PLASMA ACTUATOR

Abstract

A small and inexpensive plasma actuator is capable of accelerating induced flow and increasing the effect of controlling flow. A plurality of electrode pairs are disposed on a dielectric layer upstream to downstream along a predetermined direction. Each electrode pair includes an upstream electrode disposed on one surface of the dielectric layer and a downstream electrode disposed on another surface of the dielectric layer to sandwich the dielectric layer between the upstream electrode. A lowest electrode is on the one surface of the dielectric layer displaced downstream from the downstream electrode in an the most downstream electrode pair to have the same potential as the downstream electrode. A voltage application device is configured to apply voltage including AC voltage or repeated pulse voltage to each electrode pair such that the potential of the applied voltage inverts at adjacent electrode pairs.

Claims

1. A plasma actuator comprising: a dielectric layer; a plurality of electrode pairs disposed on the dielectric layer upstream to downstream in a predetermined direction along one surface of the dielectric layer; a lowest electrode disposed on the dielectric layer on a downstream side of each of the plurality of electrode pairs; and voltage application means configured to apply voltage including AC voltage or repeated pulse voltage to each of the plurality of electrode pairs, each of the plurality of electrode pairs including: an upstream electrode disposed closer to one surface of the dielectric layer; and a downstream electrode disposed closer to another surface of the dielectric layer and displaced downstream from the upstream electrode so as to sandwich the dielectric layer between the upstream electrode, wherein, in adjacent electrode pairs, the upstream electrode of the downstream electrode pair is displaced downstream from the downstream electrode of the upstream electrode pair, wherein the lowest electrode is disposed closer to the one surface of the dielectric layer and displaced downstream from the downstream electrode in a most downstream electrode pair so as to have the same potential as the downstream electrode in the most downstream electrode pair, and wherein the voltage application means is configured to apply the voltage such that polarity of the applied voltage is inverted at adjacent electrode pairs.

2. The plasma actuator according to claim 1, wherein the voltage application means is configured to, when applying the voltage to either of the upstream electrode or the downstream electrode in each of the plurality of electrode pairs, ground the other of the upstream electrode or the downstream electrode in each of the plurality of electrode pairs.

3. The plasma actuator according to claim 1, wherein the voltage application means is configured to, when applying the voltage between the upstream electrode of an odd-numbered electrode pair from the upstream side and the downstream electrode of an even-numbered electrode pair from the upstream side, ground the downstream electrode in an odd-numbered electrode pair from the upstream side and the upstream electrode in an even-numbered electrode pair from the upstream side and/or configured to, when applying the voltage between the downstream electrode of an odd-numbered electrode pair from the upstream side and the upstream electrode of an even-numbered electrode pair from the upstream side, ground the upstream electrode in an odd-numbered electrode pair from the upstream side and the downstream electrode in an even-numbered electrode pair from the upstream side.

4. The plasma actuator according to claim 1, wherein the voltage is voltage obtained by superimposing the AC voltage or the repeated pulse voltage with DC voltage.

5. The plasma actuator according to claim 4, wherein: the voltage application means includes a DC power supply, a first switch, and a second switch; and the voltage application means is configured such that either of the upstream electrode and the downstream electrode in each of the electrode pairs is electrically coupled to the DC power supply via the first switch and grounded via the second switch, the other of the upstream electrode and the downstream electrode in each of the electrode pairs is grounded, and an operation in which the first switch is turned on and the second switch is turned off, and the first switch is turned off and the second switch is turned on is repeated.

6. The plasma actuator according to claim 4, wherein: the voltage application means includes a DC power supply, a first switch, a second switch, a third switch, and a fourth switch; and the voltage application means is configured such that either of the upstream electrode and the downstream electrode in each of the electrode pairs is electrically coupled to the DC power supply via the first switch and grounded via the second switch, the other of the upstream electrode and the downstream electrode in each of the electrode pairs is electrically coupled to the DC power supply via the third switch and grounded via the fourth switch, and an operation in which the first switch and the fourth switch are turned on and the second switch and the third switch are turned off, and the first switch and the fourth switch are turned off and the second switch and the third switch are turned on is repeated.

7. A plasma actuator comprising: a dielectric layer; an upstream electrode disposed closer to one surface of the dielectric layer; a downstream electrode disposed closer to another surface of the dielectric layer and displaced downstream from the upstream electrode so as to sandwich the dielectric layer between the upstream electrode; a lowest electrode disposed closer to the one surface of the dielectric layer and displaced downstream from the downstream electrode so as to have the same potential as the downstream electrode; and voltage application means configured to apply voltage including AC voltage or repeated pulse voltage to either of the upstream electrode and the downstream electrode and, when the voltage is applied to one of the upstream electrode and the downstream electrode, ground the other of the upstream electrode and the downstream electrode.

8. The plasma actuator according to claim 1, wherein: the upstream electrode and the lowest electrode are divided into a pair of separated electrodes aligned in the predetermined direction; and a separated electrode on an upstream side or a downstream side in each pair of separated electrodes is coupled to a resistor.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0025] FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional diagram illustrating a plasma actuator according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0026] FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an electrode layout in a plasma actuator according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0027] FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional diagram illustrating a modification example of the plasma actuator in FIG. 1, including a segmented electrode and a resistor when three or more pairs of electrodes are provided.

[0028] FIG. 4 is a plan view illustrating a modification example of the plasma actuator in FIG. 1 including a segmented electrode and a resistor when three pairs of electrodes are provided.

[0029] FIGS. 5A and 5B illustrate results of a performance evaluation test performed on the plasma actuator in FIG. 1 when the number of electrode pairs is changed, where FIG. 5A is a graph showing the relationship between DC voltage and induced airflow and FIG. 5B is a cross-sectional diagram illustrating electrode layouts (cases 1 to 4) used in the performance evaluation test.

[0030] FIG. 6 is a circuit diagram illustrating a first modification example of voltage application means in the plasma actuator in FIG. 1.

[0031] FIG. 7 illustrates results of a performance evaluation test performed on the plasma actuator in FIG. 6, where (a) of FIG. 7 is a graph showing a voltage waveform applied using voltage application means and (b) of FIG. 7 is a graph showing a voltage waveform that flows in each electrode during the performance evaluation test.

[0032] FIGS. 8A and 8B illustrate results of a performance evaluation test performed on the plasma actuator in FIG. 6, where FIG. 8A is a graph showing a speed profile of air flow induced when the frequency of repeated pulse voltage applied using voltage application means is 50 kHz, 100 kHz and DC voltage is 1200 V and FIG. 8B is a graph showing a speed profile of air flow induced when the frequency of repeated pulse voltage applied using voltage application means is 50 kHz, 100 kHz and DC voltage is 1500 V.

[0033] FIG. 9 is a circuit diagram illustrating a second modification example of voltage application means in the plasma actuator in FIG. 1.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0034] An embodiment of the present invention will be described below with reference to the drawings.

[0035] FIGS. 1 to 9 illustrate a plasma actuator according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0036] As illustrated in FIGS. 1 to 4, a plasma actuator 10 includes a dielectric layer 11, a plurality of electrode pairs 12, a lowest electrode 13, and a voltage application means 14.

[0037] As illustrated in FIG. 1, the dielectric layer 11 is formed of a dielectric and has a predetermined thickness. The dielectric layer 11 may be made of various materials. In the specific example illustrated in FIG. 1, the dielectric layer 11 is made of a polyimide film.

[0038] Each electrode pair 12 is disposed in a predetermined direction upstream to downstream along one surface of the dielectric layer 11. Each electrode pair 12 includes an upstream electrode 21 disposed on one surface of the dielectric layer 11 and a downstream electrode 22 disposed on another surface of the dielectric layer 11 displaced downstream from the upstream electrode 21. Each electrode pair 12 is disposed such that the dielectric layer 11 is sandwiched by the upstream electrode 21 and the downstream electrode 22. Adjacent electrode pairs 12 are formed such that the upstream electrode 21 of a downstream electrode pair 12 is displaced downstream from the downstream electrode 22 of an upstream electrode pair 12. In the specific example illustrated in FIG. 1, the upstream electrode 21 and the downstream electrode 22 are made of copper tape. In the specific example illustrated in FIG. 1, three or more electrode pairs 12 are provided, but two electrode pairs 12 may be provided. There may also be one electrode pair 12.

