Reflective coatings and mirrors using same

Abstract

The present invention relates to a mirror having a backing plate or polymeric substrate being coated with a reflective coating, for example a chromium-based reflective coating. A mirror assembly includes a mirror housing, a reflective element having a first field of view, a reflective coating having a second field of view, the second field of view being wider than the first field of view, and a multi-function backing plate supported by the mirror housing and comprising a reflective element supporting region where the reflective element is supported by the multi-function backing plate and a reflective coating supporting region where the reflective coating is applied to the backing plate.

Claims

1. A mirror assembly for a vehicle comprising: a mirror housing; a reflective element having a first field of view; a reflective coating having a second field of view, the second field of view being wider than the first field of view; and a multi-function backing plate being placed in the mirror housing and comprising a reflective element supporting region where the reflective element is supported by the multi-function backing plate and a reflective coating supporting region where the reflective coating is applied to the backing plate, wherein the reflective element supporting region includes a recess for receiving the reflective element, and the reflective coating supporting region is thicker than the reflective element supporting region.

2. The mirror assembly of claim 1, wherein the reflective coating supporting region is convex so that the reflective coating is convex and provide a wider field of view.

3. The mirror assembly of claim 1, further comprising a shoulder being provided between the reflective element supporting region and the thicker reflective coating supporting region.

4. The mirror assembly of claim 1, wherein the reflective coating is a chromium-based reflective coating.

5. The mirror assembly of claim 1, wherein the reflective coating supporting region and the reflective element supporting region are both flat and formed on adjacent surfaces, and the mirror assembly further comprises an intermediate support formed between the flat reflective coating supporting region for supporting the reflective coating.

6. The mirror assembly of claim 5, wherein the intermediate support has a convex outer surface so that the reflective coating is convex and provides a wider field of view.

7. A mirror assembly for a vehicle comprising: a mirror housing; a reflective element having a first field of view; a reflective coating having a second field of view, the second field of view being wider than the first field of view; and a multi-function backing plate being placed in the mirror housing and comprising a reflective element supporting region where the reflective element is supported by the multi-function backing plate and a reflective coating supporting region where the reflective coating is applied to the backing plate, wherein the reflective coating supporting region of the backing plate is elevated with respect to and overlapping with the reflective element supporting region.

8. The mirror assembly of claim 7, further comprising an inclined shoulder that is provided between the reflective element supporting region and the reflective coating supporting region such that the reflective coating supporting region of the backing plate is elevated with respect to and overlapping with the reflective element supporting region.

9. A mirror assembly for a vehicle comprising: a mirror housing; a reflective element having a first field of view; a reflective coating having a second field of view, the second field of view being wider than the first field of view; a multi-function backing plate being placed in the mirror housing and comprising a reflective element supporting region where the reflective element is supported by the multi-function backing plate and a reflective coating supporting region where the reflective coating is applied to the backing plate; and an inclined shoulder that is provided between the reflective element supporting region and the reflective coating supporting region such that the reflective coating supporting region of the backing plate is elevated with respect to and overlapping with the reflective element supporting region.

10. A mirror assembly for a vehicle comprising: a mirror housing; a reflective element having a first field of view; a reflective coating having a second field of view, the second field of view being wider than the first field of view; and a multi-function backing plate being placed in the mirror housing and comprising a reflective element supporting region where the reflective element is supported by the multi-function backing plate and a reflective coating supporting region where the reflective coating is applied to the backing plate, wherein the reflective coating supporting region of the backing plate is formed as part of an actuator that is configured to separately control movement of the reflective coating with respect to the reflective element.

Description

DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) The present invention will now be described in relation to various preferred embodiments of which some aspects are illustrated by the accompanying figures, with other aspects being illustrated by the following examples as summarized in the following tables. In the figures:

(2) FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an exterior rear view mirror assembly or side view mirror assembly having a backing plate for mounting a main mirror and a reflective coating that is directly coated to a surface of the backing plate for providing a spotter mirror image.

(3) FIG. 2 is a front view of the mirror assembly of FIG. 1.

(4) FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the mirror assembly of FIGS. 1 and 2 having a reflective coating applied to a surface of the backing plate.

(5) FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating another embodiment of a rear view mirror assembly or side view mirror assembly having a backing plate for mounting a main mirror and including a support for a reflective mirror or coating that is directly coated to a surface of the backing plate support.

(6) FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating yet another embodiment of a rear view mirror assembly or side view mirror assembly having a backing plate for mounting a main mirror or coating and a reflective mirror or coating that is directly coated to a surface of the backing plate.

(7) FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating a further embodiment of a rear view mirror assembly or side view mirror assembly having a backing plate for mounting a main mirror or coating and a reflective mirror or coating that is directly coated to a surface of an actuator of the backing plate.

(8) FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating another embodiment of a rear view mirror assembly reflective mirror or coating that is directly coated to a surface of an intermediate support on the backing plate.

(9) FIG. 8 shows the phase composition of a CrZr.sub.x coating as a function of its elemental compositionthe presence of the -hcp is represented by the diffraction highlighted with the arrows.

(10) FIG. 9 shows the photopic reflectivity of a CrZr.sub.x coating as a function of the elemental compositionthe optical reflectivity of the coating follows its phase composition;

(11) FIG. 10 shows the reflected chroma of the thin film coating as a function of the elemental composition of a CrZr.sub.x coatingchroma embodies the magnitude of the color relative to neutral, but not the specific color observed; the transitions between phases are not likely to be discrete at a given concentration.

(12) FIG. 11 shows the abrasion resistance of a CrZr.sub.x coating as a function of the elemental composition of the CrZr.sub.x coating.

