Turbine for an exhaust gas turbocharger of an internal combustion engine

Abstract

A turbine has a turbine housing with a receiving region, a turbine wheel which is disposed in the receiving region, a duct formed by the turbine housing, through which exhaust gas of an internal combustion engine can flow and which opens into the receiving region, and a tongue slide which has a tongue which is assigned to the duct and which can be displaced relative to the turbine housing about the rotational axis such that a flow cross section of the duct can be set. The exhaust gas which flows through the duct can be guided via the flow cross section into the receiving region and can be fed to the turbine wheel. The turbine is configured as a half-axial flow turbine in which a respective flow direction runs obliquely with respect to the axial direction and obliquely with respect to the radial direction of the turbine wheel.

Claims

1. A turbine for an exhaust gas turbocharger of an internal combustion engine, comprising: a turbine housing having a receiving region; a turbine wheel which is disposed at least partly in the receiving region and is rotatable relative to the turbine housing about an axis of rotation; a channel formed by the turbine housing through which exhaust gas from the internal combustion engine is flowable and which leads into the receiving region in order to guide exhaust gas flowing through the channel into the receiving region and to the turbine wheel; and a tongue slide which has a tongue that is associated with the channel and that is slidable relative to the turbine housing about the axis of rotation, wherein via the tongue a flow cross section of the channel is adjustable, wherein exhaust gas flowing through the channel is conveyable into the receiving region and to the turbine wheel via the flow cross section; wherein the turbine is a half-axial turbine in which a relevant flow direction, in which the exhaust gas flows from the channel through the flow cross section into the receiving region and to the turbine wheel during an operation of the turbine, extends obliquely to an axial direction, and obliquely to a radial direction, of the turbine wheel; wherein the tongue has a trailing edge via which the exhaust gas flows off the tongue towards the receiving region when the turbine is operated, wherein the trailing edge extends at least in part along a theoretical surface that extends conically in the axial direction of the turbine wheel; wherein the turbine wheel has rotor blades having respective leading edges via which the exhaust gas flows against the turbine wheel when the turbine is operated, wherein the respective leading edges extend at least in part along the theoretical surface that extends conically in the axial direction of the turbine wheel; wherein the tongue is disposed in the axial direction of the turbine between cover rings of the tongue slide, wherein the tongue is connected to the cover rings which are rotatable relative to the turbine housing about the axis of rotation, and wherein the tongue is rotatably mounted on the turbine housing via the cover rings.

2. The turbine according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the cover rings is sealed off from the turbine housing by a sealing element.

3. The turbine according to claim 1, wherein the tongue is coupled to an actuator by one of the cover rings, wherein via the actuator the tongue is rotatable relative to the turbine housing about the axis of rotation.

4. The turbine according to claim 1 further comprising a contour piece that is separate from the turbine housing and separate from the tongue slide, wherein the contour piece is held on the turbine housing and wherein via the contour piece at least part of the turbine wheel is covered outwardly in the radial direction and in the axial direction.

5. The turbine according to claim 4, wherein one of the cover rings is at least partly covered by the contour piece inwardly in the radial direction of the turbine wheel.

6. The turbine according to claim 4, wherein the tongue slide is rotatably mounted on the contour piece via one of the cover rings.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1. is a schematic view of an internal combustion engine of a motor vehicle, comprising at least one turbine, which is a half-axial turbine and has a tongue slide;

(2) FIG. 2 shows a detail of a schematic longitudinal sectional view of the turbine according to a first embodiment;

(3) FIG. 3 is a schematic sectional view of the turbine according to FIG. 2 along a sectional line A-A shown in FIG. 2;

(4) FIG. 4 shows a detail of a wire frame model of a first embodiment of a turbine wheel of the turbine;

(5) FIG. 5 shows a detail of a wire frame model of a second embodiment of the turbine wheel;

(6) FIG. 6 is a diagram for illustrating a blade angle progression of the embodiment of the turbine wheel;

(7) FIG. 7 shows a detail of a schematic and sectioned side view of a radial turbine;

(8) FIG. 8 shows a detail of a schematic longitudinal sectional view of the turbine according to a second embodiment; and

(9) FIG. 9 shows a detail of a schematic cross-sectional view of the turbine according to the second embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(10) Identical or functionally identical elements are provided with the same reference signs in the figures.

(11) FIG. 1 is a schematic view of an internal combustion engine, designated as a whole by 10, for a motor vehicle, in particular for a motor vehicle such as a passenger vehicle or a commercial vehicle. The motor vehicle can be driven by the internal combustion engine 10. The internal combustion engine 10 comprises at least one engine housing 12, designed for example as a cylindrical housing, by means of which at least one combustion chamber (not shown in FIG. 1) of the internal combustion engine 10 is formed. The combustion chamber is designed as a cylinder, for example, in which a piston is movably received, in particular translationally. The piston is for example hingedly connected to a drive shaft 14 of the internal combustion engine 10, the drive shaft 14 being rotatable relative to the engine housing 12, as shown by an arrow 16 in FIG. 1. The internal combustion engine 10 can provide torques for driving the motor vehicle by means of the drive shaft 14. In particular, the internal combustion engine 10 has a plurality of combustion chambers which are designed for example as cylinders.

(12) The internal combustion engine 10 has an intake system 18 by means of which the air flowing through the intake system 18 is guided to and in particular into the cylinders. An air filter 20 is arranged in the intake system 18, by means of which the air flowing through the intake system 18 is filtered. The internal combustion engine 10 further comprises an exhaust gas system 22 through which exhaust gas from the internal combustion engine 10 can flow. The internal combustion engine 10 further comprises at least one exhaust gas turbocharger 24 which comprises a turbine 26 that is arranged in the exhaust gas system 22 and can be driven by the exhaust gas, and a compressor 28 that is arranged in the intake system 18 and can be driven by the turbine 26. The turbine 26 comprisesas can be seen in conjunction with FIG. 2a turbine housing 30 by means of which a receiving region 32 is formed. The turbine 26 further comprises a turbine wheel 34 which is at least partly, in particular at least predominately or completely, received in the receiving region 32 and thus in the turbine housing 30 and is rotatable relative to the turbine housing 30 about an axis of rotation 36.

(13) The compressor 28 has a compressor housing (not shown in the drawings) and a compressor wheel 38 which is arranged in the compressor housing and is rotatable relative to the compressor housing about an axis of rotation 36. The exhaust gas turbocharger 24 comprises a shaft 40 which is connected to the turbine wheel 34 and to the compressor wheel 38 for conjoint rotation. The turbine wheel 34 can be driven by the exhaust gas of the internal combustion engine 10 and is thus rotatable about the axis of rotation 36. By means of the shaft 40, the compressor wheel 38 can be driven by the turbine wheel 34. By driving the compressor wheel 38, at least some of the air flowing through the intake system 18 is compressed by means of the compressor wheel 38. The energy contained in the exhaust gas can therefore be used to compress the air.

(14) A cooling apparatus 42 is also arranged downstream of the compressor 28 in the exhaust gas system 18, and is also referred to as an intercooler. The compressed and thus heated air is cooled by means of the intercooler. The internal combustion engine 10 further comprises an exhaust gas recirculation apparatus 44 which has at least one exhaust gas recirculation line 46. The exhaust gas recirculation line 46 is fluidically connected to the exhaust gas system 22 at a diversion point, such that at least some of the exhaust gas flowing through the exhaust gas system 22 can be diverted out of the exhaust gas system 22 at the diversion point. The diverted exhaust gas flows into the exhaust gas recirculation line 46 and is conveyed by means of the exhaust gas recirculation line 46 to an entry point, at which the exhaust gas recirculation line 46 is fluidically connected to the intake system 18. The diverted exhaust gas is recirculated to and in particular into the intake system 18 by means of the exhaust gas recirculation line 46 and can flow into the intake system 18 at the entry point. The exhaust gas flowing into the intake system 18 at the entry point is entrained by the air flowing through the intake system 18 and in particular is transported into the cylinders. The exhaust gas recirculation apparatus 44 comprises an exhaust gas recirculation valve 48 which is arranged in the exhaust gas recirculation line 46 and by means of which an amount of the exhaust gas to be recirculated flowing through the exhaust gas recirculation line 46 can be adjusted. The exhaust gas recirculation apparatus 44 further comprises an exhaust gas recirculation cooler 50 which is arranged in the exhaust gas recirculation line 46 and by means of which the exhaust gas flowing through the exhaust gas recirculation line 46 can be cooled.

(15) The exhaust gas system 22 has a first flow path 52 through which a first part of the exhaust gas flows and a second flow path 54 through which a second part of the exhaust gas flows, the flow paths 52 and 54 being referred to for example as exhaust gas flow paths or manifold flow paths. The exhaust gas flowing through the flow path 52 comes for example from a first of the cylinders, the exhaust gas flowing through the flow path 54 coming for example from a second of the cylinders, which is different from the first cylinder. Therefore, for example a first group of the cylinders is combined with the flow path 52, a second group of the cylinders, which is different from the first group, being combined with the flow path 54.

(16) As explained in more detail in the following, the turbine 26, in particular the turbine housing 30, has for example at least two channels through which the exhaust gas flowing through the flow paths 52 and 54 can flow and which are formed by the turbine housing 30, a first of the channels being for example fluidically connected to the flow path 52 and a second of the channels being fluidically connected to the flow path 54. As result, the exhaust gas flowing through the flow path 52 can flow out of the flow path 52 and into the first channel. Furthermore, the exhaust gas flowing through the flow path 40 can flow out of the flow path 54 and into the second channel. The exhaust gas which has flowed into the channels is guided by means of the channels to and in particular into the receiving region 32, and thus to the turbine wheel 34, such that the exhaust gas flowing through the channels can flow out of the channels and into the receiving region 32. As a result, the turbine wheel 34 is driven by the exhaust gas flowing out of the channels and into the receiving region 32.

(17) FIG. 1 shows that the exhaust gas recirculation line 46 is fluidically connected to the flow path 52. The flow path 52 is therefore used for example to provide a sufficient amount of exhaust gas to be recirculated, and therefore the flow path 52 is also referred to as an EGR flow path. The flow path 54, or the exhaust gas flowing through the flow path 54, is for example at least substantially used to provide sufficient power for the turbine 26 in order to thus be able to compress the air to a sufficiently significant degree. As a result, the combustion-air ratio in the particular cylinder can be adjusted as needed, and therefore the flow path 54 is also referred to as a lamda flow path ( flow path). In the flow path 52, the exhaust gas has for example a first pressure, it being possible for the exhaust gas in the flow path 54 to have a second pressure, for example. The exhaust gas is expanded by means of the turbine 26 such that the exhaust gas has a lower, third pressure upstream of the turbine 26 compared with the first pressure and the second pressure. An exhaust gas after-treatment apparatus 56 is arranged downstream of the turbine 26 in the exhaust gas system 22, by means of which apparatus the exhaust gas can undergo after-treatment.

(18) The exhaust gas after-treatment apparatus 56 comprises a particle filter, for example, which is also referred to as a soot filter. Particles contained in the exhaust gas can be filtered out of the exhaust gas by means of the particle filter. Alternatively or in addition, the exhaust gas after-treatment apparatus 56 comprises denoxing means, i.e., means for denitrification of the exhaust gas. Denitrification of the exhaust gas is understood to mean that any nitrogen oxides contained in the exhaust gas (NOx) can be at least partly removed from the exhaust gas.

(19) In conjunction with FIG. 3, it can be seen that the turbine 26 is a segment turbine or a multi-segment turbine and comprises the at least two channels, in the form of segments 58 and 60, which are formed by the turbine housing 30, which are at least partly separated from one another, through which the exhaust gas of the internal combustion engine 10 can flow, and which lead into the receiving region 32 successively in the circumferential direction of the turbine wheel 34, by means of which segments the exhaust gas flowing through the segments 58 and 60 can be orduring an operation of the internal combustion engine 10is guided into the receiving region 32 and thus to the turbine wheel 34. The segment 58 is therefore for example the above-mentioned first channel and is fluidically connected to the flow path 52 such that the exhaust gas flowing through the flow path 52 can flow out of the flow path 52 and into the segment 58. The segment 60 is for example the above-mentioned second channel and is therefore fluidically connected to the flow path 54 such that the exhaust gas flowing through the flow path 54 can flow out of the flow path 54 and into the segment 60.

(20) The segments 58 and 60 extend for example in the circumferential direction of the turbine wheel 34 over the circumference thereof substantially in the shape of a spiral, and therefore the segments 58 and 60 are spiral channels. The spiral channels are referred to as segment spirals, spiral segments or turbine spirals, however.

(21) FIG. 2 shows a detail of the turbine 26 in a schematic longitudinal sectional view; the segment 58 can be seen in FIG. 2 as being representative of the segments 58 and 60. It is in particular conceivable for the segments 58 and 60 to be asymmetric to one another, in particular with respect to their respective cross sections through which the exhaust gas flows.

(22) The internal combustion engine 10 further comprises an electronic computing apparatus 62, which is also referred to as a control unit. For example, the load provided by the internal combustion engine 10 and/or the rotational speed of the internal combustion engine 10, in particular of the drive shaft 14, is detected and supplied to the control unit such that the control unit receives the load and/or the rotational speed and can operate the internal combustion engine 10 on the basis of the detected load and/or on the basis of the detected rotational speed. In particular, the exhaust gas after-treatment apparatus 56 is operated, in particular controlled in an open- or closed-loop, by the control unit on the basis of the detected load and/or on the basis of the detected rotational speed. Furthermore, for example the exhaust gas recirculation valve 48 is operated by the control unit, in particular on the basis of the detected load and/or on the basis of the detected rotational speed, such that the amount of the exhaust gas to be recirculated can be adjusted by the control unit, for example. Furthermore, a constant throttle 64 is associated with the relevant cylinder, it being possible for the relevant constant throttle 64 to be operated by the control unit in particular on the basis of the detected load and/or on the basis of the detected rotational speed. The relevant constant throttle 64 is also referred to as a constant throttle valve.

(23) When considering FIGS. 2 and 3 together, it is particularly clear that the turbine 26 has a variability, designed as a tongue slide 66, which is arranged at least in part upstream of the turbine wheel 34 in the flow direction of the exhaust gas through the turbine 26, and is therefore also referred to as an inlet variability. The tongue slide 66 comprises a tongue 68 and 70 for each segment 58 and 60, which tongue can be seen particularly clearly in FIG. 3, the tongue 68 being associated with the segment 58 and the tongue 70 being associated with the segment 60, for example. The tongues 68 and 70 are slidable or rotatable, in particular jointly or simultaneously, relative to the turbine housing 30 about the axis of rotation 36. By means of the relevant tongue 68 or 70, a relevant flow cross section of the associated segment 58 or 60 can be adjusted. The exhaust gas flows out of the relevant segment 58 or 60 and into the receiving region 32 via this relevant flow cross section. In other words, the exhaust gas flowing through the relevant segment 58 or 60 can be conveyed into the receiving region 32 via the relevant flow cross section and supplied to the turbine wheel 34. Expressed in other words again, the relevant exhaust gas flowing through the relevant segment 58 or 60 and provided by the internal combustion engine 10 flows out of the relevant segment 58 or 60 via the relevant flow cross section into the receiving region 32. In this case, the relevant flow cross section is arranged upstream of the turbine wheel 34 with respect to the flow direction of the exhaust gas through the turbine 26, such that the tongue slide 66 functions or is designed as an inlet variability.

(24) The tongues 68 and 70 are for example slidable relative to the housing 30 between a closed position and at least one open position. In the closed position, at least one relevant sub-region of the relevant flow cross section is blocked by the relevant tongue 68 or 70, such that exhaust gas cannot flow through the blocked sub-region. In the relevant open position, the relevant tongue 68 or 70 leaves the relevant sub-region clear, such that the exhaust gas can flow through the relevant sub-region that has been left clear. This means that a first value for the relevant flow cross section is set in the closed position. In the relevant open position, a second value for the relevant flow cross section is set, the second value being greater than the first value. This means that the relevant tongue 68 or 70 leaves the associated flow cross section open to a greater extent in the open position than in the closed position. As a result, the turbine 26 can be advantageously adapted to different operating points of the internal combustion engine 10, and in particular to different exhaust-gas mass flows. Respective walls 72 and 74 of the turbine housing 30 are arranged between the segments 58 and 60 in the circumferential direction of the turbine wheel 34, the segments 58 and 60 being separated from one another by means of the walls 72 and 74. The walls 72 and 74 are also referred to as housing walls or housing tongues, the respective ends of the housing tongues and for example the respective closed positions of the tongues 68 and 70 being shown in FIG. 3. It can also be seen that the respective tongues 68 and 70 extend from an outer diameter D1 to an inner diameter D2, or vice versa. In addition, the outer diameter of the turbine wheel 34 is designated by D3 in FIG. 3.

(25) In order now to be able to realize a particularly effective operationas is particularly clear from FIG. 2the turbine 26 is a half-axial turbine in which a relevant flow direction, which is illustrated in FIG. 2 by an arrow 76 and in which the exhaust gas flows from the relevant segment 58 or 60 through the relevant flow portion into the receiving region 32 and to the turbine wheel 34 during the operation of the turbine 26, extends obliquely to axial and obliquely to the radial direction of the turbine wheel 34. The flow direction of the exhaust gas extends obliquely to the axial direction and obliquely to the radial direction of the turbine wheel 34 in a plane spanned by the axial direction and by the radial direction of the turbine wheel 34. Overall, the turbine 26 is a half-axial, tongue-slide segment turbine, by means of which a particularly efficient and thus fuel-efficient operation of the internal combustion engine 10 can be shown.

(26) In FIG. 2, it is clear from the example of the tongue 68 that the respective tongues 68 and 70 have at least one trailing edge 78 by means of which the exhaust gas flows off the relevant tongue 68 or 70 toward the receiving region 32 when the turbine 26 is operated. The relevant trailing edge 78 extends at least in part along a theoretical surface that extends conically in the axial direction of the turbine wheel 34. The housing tongues also lie on such a theoretical surface which extends conically in the axial direction of the turbine wheel 34.

(27) It can be seen from FIG. 2 that the turbine wheel 34 comprises a hub 80, and blades 82 which are connected to the hub 80 and are for example integral with the hub 80, it being possible to discern a rotor blade which is designated by 84 from the rotor blades in FIG. 2. Since the rotor blade 84 is a rotor blade of the turbine wheel 34, the rotor blade 84 is also referred to as a turbine blade. The rotor blade 84 has a trailing edge 86 by means of which the exhaust gas flows off the rotor blade 84 during the operation of the turbine 26. The rotor blade 84 also has a leading edge 88, which is also referred to as an onflow edge. By means of the leading edge 88, the exhaust gas flows against the rotor blade 84 during the operation of the turbine 26. The relevant leading edge 88 extends at least in part along a theoretical surface that extends conically in the axial direction of the turbine wheel 34.

(28) In contrast with a simple radial turbine, which is also referred to as a radial turbine, in the case of the half-axial turbine the exhaust gas is not supplied to the turbine wheel 34 in a strictly axial or a strictly radial manner, but rather the exhaust gas is supplied to the turbine wheel 34 obliquely to the axial direction and obliquely to the radial direction of the turbine wheel 34.

(29) The tongue slide 66, of which the trailing edges 78 extend at least predominately along a conical surface at least substantially in parallel with the leading edge 88, has for example two integrated cover rings 90 and 92, which are provided as cylindrical running surfaces comprising sealing elements 94 and 96, for example. The respective tongues 68 and 70 are arranged in the axial direction of the turbine wheel 34 between the cover rings 90 and 92 and are connected to the cover rings 90 and 92. It is in particular conceivable for the tongues 68 and 70 to be integral with the cover rings 90 and 92. The tongues 68 and 70 are rotatably mounted on the turbine housing 30, for example by means of the cover rings 90 and 92. The cover rings 90 and 92 have for example at least substantially cylindrical respective lateral surfaces 98 and 100 on the outer circumference, by means of which surfaces the cover rings 90 and 92 can be or are supported on the turbine housing 30 outwardly in the radial direction. In this case, for example the lateral surfaces 98 and 100 on the outer circumference act as the above-mentioned running surfaces on which the sealing elements 94 and 96 are provided. In particular, the lateral surfaces 98 and 100 have respective grooves in which the sealing elements 94 and 96 are received, for example. By means of the sealing elements 94 and 96, the cover rings 90 and 92 are sealed off from the turbine housing 30 such that undesired flows, such as leakage flows, can be prevented. The cover rings 90 and 92, together with the tongues 68 and 70, are rotatable or slidable relative to the turbine housing 30 about the axis of rotation. In the finished state of the exhaust gas turbocharger 24, the turbine housing 30 is for example connected to a bearing housing (not shown in the drawings). The leading edge 88 is arranged in an inlet region, by means of which the exhaust gas flows against the rotor blade 84. The trailing edge 86 is for example arranged in an outlet region 102 into which the exhaust gas flowing off the rotor blade 84 via the trailing edge 86 flows. In this case, the bearing housing is arranged on a side facing away from the outlet region 102. The cover ring 92 is arranged closer to the bearing housing than the cover ring 90, and therefore the cover ring 92 is a bearing-side element. The bearing-side cover element of the tongues 68 and 70 is used, for example, to couple the tongues 68 and 70 to an actuator (not shown in the drawings). In other words, the tongues 68 and 70 are coupled to an actuator by means of the cover ring 92, for example, by means of which actuator the tongues 68 and 70 can be slid about the axis of rotation 36 in particular by means of the cover ring 92. The actuator is therefore used to cause the rotational movement of the tongues 68 and 70 and acts as an adjustment apparatus, which is arranged at least partly in the bearing housing, for example.

(30) For example, the cover ring 92, which is also referred to as a cover disc ring, has teeth which engage in a separately mounted, rotatable gear segment. The gear segment is for example rigidly connected to a lever of an adjustment apparatus, which lever can be pivoted for example by means of the actuator outside of the turbine and carries out pivot movements as a result of being pivoted. By means of the lever, the pivot movements are converted for example into rotational movements of the tongues 68 and 70, such that the rotational movements of the tongues 68 and 70 can be set in a defined and controlled manner. The cover ring 90 is oriented toward a wheel outer contour of the turbine wheel 34, for example, and is also used for bearing, preferably also in the turbine housing 32. The sealing elements 94 and 96 are used in particular to minimize leakage gas flows over the respective circumferences of the respective cover rings 90 and 92.

(31) The turbine 26 also has at least one contour piece 104 that is separate from the turbine housing 30, separate from the tongue slide 66 and separate from the turbine wheel 34, and is held on the turbine housing 30, and by means of which at least part of the turbine wheel 34 is covered outwardly in the radial direction, and in the axial direction. The contour piece 104 is also referred to as an outer contour piece, which can be or is mounted on the turbine housing 30. By means of the contour piece 104, an axial tolerance of the tongue slide 66 is created for ensuring the rotational functionality of the tongue slide 66 in the case of high component temperatures in the overall engine map and in non-stationary phases of the internal combustion engine 10. Furthermore, the mountable contour piece 104, designed as a contour component, provides a simple solution for solving an undercut problem between the tongue slide 66 and the turbine wheel 34, designed as a half-axial turbine wheel, as a result of a mounting sequence to be explained in the following. As part of the manufacture of the turbine 26, for example the following mounting sequence takes place in order to ensure simple and cost-effective manufacture of the turbine 26: First, the turbine housing 30 is connected to the bearing housing, for example. The tongue slide 66 is then mounted on the turbine housing 30. The turbine wheel 34 is then mounted. Subsequently, the contour piece 104 is mounted by for example being inserted in the axial direction into the turbine housing 30.

(32) FIG. 2 shows that the cover ring 90 is at least partly covered by the contour piece 104 inwardly in the radial direction of the turbine wheel 34. In this case, for example the tongue slide 66 is rotatably mounted on the contour piece 104 by means of the cover ring 90. Irrespective of the tongue slide 66 acting as a variability, it is conceivable for the half-axial turbine to be fitted with a dual-flow, asymmetric turbine housing and, in this way, to be designed for example as a fixed geometry turbine without a variability.

(33) The tongue slide 66 is a rotary slide, which represents a simple and thus cost-effective and robust variability. For example, the above-mentioned adjustment apparatus is provided for rotating the tongue slide 66 and is arranged at least partly, in particular predominately or completely, in the bearing housing. Furthermore, a bearing for the tongue slide 66 is provided by means of the cover rings 90 and 92. In addition, sealing is provided by means of the sealing elements 94 and 96 so that leakages and axial thrusts can be kept particularly low. Furthermore, particularly simple mounting can be realized, despite the variability, by means of the geometric ratios of the wire inlet and the conical tongue bearing of the tongue slide 66, such that an undercut problem can be solved or avoided.

(34) FIGS. 4 and 5 show details of respective wire frame models or wire frame representations of various embodiments of the turbine wheel 34. According to FIG. 4, the turbine wheel 34 is a half-axial wheel and thus a ten-blade device, meaning that the turbine wheel 34 according to FIG. 4 comprises exactly ten rotor blades 84. The turbine wheel 34 according to FIG. 4 has a blade inlet angle .sub.1s of at least substantially 90 degrees, which is illustrated in FIG. 4 by an arrow 106. Furthermore, the radial direction of the turbine wheel 34 is illustrated in FIG. 4 by a dashed line 109. In addition, an arrow 112 in FIG. 4 illustrates the direction of rotation in which the turbine wheel 34 rotates during operation of the turbine. In the turbine wheel 34 according to FIG. 4, a tip-speed ratio U/C.sub.0,opt of 0.7 is provided. In particular, FIGS. 4 and 5 are wire frame representations of the turbine wheel 34, showing the turbine wheel outlet along the axis of rotation 36. A particularly high degree of robustness can be realized by a blade inlet angle .sub.1s of approximately 90 degrees.

(35) In the embodiment shown in FIG. 5, the turbine wheel 34 has a blade inlet angle .sub.1s of 121, which is illustrated in FIG. 5 by the arrow 106 and the dashed line 109. For example, the arrow 106 illustrates the flow direction in which the exhaust gas flows against the particular leading edge 88. In particular, the blades 82 of the turbine wheel 34 are strictly radial, and therefore extend strictly in the radial direction. According to the view shown in FIGS. 4 and 5, the flow direction extends for example at least substantially in parallel with the radial direction, and thus the blade inlet angle .sub.1s is 90 degrees. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 5, the flow direction includes an angle of 31 degrees with the radial direction, resulting in a blade inlet angle .sub.1s of 121 degrees (90 degrees+31 degrees). The turbine wheel 34 according to FIG. 5 has for example a tip-speed ratio U/C.sub.0opt of 0.6.

(36) In FIG. 6, dashed curves 108 illustrate respective blade angle progressions with respect to the circumferential direction along the hub 80, the surface center and the outer contour of the turbine wheel 34 according to FIG. 5, solid curves 110 illustrating the respective blade angle progressions with respect to the circumferential direction along the hub 80, the surface center and the outer contour of the turbine wheel 34 according to FIG. 4. Here, curves 108a and 110a illustrate the blade angle progression along the wheel 80, curves 108b and 110b illustrate the blade angle progression along the center, and curves 108c and 110c illustrate the blade angle progression along the outer contour and thus outside.

(37) The turbine wheel 34 according to FIG. 4 has a blade inlet angle .sub.1s of 90 degrees and thus has the same blade inlet angle as a radial turbine. According to FIG. 6, the turbine wheel 34 according to FIG. 5 has for example a tip-speed ratio U/C.sub.0opt of <0.62. With respect to the center, the angle .sub.2n is for example 33 degrees. FIG. 6 therefore shows the very soft angle progression of the turbine wheels 34, designed as half-axial turbine wheels. On the basis of the very soft angle progression of the half-axial turbine wheels, the dominant advantage in the channel progression of the half-axial turbine wheels over the known progressions of radial turbines becomes obvious, for which reason advantages in respect of the degree of effectiveness of the half-axial turbines compared with radial turbines ought to be developable on this principle alone. The degree of freedom of the blade inlet angle P.sub.1s in the case of strictly radial blades, as a result of which bending moments can be avoided, can be seen particularly well in FIGS. 5 and 6.

(38) The respective segments 58 and 60, which can be seen in FIGS. 2 and 3, are mono-spirals which are positioned upstream of the turbine wheel 34. The turbine housing 30 is a mono-spiral housing, for example. The relevant exhaust gas flowing through the relevant segment 58 or 60 is supplied to the receiving region 32 via a relevant nozzle, for example, with swirl generation taking place in the respective spirals positioned upstream of the respective nozzles, in particular if it is a multi-segment spiral housing rather than a mono-spiral housing. The surface tapping of the inlet spiral cross section is achieved by means of the movable tongue slide 66, as a result of which the swirl generation and the power of the turbine 26 can be varied as desired by means of the influenced turbine throughput capacity and build-up behavior. The tongue slide 66 is therefore located beneath the stationary, obliquely extending housing tongue.

(39) The adjustment apparatus is arranged for example on the bearing side also because of the cooling potential of oil or water, the tongue slide 66 being in particular controllably movable by means of the actuator over the cover ring 92 in order to tap the corresponding flow cross sections or spiral surfaces.

(40) After the tongue slide 66 has been mounted in the turbine housing 30 from the turbine outlet side, the turbine rotor is installed by means of the radial and axial bearing elements and is secured by means of the compressor side. Subsequently, the outer counter piece (contour piece 104) is inserted above the wheel outer contour and is for example fastened in a defined axial position in a turbine outlet flange region, as a result of which the axial tolerance of the rotatable tongue slide 66 over the distance from the contour piece 104 the full variable functionality of the turbine 26 is set for the tongue slide 66 in all expected operating phases. An undercut problem between the turbine wheel 34 and the tongue slide 66 can thus be avoided.

(41) FIG. 7 shows a detail, in a schematic and sectioned side view, of a conventional radial turbine, in which the exhaust gas is supplied to the radial turbine, designated by 113 in FIG. 7, in a strictly radial manner during an operation of the radial turbine.

(42) FIG. 8 is a schematic longitudinal sectional view of a second embodiment of the turbine 26, the turbine 26 according to the second embodiment being a twin-flow turbine. In the second embodiment shown in FIG. 8, the turbine 26 has at least two channels which are formed by the turbine housing 30 and are in the form of flow paths 114 and 116, which are also referred to as turbine flow paths and do not lead into the receiving region 32 successively or consecutively for instance in the circumferential direction of the turbine wheel 34, but do so successively or consecutively in the axial direction of the turbine wheel. In particular, the flow paths 114 and 116 lead into the receiving region 32 via a common nozzle 118, such that the exhaust gas flowing through the flow paths 114 and 116 flows out of the flow paths 114 and 116 into the nozzle 118 and flows via the nozzle 118 into the receiving region 32.

(43) The flow paths 114 and 116 are separated by a dividing wall 120 of the turbine hosing 30, which wall is arranged between the flow paths 114 and 116. FIG. 9 shows an offset which extends in the circumferential direction between the housing tongues and between the tongues 68 and 70. As with the segment 58, the flow path 114 is used for example as an EGR segment or EGR flow path, from which the exhaust gas to be recirculated is diverted. As with the segment 60, the flow path 116 is used for example as a lamda flow path or lamda segment in order to adjust the combustion-air ratio. The tongue 68 is for example associated with the flow path 114, and the tongue 70 is associated with the flow path 116, it being possible for the tongues 68 and 70 to be integral or to be separate from one another. It is conceivable for the tongues 68 and 70 to be able to slide jointly or simultaneously, or to slide relative to one another or independently of one another, relative to the turbine housing 30 about the axis of rotation 36. For example, symmetric or asymmetric spiral surfaces of the housing flow path are shown with the tongue slide 66, it being possible for the tongues 68 and 70 to have different lengths, in particular in the circumferential direction of the turbine wheel 34. Alternatively or in addition, the tongues 68 and 70 may have an offset with respect to the housing tongues (walls 72 and 74). It can be seen from FIG. 8 that a wall element 122 is arranged between the tongues 68 and 70, by means of which element the dividing wall 120 is continued, the wall element 122 being movable or slidable together with the tongue 68 or 70.

(44) For a rapid response of the exhaust gas after-treatment apparatus 56, the control of the turbine 26, designed as an adjustable turbine, by means of the exhaust gas recirculation valve 48 and the relevant constant throttle valve can be carried out very effectively as part of a thermal management process. Furthermore, an advantageous engine braking system can be realized on account of the robust and variable tongue slide 66, in particular when the small constant throttle valves are used in the cylinders and are open in engine braking phases.