Abstract
The present invention provides an apparatus 100, 200, 300, 900 and a method 400 for machining a workpiece 101 with a laser beam 102. In particular, the apparatus 100, 200, 300 comprises a nozzle 103 for generating a pressurized fluid jet 104, and at least one optical element 105 configured to couple the laser beam 102 into the fluid jet 104. The apparatus 100, 200, 300 also includes a hermetic enclosure 106 surrounding the nozzle 103 and the at least one optical element 105. The hermetic enclosure 106 includes an upper part 107 provided with an interface unit 108, and a lower part 109 removably attached to the upper part 107 by means of the interface unit 108. The lower part 109 comprises an exit aperture 110 for outputting the fluid jet 104 towards the workpiece 101, wherein the exit aperture 110 and the fluid jet 104 are coaxially aligned. The apparatus 900 has a different lower part 901, which is attached to the upper part 109 and comprises a channel for outputting the fluid jet towards the workpiece, wherein a ratio of a length of the channel to a diameter, particularly constant diameter, of the channel is between 1:1 to 20:1, preferably between 5:1 to 15:1.
Claims
1. Apparatus (100, 200, 300) for machining a workpiece (101) with a laser beam (102), the apparatus (100, 200, 300) comprising a nozzle (103) for generating a pressurized fluid jet (104), at least one optical element (105) configured to couple the laser beam (102) into the fluid jet (104), a hermetic enclosure (106) surrounding the nozzle (103) and the at least one optical element (105), wherein the hermetic enclosure (106) includes an upper part (107) provided with an interface unit (108), and a lower part (109) removably attached to the upper part (107) by means of the interface unit (108) and comprising an exit aperture (110) for outputting the fluid jet (104) towards the workpiece (101), wherein the exit aperture (110) and the fluid jet (104) are coaxially aligned.
2. Apparatus (200, 300) according to claim 1, wherein a hermetic interface (207) between the upper part (107) and the lower part (109) is formed, preferably by a rubber V-ring, by a greased plate to plate contact, or by an ultra-flat plate to plate contact.
3. Apparatus (100, 200, 300) according to claim 1, wherein the lower part (109) is easily removable by pulling it away from the upper part (107).
4. Apparatus (100, 200, 300) according to claim 1, wherein, when the lower part (109) is removed, the lower part (109) is re-attachable by simply approaching it to the upper part (109).
5. Apparatus (100, 200, 300) according to claim 1, configured to perform an alignment process (400) of the fluid jet (104) with the exit aperture (110), when the lower part (109) is removed.
6. Apparatus (100, 200, 300) according to claim 1, wherein a diameter of the exit aperture (110) is between 1-6 times, preferably between 1-3 times, a diameter of the fluid jet (104).
7. Apparatus (100, 200, 300) according to claim 1, wherein the interface unit (108) comprises a magnetic element, and the lower part (109) is attached magnetically to the upper part (107) by means of the magnetic element.
8. Apparatus (100, 200, 300) according to claim 1, wherein the interface unit (108) comprises a mechanical element, preferably a spring element, and the lower part (109) is attached mechanically to the upper part (107) by means of the mechanical element.
9. Apparatus (900) for machining a workpicce (101) with a laser beam (102), the apparatus (900) comprising a nozzle (103) for generating a pressurized fluid jet (104), at least one optical element (105) configured to couple the laser beam (102) into the fluid jet (104), a hermetic enclosure (106) surrounding the nozzle (103) and the at least one optical element (105), wherein the hermetic enclosure (106) includes an upper part (107) provided with an interface unit (108), and a lower part (901) attached to the upper part (107) by means of the interface unit (108) and comprising a channel (902) for outputting the fluid jet (104) towards the workpiecc (101), wherein a ratio of a length of the channel (902) to a diameter of the channel (902) is between 1:1 to 20:1, preferably between 5:1 to 15:1.
10. Apparatus (900) according to claim 9, wherein the lower part (901) comprises an attachment portion (1000) attached to the upper part (107), and a tube (1.001) extending from the attachment portion (1000) and guiding the channel (902), wherein a ratio of a length of the tube (1001) to a diameter of the tube (1001) is larger than 2:1.
11. Apparatus according to claim 9, wherein a ratio of the diameter of the tube (1001) to the diameter of the channel (901) is below 5:1.
12. Apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the end of the tube (1001) comprises a sharp edge.
13. Apparatus according to claim 9, wherein a diameter of the channel (902) is between 1-10 times, preferably between 4-10 times, a diameter of the fluid jet (104).
14. Apparatus (100, 900) according to claim 1, further comprising a gas supply unit (205, 210) configured to provide a gas that envelopes the fluid jet (104) before it is output through the exit aperture (110), wherein, in particular, the gas supply unit (205, 210) includes a gas entrance aperture (205) provided through the upper part (107) and a gas supply chamber (210) surrounded by the hermetic enclosure (106) and configured to provide the gas to the fluid jet (104).
15. Apparatus (300) according to claim 1, further comprising an anti-fluid unit (301) configured to prevent that fluid accumulates on the outer surfaces of the lower part (109), particularly near the exit aperture (110).
16. Method (400) of assembling an apparatus (100, 200, 300) according to claim 1, the method (400) comprising providing (401) the apparatus (100) with the lower part (109) removed, pre-aligning (402), in the horizontal plane, the fluid jet (104) with the exit aperture (110), approaching (403) the upper part (107) and the lower part (109), along the vertical direction, until the lower part (109) attaches to the upper part (107) by means of the interface unit (108), and precisely aligning (404) the fluid jet (104) and the exit aperture (110).
17. Apparatus (100, 900) according to claim 9, further comprising a gas supply unit (205, 210) configured to provide a gas that envelopes the fluid jet (104) before it is output through the exit aperture (110), wherein, in particular, the gas supply unit (205, 210) includes a gas entrance aperture (205) provided through the upper part (107) and a gas supply chamber (210) surrounded by the hermetic enclosure (106) and configured to provide the gas to the fluid jet (104).
18. Apparatus (300) according to claim 9, further comprising an anti-fluid unit (301) configured to prevent that fluid accumulates on the outer surfaces of the lower part (109), particularly near the exit aperture (110).
Description
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0071] The above-described aspects and preferred implementation forms of the present invention are explained in the following description of specific embodiments in relation to the enclosed drawings, in which
[0072] FIG. 1 shows an apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention.
[0073] FIG. 2 shows an apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention.
[0074] FIG. 3 shows an apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention.
[0075] FIG. 4 shows a method according to an embodiment of the present invention.
[0076] FIG. 5 shows a first step of an assembly method according to an embodiment of the present invention with respect to an apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention.
[0077] FIG. 6 shows a second step of an assembly method according to an embodiment of the present invention with respect to an apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention.
[0078] FIG. 7 shows a third step of an assembly method according to an embodiment of the present invention with respect to an apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention.
[0079] FIG. 8 shows a fourth step of an assembly method according to an embodiment of the present invention with respect to an apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention.
[0080] FIG. 9 shows an apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention.
[0081] FIG. 10 shows a lower part of an apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention,
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS
[0082] FIG. 1 shows an apparatus 100 according to an embodiment of the present invention. In particular, the apparatus 100 is configured to machine a workpiece 101 with a laser beam 102. The workpiece 101 may be made of a material including, for example, metals, ceramics, diamonds, semiconductors, carbides, alloys, composites or ultrahard materials. The workpiece 101 is notably not a part of the apparatus 100. However, the workpiece 101 can be positioned on a machining surface, which may or may not be part of the apparatus 100. In either case, the apparatus 100 can be arranged such that it can machine the workpiece 101 disposed on the machining surface. The apparatus 100 may also control movements of the machining surface in up to three dimensions.
[0083] The apparatus comprises a nozzle 103, at least one optical element 105, and a hermetic enclosure 106 including an upper part 107 and a lower part 109. The hermetic enclosure 106 surrounds the nozzle 103 and the at least one optical element 105. The hermetic enclosure 106 may also surround further units and components of the apparatus 100.
[0084] The fluid jet generation nozzle 103 is configured to generate a pressurized fluid jet 104. The pressurized fluid jet 104 is provided by the apparatus 100 onto the workpiece 101. The at least one optical element 105 is configured to couple the laser beam 102 into the fluid jet 104, in particular through the fluid jet generation nozzle aperture and towards the workpiece 101. The at least one optical element 105 may include, for example, one or more lenses, lens assemblies, light guiding optics, beam splitters, minors, filters, or polarizers. The nozzle 103 and the at least one optical element 105 may be separated, for instance, by an optical window, in order to prevent contact of the optical element 105 and the fluid.
[0085] The laser beam 102 is guided by the preferably thin (i.e. having a diameter in the m range) fluid jet 104, in principle like it would be guided in an optical fiber. The laser beam 102 is directed towards and onto the workpiece 101, and can thus be used to precisely machine the workpiece 101, while the fluid jet 104 continually cools the workpiece 101 and potentially removes debris. For instance, the apparatus 100 may specifically be configured to accurately cut or shape the workpiece 101.
[0086] The laser beam 102 may he a pulsed or continuous laser beam 102. The laser beam 102 is provided by a laser, which may be a part of the apparatus 100, or which may be external but couples the laser beam 102 into a laser supply port of the apparatus 100. The laser beam 102 may be visible, and is preferably from the green spectrum. For instance, the laser beam 102 may have a wavelength ranging from of 355 nm to 1064 nm, preferentially 515 nm or 532 nm.
[0087] The upper part 107 of the hermetic enclosure 106 is provided with an interface unit 108. The interface unit 108 may either be a part of the upper part 107 or may be connected to the upper part 107. The upper part 107 and the interface unit 108 may also be formed integrally. In an alternative but less preferred implementation form, the interface unit 108 could be provided to the lower part 109 instead of the upper part 107. By means of the interface unit 108, the lower part 109 is removably attached to the upper part 107. That is, the lower part 109 is actually held by the interface unit 108 in the attached state, but attaches also to the upper part 107 in the sense that it contacts the upper part 107, so that they together form the hermetic enclosure 106.
[0088] The lower part 109 has an exit aperture 110 for outputting the fluid jet 104 towards the workpiece 101. As shown in FIG. 1, the exit aperture 110 may be formed at the end of the lower part 109 by a channel extending through the lower part 109, i.e. a diameter of the exit aperture 110 at the outward end of the lower part 109 is the same as a diameter of this channel within the lower part 109. However, the exit aperture 110 may also be formed by a dedicated part of the lower part 109, e.g. with a smaller diameter than such a channel in the lower part 109. At least the exit aperture 110 of the lower part 109, i.e. at least the part of the lower part 109 defining the exit aperture 110, is preferably made of or in a hard material like sapphire, tungsten carbide or diamond. However, also the whole lower part 109 may be made from such a hard material. These materials are hermetic with respect to fluid and gas. However, even if some portion of the lower part 109 is made of another material, this material is also hermetic with respect to fluid and gas, in order to prevent any exchange of fluid and gas between the inside of the apparatus 100 and the atmosphere surrounding the apparatus 100 (other than an exchange through the exit aperture 110). The same is true for the material of the upper part 107. The upper part 107 may, for instance, be made from a metal or a hard plastic. It is of course also possible to make the lower part 109 and the upper part 107 of the same material.
[0089] The exit aperture 110 and the fluid jet 104 are coaxially aligned, that is, the fluid jet 104 is centered within the exit aperture 110. Thereby, the exit aperture 110 has preferably a diameter, which closely surrounds the fluid jet 104. In particular, the diameter of the exit aperture 110 is preferably between 1-6 times, more preferably between 1-3 times, the diameter of the fluid jet 104. The diameter of the fluid jet 104 is determined by the nozzle 103. The nozzle 103 has preferably an aperture with a diameter of between 10-200 m, and the fluid jet 104 has preferably a diameter of between 0.64-0.94 times the diameter of the nozzle aperture.
[0090] FIG. 2 shows an apparatus 200 according to an embodiment of the present invention, which builds on the apparatus 100 shown in FIG. 1. Identical elements in FIG. 2 and FIG. 1 are labelled with the same reference signs and function likewise. Accordingly, the apparatus 200 of FIG. 2 includes again the above-described fluid jet generation nozzle 103 and the at least one optical element 105, which is configured to provide the pressurized fluid jet 104 guiding the laser beam 102. Further, the apparatus 200 has again the above-described hermetic enclosure 106 consisting of the upper part 107 and the lower part 109, which are removably attached to another by means of the interface unit 108. As shown in FIG. 2, the interface unit 108 can be formed surrounding the fluid jet 104. The interface unit 108 may comprise of a single part or of multiple parts, and may be attached to or be part of the upper part 107.
[0091] In FIG. 2, the upper part 107 is shown to include two parts, namely a coupling body 107b and a coupling nut 107a. The coupling nut 107a may be removably attached to the coupling body 107b. An interface between the coupling body 107b and nut 107a may be made hermetic with an O-ring, by a greased plate to plate contact, or by an ultra-flat plate to plate contact. The coupling nut 107a preferably comprises, or forms a unit with, the interface unit 108. The lower part 109 is accordingly removably attached to the coupling nut 107a by means of the interface unit 108.
[0092] Further in FIG. 2, the upper part 107 and lower part 109 are attached such by means of the interface unit 108 that they form a hermetic interface 207, i.e. they attach to another only in a hermetic manner. The hermetic interface 207 is particularly formed between the coupling nut 107a and the lower part 109. Preferably, the hermetic interface 207 is formed by a V-ring, preferably a rubber V-ring, provided between the upper part 107, specifically the coupling nut 107a, and the lower part 109. Alternatively, the hermetic interface 207 is formed by a greased plate to plate contact of at least a part of the upper part 107, specifically the coupling nut 107a, and the lower part 109, or by an ultra-flat plate to plate contact. Thereby, ultra-flat plate to plate contact means that an average surface roughness of the connecting regions of the lower part 109 and upper part 107, specifically the coupling nut 107a, respectively, is 0.1 m or less, preferably 0.05 m or less.
[0093] It can also be seen in FIG. 2 that the lower part 109 may have a dedicated exit nozzle 208, in which the exit aperture 110 is provided. The exit nozzle 208 can thereby be formed integrally with the lower part 109, i.e. could be made of the same material. However, it is preferably made of a different material (more preferably a harder material) than the remainder of the lower part 109. Preferably, the nozzle 208 and thus the aperture 110 are formed by a hard and durable material, like sapphire, tungsten carbide, or diamond. In this way, the exit aperture 110 can be provided with a precise and stable shape and diameter. A channel 211 may be formed extending from the inside of the enclosure 106 through the lower part 109, which channel 211 may end at or with the exit aperture 110 provided at the outward end of the lower part 109, here in the exit nozzle 208. A diameter of the channel 211 in the lower part 109 may be larger than a diameter of the exit aperture 110 at the end of the lower part 109.
[0094] FIG also shows that the apparatus 200 can include a fluid supply unit 203, 204. The fluid supply unit 203, 204 may comprise a fluid supply chamber 203, into which fluid may be supplied, for example, by an external fluid supply via a fluid aperture provided through the upper part 107. The fluid supply unit 203, 204 also includes a fluid acceleration chamber 204 for accelerating the supplied fluid before it enters a fluid entrance aperture 201 of the fluid jet generation nozzle 103, such that the pressurized fluid jet 104 can be formed. Notably, in use of the apparatus 200 the external fluid supply forms a closed circuit with the fluid supply chamber 203 and the fluid acceleration chamber 204, such that the enclosure 106 is hermetic in the sense of this document even with the fluid aperture. The fluid supplied to the fluid supply chamber 204 is preferably water. The fluid acceleration chamber 204 has preferably a flat disc shape with a preferred height of below 1 mm, more preferred below 0.5 mm, in order to sufficiently accelerate the fluid. The fluid entrance aperture 201 of the nozzle 103 for generating the pressurized fluid jet 104 has preferably a diameter of between 10-200 m.
[0095] FIG. 2 also shows a nozzle holder 202 that may be part of the apparatus 200, and is configured to hold the nozzle 103. The nozzle holder 202 is preferably connected to the upper part 107 of the hermetic enclosure 106, and may even be a part of the upper part 107. Preferably, the nozzle holder 202 is surrounded by the coupling body 107b of the upper part 107, i.e. is inserted into the coupling body 107b. There, it may be held in place (preferably from below) by the coupling nut 107a attached to the coupling body 107b. That is, the nozzle holder 202 may be fixed between the coupling body 107b and nut 107a. The nozzle holder 202 is preferably made of a metal. The nozzle holder 202 is preferably formed such that a space 210 is formed within the apparatus 200. The fluid jet 104 travels through this space 210 after it is generated by the fluid entrance aperture 201 of the nozzle 103. The space 210 may advantageously be used to provide a gas to the fluid jet 104, which gas can then create a stabilizing gas layer around the fluid jet 104. The shape of the space 210 is configured to provide the advantageous stabilization effect of the fluid jet 104.
[0096] To produce such an enveloping gas layer, as shown in FIG. 2, the apparatus 200 may further include a gas supply chamber 205 configured to provide the gas to the space 210 and thus to the fluid jet 104. The gas then envelopes the fluid jet 104, before it is output through the exit aperture 110. The gas supply chamber 205 and the space 210 thus form together a gas supply unit, wherein the gas supply chamber 205 has an aperture 206 that leads into the space 210. The gas supply unit may further include a gas entrance aperture provided through the upper part 107 of the hermetic enclosure 106, specifically through the coupling body 107b, and leading into the gas supply chamber 205 of the apparatus 200 that is surrounded by the hermetic enclosure 106. Notably, in the same manner as described above for the fluid supply unit 203, 204, the gas is supplied by an external gas supply, which forms a closed gas circuit with the gas supply unit 205, 210 in use of the apparatus 200, and does thus not allow any exchange of gas between the inside of the apparatus 200 and the atmosphere surrounding the apparatus 200. Thus, the hermiticity of the hermetic enclosure 106 is not impacted even with the gas entrance aperture. Preferably, the gas supplied to the gas supply chamber 205 via the gas entrance aperture is helium. The helium enveloping the fluid jet 104 within the space 210, before it is output from the exit aperture 110, helps stabilizing the fluid jet 104.
[0097] FIG. 2 also shows that the apparatus 200 may include an optical window 209 separating the fluid generation nozzle 103 from regions of the apparatus 200, from which the laser beam 102 originates, in particular where also the at least one optical element 105 is located (which is not shown in FIG. 2). Preferably the optical window 209 is made of a fused silica. Further, the optical window 209 is preferably arranged above the nozzle holder 202 and the fluid acceleration chamber 204.
[0098] FIG. 2 also illustrates that the interface unit 108 is mainly responsible for holding the lower part 109 in place when the apparatus 200 is completely assembled, and that the lower part 109 is attached to the upper part 107, specifically the coupling nut 107a, by forming the hermetic interface 207. The upper part 107 itself does preferably not exert any holding force onto the lower part 109.
[0099] FIG. 3 shows an apparatus 300 according to an embodiment of the present invention, which builds on the apparatus 100 shown in FIG. 1 and the apparatus 200 shown in FIG. 2. Identical elements in FIG. 3 and FIG. 1 and/or FIG. 2 are labelled with the same reference signs and function likewise.
[0100] That is, the apparatus 300 includes again the above-described nozzle 103, the at least one optical element 105 and the hermetic enclosure 106, which includes the upper part 107, preferably divided into the coupling body 107b and the coupling nut 107a as shown in FIG. 2, with the interface unit 108, and includes the lower part 109 with the exit aperture 110.
[0101] In particular, FIG. 3 illustrates that the apparatus 300 can further be provided with an anti-fluid clement 301, which is configured to prevent that fluid accumulates on the outer surface of the lower part 109 and optionally also on the outer surface of the coupling nut 107a. Especially, the anti-fluid unit 301 prevents that fluid accumulates near the exit aperture 110, particularly on the exit nozzle 208, or even in the exit aperture 110 of the lower part 109. The anti-fluid unit 301 is thus for external fluid accumulation prevention and is preferably attached to the upper part 107, specifically the coupling nut 107a.
[0102] Preferably, the anti-fluid unit is a fluid suction unit, which is configured to absorb fluid from the outer surface of the lower part 109. Such a suction unit can, for instance, be realized by means of a vacuum system or a module that creates an under-pressure. The fluid suction unit is adapted to suck away the fluid from the outer surface of the lower part 109. Alternatively, the anti-fluid unit 301 may be a capillary element configured to absorb fluid from the outer surface of the lower part 109. In particular, such a capillary element has some kind of capillary apertures or micro-structures, into which fluid is pulled by the capillary effect when it starts accumulating on the outer surface of the lower part 109. The capillary element may be sponge-like or a sponge, which is able to absorb the fluid. Alternatively, the anti-fluid unit 301 may comprise a fluid repellent material provided on the outer surface of the lower part 109, for instance as a layer or painting. The repellant can prevent that fluid accumulates on the outer surface of the lower part 109, for instance, because the fluid cannot adhere thereto. Finally, the anti-fluid unit 301 may also comprise a heating unit configured to heat the outer surface of the lower part 109, and thus cause an evaporation of the fluid accumulating on the outer surface of the lower part 109, It is noted that fluid in this document is preferably water, so that the anti-fluid unit 301 may in each case be particularly adapted to absorb or remove water from the outer surface of the lower part 109.
[0103] FIG. 4 shows a method 400 according to an embodiment of the present invention. The method 400 is in particular for assembling at least some parts of the apparatus 100, 200 or 300 shown in the previous figures. In particular, the method 400 relates at least to an assembly procedure of the lower part 109 to the upper part 107. The assembly procedure comprises an alignment process. The method 400 comprises particularly a first step 401 of providing the apparatus 100, 200, 300 with the lower part 109 removed. For example, before the first complete assembly of the apparatus 100, 200, 300, all of its parts may be assembled except for the lower part 109. Or, after the apparatus 100, 200, 300 has already been assembled, the lower part 109 may be removed, and the apparatus 100, 200, 300 may be re-assembled. The method 400 also comprises a second step 402 of pre-aligning, in the horizontal plane, the fluid jet 104 with the exit aperture 110. The horizontal plane is thereby defined by the plane perpendicular to the vertical direction, wherein the vertical direction is defined by the direction of the (straight) fluid jet 104 when it is generated by the fluid generation nozzle 103, particularly the fluid entrance aperture 201 of the nozzle 103. The method 400 further comprises a step 403 of approaching the upper part 107 and the lower part 109, along the vertical direction, until the lower part 109 attaches to the upper part 107 by means of the interface unit 108. Thereby, either the lower part 109 may be moved towards the upper part 107, or the upper part 107 may be moved towards the lower part 109, or both parts 107 and 109 may be moved towards another. Finally, the method 400 comprises a step 404 of precisely aligning the fluid jet 104 and the exit aperture 110. This fine aligning step 404 may be done by moving the lower part 109 in the horizontal plane. By precisely aligning the fluid jet 104 and the exit aperture 110, their coaxial alignment can be ensured. However, it is also possible to move only a part of the lower part 109 in the horizontal plane, for instance, the exit nozzle 208 having the exit aperture 110. To this end, the exit nozzle 208 may be movable at least in the horizontal plane relatively to the remainder of the lower part 109.
[0104] The FIGS. 5-8 respectively show the steps 401-404 of the method 400 of FIG. 4 in an illustration using the apparatus 200 shown in FIG. 2. That is, the upper part 107 is divided into the coupling body 107b and the coupling nut 107a. The same method 400 is of course possible with the apparatus 100 shown in FIG. 1, or the apparatus 300 shown in FIG. 3, provided that the anti-fluid unit 301 is installed in a subsequent step.
[0105] In particular, FIG. 5 shows the first step 401 of the method 400, in which the lower part 109 is provided removed from the upper part 107. This can be achieved either by not assembling the lower part 109 (after assembling for the first time the remainder of the apparatus 200), but may also he achieved, as indicated in FIG. 5, by moving the lower part 109 relatively along the vertical direction (z-direction) away from the upper part 107. For instance, the lower part 109 may be simply pulled away from the upper part 107, specifically the coupling nut 107a, in order to detach it.
[0106] FIG. 6 shows the second step 402 of the method 400. In particular, a rough alignment of the fluid jet 104 and the exit aperture 110 may here be carried out in the horizontal plane (x- and y-directions), such that at the end of the pre-alignment step 402, the fluid jet 104 at least passes through the exit aperture 110 without impinging on the edges of the exit aperture 110. However, the fluid jet 104 and the exit aperture 110 are not yet necessarily coaxially aligned.
[0107] FIG. 7 shows a third step 403 of the method 400, in which the lower part 109 and the upper part 107 are brought together along the vertical direction (z-direction). The lower part 109 thus attaches to the upper part 107, specifically to the coupling nut 107a, by means of the interface unit 108. Since the fluid jet 104 and the exit aperture 110 are already roughly aligned in the horizontal plane, such that the fluid jet 104 passes through the exit aperture 110, fluid accumulating in the apparatus 200 can be avoided. The hermetic enclosure 106 is formed in this attachment step 403.
[0108] FIG. 8 shows the fourth step 404 of the method 400, in which finally a fine alignment of the fluid jet 104 and the exit aperture 110 is done. In particular, they are aligned further in the horizontal plane (x- and y-directions), until they are coaxially aligned. The hermetic enclosure 106 is not impacted by this fine alignment step 404.
[0109] That a coaxial alignment in the sense of the present invention is achieved can be well-detected, for instance, based on an amount of light decoupling. Already for a slight misalignment of the fluid jet 104 and the exit aperture 110, an irregular light decoupling can be observed. For larger misalignments, a permanent decoupling is observed. This light decoupling is detectable as a specific light pattern, which is generated by the laser beam 102 on the workpiece 101 (or a dedicated calibration surface used instead of the workpiece 101).
[0110] FIG. 9 shows an apparatus 900 according to an embodiment of the present invention. The apparatus 900 has common elements with the apparatus shown in FIG. 1. Identical elements in FIG. 9 and FIG. 1 are labelled with the same reference signs and function likewise. Accordingly, the apparatus 900 of FIG. 1 includes also the nozzle 103 for generating the pressurized fluid jet 104, the at least one optical element 105 for coupling the laser beam 102 into the fluid jet 104, and the hermetic enclosure 106 enclosing the nozzle 103 and the optical element 105. The enclosure 106 includes an upper part 107, an interface unit 108 and a lower part 901.
[0111] The difference between the apparatus 100 of FIG. 1 and the apparatus 900 of FIG. 9 lies in the lower part 901. The lower part 901 in the apparatus 900 is attached via the interface unit 108 to the upper part 107, preferably it is fixedly attached thereto. Further, it has a channel 902 for outputting the fluid jet 104. The channel 902 is formed within the lower part 901, i.e. extends through the lower part 901, and my form an exit aperture at the outward end of the lower part 901. The channel 902 has a diameter, preferably a constant diameter, within the lower part 109, and the exit aperture formed at the outward end of the lower part 901 has the diameter of the channel at its end. A ratio of a length of the channel 902 to its diameter, preferably its constant diameter, or its average diameter or its diameter at the exit aperture, is between 1:1 to 20:1 (i.e. the channel is up to 20 times longer than wide), and is preferably between 5:1 to 15:1.
[0112] In comparison with the apparatus 100 of FIG. 1, the channel 902 is longer than the channel/exit aperture 110. This is to allow a larger diameter of the channel 902 compared to the diameter of at least the exit aperture 110 of apparatus 100. In comparison with the apparatus 200 of FIG. 2, the channel 902 is longer than the length of the channel 211 through the lower part 109 and the exit aperture 110 in the nozzle 208.
[0113] FIG. 10 shows an example of a lower part 901 of such an apparatus 900 according to an embodiment of the present invention, which builds on the apparatus 900 of FIG. 9. The lower part 901 shown in FIG. 10 includes an attachment portion 1000, which is suitable for attaching the lower part 901 to the upper part 107 of the enclosure 106. In particular, either surface, or both surfaces, that are indicated in FIG. 10 with the two arrows (i.e. a top surface or side surface of the attachment portion 1000) can be fixed (e.g. threaded, screwed, glued, or riveted etc.) particularly to the interface unit 108, and thus to the upper part 107. Further, the lower part 901 comprises a tube 1001, which extends from the attachment portion 1000, particularly at an angle perpendicular to a bottom surface of the attachment portion 1000, and guides the channel 902. That is, the channel 902 extends through the tube 1001, and/or the tube 1001 includes at least a part of the channel 902.
[0114] The lower part 901 may be provided with advantageous dimensions, in particular advantageous aspect ratios, namely: A ratio of a length L.sub.i of the channel 902 (corresponding to a length of the lower part 901) to a diameter I.sub.D of the channel 902 is in a range of 20 to 1 (i.e, between 20:1 and 1:1). A ratio of the diameter O.sub.D of the tube 1001 to the diameter I.sub.D of the channel 902 is below 5 (i.e. below 5:1). A ratio of the length L.sub.O of the tube 1001 to the diameter O.sub.D of the tube 1001 is above 2 (i.e. above 2:1). A ratio of the diameter I.sub.D of the channel 902 to a diameter of the fluid jet 104 is in a range of 1 to 10 (i.e. between 1:1 and 10:1), preferably in a range of 4 to 10.
[0115] FIG. 10 also shows that the end of the tube 1001 (i.e. the outward end, which is not attached to and faces away from the upper part 109, i.e. is oriented towards the workpiece 101 during machining thereof) has one or more sharp edges, which function to segregate fluid splashing back from the workpiece 101 and accumulating on the outer surface of the lower part 901.
[0116] In summary, the present invention provides an apparatus 100, 200, 300, and 900, and an assembly method 400 for the apparatus 100, 200, and 300, that enable a more efficient and stable machining of a workpiece 101 with a laser beam 102 coupled into a fluid jet 104. In particular, due to an improved splash protection provided by the hermetic enclosure 106, the stability of the fluid jet 104 is improved when machining the workpiece 101.
[0117] The present invention has been described in conjunction with various embodiments as examples as well as implementation forms. However, other variations can be understood and effected by those persons skilled in the art and practicing the claimed invention, from the studies of the drawings, the description and the independent claims. In the claims as well as in the description the word comprising does not exclude other elements or steps and the indefinite article a or an does not exclude a plurality. A single element or other unit may fulfill the functions of several entities or items recited in the claims. The mere fact that certain measures are recited in the mutual different dependent claims does not indicate that a combination of these measures cannot be used in an advantageous implementation.
