the sleeve 320 can be made with grooves in the external surface. For example, FIG. 5A illustrates another diversion connector 200 according to the present disclosure for a rod-type pump, and FIG. 5B illustrates a detail of the diversion connector's sleeve 320. In this arrangement, the sleeve 320 has one or more external grooves 329 defined circumferentially about an exterior of the sleeve 320 between the sleeve's uphole and downhole ends. As shown, multiple grooves 329 can be provided to produce a number of shoulders. The size of the grooves 329 can be consistent or different and can be uniformly or non-uniformly spaced along the sleeve 320.

(34) In this arrangement with multiple square grooves 329, the sleeve 320 can provide multiple leading edges. Each groove 329 create a new path for any sand to traverse should the adjacent groove 329 become compromised during operation. Once the upper groove 329 is worn out from sand, for example, the groove 329 below it may be unworn and can become the new leading edge. This can continue down the length of the sleeve 320 until all of the grooves 329 are compromised.

(35) As can be seen with reference to FIGS. 4-9, the disclosed diversion connector 300 is used in a rod pumping application that has problems with sand scoring the plunger (158) and/or barrel (116). The connector 300 is attached above the working plunger (158) and functions to divert sand away from the space between the working plunger (158) and the barrel (116) in which it reciprocates. By the strategic placement of sharp edges 327 (and optional grooves 329) and the floating exterior surface of the sleeve 320, the connector 300 can allow the sucker rod pump to operate for longer periods without damage.

(36) As shown in FIG. 10A, the diversion connector 300 can connect directly to the plunger 158 and the rod 154 of the pump 100. In another arrangement shown in FIG. 10B, the diversion connector 300 can connect to the rod 154 and can connect to the end of the plunger 158 with an intermediate component, which can be part of the plunger 158, part of the connector 300, or independent of both.

(37) In FIG. 10B, for example, the intermediate component is a screen element 400 having an outer body 410 with openings 414 communicating to a central passage 412, which communicates between the flow passage 316 of the connector 300 and the interior 159 of the plunger 158. A screen 420 is inserted in the central passage 412 to create a sand barrier. This arrangement allows the pump 300 to operate in a manner similar to that disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,858,187 to Lane, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

(38) As shown in FIG. 10C, additional components can be used on the connector 300. For example, one or more wiper seals 350 can be used in conjunction with the sleeve 320 on the mandrel 310. As shown here, the sleeve 320 is disposed above upper diversion ports 317a. The wiper seals 350 are disposed the sleeve 320 toward the fixture elements 330, 340. The mandrel 310 can define lower diversion ports 317b to help with sand control. Although the wiper seals 350 are shown below the sleeve 320, an alternative arrangement can have one or more wiper seals 350 disposed on the mandrel 310 uphole of the sleeve 320. Of course, wiper seals 350 can be used both above and below the sleeve 320.

(39) During operation, the pump 100 of any of the embodiments disclosed herein having the disclosed connector 300 may allow sand to enter the barrel 116 so it can eventually be produced with the fluid that has collected in the plunger 158. This means that produced sand collects in the lifted column of fluid above the connector 300 so the connector 300 must prevent the produced sand from entering the sealing areas between the plunger 158 and barrel 116 during operation.

(40) During the downstroke, the sealing areas between the barrel 116 and the plunger 158 can keep produced sand from entering the gap between the plunger 158 and the barrel 116, although some sand scoring may occur on the downstroke from sand on the barrel ID wall. During the downstroke, head pressure is present inside the barrel 116 above and below the plunger 158, inside the plunger 158, and in the pressure-balance region between them. Therefore, pressure is balanced across the sealing areas between the plunger 158 and barrel 116 so that there is no slippage (i.e., fluid does not pass between the outside surfaces of the connector 300/plunger 158 and the surrounding surface of the barrel 116).

(41) During the upstroke by the rod 154, head pressure is present inside the barrel 116 above the plunger 158. However, fluid slippage can occur in the gap between the inside of the barrel 116 and the outside surfaces of the plunger 158/connector 300. Fluid and any particles may be able to flow into the gap. Yet, as disclosed herein, the sleeve 320 and other features of the connector 300 can at least partially prevent particles, sand, and the like from entering the gap.

(42) The upstroke and down stroke cycles are repeated, causing fluids to be lifted upward through the production tubing and ultimately to the earth's surface. Sandy fluids produced from the formation will produce less wear on the plunger 158 and barrel 116. Being able to lift the sand with the production fluids means that any produced sand below the pump will not foul a downhole screen or fill up the rathole.

(43) In previous embodiments, the features of the connector 300 with its sleeve 320 have been used on the uphole end of the plunger 158 to prevent scoring from sand during the upstroke. As an alternative or in addition to the above arrangement, it is possible for the downhole end of the plunger 158 to include comparable features such as a sleeve to prevent scoring from sand during the downstroke.

(44) For example, FIG. 11A illustrates several configurations for sleeves 320, 520 disposed on uphole and/or downhole ends of a plunger 158. For the first plunger 158, a connector 300 has a mandrel 310 with ports 317. The mandrel 310 affixes to the uphole end of the plunger 158 and holds the sleeve 320 on the plunger 158. The downhole end of the plunger 158 has a cage 160.

(45) For the second plunger 158, a connector 300 with a mandrel 310 holds the first sleeve 320 on the uphole end of the plunger 158. The cage 160 on the downhole end of the plunger also includes a sleeve 520. Finally, for the third plunger 158, a standard connector 156 with ports 157 is disposed on the uphole end of the plunger 158, while the cage 160 includes a sleeve 520.

(46) FIG. 11B illustrates a particular example of the plunger 158 having sleeves 320, 520 disposed on the uphole and downhole ends of the plunger 158. A connector 300 with a mandrel 310, a sleeve 320, and fixture member(s) 330, 340 attaches to the uphole end 158a of the plunger 158. The cage 160 has a sleeve 520 disposed thereon and attaches to the downhole end 158b of the plunger 158 with a connection 510.

(47) In previous embodiments, the features of the connector 300 and sleeves 320 have used separate mandrels 310 attached to an end of the plunger 158. In alternative embodiments, sleeves 320/520 can be disposed directly on end portions of the plunger 158 with those end portions being integral or separately affixing elements to the plunger 158. As shown in FIG. 12A, for example, an end portion 158a of the plunger 158 has a sleeve 320 disposed thereon. As shown here, the end portion 158a has an exterior surface and defines a fluid passage 159 communicating with the interior of the plunger. The sleeve 320 is disposed on the end portion 158a. The sleeve 320 has an interior surface floating relative to the exterior surface of the end portion 158a, for example, using biasing elements 319 in a manner similar to the connectors disclosed herein.

(48) The end portion 158a can be a box connector connecting to an end connector (156) having diversion ports (157). Although the uphole end portion 158a is shown with a sleeve 320, a downhole end portion of the plunger 158 can also have a similar configuration with an exterior surface supporting a downhole sleeve (520).

(49) As an example, FIG. 12B illustrates one way that a connector mandrel 310 can affix to the end portion 158a of a plunger 158 and hold a sleeve 320 in place. The sleeve 320 is disposed on the exterior surface of the plunger 158 and can be supported to float with biasing elements 319. The connector mandrel 310 defines ports 317 and threads into a threaded connection of the end 158a of the plunger 158. A portion of the connector mandrel 310 can support the sleeve 320 axially on the plunger 158.

(50) The foregoing description of preferred and other embodiments is not intended to limit or restrict the scope or applicability of the inventive concepts conceived of by the Applicants. It will be appreciated with the benefit of the present disclosure that features described above in accordance with any embodiment or aspect of the disclosed subject matter can be utilized, either alone or in combination, with any other described feature, in any other embodiment or aspect of the disclosed subject matter.

(51) In exchange for disclosing the inventive concepts contained herein, the Applicants desire all patent rights afforded by the appended claims. Therefore, it is intended that the appended claims include all modifications and alterations to the full extent that they come within the scope of the following claims or the equivalents thereof.