Implantable pump with tapered diffuser region

Abstract

A blood pump, such as an axial flow pump, having a pump housing, the pump housing defining a flow path and having a tapered portion adjacent to an outlet, tapering toward the outlet, an outflow cannula connected to the outlet of the pump housing, and an impeller and diffuser, disposed in the pump housing, the diffuser having a tapered body corresponding to the tapered portion of the pump housing, the diffuser body having at least one vane extending therefrom, the vein tapering in the same direction as the diffuser body. The present invention also includes a method of manufacturing the blood pump and a method of implanting the blood pump.

Claims

1. An implantable blood pump, comprising: a housing having an inlet portion and an outlet portion including an outlet opposite the inlet portion, the outlet portion tapering from the inlet portion toward the outlet; and a diffuser disposed in the housing, the diffuser including a body having a first tip and a second tip opposite the first tip, the body tapering in parallel with the outlet portion of the housing; and the first tip of the diffuser tapers from the outlet toward the inlet portion and the second tip of the diffuser tapers from the inlet portion toward the outlet.

2. The blood pump of claim 1, wherein the diffuser includes a length between 0.50 to 0.85 inches.

3. The blood pump of claim 1, wherein the housing includes an inner surface and the diffuser defines a length, the inner surface of the housing and the diffuser defining a flow path having a same cross-sectional area along the length of the diffuser.

4. The blood pump of claim 1, further comprising an impeller disposed within the housing and including an impeller body having a portion proximate the diffuser and tapering in a direction opposite the first tip of the diffuser.

5. The blood pump of claim 4, wherein the impeller is configured to operate at a rotational speed of 16000 rpm and a flow rate of 6 liters per minute, and the diffuser is configured to produce a pressure head of 55 mmHg.

6. The blood pump of claim 1, wherein the diffuser includes a vane extending along the body from the first tip to the second tip.

7. The blood pump of claim 1, wherein the outlet portion of the housing is sized to be disposed outside of an aortic valve of a heart of a patient when the blood pump is implanted in the patient.

8. An implantable blood pump, comprising: a housing having an inlet portion and an outlet portion opposite the inlet portion, the inlet portion tapering toward the outlet portion; a diffuser disposed in the outlet portion of the housing, the diffuser including a body having a first end and a second end opposite the first end, the body tapering away from the inlet portion of the housing and having a plurality of tapered tips proximate the first end and the second end; and the plurality of tapered tips includes a first tip proximate the first end and tapering toward the inlet portion.

9. The blood pump of claim 8, wherein the body of the diffuser includes a truncated conical shape.

10. The blood pump of claim 8, wherein the body of the diffuser tapers in parallel with the outlet portion of the housing.

11. The blood pump of claim 8, wherein the housing defines a longitudinal axis extending between the first end and the second end thereof, and the diffuser includes a vane extending along the longitudinal axis of the housing from the first end to the second end of the diffuser.

12. The blood pump of claim 11, wherein the vane extends along the longitudinal axis in a helical pattern.

13. The blood pump of claim 12, further comprising an impeller disposed within the housing upstream of the diffuser for imparting an angular momentum to blood around the longitudinal axis.

14. The blood pump of claim 8, wherein the diffuser includes a length between 0.50 to 0.85 inches.

15. The blood pump of claim 14, wherein the outlet portion of the housing is sized to be disposed outside of an aortic valve of a heart of a patient when the blood pump is implanted in the patient.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) A more complete understanding of the present invention, and the attendant advantages and features thereof, will be more readily understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings wherein:

(2) FIG. 1 is an isometric view of the blood pump in accordance with one embodiment of the invention;

(3) FIG. 2 is a sectional view of a blood pump with an impeller and diffuser depicted in accordance with one embodiment of the invention;

(4) FIGS. 3 and 4 are elevation views of the blood pump depicted in FIG. 1;

(5) FIGS. 5A, 5B and 5C are views of a diffuser in accordance with one embodiment of the invention;

(6) FIGS. 6A and 6B are graphs illustrating results of a CFD model comparing pressure head between a prior art diffuser and the diffuser of the present invention (identified as drop diffuser in FIGS. 6A and 6B) for a blood pump having an original impeller and an orange impeller, respectively. (CFD, original impeller and orange impeller are discussed further below.);

(7) FIGS. 7A and 7B are graphs illustrating results of an SLA analysis comparing pressure head between a blood pump having a prior art diffuser and a blood pump having the diffuser of the present invention (drop diffuser) at different rotational speeds for a blood pump using an original impeller and an orange impeller, respectively. (SLA is discussed further below.);