[0039] The lowest electrode 13 is displaced downstream from the downstream electrode 22 in the most downstream electrode pair 12 on one surface of the dielectric layer 11. The lowest electrode 13 is electrically coupled to the downstream electrode 22 in the most downstream electrode pair 12 so as to have the same potential as the downstream electrode 22. In the specific example illustrated in FIG. 1, the lowest electrode 13 is made of copper tape.

[0040] As illustrated in FIG. 2, the voltage application means 14 includes an AC power supply/pulse power supply 23, a DC power supply 24, a high-pass filter 25, and a low-pass filter 26. The AC power supply/pulse power supply 23 and the DC power supply 24 are coupled to each electrode pair 12. The high-pass filter 25 is disposed between the AC power supply/pulse power supply 23 and each electrode pair 12 such that the AC power supply/pulse power supply 23 is not damaged by voltage output from the DC power supply 24. The low-pass filter 26 is disposed between the DC power supply 24 and each electrode pair 12 such that the DC power supply 24 is not damaged by voltage output from the AC power supply/pulse power supply 23. With this configuration, the voltage application means 14 can apply voltage obtained by superimposing AC voltage or repeated pulse voltage with DC voltage to each electrode pair 12.

[0041] The voltage application means 14 is configured to apply voltage to either of the upstream electrode 21 and the downstream electrode 22 of each electrode pair 12 and ground the other of the upstream electrode 21 and the downstream electrode 22 such that the polarity of the applied voltage is inverted at adjacent electrode pairs 12. In other words, the voltage application means 14 may be configured to apply voltage to the upstream electrode 21 in an odd-numbered electrode pair 12 from the upstream side and to the downstream electrode 22 in an even-numbered electrode pair 12 from the upstream side, and ground the downstream electrode 22 in an odd-numbered electrode pair 12 from the upstream side and the upstream electrode 21 in an even-numbered electrode pair 12 from the upstream side. Alternatively, the voltage application means 14 may be configured to apply voltage to the downstream electrode 22 in an odd-numbered electrode pair 12 from the upstream side and the upstream electrode 21 in an even-numbered electrode pair 12 from the upstream side, and ground the upstream electrode 21 in an odd-numbered electrode pair 12 from the upstream side and the downstream electrode 22 in an even-numbered electrode pair 12 from the upstream side.

[0042] In the specific example illustrated in FIG. 1, the voltage application means 14 is configured to electrically couple and apply voltage to the upstream electrode 21 in the first electrode pair 12 from the upstream side and the downstream electrode 22 in the second electrode pair 12 from the upstream side, and ground the downstream electrode 22 in the first electrode pair 12 from the upstream side and the upstream electrode 21 in the second electrode pair 12 from the upstream side. With this configuration, voltage can also be applied to the lowest electrode 13.

[0043] Next, effects will be described.

[0044] First, the plasma actuator 10 generates discharge plasma between the upstream electrode 21 and the downstream electrode 22 of each electrode pair 12 through the voltage application means 14 applying voltage obtained by superimposing AC voltage or repeated pulse voltage with DC voltage. With this, as illustrated in FIG. 1, plasma is formed between upstream electrodes 21 in adjacent electrode pairs 12 on one surface of the dielectric layer 11 and in a discharge region A between the upstream electrode 21 and the lowest electrode 13 of the most downstream electrode pair 12. Further, upstream to downstream airflow (arrow in FIG. 1) can be induced.

[0045] At this time, the plasma actuator 10 is configured such that the polarity of voltage applied by the voltage application means 14 is inverted at adjacent electrode pairs 12. Thus, among the adjacent electrode pairs 12, the potential at the downstream electrode 22 in an electrode pair 12 on the upstream side and the potential of the upstream electrode 21 in an electrode pair 12 on the downstream side can be made constantly equal. Further, because the lowest electrode 13 is disposed so as to have the same potential as the downstream electrode 22 in the most downstream electrode pair 12, the potential of the lowest electrode 13 and the potential of the downstream electrode 22 in the most downstream electrode pair 12 can be made constantly equal. As a result, discharge can be prevented from occurring between these electrodes and airflow in the direction opposite to that induced at each electrode pair 12 can be prevented.

[0046] The plasma actuator 10 is configured such that the polarity of voltage applied by the voltage application means 14 is inverted at adjacent electrode pairs 12. Thus, charge on one surface of the dielectric layer 11 deposited by discharge generated at each electrode pair 12 can be removed by the upstream electrode 21 in adjacent electrode pairs 12 on the downstream side. Further, the lowest electrode 13 is disposed so as to have the same potential as the downstream electrode 22 in the most downstream electrode pair 12. Thus, charge on one surface of the dielectric layer 11 deposited by discharge generated by the most downstream electrode pair 12 can be removed by the lowest electrode 13. Because of this, the charge on one surface of the dielectric layer 11 deposited by discharge generated at each electrode pair 12 can be prevented from impeding the flow induced at each electrode pair 12. As a result, induced flow can be accelerated upstream to downstream. Further, increasing the number of electrode pairs 12 can increase electrohydrodynamic force, which accelerate airflow. Thus, the plasma actuator 10 can control airflow and provide an increased effect of controlling airflow.

[0047] The plasma actuator 10 uses the voltage application means 14 to apply voltage obtained by superimposing AC voltage or repeated pulse voltage with DC voltage, and hence charge particles of discharge plasma generated by the AC voltage or repeated pulse voltage can be accelerated using the DC voltage. As a result, induced airflow can be further accelerated and an increased effect of controlling airflow can be achieved.

[0048] As reported in Non-patent Document 3, arranging a plurality of conventional plasma actuators in a row results in adjacent plasma actuators weakening electrohydrodynamic force and performance. In contrast, increasing the number of electrode pairs 12 in the plasma actuator 10 increases electrohydrodynamic force and greatly improves performance.

[0049] Increasing the number of electrode pairs 12 in the plasma actuator 10 provides the same effect as in the prior art, even if reducing voltage applied by the voltage application means 14. As a result, there is no need for a high-voltage device or similar device, the voltage application means 14 can be made smaller, and the plasma actuator 10 can be configured as a small, light and inexpensive device.

[0050] As illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4, in the plasma actuator 10, the upstream electrode 21 and the lowest electrode 13 may be divided into a pair of separated electrodes 31a, 31b each disposed along a predetermined direction and the separated electrodes 31a, 31b in each pair on the upstream side or the downstream side may be coupled with a resistor 32. In this case, the resistor 32 can limit the current that flows through the separated electrodes 31a, 31b in each pair on the upstream side or the downstream side. With this configuration, the electric field formed between upstream electrodes 21 of adjacent electrode pairs 12 can be weakened and transition to arc discharge can be prevented even when the applied voltage is high or the interval between upstream electrodes 21 of adjacent electrode pairs 12 is small. The configuration illustrated in FIG. 3 is an example where three or more electrode pairs 12 are provided and the configuration illustrated in FIG. 4 is an example where three electrode pairs 12 are provided. However, only one electrode pair 12 may be provided, or two electrode pairs 12 may be provided. In a configuration where one electrode pair 12 is provided, the plasma actuator 10 is preferably configured such that the upstream electrode 21 is divided into the pair of separated electrodes 31a, 31b.

EXAMPLE 1

[0051] As illustrated in FIGS. 5A and 5B, a performance evaluation test was performed by operating plasma actuators 10 having a different number of electrode pairs 12 in a stationary gas. In the test, polyimide tape with a thickness of 320 m (four layers of 80 m polyimide tape stacked on top of each other) was used as the dielectric layer 11. Each upstream electrode 21 and the lowest electrode 13 had a width of 10 mm and were separated at an interval of 12 mm. In each downstream electrode 22, a region in which the upstream electrodes 21 on both sides and the lowest electrode 13 overlap was 0.2 mm. A pitot tube was used to measure downstream induced flow velocity in the plasma actuator 10. Flow velocity was measured at a position 2 mm from one surface of the dielectric layer 11 at a position (position indicated by the arrow in FIG. 5B) separated from a downstream edge of the upstream electrode 21 in the most downstream electrode pair by 23 mm on the downstream side along the one surface of the dielectric layer 11.

[0052] As illustrated in FIG. 5B, tests were carried out with a plasma actuator 10 having one electrode pair 12 (case 2), a plasma actuator 10 having two electrode pairs 12 (case 3), and a plasma actuator 10 having three electrode pairs 12 (case 4). Each of the upstream electrodes 21 and the lowest electrode 13 were divided into the separated electrodes 31a, 31b and each plasma actuator 10 was coupled to the resistor 32. As comparative examples, tests were also carried out with a plasma actuator 10 in the prior art having one electrode pair and not including the lowest electrode 13 (case 1). In order to test under the same conditions, a plasma actuator 10 in which the electrode on the upstream side was divided into the separated electrodes and coupled to a resistor was used for the comparative examples.

[0053] The results of the performance evaluation test are shown in FIG. 5A. As illustrated in FIG. 5A, it was found that induced flow velocity (velocity) increased in line with an increase in DC voltage (V.sub.DC) in all cases 1 to 4. When comparing case 1 and case 2, it was evident that adding the lowest electrode 13 increased induced flow velocity. These results indicate that performance of the plasma actuator 10 increases when charge is prevented from accumulating on the downstream side of the electrode pair 12. The phenomenon reported in Non-patent Document 3 where adjacent electrode pairs 12 weaken mutual performance was not seen, and it was found that increasing the number of electrode pairs 12 actually enhanced mutual performance and increased induced flow velocity. Focusing on DC voltage at 8 kV, case 3 showed flow velocity approximately 1.3 times that in case 2, and case 4 showed flow velocity approximately 2 times that in case 2.

Modification Example of Voltage Application Means

[0054] As illustrated in FIG. 6, the voltage application means 14 in the plasma actuator 10 may be configured to include the DC power supply 24, a first switch 33 and a second switch 34, electrically couple either of the upstream electrode 21 or the downstream electrode 22 in each electrode pair 12 to the DC voltage 24 using the first switch 33 and ground that electrode using the second switch 34 such that the polarity of the applied voltage is inverted at adjacent electrode pairs 12, and ground the other of the upstream electrode 21 or the downstream electrode 22 in each electrode pair 12. The voltage application means 14 may further be configured to repeat an operation of turning on the first switch 33 and turning off the second switch 34 and turning off the first switch 33 and turning on the second switch 34. Even with such a configuration, the voltage obtained by superimposing repeated pulse voltage with DC voltage can be applied to each electrode pair 12. The first switch 33 and the second switch 34 may consist of a semiconductor element such as a MOSFET or an IGBT. In the example illustrated in FIG. 6, three or more electrode pairs 12 are provided, but one electrode pair 12 or two electrode pairs 12 may be provided.

EXAMPLE 2

[0055] A performance evaluation test was performed in a in a stationary gas using the plasma actuator 10 illustrated in FIG. 6. In this test, polyimide tape with a thickness of 50 m was used as the dielectric layer 11. The plasma actuator 10 included eight electrode pairs 12 and each upstream electrode 21 and the lowest electrode 13 had a width of 1.5 mm and were separated at an interval of 2.5 mm. In each downstream electrode 22, a region in which the upstream electrodes 21 on both sides and the lowest electrode 13 overlap was 0.2 mm. A SiC-MOSFET (C2M1000170D manufactured by Wolfspeed) was used for the first switch 33 and the second switch 34. Resistance of 10 was inserted between the DC voltage 24 and the first switch 33 to adjust the rise time of the pulse voltage.

[0056] In the test, voltage applied by the voltage application means 14 was measured using a high-voltage probe (PHV4002-3 manufactured by PMK) and the current flowing through each electrode pair 12 at that time was measured using a Rogowski coil (model 2877 manufactured by Pearson). Voltage and current waveforms were obtained using a digital oscilloscope.

[0057] Voltage and current waveforms obtained when the plasma actuator 10 was driven while DC power supply 24 voltage was 1200 V are shown in FIG. 7. As illustrated in FIG. 7, before a time t=0 s, the first switch 33 is on and the second switch 34 is off. At t=0 s, the first switch 33 is turned off and the second switch 34 is turned on. As a result, voltage instantaneously drops to 0 V. Then, the first switch 33 is again turned on and the second switch 34 is again turned off. The first switch 33 is turned on approximately 1 s after the second switch 34 is turned off because a large current may flow from the DC power supply 24 when these two switches are simultaneously turned on. It was found that the current value reached a negative peak (approximately 6 A) and negative-polarity discharge occurred at the stage at which voltage dropped. At the stage where voltage increased, it was found that the current value reached a positive peak (approximately 2 A) and positive-polarity discharge occurred. From these results, it can be said that voltage obtained by superimposing pulse voltage with DC voltage can also be applied with the voltage application means 14 illustrated in FIG. 6.

[0058] Next, the plasma actuator 10 was driven when frequency of the repeated pulse voltage was 50 kHz and 100 kHz, and when the DV voltage was 1200 V and 1500 V. Profiles in the y-direction (direction perpendicular to the surface of the dielectric layer 11) of the velocity of induced flow in the x-direction (direction along the surface of the dielectric layer 11) were obtained and are shown in FIGS. 8A and 8B. FIGS. 8A and 8B show a profile at a position downstream of the lowest electrode 13 by 1 mm. As illustrated in FIGS. 8A and 8B, it was found that flow at a velocity of 1 m/s or greater was induced when the DC voltage was 1200 V and 1500 V. In particular, the maximum velocity of induced flow was 2 m/s when DC voltage was 1500 V and the frequency of the repeated pulse voltage was 100 kHz and a velocity approximately equal to that of the plasma actuator in the prior art applied with voltage of 10 kV or greater was obtained. Thus, it is conceivable that the plasma actuator 10 achieves control effects with an applied voltage of 1500 V similar to that when voltage of 10 kV or greater is applied, as in the prior art. As a result, the voltage application means 14 in the plasma actuator 10 can be made smaller than in the prior art and the plasma actuator 10 can be configured as a smaller, lighter and more inexpensive device.

[0059] As illustrated in FIG. 9, the plasma actuator 10 may be configured such that the voltage application means 14 includes the DC power supply 24, the first switch 33, the second switch 34, a third switch 35 and a fourth switch 36, and either of the upstream electrode 21 or the downstream electrode 22 in each electrode pair 12 is electrically coupled to the DC power supply 24 via the first switch 33 and grounded via the second switch 34 such that the polarity of applied voltage is inverted at adjacent electrode pairs 12. Further, the plasma actuator 10 may be configured such that the other of the upstream electrode 21 and the downstream electrode 22 in each electrode pair 12 is electrically coupled to the DC power supply 24 via the third switch 35 and grounded via the fourth switch 36, and that an operation in which the first switch 33 and the fourth switch 36 are turned on and the second switch 34 and the third switch 35 are turned off, and the first switch 33 and the fourth switch 36 are turned off and the second switch 34 and the third switch 35 are turned on is repeated. Even with such a configuration, voltage obtained by superimposing repeated pulse voltage with DC voltage can be applied to each electrode pair 12. Further, when the pulse voltage is applied, the difference in potential between the upstream electrode 21 and the downstream electrode 22 of each electrode pair 12 can be made larger and the amount of generated plasma can be increased. As a result, a larger flow can be induced. In the example illustrated in FIG. 9, three or more electrode pairs 12 are provided, but one electrode pair 12 or two electrode pairs 12 may be provided.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

[0060] The plasma actuator according to the present invention can be used to control flow around wings of an aircraft, blades of a wind turbine, or blades of a gas turbine, for example. The plasma actuator according to the present invention is a smaller, lighter and more inexpensive device than devices in the prior art, and hence the space required to implement active airflow control technology using a plasma actuator can be reduced and industrial application on a larger scale can be promoted.

REFERENCE SIGNS LIST

[0061] 10: Plasma actuator [0062] 11: Dielectric layer [0063] 12: Electrode pair

[0064] 21: Upstream electrode

[0065] 22: Downstream electrode [0066] 13: Lowest electrode [0067] 14: Voltage application means

[0068] 23: AC power supply/pulse power supply

[0069] 24: DC power supply

[0070] 25: High-pass filter

[0071] 26: Low-pass filter

[0072] 31a, 31b: Separated electrode

[0073] 32: Resistor

[0074] 33: First switch

[0075] 34: Second switch

[0076] 35: Third switch

[0077] 36: Fourth switch