(13) FIG. 12 shows diffraction patterns from a Transmission Electron Microscope for CrM.sub.x samples in accordance with embodiments of the present invention (M=Zr, Co and Ti) and for comparative purposes (M=W and Mo).

(14) FIG. 13 shows the relationship between lattice parameter and abrasion resistance across the chromium based samples prepared for the examples.

(15) FIG. 14 shows a schematic view of a polymeric housing according to an example of the invention, and a LED lamp.

(16) FIGS. 15 and 16 show schematic views of the polymeric housing for a side turn indicator being part of a housing of a rear view device of a vehicle according to an example of the invention with the side turn indicator activated and deactivated.

(17) FIGS. 17a, 17b, and 17c show schematic views of the polymeric housing and a polymeric light pipe according to an example of the invention.

(18) FIG. 18 shows a schematic view of a housing comprising a side turn indicator having a plurality of LEDs and a light diffusing element according to an example of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(19) Before explaining at least one example of the invention in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of construction and to the arrangements of the components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings. The Figures and written description are provided to teach any person skilled in the art to make and use the inventions for which patent protection is sought. The invention is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced and carried out in various ways. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that not all features of a commercial embodiment are shown for the sake of clarity and understanding. Persons of skill in the art will also appreciate that the development of an actual commercial embodiment incorporating aspects of the present inventions will require numerous implementationspecific decisions to achieve the developer's ultimate goal for the commercial embodiment. While these efforts may be complex and time-consuming, these efforts nevertheless would be a routine undertaking for those of skill in the art having the benefit of this disclosure.

(20) In addition, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology employed herein are for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting. For example, the use of a singular term, such as, a is not intended as limiting of the number of items. Also the use of relational terms, such as but not limited to, top, bottom, left, right, upper, lower, down, up, side, are used in the description for clarity in specific reference to the Figures and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention or the appended claims. Further, it should be understood that any one of the features of the invention may be used separately or in combination with other features. Other systems, methods, features, and advantages of the invention will be or become apparent to one with skill in the art upon examination of the Figures and the detailed description. It is intended that all such additional systems, methods, features, and advantages be included within this description, be within the scope of the present invention, and be protected by the accompanying claims.

(21) As stated above, the present invention is directed to a backing plate or a polymeric substrate, wherein the backing plate or a polymeric substrate is coated with a chromium-based reflective coating. The backing plate or a polymeric substrate and the chromic-based reflective coating may be at least in part permeable to light originating from at least one light element.

(22) Referring to the embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 1-3, there is shown an exterior rear view mirror assembly indicated generally at 10 installed on the door 12 of a motor vehicle 14. Mirror assembly 10 is of the typical breakaway design and includes a housing 16 pivotally supported on an arm 18 extending outwardly from a generally triangular shaped mounting plate 20. Preferably, two mirror assemblies 10 will be mounted on vehicle 14, one of each side thereof to provide rearward and sideward fields of view with respect to the vehicle for the driver.

(23) Housing 16 may be of any desired shape and includes an upper wall portion 22, a lower wall portion 24, a forwardly facing wall portion 26, an inner wall portion 28, and an outer wall portion 30, all of which merge smoothly together so as to present a pleasing appearance. The rearwardly facing portion of housing 16 is open and adapted to receive a reflective element 32. First, reflective element 32 is preferably a flat mirror to provide a generally unaltered field of view to the user. A suitably shaped support member or multi-function backing plate 34 is secured within housing 16 and serves to movably support reflective element 32 within the opening. Reflective element 32 may be implemented upon a glass or plastic substrate, each substrate receiving a reflective coating in accordance with techniques described in this application and any other techniques known to those skilled in the art.

(24) In addition to reflective element 32, support member or multi-function backing plate 34 also includes a reflective coating 36 that is applied directly to a surface thereof. In this example, the reflective coating 36, which is also acting as a spotter mirror, is positioned in the bottom right corner of the mirror. It should be appreciated that any position can be used for the reflective coating 36 including the top right corner, the bottom left corner, and, most preferably, the top left corner of the mirror. In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, support member or multi-function backing plate 34 is a multi-function backing plate in which the backing plate structure performs more than one function. As is described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,080,913 to Paul R. Henion, et al., which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes, a multi-function backing plate may support standard and wide angle reflective elements as well as various light structures. The reflective coating 36 may be configured to provide a mirror image like that of a spotter mirror or fisheye mirror and preferably provides a wide angle of view of the area rearward and sideward of the vehicle. The reflective coating 36 is preferably a convex shape and applied to a surface of the multi-function backing plate 34 having a convex shape to provide the desired wide angle field of view.

(25) As best seen in FIG. 3, the reflective coating 36 is applied to a multi-function backing plate 34. Multi-function backing plate 34 preferably includes an integral coating support section 38 which is shaped to a desired shape upon which the reflective coating 36 is applied. Because the reflective coating 36 is applied over the coating support section 38, the curvature of the coating support section 38 determines the curvature of the reflective coating 36.

(26) Multi-function backing plate 34 may include suitable drive motors and the like for remote control adjustment of reflective element 32 and the portion of the backing plate supporting reflective coating 36 as well as appropriate heating elements to provide defogging and deicing capabilities.

(27) It should be appreciated that a number of different coating compounds are described throughout the present description and that the present invention includes a reflective coating as described herein and below. However, it should also be appreciated that this invention is not limited to such coatings and any reflective coating may be used. For example, a coated backing plate in accordance with the embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 1-3 may be coated by any type of reflective coating not limited to the coatings described herein. In addition, it should be appreciated that a number of different examples of mirrors having coated backing plates are also included in the present invention. For example, reflective element 32 may be replaced by a reflective coating applied on a surface of the backing plate 34 and reflective coating 36 may be a mirror substrate mounted to the backing plate 34. Also, both mirrors may be reflective coatings that are applied to a surface of the backing plate 34. In another example, both reflective element 32 and reflective coating 36 may have the same flat configuration so that the coating support section 38 is not convex, concave or curved. In another example, the reflective element 32 may be a curved mirror having a same, similar, or different curved configuration of the curved coating support section 38 of the backing plate 34.

(28) FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating another embodiment of a rear view mirror assembly or side view mirror assembly 110 having a backing plate 134 for mounting a main mirror or coating 132 and a reflective mirror or coating 136 that is directly coated to a surface of the backing plate 138.

(29) Referring to FIG. 4, a reflective element or a reflective coating 132 is applied to a multi-function backing plate 134. The backing plate 134 of this example includes a main mirror supporting section of the backing plate 134 and a spotter mirror supporting section 138 which are separated by a portion that elevates the spotter mirror supporting section 138 above and overlapping with the main mirror supporting section of the backing plate 134. The spotter mirror supporting section 138 and the reflective element or coating 136 supported by it are overlapping the main portion of the backing plate 134 and the reflective element or coating 132. The multi-function backing plate 134 preferably includes a spotter mirror supporting section 138 which is shaped to a desired shape upon which the reflective element or reflective coating 136 is applied. Because the reflective element or coating 136 is applied over the coating support section 138, the curvature of the coating support section 138 determines the curvature of the reflective coating 136. It should be appreciated that FIG. 4 is an example illustrating a reflective element 136 that is directly attached to the spotter mirror supporting section 138 but that a reflective coating 136 may be applied directly to the surface of the spotter mirror supporting section 138.

(30) Multi-function backing plate 134 may include suitable drive motors and the like for remote control adjustment of reflective element 132 and the portion of the backing plate supporting reflective element or coating 136 as well as appropriate heating elements to provide defogging and deicing capabilities.

(31) FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating yet another embodiment of a rear view mirror assembly or side view mirror assembly 210 having a backing plate for mounting a main mirror or coating and a reflective mirror or coating that is directly coated to a surface of the backing plate.

(32) Referring to FIG. 5, a reflective element or coating 232 is applied to a multi-function backing plate 234. The backing plate 234 of this example is formed using a main direction tool that is positioned at an angle with the normal axis and in the direction illustrated in FIG. 5. It should be appreciated that this method of making the mirror 210 is in contrast to the mirror 110 illustrated in FIG. 4 which is forced using a main direction tool that is positioned along the normal axis.

(33) For the mirror 210 of FIG. 5, the arrangement of the main direction tool causes the spotter mirror supporting section 238 to overlap the main mirror supporting section of the backing plate 234. The multi-function backing plate 234 preferably includes a spotter mirror supporting section 238 which is shaped to a desired shape upon which the reflective element or reflective coating 236 is applied. Because the reflective element or coating 236 is applied over the coating support section 238, the curvature of the coating support section 238 determines the curvature of the reflective coating 236. It should be appreciated that FIG. 5 is an example illustrating a reflective element 236 that is directly attached to the spotter mirror supporting section 238 but that a reflective coating 236 may be applied directly to the surface of the spotter mirror supporting section 238.

(34) Multi-function backing plate 234 may include suitable drive motors and the like for remote control adjustment of reflective element 232 and the portion of the backing plate supporting reflective coating 236 as well as appropriate heating elements to provide defogging and deicing capabilities.

(35) FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating a further embodiment of a rear view mirror assembly or side view mirror assembly having a backing plate for mounting a main mirror or coating and a reflective mirror or coating that is directly coated to a surface an actuator of the backing plate.

(36) Referring to FIG. 6, a reflective element or a reflective coating 332 is applied to a multi-function backing plate 334. The backing plate 334 of this example includes a friction ball or actuator 350 for supporting and adjusting the spotter mirror that is positioned at the spotter mirror supporting section 338. The reflective element or reflective coating 336 is applied directly to the friction ball or actuator 350 so that it is independently adjustable from the reflective element or coating 332 of the main mirror. Because the reflective coating 336 is applied over the coating support section of the actuator 350, the curvature of the support section of the actuator 350 determines the curvature of the reflective coating 336.

(37) In addition to actuator 350, multi-function backing plate 334 may include suitable drive motors and the like for remote control adjustment of reflective element 332 and the portion of the backing plate supporting reflective coating 336 as well as appropriate heating elements to provide defogging and deicing capabilities.

(38) FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating another embodiment of a rear view mirror assembly or side view mirror assembly having a backing plate for mounting a main mirror or coating and a reflective mirror or coating that is directly coated to a surface of the backing plate.

(39) Referring to FIG. 7, a reflective element or a reflective coating 432 is applied to a multi-function backing plate 434. The backing plate 434 of this example is flat at the main mirror support portion 434 and the spotter mirror supporting portion 438. The backing plate 434 holds an intermediate support 450 that is flat at one side facing the spotter supporting portion 438 and curved at the other side for supporting a curved reflective element or reflective coating 436. Because the reflective element or reflective coating 436 is applied directly to the intermediate support 450, the curvature of the intermediate support 450 determines the curvature of the reflective coating 436.

(40) Multi-function backing plate 434 may include suitable drive motors and the like for remote control adjustment of reflective element 432 and the portion of the backing plate supporting reflective coating 436 as well as appropriate heating elements to provide defogging and deicing capabilities.

(41) Further to the above described examples illustrated in FIGS. 1-7, preferred dimensions for the radius of curvature may vary between the curved mirror and a substantially flat mirror. For example, to achieve a wider field of view, the curved mirror may have a radius of curvature that is between 0 mm and 1,300 mm. The flat mirror may be entirely flat or may be slightly curved having a significantly larger radius of curvature. In addition, a flat mirror includes a mirror which provides a user with a one to one ratio of magnification. That is, the viewed image may be the same dimensions as the actual image with a 2% plus or minus degree of distortion.

(42) In addition, as described in multiple embodiments above, the curved mirror may be tilted with respect to the flat mirror, or the flat mirror may be tilted with respect to the curved mirror. Also, both mirrors may be selectively adjustable by an actuator or manually by a user, being both adjustable together and separately with respect to one another. The preferred positions for the angle of the one mirror, for example the curved mirror, with respect to the other mirror, for example the flat mirror, is between +40 degrees and 40 degrees outwardly, inwardly, upwardly, or downwardly. As used herein, the terms outwardly refers to tilting the mirror away from the door of the vehicle, inwardly refers to tilting the mirror toward the door of the vehicle, upwardly refers to tilting the mirror toward the sky, and downwardly refers to tilting the mirror toward the surface of the road.

(43) In one embodiment of the present invention, a vehicle component such as a rear view device could comprise the backing plate or a polymeric substrate coated with the chromium-based reflective coating. The at least one light element could be any light source suitable for this purpose. In one embodiment the at least one light element is a LED lamp and could be arranged directly on the substrate. For example, this could be done by any means suitable for attaching the light element to the polymeric substrate, such as adhesives, screws, by welding or the like. Alternatively, the light source could be arranged close to the substrate, i.e. in the proximity of the substrate. For example, the light source could be arranged on the inside of a housing of a rear view device comprising the polymeric substrate and light originating from the LED lamp could shine through the polymeric substrate and through the chromium-based reflective coating. Advantageously, a component of a vehicle, or at least part of the component can serve as an ambient light source.

(44) In one embodiment of the present invention the polymeric substrate is comprised by a housing for a side turn indicator of a rear view device of a vehicle with the side turn indicator comprising at least one light element.

(45) The polymeric housing could be part of a housing of a rear view device of a vehicle, preferably of a motor vehicle, such as a car, a bus, a van, a motorcycle or the like. However the polymeric housing could also accommodate the back view element of the rear view device as well as the required components to move the back view element. The back view element could be for example a mirror made of glass, or a visual mirror comprising an electronic display. The polymeric housing could be arranged so that it is orientated towards the driving direction of the car to signal the drivers intention to change direction to the oncoming traffic.

(46) The polymeric housing also comprises at least one first side turn indicator. Generally, the at least one first side turn indicator may have any possible form and may be positioned in any direction which is desired due to technical reasons, design reasons or legal reasons. For example, the at least one first side turn indicator could be substantially elongated and could be arranged in the polymeric housing so that it is aligned substantially parallel to the street. Here, the term substantially parallel defines that the side turn indicator is arranged in the housing so that it is orientated horizontally to the driving direction. The polymeric housing could also comprise more than just one side turn indicator, such as two side turn indicators, three side turn indicators or even more. For example, the polymeric housing could comprise a second side turn indicator that points away from the driving direction so that the on and off states of the driving indicator are also signalized to the driver of the vehicle.

(47) In one embodiment of the invention the at least one light element in the form of a side turn indicator is incorporated into the polymeric housing by over-moulding the side turn indicator with the polymeric material of the housing. Here, the terms over-moulding and co-moulding can be used interchangeably to refer to the incorporation of at least part of the side turn indicator into the polymeric material of the polymeric housing. Advantageously, the side-turn indicator can be fully sealed in the polymeric housing so that it is not visible from the outside of the polymeric housing. However, when the indicator is activated, light originating from the side-turn indicator can shine through the polymeric housing (i.e. the polymeric substrate and the chromium-based reflective coating) to signalize the drivers intention to change direction. Here, the term shine through can be used to define that the material of the polymeric housing is at least in part permeable to light. Therefore, the side-turn indicator can be located closely beneath the material surface. This way of integrating the side turn indicator is especially suitable when space constraints and exterior surface constraints need to be observed.

(48) In another embodiment of the invention, the side turn indicator is incorporated into an opening in the surface of the polymeric housing that is closeable with a lid comprising the same material than the polymeric housing and being coated with the chromium-based reflective coating. Instead of over-molding the side turn indicator, the side turn indicator can also be integrated in an opening in the polymeric housing. Here, the side turn indicator can be connected to the polymeric material by means of screws, welding, and/or by means of an adhesive. The opening can then be closed by the lid comprising the same material than the polymeric housing and being coated with the chromium-based reflective coating, so that light originating from the side turn indicator can shine through the lid.

(49) In one embodiment of the invention, the side turn indicator comprises a polymeric light pipe, preferably a light pipe comprising a clear polymeric material. The clear polymeric material may be selected from the group consisting of polyacrylate, such as poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), polyester, polystyrene, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyamides, polyamides, polycarbonate, epoxy, phenolic, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, acrylonitrile-styrene-arylates, acetal and blends of these. Preferred substrate materials include polycarbonate, poly (2,2-dihydroxyphenylpropane) carbonate, polydiethyleneglycol bis(allyl carbonate), polymethylmethacrylate and polystyrene, or blends thereof. In one embodiment the light pipe is made from PMMA. Here, the term light pipe can be used to refer to a tubular structure that is adapted to transport light. Light might be coupled into the light pipe at one, or at both ends of the light pipe. The light is then being radiated from the light tube along its length, or at least along part of its length. The light pipe could also comprise reflecting elements so that light is directed into the driving direction of the vehicle. Here, in this example, the light pipe could be over-molded by the polymeric material of the housing. Also, the interior and/or exterior surface of the light pipe could comprise at least in part an optic pattern. By employing such a pattern, certain illumination effects can be advantageously achieved.

(50) The light source may be any suitable light source applicable for the intended purpose. In one embodiment of the invention, the polymeric light pipe comprises at least one LED lamp to illuminate the light pipe. Here, the at least one LED lamp could be arranged at one end of the light pipe, to radiate light into the light pipe. The light is then radiated away from the light pipe along the length of the light pipe as described above. Preferably, two LED lamps are employed, where at each end of the light pipe one LED lamp is located. The LED lamps could be arranged in the polymeric housing so that they are easily accessible from the inside of the polymeric housing. Advantageously, the at least one LED lamp can be easily replaced in such a arrangement.

(51) In one embodiment of the invention, the at least one polymeric light pipe is adapted to sequentially radiate the light from the at least one LED lamp. In the description the term sequentially can be used to refer to a light sweep effect. For example, light might sweep from the centre of the vehicle outwards to promote direction of travel, where the light has the appearance of a continuous even illumination. Therefore, the polymeric light pipe could comprise reflecting and/or diffusing elements for creating the light sweep effect.

(52) One embodiment of the invention relates to a rear view device of a vehicle comprising a polymeric substrate according to the invention. In one specific embodiment of the invention the rear view device comprises a surface having a metallic appearance that is realized by the coated polymeric substrate. In one specific embodiment of the invention a side turn indicator is arranged below the surface having a metallic appearance or comprises at least part of said surface having the metallic appearance. In one specific embodiment of the invention light originating from a light source of the side turn indicator shines through the surface of the polymeric substrate having a metallic appearance. In one specific embodiment of the invention light originating from the light source of the side turn indicator sweeps in one direction, like from a center outwards, to indicate a direction of travel. In one specific embodiment of the invention the light front is moving in said direction.

(53) FIG. 14 shows a schematic view of a polymeric housing 1 according to an example of the invention, and a LED lamp 5. In the shown example, the LED lamp 5 is arranged on one side of the polymeric housing 1. The indicated light rays show that light originating from the LED lamp 5 can shine through the polymeric material of the housing 1 and through the chromium-based reflective coating 2 that is arranged on the polymeric housing 1.

(54) In FIGS. 15 and 16 schematic views of the polymeric housing 1 for a side turn indicator 3 are shown. In the shown example the polymeric housing 1 is part of a housing of a rear view device of a vehicle. In FIG. 15, the side turn indicator 3 is shown in the deactivated state. Therefore, by merely looking at the outside of the polymeric housing 1 no indication is given that a side turn indicator 3 is arranged at the inside the polymeric housing 1. FIG. 16 shows the side turn indicator 3 in the activated state, where light originating from the side-turn indicator 3 shines through the polymeric housing 1 and through the chromium-based reflective coating 2 to signalize the drivers intention to change direction.

(55) In FIGS. 15 and 16 the polymeric housing 1 and the rear view device housing are shown as separate components. However, the skilled person would know that the polymeric housing 1 of the side turn indicator 3 could also accommodate the back view element of the rear view device.

(56) FIGS. 17A, 17B, and 17C show schematic views of the polymeric housing 1 and a polymeric light pipe 4 according to an example of the invention. In FIG. 17A the polymeric light pipe 4 is shown, the light pipe 4 has a tubular structure and is located essentially horizontally in the polymeric housing 1. In the shown example, light is coupled into the light pipe 4 by means of at least one LED lamp 5. In FIGS. 17A, 17B, 17C a second side turn indicator 3 is shown that also uses at least one LED lamp 5 and points away from the driving direction into the opposite direction of the vehicle. FIG. 17A shows the polymeric light pipe 4 being over-molded by the polymeric material of the polymeric housing 1.

(57) In another example, the at least one side turn indicator comprises a plurality of LED lamps and a light reflector arrangement, wherein the plurality of LED lamps are adapted to sequentially illuminate the light reflector element. The plurality of LED lamps could be densely arranged along the entire length of the side turn indicator, e.g. one after another. A reflector arrangement could be arranged so that the light radiated from the LED lamps is reflected into the driving direction of the vehicle. Each LED of the plurality of LED lamps could be triggered by a microcontroller with enough outputs to drive each LED lamp individually. In this manner all LED lamps can be switched on at the same point of time, or shortly after another so as to create the sweep appearance. Alternatively, the plurality of LED lamps could be also triggered by shift register components which are driven by a single output of a microcontroller. The microcontroller could be also logically linked with the vehicle front turn signal, such that if the front turn signal is not operational then the plurality of LED lamps in the at least one side turn indicator are not triggered.

(58) In another example, the at least one side turn indicator comprises a plurality of LED lamps and a light diffusing element, wherein the plurality of LED lamps are adapted to sequentially illuminate the light diffusing element. Advantageously, all LED lamps from the plurality of LED lamps can illuminate a common diffusing element from one edge, allowing a level of overlap in output to give a smoother sweep appearance. As described above, the plurality of LED lamps can be triggered by a microcontroller having a sufficient amount of outputs and/or by shift register components which are driven by a single output of the microcontroller.

(59) FIG. 18 shows a schematic view of a housing comprising a side turn indicator having a plurality of LED lamps 5a, . . . , 5n and a light diffusing element 6 according to an example of the invention. In the shown example, the side turn indicator comprises 14 LED lamps 5a, . . . , 5n that are all arranged horizontally in a single row and separated from each other by an equal distance. Arranged below is a light diffusing element 6 that is shown to be slightly tilted and which is illuminated from the LED lamps 5a, . . . , 5n on one of its edges, allowing a level of overlap in output to provide a smoother sweep appearance.

ExamplesPhysical Properties of the Coating

(60) Experiments were conducted to form various coatings in accordance with the present invention upon polymeric substrates. In these experiments, specially prepared polymeric substrates were utilised, which themselves included coatings applied directly thereupon. Indeed, the polymeric substrates were a polycarbonate material (approximately 8 cm8 cm squares of 0.5 cm thickness) coated with a hardcoat resin (PHC587B from Momentive Performance Materials Inc., TSR2626B from SDC Technologies Inc., or PR660/MP101 from SDC Technologies Inc.), the hardcoat then itself coated with a reactively sputtered SiO.sub.2 layer.

(61) The polymeric substrate was dip-coated at a withdrawal speed of 11 mm/s, or spin-coated at 300 revolutions per minute (rpm) for 5 seconds, and cured as per the manufacturers prescribed conditions, to thereby form the hardcoat resin layer upon the polymeric substrate. For the SiO.sub.2 layer, a custom-built reactor was used to sputter a high purity Si target in an Ar+O.sub.2 environment. The hardcoat resin layer and the SiO.sub.2 layer had thicknesses of 5 m and 140 nm respectively, as determined using a F20 Thin Film Analyzer by Filmetrics Inc.

(62) The chromium-based reflective coating of the present invention was subsequently applied to the specially prepared polymeric substrates in a custom-built reactor by magnetron co-sputtering a CrM.sub.x alloy layer (where M=the hcp transition metals Zr and Co), to form a range of exemplified samples. In addition, comparative samples were prepared where M=the bcc transition metal molybdenum (Mo).

(63) The substrates were heated to 85 C. using an infrared lamp in the custom-built reactor as the chamber was evacuated to approximately 110.sup.4 mbar. A co-sputtering process employing two sputter targets was used to deposit the CrM.sub.x alloy layer. The substrate holder was rotated at 60 rpm through the respective plasma's generated from a 512 rectangular high purity Cr target and a 3 disc dopant material target. A sample rotation speed of 60 rpm was chosen because each pass through the plasma was calculated to deposit approximately 4 to 6 Angstrom of combined material from the targets, thus avoiding a sandwich type layer structure and achieving the preferred binary alloy coating.

(64) A working gas of Ar was introduced at flow rates of 80 standard cubic centimeters per minute (seem). For deposition, the Cr target was set at a constant power of 1 kW, while the dopant material target was set within the range of 25 to 100 W to define the experimental window for neutral colored abrasion resistant alloy coatings. The final reflective coating for the samples had a CrM.sub.x film thickness in the order of 40 to 60 nm as determined by Atomic Force Microscopy imaging. The Cr:M ratios within the coatings of the samples were generated by changing the dopant material (M) deposition rate relative to the Cr, with the actual ratios achieved determined using X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) analysis (Kratos Axis Ultra DLD with an Al-K monochromatic source).

(65) The elemental composition, defined by x, of the ultrathin CrM.sub.x films was determined for each of the samplessee Table 1 (for Zr) and Table 2 (for Co) below for the collected data. With Zr used as the dopant material M, as the ratio between the power density applied to the Zr and Cr targets increased, there was a near linear increase in the Zr concentration in the ultrathin film. For each of the Zr samples the electron diffraction pattern was collected using TEM (see FIG. 8), and then analysed with respect to the major constituents within the film. The spot size of the electron beam was minimised to produce the clearest diffraction patterns possible for these polycrystalline ultrathin films (polycrystalline with respect to the small grain-like/columnar structures that constitute the film).

(66) From the electron diffraction analysis of the CrZr.sub.x films, two transition concentrations are defined that represent the change from one phase composition to another. These transitions are at x=0.05 (bcc to bcc+-hcp) and 0.06 (bcc+-hcp to bcc+amorphous). The -hcp phase is a displacive phase transformation from the bcc structure.

(67) The optical properties of each sample were determined using a HunterLab UltraScan Pro instrument. These optical measurements were quantified by the CIELAB color model. A neutral color is reference to a color that is defined by measured L*, a* and b* values in accordance with the 1976 CIE L*a*b* Space (or CIELAB) color model, which is an approximately uniform color scale organised in cube form. In the orthogonal a* and b* color axes, positive a* values are red, negative a* values are green, positive b* values are yellow and negative b* values are blue, while the vertical scale for lightness (or greyscale) L* runs from 0 (black) to 100 (white), allowing the positioning of a total color E in three points. The Chroma (C*) of the color is defined as v(a*.sup.2+b*.sup.2), and is used to quantify the magnitude of the color independent of its lightness. Ideally, for the color E to be neutral, the C* value will be less than or equal to 1 and the color E will thus be close to the neutral L* axis. Here, it is quantified by measures of a* and b* (as mentioned above) which embody the color or chroma (C*=v(a*.sup.2+b*.sup.2)) of the captured light, be it transmitted or reflected. Also, the total photopic reflectivity (R %) of the coatings was measured. With reference to Tables 1 and 2 and FIG. 9, the reflectivity was observed to change over the elemental composition range presented. More so, the optical response followed that of the phase composition of the film with observed discontinuities in the reflectivity versus elemental composition at the transition concentrations defined from the electron diffraction assignment.

(68) Further to this change in reflectivity, at lower concentrations of Zr a maxima and minima was observed in the reflectivity as a function of photon energy. Indeed, measurement of the photon energy for the maxima and minima yielded 2.5 and 2.2 eV respectively, at concentrations up to CrZr.sub.x=0.11. At these energy levels the observed maxima is assigned to electron transitions from the filled d-orbital bands to the empty d-orbital bands of the atoms, namely the 3.fwdarw.5 transition. From the electron diffraction images, the crystal structure in this concentration range was representative of the bcc structure for Cr.

(69) The loss of the maxima and minima in the reflectivity correlates with the transition from the purely crystalline alloy films (bcc and bcc+-hcp) to the crystalline plus amorphous. It is believed that in the amorphous phase the higher concentration of Zr yielded partially filled d-orbital bands of the CrZr.sub.x structure through orbital hybridization. Increased filling of the orbitals removed the d-orbital interband transitions because they were then occupied. The electron transitions that occurred in the electronic structure of the atoms then occurred at energies outside of the visible spectrum (>3.5 eV). As the d-orbtial transitions were reduced and eliminated by increasing the Zr concentration, the yellow part of the visible spectrum (ca 2.15 eV) increased in reflectivity relative to the other energy regions. Thus, the samples changed in their color intensity (chroma) from neutral to yellow when the elemental composition of Zr increased, as is apparent from FIG. 10.

(70) Indeed, unlike the reflectivity, the chroma of the ultrathin film did not show a change in trend at the transition concentration between crystalline to crystalline plus amorphoussee FIG. 10. At the transition concentration (x=0.05) where the additional -hcp is observed, there is a transition in the C* value of the ultrathin films. This suggests the onset of the orbital hybridization in the electron structure occurs at concentrations of Zr close to x=0.05.

(71) The abrasion resistance of the reflective coating of each sample was determined by employing the Bayer abrasion test. This test is employed in a variety of different industries to qualify the abrasion resistance of a coating, with the variant employed here being similar to the ASTM F735 standard for the determination of abrasion resistance of aircraft windows and ophthalmic lenses. A Taber Oscillating Abrasion Tester (model 6100) was used to subject the samples to 300 cycles (150 cycles/min) over a stroke length of 100 mm under an applied load of 0.5 kg of Alundum chips (Norton Company of Worcester Mass., USA). In this test, the abrasion resistance is quantified by the Bayer Ratio that takes account of the change in haze (or reflection haze for reflective substrates) of the sample from the abrasion, normalised against the change in haze observed for a reference sample (as per SAE J964). Haze is determined by:
Haze=(R%.sub.SE/R%.sub.si)100,

(72) where R %.sub.SE and R %.sub.SI are the reflectivity with the specular beam excluded and included respectively.

(73) Both the sample and the reference were tested for haze using the same HunterLab UltraScan Pro instrument used for the color and reflectivity measurements. In this study, the same type of reference material was used for determination of the Bayer Ratio (a piece of uncoated polycarbonate). The larger the determined Bayer Ratio, the greater the abrasion resistance relative to the reference sample. To reference the performance of the coating of the present invention, in situations where various pre-coating films were present as a part of the polymeric substrate, the abrasion resistance is compared to the Bayer Ratio for a chrome nitride (CrN) coating using the same pre-coated substrate, where the abrasion resistance of the CrN coating is defined as the acceptable level of abrasion resistance, and the acceptable level of abrasion resistance for embodiments of the present invention are then represented as an abrasion resistance (%) of 100%.

(74) Again with particular reference to the samples having Zr as the dopant material M, the mechanical properties of the ultrathin CrZr.sub.x films were characterized by measurement of abrasion resistance. Importantly, it was recognised that the resistance to abrasion is not solely characterised by a Cr:Zr ratio, but also by the underlying layers in a multilayer structure. Therefore, in this experimental work, the specially prepared substrates were constant within a given sample, and hence relative variations in the mechanical properties could be assigned to changes in the ultrathin CrZr.sub.x coatings.

(75) The abrasion ratio determined by the Bayer abrasion test mentioned above is shown in Table 1 and FIGS. 11 and 13 for Zr as the dopant material, and in Table 2 and FIG. 13 for Co as the dopant material. For the purposes of comparative analysis the bcc transition metal Mo was used as the dopant.

(76) Table 1 shows that there was an increase in the resistance to abrasion upon increasing the elemental composition of Zr. A maximum in the resistance to abrasion was observed immediately after the transition from bcc to the bcc+-hcp, after which increasing the Zr concentration lead to a steady decrease in the measured abrasion ratio. Table 2 shows that the resistance to abrasion increased in line with the increase in elemental composition of Co, with the maximum abrasion resistance achieved prior to the transition from bcc+-hcp to bcc+amorphous structure. For both of the dopants exemplified in Tables 1 and 2, the resistance to abrasion was greatest when the dopant was present at concentrations that resulted in a bcc+-hcp structure (grey columns).

(77) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 CrN CrMo CrZr.sub.x X 0.06 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.11 0.15 Atomic 5.8 2.8 4.4 5.8 9.8 12.9 percentage Crystal fcc bcc bcc bcc + bcc + bcc + bcc + structure -hcp -hcp amorph amorph Abrasion 100.0 60.0 73.9 111.4 109.1 100.0 87.5 resistance Chroma 4.1 0.21 0.4 0.1 0.3 1.0 1.4 Reflectivity 55.5 50.5 52.7 52.5 53.8 56.6 57.5

(78) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 CrN CrMo CrCo.sub.x X 0.06 0.03 0.02 0.04 0.05 0.06 Atomic 5.8 2.8 1.9 3.9 4.7 5.7 percent- age Crystal fcc bcc bcc bcc + bcc + bcc + bcc + structure -hcp -hcp -hcp -hcp + amorph Abrasion 100.0 60.0 80.2 113.2 116.0 129.2 97.2 resistance Chroma 3.6 0.21 1.0 0.8 0.4 0.2 0.0 Reflec- 56.6 50.5 50.9 51.6 54.7 53.9 57.0 tivity

ExamplesCrystal Structure of the Coating

(79) The co-sputtering generates thin film coatings of Cr doped with another metal (Zr in the case of most of what is described here, but alternatively also Ti or Co, or less preferably Hf, Ru, Y and Os). As mentioned above, dopant materials such as these modify the structure of the Cr based coating by replacing Cr atoms within the bcc crystal lattice. This modification of the atomic structure of the bcc Cr coating was observed and quantified for the preferred Zr dopant material by measuring the lattice parameter of the crystal structure using electron diffraction. The incorporation of dopant and the resulting change in lattice parameter was observed to correlate with the macroscopic abrasion resistance. Depending on the class of the dopant metal (be it bcc or hcp) at room temperature, it was found that the degree of modification of the bcc Cr crystal lattice could be controlled.

(80) An understanding of the atomic structure of the preferred binary alloys formed in the reflective coatings of the present invention was developed by conducting electron diffraction experiments on samples using a Philips CM200 Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). These samples were prepared by sputtering directly onto NaCl crystals, dissolving away the crystal in Milli-Q water, and then floating the alloy coating onto an uncoated copper TEM grid. The samples included the use of the additional hcp transition metal Ti, plus the bcc transition metals Mo and W which were investigated for comparative purposes.

(81) The diffraction pattern from each sample was analysed in order to determine the lattice parameter, a.sub.0, in the case of crystalline coatings or simply to confirm an amorphous structure when no crystalline material is observed. The experimental window for the dopant target power was chosen based on the overall maximum Bayer Ratio achieved for each dopant material. This window was in the range of 50 to 100 W. The resulting powers tested for the different alloy mixtures were Mo and W=100 W; and Co, Ti and Zr=50 W.

(82) The dominant phase present for the solid solutions of these samples was found to be the bcc structure, however for certain samples additional phases were observed. The diffraction spectra of CrCo.sub.x, CrZr.sub.x and CrTi.sub.x showed the presence of a secondary phase different from bcc as indicated by the arrows in FIG. 12. This secondary phase was identified as a -hcp phase, a displacive phase transformation from the bcc phase. Further to this analysis, it was noted that amorphous material is present in the background of the diffraction patterns, with this phase being most noticeable for the CrTi.sub.x alloy (the blurred background in the CrTi.sub.x diffraction image in FIG. 12).

(83) The relationship between the atomic structure and the macroscopic abrasion resistance is evident in Tables 1, 2. Additionally, and as can be seen in FIG. 13, across the Cr based alloys of the samples, there is a clear trend that as the lattice parameter decreases the abrasion resistance increases. This increase in abrasion resistance is primarily attributed to the increase in packing density of the atoms.

(84) Indeed, comparing the atomic radii of the dopant materials to that of Cr highlights that the change in lattice parameter of the CrM.sub.x alloys cannot be rationalised based on size constraints on the packing density (for example, W has a larger atomic radius yet a decrease in lattice parameter was observed for an alloy with W as the dopant material). Indeed, for transition metal alloys the electronic state of the atoms being alloyed and their electronic interaction generally play a contributing role in defining the lattice parameter. A comparison of the valence electrons for Cr (4s.sup.1 and 3d.sup.5) with the preferred dopant materials of the present invention shows that Mo is comparable (5s.sup.1 and 4d.sup.5), while the others have additional s-orbital and differing number of d-orbital valence electrons. The dopant materials with a differing number of valence electrons compared to Cr yielded a decrease in the lattice parameter in the alloy, while Mo (which is not one of the preferred hcp transition metals ideal for use as the dopant material) yielded an increase.

(85) With respect to the mechanical properties of the preferred alloys of the present invention, these results contrast to other situations where the addition of dopant material with a greater number of valence electrons yields solid solution softening when alloyed with the group-VI metals of Mo and W.

(86) While not wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the orbital overlap for the dopant materials with additional valence electrons increases the bonding strength in the alloy, thus yielding a reduced lattice parameter. Importantly, the bcc structure of the as-deposited Cr has been modified to a level by the dopant material where the abrasion resistance rivals that of an as-deposited bcc CrN coating (Bayer Abrasion Ratio 7 for an as-deposited CrN.sub.1.3 coating using the custom-built reactor on the specially prepared substrates).

(87) Finally, the preferred dopant materials utilised in this experimental work are also able to be categorised by their room temperature equilibrium structures. Mo and W are bcc at room temperature, while Ti, Co and Zr are hcp at room temperature. The hcp dopant materials achieve a greater reduction in lattice parameter than the bcc dopant materials. Given the observation of the electron structure of the dopant material influencing the bonding strength, it is believed that the hcp dopant material's electronic structure yields higher bond strengths. In addition, and as mentioned above, these hcp dopant materials yield the preferred composite film having both the bcc and the -hcp phase.

(88) It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that changes could be made to the embodiments described above without departing from the broad inventive concept thereof. It is understood, therefore, that the invention disclosed herein is not limited to the particular embodiments disclosed, but it is intended to cover modifications within the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims.