Method for preparing graphene using coal as raw material

Abstract

The present disclosure relates to a method for the preparation of graphene from coal as a raw material, and more particularly to a method for the preparation of microporous graphene from Chinese Zhundong coal. The process consists of the following steps: first, refining the coal block or coal particle to get fine powdered coal; second, immersing the powdered coal with activation agent solution and drying water to get molten mixture; third, carbonizing the molten mixture in an inert atmosphere and at a high temperature to obtain the carbonized product; fourth, successively acid washing, water-washing and drying the carbonized product to obtain the coal-based porous graphene with the surface area up to 3345 m.sup.2/g. The invention mainly solves the problems of the current method for the preparation of the microporous graphene with high specific surface area, including high cost of raw materials, complicated procedures and low yield. The porous graphene obtained by the invention is expected to realize excellent application values in the fields of gas adsorption separation, electrochemical energy storage and catalysis.

Claims

1. A method for preparing graphene from coal as raw material, the method comprising: refining step: refining the coal block or coal particle to get fine powdered coal; activation step: immersing the fine powdered coal obtained by the refining step with activation agent solution with stirring for 10-36 h at room temperature and drying water to get a molten mixture of the powered coal and the activation agent solution; carbonization step: carbonizing the molten mixture obtained in the activation step in an inert gas or a mixture of hydrogen and inert atmosphere and naturally cooling to obtain a carbonized product; and washing and drying step: successively acid washing, water-washing and drying the carbonized product to obtain porous graphene.

2. The method for preparing graphene according to claim 1, wherein the activation agent solution is an alkali metal hydroxide, alkaline earth metal hydroxides or mixtures thereof.

3. The method for preparing graphene according to claim 1, wherein the mass ratio of the coal to the activation agent is 1:0.1 to 1:10.

4. The method for preparing graphene according to claim 1, wherein the volume fraction of H.sub.2 in the mixed atmosphere of hydrogen and inert atmosphere is 0 to 100%.

5. The method for preparing graphene according to claim 1, wherein the carbonization temperature in the carbonization step is 500 C. to 1200 C. and the carbonization residence time is greater than 0 to 10 h.

6. The method for preparing graphene according to claim 1, wherein the rate of temperature rise in the carbonization step is greater than 0.1 to 15 C./min.

7. The method for preparing graphene according to claim 1, wherein the concentration of the activation agent solution is greater than 0 to 10 mol/L.

8. The method for preparing graphene according to claim 1, wherein the washing step is carried out by using dilute hydrochloric acid or nitric acid, and the concentration of the washing solution is 0.5 mol/L to 2 mol/L.

9. The method for preparing graphene according to claim 1, wherein the drying temperature is 60 to 200 C.

10. The method for preparing graphene according to claim 1, wherein the inert atmosphere is nitrogen or argon.

11. The method for preparing graphene according to claim 1, wherein the coal has a fixed carbon content of 40 to 70%, a volatile content of 20 to 50%, a moisture content of 0 to 30%, an ash content of 0 to 10%; a coal element analysis requires carbon content of 50 to 80%, hydrogen content of 0 to 10%, and oxygen content of 0 to 30%.

12. The method for preparing graphene according to claim 11, wherein the ash in the coal contains one or more of CaO, MgO, K.sub.2O, Na.sub.2O, SiO.sub.2, Al.sub.2O.sub.3, Fe.sub.2O.sub.3, TiO.sub.2, MnO.sub.2, P.sub.2O.sub.5.

13. The method for preparing graphene according to claim 12, wherein the ash in the coal contains one or more of CaO, MgO, K.sub.2O, and Na.sub.2O.

14. A graphene material obtained by the method for preparing graphene according to claim 1, having a specific capacitance of from 90 to 180 F/g at a current density of 0.5 A/g when used as a supercapacitor electrode in an organic system.

15. The method for preparing graphene according to claim 1, wherein ammonia is used as an activation agent in the activation step.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1(a) shows the Raman spectrum of the microporous graphene obtained in Example 1;

(2) FIG. 1(b) shows the TEM image of the microporous graphene obtained in Example 1;

(3) FIG. 2(a) shows the N.sub.2 adsorption isotherm of the microporous graphene obtained in Examples 1, 2, 3;

(4) FIG. 2(b) shows the pore size distribution curves of the microporous graphene obtained in Examples 1, 2, 3;

(5) FIG. 3 shows the thermogravimetric curve of the porous graphene obtained in Example 1 in an air atmosphere;

(6) FIG. 4(a) shows the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) chart of the porous graphene obtained in Example 1;

(7) FIG. 4(b) shows the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectrum of the porous graphene obtained in Example 1;

(8) FIG. 5 shows the X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD) of the porous graphene obtained in Example 1;

(9) FIG. 6(a) shows the cyclic voltammetric curves of the porous graphene obtained in Example 1 in a 6 M KOH electrolyte system;

(10) FIG. 6(b) shows the charge-discharge characteristic curves of the porous graphene obtained in Example 1 in a 6M KOH electrolyte system;

(11) FIG. 6(c) shows the current density-specific capacitance curve of the porous graphene obtained in Example 1 in a 6 M KOH electrolyte system;

(12) FIG. 6(d) shows the cycle stability curve of the porous graphene at 5 A/g obtained in Example 1 in a 6 M KOH electrolyte system;

(13) FIG. 7(a) shows the cyclic voltammetric curves of the porous graphene obtained in Example 1 in a 1 M H.sub.2SO.sub.4 electrolyte system;

(14) FIG. 7(b) shows the charge-discharge characteristic curves of the porous graphene obtained in Example 1 in a 1 M H.sub.2SO.sub.4 electrolyte system;

(15) FIG. 7(c) shows the current density-specific capacitance curve of the porous graphene obtained in Example 1 in a 1 M H.sub.2SO.sub.4 electrolyte system;

(16) FIG. 7(d) shows the cycle stability curve of the porous graphene at 5 A/g obtained in Example 1 in a 1 M H.sub.2SO.sub.4 electrolyte system;

(17) FIG. 8(a) shows the cyclic voltammetric curves of the porous graphene obtained in Example 1 in a commercial 1 M ET.sub.4NBF.sub.4/PC electrolyte system;

(18) FIG. 8(b) shows the charge-discharge characteristic curves of the porous graphene obtained in Example 1 in a commercial 1 M ET.sub.4NBF.sub.4/PC electrolyte system;

(19) FIG. 8(c) shows the Ragone curve of the porous graphene obtained in Example 1 in a commercial 1 M ET.sub.4NBF.sub.4/PC electrolyte system;

(20) FIG. 8(d) shows the cycle stability curve of the porous graphene at 2 A/g obtained in Example 1 in a commercial 1 M ET.sub.4NBF.sub.4/PC electrolyte system;

(21) FIG. 9(a) shows the cyclic voltammetric curve of the porous graphene obtained in Example 1 as a cathode material for a lithium ion supercapacitor;

(22) FIG. 9(b) shows the cycle stability curve of the porous graphene at 2 A/g obtained in Example 1 as a cathode material for a lithium ion supercapacitor;

(23) FIG. 10 shows the methane adsorption isotherm of the porous graphene obtained in Example 1.

(24) FIG. 11 shows the cyclic voltammetric curve of a lithium ion battery anode constructed by the nitrogen-doped porous graphene obtained in Example 14 at a speed of 0.2 mV/s.

(25) FIG. 12 shows the charge-discharge characteristic curves of a lithium ion battery anode constructed by the nitrogen-doped porous graphene obtained in Example 14 at a current density of 0.2 A/g.

(26) FIG. 13 shows the rate performance of a lithium ion battery anode constructed by the nitrogen-doped porous graphene obtained in Example 14.

EXAMPLES

(27) The advantages of the present invention are further illustrated by the following specific examples, but the scope of the present invention is not limited to the following examples.

(28) In the examples of the present invention, Zhundong coal containing the components shown in Table 1 and Table 2 below was selected.

(29) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Proximate and ultimate analysis of Zhundong coal Proximate analysis/% Ultimate analysis/% Sample M.sub.ad A.sub.ad FC.sub.ad V.sub.daf C.sub.daf H.sub.daf O*.sub.daf,diff N.sub.daf S.sub.daf Zhundong 11.79 3.15 56.64 33.41 73.52 6.55 18.51 0.91 0.51 coal Note: *Oxygen content is measured by the difference.

(30) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Ash analysis of Zhundong coal Ash content analysis/% Sample SiO.sub.2 Al.sub.2O.sub.3 Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 TiO.sub.2 CaO MgO K.sub.2O Na.sub.2O MnO.sub.2 SO.sub.3 P.sub.2O.sub.5 Zhundong 13.33 10.71 6.19 0.47 37.75 9.98 0.62 9.78 0.16 6.52 0.19 coal

Example 1

(31) The present embodiment is carried out according to the following steps:

(32) (1) 3 g lignite coal powder with 80-100 mesh was added to 35.7 mL KOH solution with a concentration of 6 mol/L KOH (coal and KOH mass ratio of 1:4). The mixture solution was stirred at room temperature for 24 hours. Afterwards, the mixture of coal and KOH was dried at 120 C. to obtain a molten mixture.

(33) (2) The above molten mixture was put in a tube furnace to carry out carbonization: from room temperature to 900 C., the controlled heating rate was 5 C./min, and carbonization residence time is 3 hours. Afterwards, the carbonized product was obtained by nature cooling.

(34) (3) The carbonized product obtained in step (2) was successively washed with 2 mol/L dilute hydrochloric acid for 2 to 3 times and deionized water for 2 to 3 times, and finally dried at 80 C. to obtain the target product microporous graphene.

Example 2

(35) 3 g lignite coal powder with 100-200 mesh was added to 35.7 mL KOH solution with a concentration of 6 mol/L KOH (coal and KOH mass ratio of 1:4). The mixture solution was stirred at room temperature for 10 hours. Afterwards, the mixture of coal and KOH was dried at 60 C. to obtain a molten mixture. The above molten mixture was put in a tube furnace to carry out carbonization (from room temperature to 800 C. with a heating rate of 5 C./min and carbonization residence time of 4 hours). The carbonized product, obtained by nature cooling after the carbonization, was successively washed with 2 mol/L dilute hydrochloric acid for 2 to 3 times and deionized water for 2 to 3 times, and finally dried at 100 C. to obtain the porous graphene.

(36) The structure and the property of the porous graphene obtained in the present example was characterized. Using the porous graphene obtained in the example 2 as the supercapacitor electrode in an organic system, the specific capacitance can achieve 140 F/g at a current density of 0.5 A/g.

Example 3

(37) 3 g lignite coal powder with 100-200 mesh was added to 35.7 mL KOH solution with a concentration of 6 mol/L KOH (coal and KOH mass ratio of 1:4). The mixture solution was stirred at room temperature for 15 hours. Afterwards, the mixture of coal and KOH was dried at 80 C. to obtain a molten mixture. The above molten mixture was put in a tube furnace to carry out carbonization (from room temperature to 700 C. with a heating rate of 8 C./min and carbonization residence time of 4 hours). The carbonized product, obtained by nature cooling after the carbonization, was successively washed with 2 mol/L dilute nitric acid for 2 to 3 times and deionized water for 2 to 3 times, and finally dried at 80 C. to obtain the porous graphene.

(38) The structure and the property of the porous graphene obtained in the present example was characterized. Using the porous graphene obtained in the example 3 as the supercapacitor electrode in an organic system, the specific capacitance can achieve 100 F/g at a current density of 0.5 A/g.

Example 4

(39) 3 g lignite coal powder with 100-200 mesh was added to 26.8 mL KOH solution with a concentration of 6 mol/L KOH (coal and KOH mass ratio of 1:3). The mixture solution was stirred at room temperature for 36 hours. Afterwards, the mixture of coal and KOH was dried at 200 C. to obtain a molten mixture. The above molten mixture was put in a tube furnace to carry out carbonization (from room temperature to 900 C. with a heating rate of 2 C./min and carbonization residence time of 4 hours). The carbonized product, obtained by nature cooling after the carbonization, was successively washed with 2 mol/L dilute hydrochloric acid for 2 to 3 times and deionized water for 2 to 3 times, and finally dried at 80 C. to obtain the porous graphene.

(40) The porous graphene obtained in the present example was characterized by the structural and properties characterization method of the porous graphene in example 1. The porous graphene obtained in example 4 possesses a BET surface area of 2219 m.sup.2/g and a pore volume of 1.86 m.sup.3/g. Using the porous graphene obtained by the method in example 4 as the supercapacitor electrode in an organic system, the specific capacitance can achieve 130 F/g at a current density of 0.5 A/g.

Example 5

(41) 3 g lignite coal powder with 100-200 mesh was added to 17.8 mL KOH solution with a concentration of 6 mol/L KOH (coal and KOH mass ratio of 1:2). The mixture solution was stirred at room temperature for 8 hours. Afterwards, the mixture of coal and KOH was dried at 150 C. to obtain a molten mixture. The above molten mixture was put in a tube furnace to carry out carbonization (from room temperature to 900 C. with a heating rate of 2 C./min and carbonization residence time of 4 hours). The carbonized product, obtained by nature cooling after the carbonization, was successively washed with 2 mol/L dilute hydrochloric acid for 2 to 3 times and deionized water for 2 to 3 times, and finally dried at 80 C. to obtain the porous graphene.

(42) The porous graphene obtained in the present example was characterized by the structural and properties characterization method of the porous graphene in example 1. The porous graphene obtained in example 5 possesses a BET surface area of 2009 m.sup.2/g and a pore volume of 1.47 m.sup.3/g. Using the porous graphene obtained by the method in example 5 as the supercapacitor electrode in an organic system, the specific capacitance is 100 F/g at a current density of 0.5 A/g.

Example 6

(43) 3 g lignite coal powder with 80-200 mesh was added to 8.9 mL KOH solution with a concentration of 6 mol/L KOH (coal and KOH mass ratio of 1:1). The mixture solution was stirred at room temperature for 20 hours. Afterwards, the mixture of coal and KOH was dried at 150 C. to obtain a molten mixture. The above molten mixture was put in a tube furnace to carry out carbonization (from room temperature to 900 C. with a heating rate of 5 C./min and carbonization residence time of 4 hours). The carbonized product, obtained by natural cooling after the carbonization, was successively washed with 0.5 mol/L dilute hydrochloric acid for 2 to 3 times and deionized water for 2 to 3 times, and finally dried at 80 C. to obtain the porous graphene.

(44) The porous graphene obtained in the present example was characterized by the structural and properties characterization method of the porous graphene in example 1. The porous graphene obtained in the present example possesses a BET surface area of 1885 m.sup.2/g and a pore volume of 1.43 m.sup.3/g. Using the porous graphene obtained by the method in example 6 as the supercapacitor electrode in an organic system, the specific capacitance is 90 F/g at a current density of 0.5 A/g.

Example 7

(45) 3 g lignite coal powder with 100-200 mesh was added to 71.4 mL KOH solution with a concentration of 3 mol/L KOH (coal and KOH mass ratio of 1:4). The mixture solution was stirred at room temperature for 10 hours. Afterwards, the mixture of coal and KOH was dried at 200 C. to obtain a molten mixture. The above molten mixture was put in a tube furnace to carry out carbonization (from room temperature to 600 C. with a heating rate of 1 C./min and carbonization residence time of 6 hours). The carbonized product, obtained by nature cooling after the carbonization, was successively washed with 2 mol/L dilute hydrochloric acid for 2 to 3 times and deionized water for 2 to 3 times, and finally dried at 100 C. to obtain the porous graphene.

(46) The porous graphene obtained in the present example possesses a BET surface area of 2071 m.sup.2/g and a pore volume of 1.47 m.sup.3/g.

Example 8

(47) 3 g lignite coal powder with 80-100 mesh was added to 50 mL NaOH solution with a concentration of 6 mol/L NaOH (coal and NaOH mass ratio of 1:4). The mixture solution was stirred at room temperature for 15 hours. Afterwards, the mixture of coal and KOH was dried at 120 C. to obtain a molten mixture. The above molten mixture was put in a tube furnace to carry out carbonization (from room temperature to 1000 C. with a heating rate of 5 C./min and carbonization residence time of 4 hours). The carbonized product, obtained by natural cooling after the carbonization, was successively washed with 2 mol/L dilute hydrochloric acid for 2 to 3 times and deionized water for 2 to 3 times, and finally dried at 80 C. to obtain the porous graphene.

(48) The porous graphene obtained in the present example possesses a BET surface area of 2081 m.sup.2/g and a pore volume of 1.57 m.sup.3/g.

Example 9

(49) 3 g lignite coal powder with 100-200 mesh was added to 25 mL NaOH solution with a concentration of 6 mol/L NaOH (coal and NaOH mass ratio of 1:2). The mixture solution was stirred at room temperature for 24 hours. Afterwards, the mixture of coal and KOH was dried at 120 C. to obtain a molten mixture. The above molten mixture was put in a tube furnace to carry out carbonization (from room temperature to 600 C. with a heating rate of 10 C./min and carbonization residence time of 6 hours). The carbonized product, obtained by natural cooling after the carbonization, was successively washed with 2 mol/L dilute nitric acid for 2 to 3 times and deionized water for 2 to 3 times, and finally dried at 100 C. to obtain the porous graphene.

(50) The porous graphene obtained in the present example possesses a BET surface area of 1061 m2/g and a pore volume of 0.67 m.sup.3/g.

Example 10

(51) 3 g lignite coal powder with 80-100 mesh was added to 12 mL NaOH solution with a concentration of 6 mol/L NaOH (coal and NaOH mass ratio of 1:1). The mixture solution was stirred at room temperature for 24 hours. Afterwards, the mixture of coal and KOH was dried at 120 C. to obtain a molten mixture. The above molten mixture was put in a tube furnace to carry out carbonization (from room temperature to 1100 C. with a heating rate of 8 C./min and carbonization residence time of 2 hours). The carbonized product, obtained by natural cooling after the carbonization, was successively washed with 0.5 mol/L dilute hydrochloric acid for 2 to 3 times and deionized water for 2 to 3 times, and finally dried at 80 C. to obtain the porous graphene.

(52) The porous graphene obtained in the present example possesses a BET surface area of 756 m.sup.2/g and a pore volume of 0.24 m.sup.3/g.

Example 11

(53) 3 g lignite coal powder with 60-100 mesh was added to a mixture solution containing 12 mL NaOH solution with a concentration of 6 mol/L and 8.6 mL KOH solution with a concentration of 6 mol/L (coal and KOH+NaOH mass ratio of 1:2). The mixture solution was stirred at room temperature for 20 hours. Afterwards, the mixture of coal, NaOH and KOH was dried at 150 C. to obtain a molten mixture. The above molten mixture was put in a tube furnace to carry out carbonization (from room temperature to 900 C. with a heating rate of 8 C./min and carbonization residence time of 5 hours). The carbonized product, obtained by natural cooling after the carbonization, was successively washed with 2 mol/L dilute hydrochloric acid for 2 to 3 times and deionized water for 2 to 3 times, and finally dried at 60 C. to obtain the porous graphene.

(54) The porous graphene obtained in the present example possesses a BET surface area of 1021 m2/g and a pore volume of 0.48 m.sup.3/g.

Example 12

(55) The introduction of H.sub.2 in the carrier gas of the carbonation process is expected to increase the amount of potassium generation in the activation process to enhance the pore formation. In addition, the reaction of H.sub.2 with the surface heteroatom can improve the purity of the porous graphene. In this embodiment, H.sub.2 was introduced into the carbonization atmosphere. Specifically, 3 g lignite coal powder with 100-200 mesh was added to 35.7 mL KOH solution with a concentration of 6 mol/L KOH (coal and KOH mass ratio of 1:4). The mixture solution was stirred at room temperature for 24 hours. Afterwards, the mixture of coal and KOH was dried at 200 C. to obtain a molten mixture. The above molten mixture was put in a tube furnace to carry out carbonization (from room temperature to 800 C. with a heating rate of 5 C./min and carbonization residence time of 6 hours). The carbonization atmosphere consists of 5% H.sub.2 and 95% argon (volume fraction). The carbonized product, obtained by nature cooling after the carbonization, was successively washed with 2 mol/L dilute hydrochloric acid for 2 to 3 times and deionized water for 2 to 3 times, and finally dried at 100 C. to obtain the porous graphene.

(56) The porous graphene obtained in the present example possesses a BET surface area of 2003 m.sup.2/g and a pore volume of 0.97 m.sup.3/g.

Example 13

(57) 3 g lignite coal powder with 80-200 mesh was added to 50 mL NaOH solution with a concentration of 6 mol/L NaOH (coal and NaOH mass ratio of 1:4). The mixture solution was stirred at room temperature for 24 hours. Afterwards, the mixture of coal and KOH was dried at 100 C. to obtain a molten mixture. The above molten mixture was put in a tube furnace to carry out carbonization (from room temperature to 900 C. with a heating rate of 8 C./min and carbonization residence time of 4 hours). The carbonization atmosphere consists of 50% H.sub.2 and 50% argon (volume fraction). The carbonized product, obtained by natural cooling after the carbonization, was successively washed with 2 mol/L dilute nitric acid for 2 to 3 times and deionized water for 2 to 3 times, and finally dried at 100 C. to obtain the porous graphene.

(58) The porous graphene obtained in the present example possesses a BET surface area of 1941 m.sup.2/g and a pore volume of 1.01 m.sup.3/g.

Example 14

(59) The introduction of NH.sub.3 in the carrier gas of the carbonation process is expected to dope nitrogen atom into the carbon structure of resulting porous graphene. 3 g lignite coal powder with 80-200 mesh was added to a mixture solution containing 8.6 mL KOH solution with a concentration of 6 mol/L and 12 mL NaOH solution with a concentration of 6 mol/L (coal and KOH+NaOH mass ratio of 1:2). The mixture solution was stirred at room temperature for 15 hours. Afterwards, the mixture was dried at 120 C. to obtain a molten mixture. The above molten mixture was put in a tube furnace to carry out carbonization (from room temperature to 900 C. with a heating rate of 8 C./min and carbonization residence time of 4 hours). The carbonization atmosphere consists of 50% NH.sub.3 and 50% argon (volume fraction). The carbonized product, obtained by natural cooling after the carbonization, was successively washed with 2 mol/L dilute hydrochloric acid for 2 to 3 times and deionized water for 2 to 3 times, and finally dried at 100 C. to obtain the porous graphene.

(60) The porous graphene obtained in the present example possesses a BET surface area of 1051 m.sup.2/g and a pore volume of 0.45 m.sup.3/g.

Example 15

(61) 3 g lignite coal powder with 80-200 mesh was added to a mixture solution containing 17.2 mL KOH solution with a concentration of 6 mol/L and 24 mL NaOH solution with a concentration of 6 mol/L (coal and KOH+NaOH mass ratio of 1:4). The mixture solution was stirred at room temperature for 20 hours. Afterwards, the mixture was dried at 200 C. to obtain a molten mixture. The above molten mixture was put in a tube furnace to carry out carbonization (from room temperature to 1200 C. with a heating rate of 8 C./min and carbonization residence time of 4 hours). The carbonization atmosphere consists of 10% NH.sub.3 and 90% argon (volume fraction). The carbonized product, obtained by natural cooling after the carbonization, was successively washed with 2 mol/L dilute hydrochloric acid for 2 to 3 times and deionized water for 2 to 3 times, and finally dried at 80 C. to obtain the porous graphene.

(62) The porous graphene obtained in the present example possesses a BET surface area of 1081 m.sup.2/g and a pore volume of 0.64 m.sup.3/g.

Example 16

(63) 3 g lignite coal powder with 60-100 mesh was added to a mixture solution containing 43 mL KOH solution with a concentration of 6 mol/L and 60 mL NaOH solution with a concentration of 6 mol/L (coal and KOH+NaOH mass ratio of 1:10). The mixture solution was stirred at room temperature for 20 hours. Afterwards, the mixture was dried at 150 C. to obtain a molten mixture. The above molten mixture was put in a tube furnace to carry out carbonization (from room temperature to 900 C. with a heating rate of 0.1 C./min and carbonization residence time of 1 hours). The carbonized product, obtained by natural cooling after the carbonization, was successively washed with 2 mol/L dilute hydrochloric acid for 2 to 3 times and deionized water for 2 to 3 times, and finally dried at 50 C. to obtain the porous graphene.

(64) The porous graphene obtained in the present example possesses a BET surface area of 1061 m.sup.2/g and a pore volume of 0.49 m.sup.3/g.

Example 17

(65) 3 g lignite coal powder with 80-100 mesh was added to a mixture solution containing 430 L KOH solution with a concentration of 6 mol/L and 600 L NaOH solution with a concentration of 6 mol/L (coal and KOH+NaOH mass ratio of 1:0.1). The mixture solution was stirred at room temperature for 20 hours. Afterwards, the mixture was dried at 150 C. to obtain a molten mixture. The above molten mixture was put in a tube furnace to carry out carbonization (from room temperature to 1000 C. with a heating rate of 15 C./min and carbonization residence time of 10 hours). The carbonized product, obtained by natural cooling after the carbonization, was successively washed with 2 mol/L dilute hydrochloric acid for 2 to 3 times and deionized water for 2 to 3 times, and finally dried at 200 C. to obtain the porous graphene.

(66) The porous graphene obtained in the present example possesses a BET surface area of 92 m.sup.2/g and a pore volume of 0.05 m.sup.3/g.

Example Effects

(67) Raman, TEM, N.sub.2 adsorption, XPS and XRD were used to characterize the graphitization degree, microstructure and pore structural parameters of the porous graphene materials obtained by the above examples. The detailed analysis is as follows:

(68) FIGS. 1(a) and 1(b) show the Raman spectrum and the transmission electron microscope (TEM) image of the microporous graphene obtained in Example 1, respectively. The apparent 2D peak in the Raman spectrum shows that the microporous graphene synthesized in Example 1 contains a large number of monolayer or multilayer graphene structural units. TEM image shows that the microporous graphene is mainly composed of a large number of monolayer of graphene sheet structure, these randomly arranged graphene layer structure contains a large number of small pores with pore size around 2 nm.

(69) FIGS. 2(a) and 2(b) show the N.sub.2 adsorption isotherms and corresponding pore size distributions of the microporous graphene obtained in Examples 1, 2 and 3 from which the microporous graphene obtained by Example 1 has a specific surface area of 3345 m.sup.2/g and a pore volume of 1.7 cm.sup.3/g. The distribution of the pore size is narrow, mainly between 12 nm.

(70) FIG. 3 is a thermogravimetric curve of the porous graphene obtained in Example 1 in an air atmosphere. It can be seen that the weight loss peak is concentrated between 500 and 600 C., which is higher than that of the conventional activated carbon. This indicates that the porous graphene obtained in Example 1 has a high carbon purity enhancing the structural stability.

(71) FIGS. 4(a) and (b) show the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results of the porous graphene obtained in Example 1, and it can be seen that the carbon content of the obtained porous graphene is relatively high and the oxygen signal is relatively weak. The C1s peak in FIG. 4(b) shows that sp2 carbon is dominant with low proportion of oxygen-containing functional groups. Further XPS element analysis results show that the carbon content in the porous graphene obtained in Example 1 is as high as 98.25%, which directly proves the high carbon purity.

(72) FIG. 5 shows the X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD) of the porous graphene obtained in Example 1 from which the high diffraction within small angles indicates a highly porous structure. The obvious (002) peak proves the presence of the graphene structure.

(73) The as-prepared porous graphene obtained in examples was tested as supercapacitor electrode materials in the aqueous system. The performance was evaluated by the following test: the porous graphene, carbon black and poly-tetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) binder were added into the absolute ethyl alcohol with the mass ratio of 8:1:1 to form self-supporting foils. Two thin foils with the same mass (around 12 mg) were tailored and rolled into a foil electrode with the area of 1 cm.sup.2 in the mortar which were then pressed onto nickel foam to form the electrodes for the capacitive performance test. The electrodes were dried at 120 C. for 12 h under vacuum for further treatment. The cyclic voltammetric curves and the galvanostatic charge-discharge curves for a three-electrode system were measured by using the electrolytes of 6M KOH and 1M H.sub.2SO.sub.4, the reference electrodes of a saturated calomel electrode (SCE) and a Ag/AgCl electrode, and the counter electrode of Pt foil. Wherein, specific capacitance (C, F g.sup.1) of the porous graphene materials were calculated based on the formula: C=It/(mV), in which I is the discharge current density, t is time for a full discharge, m is the active material mass of the porous graphene contained in the cathode foil and V represents voltage window (excluding the voltage drop IR.sub.drop).

(74) FIG. 6 shows the results of the supercapacitor performance of the porous graphene obtained in Example 1 in a 6 M KOH electrolyte system. The porous graphene obtained Example 1 has high specific capacitances, excellent rate performance and cyclic stability in 6M KOH system. The cyclic voltammetric curves in FIG. 6(a) show that the rectangular capacitance behavior is maintained at a high sweep speed of 500 mV/s. The capacitance at 1 A/g is 350 F/g. Even at a high current density of 100 A/g, the capacitance can still maintain 200 F/g. FIG. 6(d) presents the cycle stability of porous graphene obtained in Examples 1 at 5 A/g, which demonstrates no capacitance decay even after 10,000 cycles.

(75) FIG. 7 shows the results of the supercapacitor performance of the porous graphene obtained in Example 1 in a 1 M H.sub.2SO.sub.4 electrolyte system. Similarly, the porous graphene obtained Example 1 has high specific capacitances, excellent rate performance and cyclic stability in 1 M H.sub.2SO.sub.4 system. The cyclic voltammetric curves in FIG. 7(a) show that the rectangular capacitance behavior is maintained at a high sweep speed of 500 mV/s. The capacitance at 0.5 A/g is 350 F/g. Even at a high current density of 100 A/g, the capacitance can still maintain 200 F/g. FIG. 7(d) presents the cycle stability of porous graphene obtained in Examples 1 at 5 A/g, which demonstrates no capacitance decay even after 10,000 cycles.

(76) The as-prepared porous graphene obtained in examples was tested as double-layer supercapacitor electrode materials in the organic system. The performance was evaluated by the following test: the porous graphene, carbon black and poly-tetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) binder were added into the absolute ethyl alcohol with the mass ratio of 8:1:1 to form self-supporting foils. Two thin foils with the same mass (around 12 mg) were tailored and rolled into foil electrodes with the area of 1 cm.sup.2 in the mortar which were then pressed onto the conductive carbon coated aluminum foils to form the electrodes for the capacitive performance test. The electrodes were dried at 120 C. for 12 h under vacuum for further treatment. Thereby, the two identical electrodes were assembled in a coin cell with the electrolyte of 1 mol/L ET.sub.4NBF.sub.4/PC and the separator of Celgard 3510 ionic porous membrane, in order to measure the galvanostatic charge-discharge performance of the supercapacitor in organic system. The specific capacitance of the porous graphene material was calculated based on the formula: C=2 It/(mV), in which I is the discharge current density, t is the time for a full discharge, m is the active material mass of one electrode and V represents voltage window (excluding the voltage drop IR.sub.drop).

(77) Wherein, FIG. 8 shows the results of the supercapacitor performance of the porous graphene obtained in Example 1 in a 1 mol/L ET.sub.4NBF.sub.4/PC electrolyte system. FIG. 8(a) shows that the voltage window of the porous graphene obtained in the invention can achieve 4 V with no obvious polarization in the 1 mol/L ET4NBF4/PC system. The specific capacitance of the porous graphene obtained in Example 1 could reach 176 F/g at the operating voltage of 3.5 V with the current density of 0.5 A/g. After cycling 10000 cycles at the current density of 2 A/g, it can still maintain the capacitance retention of 96%. The highest energy density of the constructed supercapacitor could reach 97.2Wh/kg, which is much higher than that of the commercial activated carbon based supercapacitors.

(78) The performance of the lithium ion supercapacitors was evaluated by using the porous graphene obtained in examples as cathode material of the lithium ion supercapacitors and the half-cell constructed by the anode of lithium metal foil. Specifically, the experiment was conducted as follows: the porous graphene materials, carbon black and PTFE binder (mass content of 70%) were added into the absolute ethyl alcohol with the mass ratio of 8:1:1 to form self-supporting foils. The thin foils with the mass around 1 mg were tailored and rolled into the electrodes with the area of 1 cm.sup.2 in the mortar which were then pressed onto the conductive carbon coated aluminum foils to form the electrodes for the performance test of the cathode material. The electrodes were dried at 120 C. for 12 h under vacuum for further treatment. The coin cell is assembled with the electrolyte of 1 mol/L LiPF.sub.6 (with the solvent of EC-DMC at a ratio of 1:1), the separator of Whatman glass fiber membrane and the anode of lithium metal foil, in order to measure its cyclic voltammetric curves and the constant capacitance and galvanostatic charge-discharge characteristic curves. Wherein, the specific capacitances of the porous graphene material was calculated based on the formula: C=It/(mV), in which I is the discharge current density, t is the time for a full discharge, m is the active material mass of the porous graphene contained in the cathode foil and V represents the voltage window (excluding the voltage drop IR.sub.drop). Wherein, FIG. 9 shows the electrochemical performances of the porous graphene in Example 1, which contains a galvanostatic charge-discharge curve operated at a voltage window of 2.8 to 4.2 V (vs Li/Li.sup.+) with different current densities and cycling stability curve at a current density of 2 A/g. The charge-discharge curve and rate performance show that the porous graphene in Example 1 exhibits a capacitance of 182 F/g at 0.5 A/g. After 5000 cycles at 2 A/g, the porous graphene in Example 1 can still exhibit a high capacitance retention of 95%.

(79) The porous graphene obtained in examples was also evaluated as adsorbent for methane storage. The adsorption isotherm of methane was measured by weight adsorption method. As shown in FIG. 10, the porous graphene prepared in Example 1 exhibits excellent methane storage properties with >20% weight storage ratio at a pressure of 90 bar.

(80) The as-prepared N-doped porous graphene obtained in Example 14 was tested as anode materials for lithium ion batteries. The performance test method is: the counter electrode of lithium metal foil and the working electrode active materials of the porous graphene were assembled in the CR2032 coin cell to evaluate its performance as the anode materials for lithium ion batteries. Wherein, the preparation method of the working electrode is: N-doped porous graphene, carbon black and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) binder with a mass ratio of 7:1.5:1.5 were dissolved in N-methyl-2-pyrroli-dinone (NMP) and milled to form uniform slurries. After coating the above slurries on Cu foils, the working electrode foils were obtained after being dried at 80 C. under vacuum for 12 h. The dried electrode foils were tailored into circular foils with 0.51 mg cm.sup.2 mass loading of active material. Then, the circular foils and the fresh lithium foil were assembled in the coin cell. The assembly of the coin cells was done in a glove box. The electrolyte used in the coin cells was 1M LiPF.sub.6 in ethylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate (EC: DEC=1:1) and Whatman glass fiber was used as separator. The cyclic voltammetric curves and galvanostatic charge-discharge curves of the batteries were measured with the voltage window of 0.013 V versus Li/Li.sup.+.

(81) Wherein, FIG. 11 shows the cyclic voltammetric curve at a speed of 0.2 mV/s of the anode constructed by N-doped porous graphene obtained in Example 14, which embodies the characteristics of a typical carbon material. The first discharge capacity is large and becomes stable and reversible after two cycles because of the formation of SEI layer.

(82) Wherein, FIG. 12 shows galvanostatic charge-discharge curves at a current density of 0.2 A/g of the anode constructed by N-doped porous graphene obtained in Example 14, which is in agreement with the cyclic voltammetric curve in FIG. 11 The initial discharge capacity is up to 1814 mAh/g. After 50 cycles, the specific capacity remains at 690 mAh/g, about 2 times the commercial graphite material.

(83) Wherein, FIG. 13 shows rate performance curves of the N-doped porous graphene obtained in Example 14, from which the N-doped porous graphene obtained in Example 14 exhibits a high capacity of 830 mAh/g at 0.1 A/g and still 293 mAh/g at 5 A/g, demonstrating the excellent rate capability.

(84) Table 3 shows the results of the analysis of pore structure parameters and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) elements of the porous graphene materials obtained in Examples 1 to 17. It can be seen that the pore structure and surface chemistry environment of as-prepared porous graphene materials can be adjusted by changing the synthesis conditions such as carbonization temperature, carbonization time, stirring time, heating rate, precursor ratio and carbonization atmosphere.

(85) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Pore parameters obtained by N.sub.2 adsorption and XPS element contents BET surface Pore XPS element Porous area Volume content (at.-%) graphene (m.sup.2g.sup.1) (cm.sup.3g.sup.1) C O N Example 1 3445 1.7 98.25 1.75 Example 2 2061 1.07 97.45 2.55 Example 3 1334 0.74 96.75 3.25 Example 4 2219 1.86 98.15 1.85 Example 5 2009 1.47 96.37 3.63 Example 6 1885 1.43 97.28 2.72 Example 7 2071 1.47 96.94 3.06 Example 8 2081 1.57 97.43 2.57 Example 9 1061 0.67 98.02 1.98 Example 10 756 0.24 98.45 1.55 Example 11 1021 0.48 96.78 3.22 Example 12 2003 0.97 97.88 2.12 Example 13 1941 1.01 97.3 2.7 Example 14 1051 0.45 90.98 3.09 5.93 Example 15 1081 0.64 93.55 4.11 2.34 Example 16 1061 0.49 96.3 3.7 Example 17 92 0.05 95.2 4.8

(86) It can be seen from above results that porous graphene materials can be obtained by the present invention through the following three steps: mixing and drying the mixture of coal powder and activation agent; high-temperature activation; washing and final drying. Therein, high temperature activation process remodels the internal small molecule hydrocarbons and amorphous structure of lignite during which the Mg and Ca compositions in lignite catalyze the graphitization conversion of graphite-like microcrystals to monolayer or multilayer graphene structure. At the same time, microporous structure generates under the activation etching of graphene sheet structure by activation agents. Finally, the porous graphene can be obtained by cleaning the residual activation agents and minerals. It is obvious that the factors influencing the pyrolysis, remodeling and pore formation of the lignite structure during the high temperature activation will profoundly affect the morphology, pore structure and carbon purity of the final target product.

(87) It should be understood that the foregoing description of some embodiments is merely illustrative of the ways and cores of the present invention. It should be noted that it will be apparent to those skilled that various modifications and adaptations may be made to the present invention without departing from the principles of the invention. These modifications are also within the scope of the claims of the present invention.