(8) FIGS. 8A, 8B, 8C and 8D are graphs illustrating results of CFD models comparing critical volume and critical area at particular shear stress ranges between a blood pump having a prior art diffuser and a blood pump having the diffuser of the present invention. Results for the present invention are represented by drop diffuser and modified design in the graphs; and

(9) FIG. 9 is a graph illustrating results of a CFD model comparing the stress potential between a prior art diffuser and the diffuser of the present invention (drop diffuser).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(10) The term blood pump, pump or device, as used throughout, is intended to refer generally to pumps which may be used within the vasculature, such as within the heart, the aorta, the various arteries or veins, or the like, or adjacent to the vasculature, such as adjacent to the wall of the heart, or within the abdomen adjacent to the heart or other vasculature. Typically, such blood pumps are implanted into the left or right ventricle of the heart and can pump through the aortic valve or a bypass conduit. One exemplary type of blood pump is a ventricular assist device, commonly referred to as a VAD, that is positioned to supplement the pumping of blood from the left ventricle into the aorta. While the blood pump is discussed below relative to its use as a VAD, the blood pump of the present invention may be used and implanted in a variety of anatomical locations to supplement blood flow throughout the vasculature.

(11) Referring to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals refer to like elements, there is shown in FIG. 1 an embodiment of the implantable blood pump of the present invention designated generally by reference numeral 10. Blood pump 10 has four distinct sections including a cannula tip 20, a linear housing, an elongate member 50 and a ring 60. Also in FIG. 1, the linear housing of pump 10 has three distinct portions. These portions include a first portion, also referred to as inlet portion 43 and central portion 42 collectively, a second portion, also referred to as outflow cannula 30, and a third portion, also referred to as outlet portion 41.

(12) Outflow cannula 30 is shown in FIGS. 1-4. Outflow cannula 30 is substantially cylindrical in shape and has a length extending from outlet 46 of pump housing 40 to cannula tip 20. Outflow cannula 30 is substantially in the form of a hollow tube having a first end attached to pump housing 40 communicating with outlet 46 and a second end attached to tip 20. Outflow cannula 30 may be made of materials known to one of ordinary skill in the art, such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,852,072.

(13) Outflow cannula 30 is straight and has an appropriate stiffness and hardness to accommodate the native heart and aortic root geometry and also to have non-traumatic contact with tissues. The outflow cannula 30 is sized so that its cross-sectional shape helps to minimize retrograde flow through the valve due to poor sealing of the tri-leaflets around the cannula, that is to say, minimize aortic valve insufficiency. The illustrated circular cross-sectional shape also minimizes aortic valve insufficiency. The diameter of the outflow cannula relative to the housing is as shown in FIGS. 1, 3 and 4.

(14) As seen in FIG. 1, tip 20 has a circumferential surface which tapers inwardly toward the axis of the cannula in a distal direction, and thus converges toward a distal extremity of the cannula. In the embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 1-4, the distal surface of the tip defines a smooth, dome-like shape at the distal extremity of the tip. The shape of tip 20 can be any known to those of skill in the art. For example, see U.S. Pat. No. 8,852,072.

(15) FIGS. 1, 2, 3 and 4 illustrate one embodiment of the pump housing 40. Pump housing 40 is an axial flow pump housing and defines a flow path 45 therethrough. The pump housing includes an outlet portion 41, a central portion 42, and an inlet portion 43. Outlet portion 41 tapers inwardly from central portion 42 to outlet 46. Inlet portion 43 tapers inwardly from central portion 42 to inlet 44. Each of outlet portion 41, central portion 42 and inlet portion 43 are of circular cross section. The pump housing has a length arranged along an axis 11. As shown in FIG. 1, the axis is linear. The tapered structure of the outlet portion 41 may allow for assembly of a pump housing 40 shorter in length than a pump housing with no tapered outlet portion. For example, when the pump 10 is in the insertion position, only the outflow cannula 30 and cannulated tip 20 might interact with the aortic valve. Additionally, a tapered outlet portion 41 may allow for a diffuser shorter than prior art diffusers to be disposed in the housing. The pump housing 40 is formed from materials known to those of ordinary skill in the art such as those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,972,122, 8,007,254 and 8,852,072.

(16) Extension body 50 is shown in FIGS. 1 and 3. Extension body has an axis along its direction of elongation which axis is parallel to the axis 11 of the pump housing 40 but offset from axis 11 in a direction transverse to both axes. Extension body has a length extending from pump housing 40 to a spherical ball 61. Extension body 50 is adjustable both axially and angularly. Extension body is comprised of materials such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,852,072. The extension body 50 is sufficiently rigid to maintain the pump housing 40 in position, with no substantial movement, relative to ring 60 under loads normally applied to the blood pump 10 while the pump is in place within the heart. For example, the extension body 50 can be substantially rigid.

(17) The blood pump 10 also includes an anchoring element in the form of a ring 60. Ring 60 is adapted for mounting adjacent the apex of the patient's heart and includes a spherical socket adapted to engage the spherical ball 61 such that ring 60 is pivotally mounted to extension body 50 remote from pump housing 40. The anchoring element can be any known to those of ordinary skill, such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,852,072.

(18) The blood pump 10 is started by applying power from a power source. For example, pump 10 can be powered through electrical power provided by an external or implantable power source. Power for pump 10 can be provided in ways known to those of ordinary skill in the art. For example, see U.S. Pat. No. 8,852,072.

(19) An impeller 90 is disposed within pump housing 40 shown in FIG. 2. The impeller may be at least partially, and preferably entirely, disposed within central portion 42. Impeller 90 includes a body 91 in alignment with pump housing 40 and axis 11. Body 91 includes a plurality of blades 92 projecting outward from the body 91 and curving around the axis in a substantially helical pattern having a pitch angle which varies along the axial length of the impeller 90. The blades 92 define flow channels between them. Impeller 90 is arranged to rotate around axis 11 and to impel blood in axial direction 11 or otherwise in accordance with a longitudinal axis of impeller 90. During operation, the impeller is driven in rotation at a high rotational speed, typically about 8,000 rpm to about 40,000 rpm. The impeller blades 92 impel blood within the pump housing 40 axially, toward the outflow cannula 30. The blood pump 10 is arranged to deliver about 5 L/min flow rate against a pressure head of about 75 mmHg.

(20) Examples of impeller 90 are shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,699,508; 7,972,122; 8,007,254; 8,419,609; 8,852,072; and U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2015/0051438, all of which are incorporated by reference herein as if fully set forth herein.

(21) A diffuser 80 is disposed within pump housing 40 as shown in FIGS. 2 and 5A-C. Diffuser 80 is disposed in the housing downstream of impeller 90 between the impeller 90 and outlet 46. In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 2, diffuser 80 is disposed in the outlet portion 41 of pump housing 40. Diffuser is in alignment with pump housing 40 and axis 11. The diffuser has a body 82 extending along an axis from a first end 86 to a second end 87. In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 5A-5C, body 82 of diffuser 80 is tapered such that body 82 forms a truncated conical shape with a larger cross-section at the first end 86 of the body 82 facing inlet 44 and a smaller cross-section at second end 87 facing outlet 46. Again referring to FIGS. 5A-5C, diffuser also includes conically shaped tips 81, 83 extending from the first and second ends 86, 87 of diffuser body 82, respectively. The extreme tip of each conically shaped tip 81, 83 may be rounded. As illustrated in FIG. 5C, the volume of tip 83 may be smaller than tip 81, though other shapes and volumes are envisioned. A length of diffuser 80 may be between about 0.50 inches and less than 0.85 inches, but preferably about 0.55 inches. The diffuser 80 is formed from materials known to those of ordinary skill in the art.

(22) As shown in FIGS. 5A-5C, body 82 includes at least one vane 84, and preferably a plurality of vanes 84, projecting outwardly from the body 82 and extending along an axial length of the body. The vanes curve around the axis in a substantially helical pattern having a pitch angle which varies along the axial length and is in the opposite direction to the pitch of the blades 92 of the impeller 90. The vanes 84 include a height extending to a peak. The peak tapers from the first end 86 and becomes shorter relative to a longitudinal axis of the diffuser toward the second end 87. A thickness 85 of at least one of the vanes 84 may be any dimension desired, such as for example, about 0.03 inches.

(23) As described above, a pump housing with a tapered outlet portion is shorter than a pump housing without a tapered outlet. For example, the pump housing including a tapered outlet portion 41 can be about 0.30 inches shorter than prior art implantable pumps. In another example, when the diffuser 80 is 0.55 inches in length, the pump housing is approximately 0.36 inches shorter than a pump housing disposed with a diffuser 0.85 inches in length.

(24) Numerous advantages may be realized with the use of a blood pump that includes an original or orange impeller as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2015/0051438, incorporated by reference herein as if fully set forth herein, and a diffuser 80 having a tapered diffuser body 82, helical vanes 84 extending outward therefrom and a pump housing with a tapered outlet portion 41. One advantage is improved hydraulic performance, i.e., a net increase in pressure head, through pump housing 40. Using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model, performance of diffuser 80 was evaluated relative to a diffuser having a linear body and at least one perpendicular blade (not shown) disposed in a pump housing shaped parallel with axis 11 (i.e., cylindrical housing, not shown). The latter type of diffuser will hereinafter be referred to as an original diffuser. The CFD model geometry was developed from the 3D SolidWorks model of the pump by simplifying the geometry to obtain the fluid domain and the corresponding walls. Steady state solutions were obtained for the fluid properties of 2.6 cP viscosity and 1045 kg/m3 density. For a blood pump having the original impeller operating at a rotational speed of 18000 rpm and a flow rate of 5 L/min, pressure head increased from 39 mmHg to 65 mmHg when diffuser 80 replaced original diffuser. Similarly, for an orange impeller at a rotational speed of 16000 rpm and a flow rate of 6 L/min, pressure head increased from 36 mmHg to 52 mmHg when diffuser 80 replaced original diffuser. Pressure head was improved with the use of diffuser 80 over a range of flow rates in combination with either the original impeller or orange impeller, as shown in FIGS. 6A and 6B. The term drop diffuser, as used in FIGS. 6 to 9, is intended to refer generally to diffuser 80.

(25) As another example, the improved performance of diffuser 80 in the blood pump was also established through a high-resolution stereograph (SLA) analysis. This analysis was performed using 40/60% water/glycerol solution which provided 2.7-2.8 cP fluid viscosity at 37 C. For an original impeller operating at a rotational speed of 16000 rpm and a flow rate of 5 L/min, pressure head increased from 6 mmHg to 40 mmHg when diffuser 80 replaced original diffuser. Pressure head was similarly improved at rotational speeds of 18000 and 20000 rpm, as shown in FIG. 7A. For an orange impeller operating at a rotational speed of 16000 rpm and a flow rate of 6 L/min, pressure head increased from 6 mmHg to 55 mmHg when diffuser 80 replaced original diffuser. Again, pressure head was similarly improved at rotational speeds of 18000 and 20000 rpm, as shown in FIG. 7B. Table 1 below shows that pressure head for blood pumps incorporating diffuser 80 can be maintained at similar levels to that of blood pumps with original diffuser, even with lower rotational speeds.

(26) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 V > A wss < Speed Flow Head 150 Pa 1 Pa Impeller Diffuser [rpm] [L/min] [mmHg] [mm3] [mm2] Original Original 20000 5 75 0.226 0.00334 Original As shown in 19000 5 73 0.190 0.00001 FIG. 5 Orange Original 16500 5 77 0.166 0.00676 Orange As shown in 15500 5 73 0.156 0.00000 FIG. 5

(27) Another advantage of diffuser 80 is reduced exposure to shear stresses above 150 Pa and reduced exposure to wall shear stresses less than 1 Pa for a given flow rate and a given pressure head relative to an original diffuser. This is shown in FIGS. 8A and 8B, particularly toward flow rates of 2 L/min and toward 5 L/min, where a CFD model indicates that critical volume at shear stresses above 150 Pa and critical area at shear stresses below 1 Pa are minimized. The critical volume and area represent the amount of blood in and around the diffuser, including blood between the diffuser and the pump housing which is exposed to shear stresses greater than 150 Pa or wall shear stresses less than 1 Pa. In another CFD model, shown in FIGS. 8C and 8D, diffuser 80 was found to have an improved response to both high and low shear stresses. Lower critical volumes and areas are also apparent from the results as displayed in Table 1 above.

(28) Yet another advantage of the blood pumps of the present invention results from the pump having a tapered outlet portion of the pump housing. For example, a blood pump with a housing having a tapered outlet portion 41 may cause less tissue damage during implantation and while implanted and in operation than prior art blood pumps. The diameter of the pump housing 40 is sized so there may be little interaction, or even no interaction, between pump housing 40 and surrounding tissue, including valve leaflets, during operation of the pump 10. Put another way, only outflow cannula 30 extends outside of the left ventricle and into the aorta. FIG. 9 illustrates the reduced stress potential represented by the stress index when diffuser 80 replaces original diffuser as part of implantable blood pump 10. Improved performance occurs at a range of hydraulic function.

(29) Finally, because pump housing 40 allows for a diffuser 80 of shorter length than with prior art blood pumps, outflow cannula 30 may be longer than would otherwise be possible. As a result, greater flexibility is available in the arrangement of pump components and positioning of the blood pump 10. The physical structure of the present invention also improves the ease of use of the pump 10.

(30) Numerous variations and combinations of the features discussed above can be used, some of which are discussed below as examples.

(31) In other embodiments, the outlet portion 41, the central portion 42 and the inlet portion 43 can be of different geometric shapes and different combinations of shapes. For example, the slope of taper of the outer and inlet portions may be steeper or shallower as desired, and may be the same as one another or different from one another. Further, the slope of taper of either of the housing portions may vary along its length (e.g., the slope of the taper of outlet portion 41 varies along its length).

(32) In another embodiment, the outflow cannula 30 can be curved or otherwise nonlinear. The cross-sectional shape of the outflow cannula can be any shape known by those of ordinary skill in the art. For example, see U.S. Pat. No. 8,852,072.

(33) In yet another embodiment, impeller can be disposed at least partially in inlet portion 43 and/or outlet portion 41.

(34) In another embodiment, diffuser can be disposed at least partially in central portion 42.

(35) In another embodiment, the vanes 84 of the diffuser body 82 can be tapered along the axial length of the body such that a peak at the top of the height of the vanes becomes closer to a surface of the body when moving from first end 86 toward second end 87. Alternatively, as illustrated in FIGS. 5A-5C, the peak at the top of the height of the vanes remain the same distance from the surface of the body. Other variations of the relative size and shape of the vanes relative to the surface of the body, or alternatively to a central axis of the diffuser, may be used as desired. In a further embodiment, the thickness of the vanes 84 can be less than 0.03 inches.

(36) In yet another embodiment, Ring 60 can be configured to allow for rotational and/or angular movement, or complete universal movement, of the blood pump 10 to accommodate the native heart movement.

(37) In any of the above embodiments, an inner surface of the housing can taper in parallel to a surface of the body of the diffuser with a cross-sectional area representing the flow path remaining constant at different points along the length of the housing. The flow path surrounding the diffuser has a cross-sectional area measured by taking a cross-sectional area bounded by the inner surface of the housing and subtracting the cross-sectional area of the diffuser inside. The inner surface of the housing can also taper relative to the surface of the body moving toward the outlet end such that the cross-sectional area representing the flow path increases closer to the outlet end. Finally, the inner surface of the housing can converge with the surface of the body moving toward the outlet end such that the area representing the flow path decreases closer to the outlet end. As above, any or all of the tapers can also have a varying slope along their individual length, rather than a constant slope, such that the cross-sectional area representing a particular flow path will change according to the varying taper.

(38) In any of the above embodiments, the first, second, and third portions can be monolithic with one another such that they are formed as a unitary construction during manufacture. Alternatively, the first, second and third portions of the linear housing can also be independent of each other. Also in any of the above embodiments, portions of the first and third portions can be monolithic. For example, the central portion 42 can be monolithic with the outlet portion 41. In one variation, the central and outlet portions can be monolithic while the inlet portion is formed separately such that the impeller and diffuser can be positioned within the housing and can be sealed therein by securing the inlet portion thereto.

(39) In another aspect, a method is provided for manufacturing pump 10. In this method, a cannulated tip 20, a housing 40, an impeller 90 and a diffuser 80 are provided. The housing includes an intake end and an outflow end. The impeller 90 and the diffuser 80 are disposed in the housing 40 and the cannulated tip 20 is attached to the outflow end of the housing 40.

(40) In yet another aspect, a method is provided wherein the implantable blood pump 10 is used to pump blood. In one embodiment of this method, ring 60, extension body 50, pump housing 40 and outflow cannula 30 can be provided as a pre-assembled monolithic unit to facilitate implantation. By way of example, the surgeon gains access to the heart, using a left subcostal or left thoracotomy incision exposing the left ventricular apex. A pledgeted purse string suture is then applied to the epicardium circumferentially over the pump insertion site. A list incision or an incision in the form of a cross or X, commonly referred to as a crux incision, is made through the apex of the heart into the interior of the left ventricle using a cutting instrument such as a scalpel. Pump housing 40, extension body 50 and outflow cannula 30 are then inserted through the crux incision or slit incision and positioned within the left ventricle so that cannula 30 extends through the aortic valve into the aorta. Ring 60 is positioned on the outside of the heart (not shown). See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 8,852,072.

(41) When the blood pump is in the implanted condition, ring 60 is mounted adjacent the apex of the patient's heart. Ring 60 and pump housing 40 are connected to extension body 50 remote from one another so that extension body 50 maintains pump housing 40 in position relative to ring 60. Extension body 50 is sufficiently rigid to maintain the pump housing 40 and outflow cannula 30 in position relative to the heart. The implant and positioning of ring 60 and extension body 50 provide secure positioning of the pump housing 40 and outflow cannula 30 relative to the heart.

(42) In the implanted condition, the outflow cannula 30 projects through the aortic valve into the ascending aorta, but terminates proximal to the arch of the aorta. The shape of pump housing 40 and in particular outflow portion 41 ensures that only the outflow cannula 30 and tip 20 interact with the aortic valve when pump 10 is implanted. The location of pump 10 relative to anatomy can be any location known to those of skill in the art. For example, see U.S. Pat. No. 8,852,072.

(43) Operation is facilitated with the pump implanted in the body of a patient, and with the pump housing 40 connected into the circulatory system as, for example, in the conventional manner for a blood pump, and impeller 90 is actuated using means known in the art and/or those described above. For example, through the use of a power source. The impeller 90 is actuated in a manner so that it spins in the forward circumferential direction. The spinning impeller 90 retrieves and pumps blood from inlet 43 in the downstream direction toward diffuser 80. The spinning impeller also imparts angular momentum to the blood around the central axis 11 of the impeller 90. The operation of impeller 90 can be by any means known to those of skill in the art. For example, see U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2015/0051438. As the blood encounters the diffuser 80, this angular momentum is converted to axial momentum and pressure head. The one or more vanes 84 of diffuser 80 serve to reclaim the energy used to create the angular motion and convert that energy to useful pumping work. The blood passes through outlet 46 and then through outflow cannula 30 once it is downstream of the diffuser 80, and exits blood pump 10 via cannula tip 20 for further distribution into the arterial system via the aorta. The blood from the left ventricle can be pumped into the aorta through an aortic valve or a bypass conduit.

(44) Advantages of the above method include that pressure head using blood pump 10 is improved relative to prior art blood pumps. Also, critical volume and critical area at shear stresses greater than 150 Pa and at wall shear stresses less than 1 Pa are minimized through the above method using pump 10. Yet another advantage is that the shape of the pump housing 40 in combination with the shape of the diffuser 80 in the above method minimizes damage to tissue surfaces and interaction of pump 10 with the aorta.

(45) In further embodiments, the method described above can be employed using pump housing 40 having portions 41, 42 and 43 of varying shapes and combinations of shapes. In these and still further embodiments, diffuser 80 and the vanes 84 can vary in shape and size as described above.

(46) In still further embodiments, the pump housing 40 can be monolithic and the ring 60, extension body 50 and outflow cannula 30 can be assembled at time of surgery. In a further embodiment, the pump housing 40 can be monolithic with one or more of the ring 60, extension body 50, and/or outflow cannula 30. Finally, in other embodiments, combinations of the portions of the pump housing 40 can be assembled at the time of surgery.

(47) Any of the above embodiments can include an implantable blood pump 10 implanted in areas of the vasculature other than the left ventricle or in areas adjacent to the vasculature.

(48) The invention described herein provides at least three advantages. First, an implantable blood pump including a tapered housing and a tapered diffuser with a length shorter than traditional diffusers still provides increased blood pressure through the pump and into a patient's bloodstream than what could be done using prior art pumps. This is evidenced by the performance of the pump relative to prior art pumps as shown in FIGS. 6A, 6B, 7A and 7B. Second, the pump as described above also reduces the risk of blood clotting in the pump because the structural features prevent platelet aggregation in the blood. This makes the pump much safer for patients, and is supported by test data as illustrated in FIGS. 8A to 8D. Third, the pump including the tapered housing and the diffuser minimizes stress potential caused while the pump is implanted in a patient, as is shown in FIG. 9.

(49) All publications, provisional patent applications, patent application publications and issued patents cited above are incorporated herein by reference as if fully set forth herein.

(50) Although the invention herein has been described with reference to particular embodiments, it is to be understood that these embodiments are merely illustrative of the principles and applications of the present invention. It is therefore to be understood that numerous modifications may be made to the illustrative embodiments and that other arrangements may be devised without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims.