Silicone clip

10702026 · 2020-07-07

Assignee

Inventors

Cpc classification

International classification

Abstract

Disclosed is a clip for a bracelet and/or a necklace. The clip in a closed state having a through hole (402) allowing the clip to wreathe an elongated member of a bracelet and/or necklace. The clip comprises: a first part (420) and a second part (430), the first and second parts being connected by a hinge (401); and a first resilient element (460) arranged in the second part. The first resilient element comprising a first gripping surface (451) for frictionally gripping a surface of the elongated member. The second part comprises a cavity (443) extending in the radial direction, the first resilient element comprises a first resilient part (460) arranged inside the cavity and a second resilient part (470) arranged outside the cavity and extending in the radial direction from the cavity into the through hole. The cavity is configured to secure the first resilient element in said second part.

Claims

1. A clip for a bracelet and/or a necklace, said clip in a closed state having a through hole allowing said clip to wreathe an elongated member of the bracelet and/or necklace, said through hole defining a through hole axis extending in an axial direction, with a radial direction extending radially from the axial direction, said clip comprising: a first part and a second part, the first and second parts being connected by a hinge; and a first resilient element arranged in said second part, the first resilient element comprising a first gripping surface for frictionally gripping a surface of the elongated member; wherein the second part comprises a cavity extending in the radial direction, the cavity extending in the axial direction between two sides of the second part, the two sides of the second part defining a portion of the through hole, the first resilient element comprising a first resilient part arranged inside said cavity and a second resilient part arranged outside said cavity and extending in the radial direction from said cavity into said through hole, wherein the cavity is shaped so as to grip the first resilient part and secure the first resilient element in said second part, and wherein the clip is configured to be movable along the elongated member, on which it is positioned by exerting a force in the axial direction.

2. A clip according to claim 1, wherein the first resilient element defines a height extending in the radial direction and a width along a reference axis being perpendicular to the radial direction and the through hole axis, where the maximum width of the first resilient part is larger than the maximum width of the second resilient part.

3. A clip according to claim 1, wherein the two sides are arranged to form edges of a shell, the shell having an outer surface and an inner surface, the cavity is further defined by two side walls extending from the inner surface of the shell of the second part, the two side walls being configured to grip the first resilient part and secure the first resilient element in said second part.

4. A clip according to claim 1, wherein an air filled cavity is formed between a bottom of the first resilient element and a bottom of the cavity at least when the first resilient element is in an un-compressed state, thereby allowing a resilient member to expand further into the cavity in response to a force exerted by the elongated member of the bracelet and/or necklace on the first gripping surface.

5. A clip according to claim 1, wherein the first resilient element has a third resilient part, the third resilient part protruding from the first gripping surface, the third resilient part having a third gripping surface for gripping a surface of the elongated member, whereby the clip may be releasably secured to parts of the elongated member having different widths.

6. A clip according to claim 5, wherein the first resilient element has a fourth resilient part, the fourth resilient part protruding from the first gripping surface, the fourth resilient part having a fourth gripping surface for gripping a surface of the elongated member.

7. A clip according to claim 1, wherein said clip further comprises a second resilient element arranged in said first part, the second resilient element comprising a second gripping surface for frictionally gripping a surface of the elongated member, wherein the first resilient element and the second resilient element allows said clip to be releasably secured at selected positions along the elongated member.

8. A clip according to claim 7, wherein the first part comprises a cavity extending in the radial direction, the second resilient element comprises a first resilient part arranged inside said cavity and a second resilient part arranged outside said cavity and extending in the radial direction from said cavity, wherein the cavity is configured to secure the second resilient element in said first part.

9. A clip according to claim 7, wherein the first part comprises a closing element for releasably securing the first and the second part to each other in said closed state of the clip, wherein the second gripping element is arranged on top of the closing element and at least partly secures the closing element to the first part.

10. A clip according to claim 7, wherein the width along the through hole axis of the first part of the second resilient element is larger than the width along the through hole axis of the second part of the second resilient element.

11. A clip according to claim 10, wherein the first part of the clip comprises two flanges extending along the through hole axis and being configured to grip the first part of the second resilient element and secure the second resilient element in said first part of the clip.

12. A clip according to claim 1, wherein the first part comprises a rigid second gripping surface for gripping a surface of the elongated member, and the first resilient element and the rigid second gripping surface allow said clip to be releasably secured at selected positions along the elongated member.

13. The clip of claim 1, wherein, when the clip is in the closed state, the first resilient element in both a relaxed or uncompressed state and in a compressed state is spaced apart from the first part.

14. The clip of claim 13, wherein, when the clip comprises a second resilient element, the first resilient element in both the relaxed or uncompressed state and in the compressed state is spaced apart from the second resilient element when the clip is in the closed state.

15. A bracelet or a necklace comprising: an elongated member; and a clip configured to be releasably secured at selected positions along at least a part of the elongated member, said clip in a closed state having a through hole allowing said clip to wreathe the elongated member of the bracelet or necklace, said through hole defining a through hole axis extending in an axial direction, with a radial direction extending radially from the axial direction, said clip comprising: a first part and a second part, the first and second parts being connected by a hinge; and a first resilient element arranged in said second part, the first resilient element comprising a first gripping surface for frictionally gripping a surface of the elongated member; wherein the second part comprises a cavity extending in the radial direction, the cavity extending in the axial direction between two side walls of the second part, the two side walls of the second part defining a portion of the through hole and being parallel to each other, the first resilient element comprising a first resilient part arranged inside said cavity and a second resilient part arranged outside said cavity and extending in the radial direction from said cavity into said through hole, wherein the cavity is configured to secure the first resilient element in said second part, and wherein the clip is configured to be movable along the elongated member, on which it is positioned by exerting a force in the axial direction.

16. The bracelet or necklace of claim 15, wherein, when the clip is in the closed state, the first resilient element in both a relaxed or uncompressed state and in a compressed state is spaced apart from the first part.

17. The bracelet or necklace of claim 16, wherein, when the clip comprises a second resilient element, the first resilient element in both the relaxed or uncompressed state and in the compressed state is spaced apart from the second resilient element when the clip is in the closed state.

18. A method for assembly of a clip, said clip in a closed state having a through hole allowing said clip to wreathe an elongated member of a bracelet and/or necklace, said through hole defining a through hole axis extending in an axial direction, with a radial direction extending radially from the axial direction, comprising: providing a first part and a second part of the clip, the first and second parts being connectable by a hinge, wherein the second part comprises a cavity extending in the radial direction, the cavity extending in the axial direction between two sides of the second part, the two sides of the second part defining a portion of the through hole; providing a first resilient element comprising a first gripping surface for frictionally gripping a surface of the elongated member, a first resilient part and a second resilient part; and inserting the first resilient element in the cavity of said second part so that the first resilient part is arranged inside said cavity and the second resilient part is arranged outside said cavity and extends in the radial direction from said cavity into said through hole, wherein the clip is configured to be movable along the elongated member, on which it is positioned by exerting a force in the axial direction.

19. The method of claim 18, wherein, when the clip is in the closed state, the first resilient element in both a relaxed or uncompressed state and in a compressed state is spaced apart from the first part.

20. The method of claim 19, wherein, when the clip comprises a second resilient element, the first resilient element in both the relaxed or uncompressed state and in the compressed state is spaced apart from the second resilient element when the clip is in the closed state.

Description

(1) The above and/or additional objects, features and advantages of the present invention will be further elucidated by the following illustrative and non-limiting detailed description of embodiments of the present invention, with reference to the appended drawings, wherein:

(2) FIGS. 1A-C show a clip according to a first embodiment of the present invention.

(3) FIGS. 2A-C show a first resilient element for a clip according to the first embodiment of the present invention.

(4) FIG. 3 shows an exploded view of a clip according to the first embodiment of the present invention.

(5) FIG. 4 shows a cross-section of a clip according to the first embodiment of the present invention.

(6) FIG. 5 shows a first part of a clip according to an embodiment of the invention.

(7) FIG. 6 shows a first part of a clip according to an embodiment of the invention.

(8) FIGS. 7A-C show a clip according to a second embodiment of the present invention.

(9) FIGS. 8A-E show a first resilient element for a clip according to the second embodiment of the present invention.

(10) FIG. 9 shows an exploded view of a clip according to the second embodiment of the present invention.

(11) FIG. 10 shows a cross-section of a clip according to the second embodiment of the present invention.

(12) FIG. 11 shows schematically a bracelet/necklace comprising one or more clips according an embodiment of the invention.

(13) FIGS. 12A-B show a clip according to a third embodiment of the present invention.

(14) FIGS. 13A-C show a second resilient element for a clip according to the third embodiment of the present invention.

(15) FIG. 14A shows an exploded view of a second part of a clip according to the third embodiment of the present invention.

(16) FIG. 14B shows an exploded view of a first part of a clip according to the third embodiment of the present invention.

(17) FIG. 14C shows a view of a second part of a clip according to the third embodiment of the present invention.

(18) FIG. 15 shows a cross-section of a clip according to the third embodiment of the present invention.

(19) In the following description, reference is made to the accompanying figures, which show by way of illustration how the invention may be practiced.

(20) FIGS. 1-5 show a clip 100 according to a first embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 1A-C show the clip 100 assembled, where FIG. 1A shows a side view, FIG. 1B shows a perspective view, and FIG. 1C shows a top view.

(21) FIGS. 2A-C show a first resilient element 150 of the clip 100, where FIG. 2A shows a bottom view, FIG. 2B shows a side view, and FIG. 2C shows a perspective view.

(22) FIG. 3 shows an exploded view of the clip 100.

(23) FIG. 4 shows a cross-section of the clip along the line A shown in FIG. 1C. FIG. 5A-B show perspective views of a first part of the clip 120, where FIG. 5A shows the first part 120 with a closing element 106 inserted, and FIG. 5B shows the first part 120 without the closing element. FIG. 5C shows the closing element.

(24) In the following reference will be made to FIGS. 1-5.

(25) The clip 100 is a clip for a bracelet and/or a necklace. The clip in a closed state (as shown in FIGS. 1 and 4) have a through hole 102 allowing the clip 100 to wreathe an elongated member (such as a chain) of a bracelet and/or necklace. The through hole 102 defining a through hole axis 103 extending in an axial direction, with a radial direction 104 extending radially from the axial direction. The clip 100 comprises a first part 120 and a second part 130, the first and second parts 120 130 being connected by a hinge 101. The clip 100 further comprise a first resilient element 150 arranged in the second part 130. The first resilient element 150 comprises a first gripping surface 151 for frictionally gripping a surface of the elongated member of a bracelet/necklace. The first resilient element 150 is spaced apart from the first part 120 i.e. the first resilient element 150 does not touch the first part 120. The first part 120 comprises two rigid gripping surfaces 121 122 for gripping a surface of the elongated member. In this embodiment two rigid gripping surfaces 121 122 are two ridges arranged at the first and second opening of the through hole 102 respectively. FIG. 6 shows an alternative design of the first element according to an embodiment of the present invention, where the first part 120 only is provided with a single rigid gripping surface 121.

(26) The first resilient element 150 and the rigid gripping surfaces 121 122 allows the clip to be releasably secured at selected positions along the elongated member i.e. the first resilient element 150 and the rigid gripping surfaces 121 together grips the elongated member and secures the clip to the elongated member.

(27) The clip may be forced to move along the elongated member, on which it is positioned by exerting a force in the axial direction, preferably using a hand.

(28) In this embodiment the through hole is circular and the clip 100 have a cylindrical shape.

(29) In this embodiment the two gripping surface 121 122 have a concave shape (in a plane being perpendicular to the through hole axis 103).

(30) The first gripping surface 151 is a smooth even surface.

(31) The through 102 hole may have a varying width (measured in planes being perpendicular to the through hole axis 103, i.e. the through hole is wider at a central part than at the first and second openings of the through hole 103.

(32) The second part 130 comprises a cavity 140 extending in the radial direction 104, the first resilient element 150 comprises a first resilient part 160 arranged inside the cavity 140 and a second resilient part 170 arranged outside the cavity 140 and extending in the radial direction 104 from the cavity 140. The cavity 140 being configured to secure the first resilient element 150 in the second part 130.

(33) Consequently, the first resilient element may be secured to the second part in an easy and secure manner. This further allows the first resilient element to be secured to the second part without the use of an adhesive, thereby protecting the user from coming into contact with potential harmful chemicals and increasing the aesthetic value of the ornamental component.

(34) The cavity 140 is shaped so as to grip the first resilient part 160 and secure the first resilient element 150 in the second part 130.

(35) The first resilient part 160 has a first outer surface 161 and the second resilient part 170 has a second outer surface 171, the first outer surface 161 and the second outer surface 171 extending at an angle with respect to each other.

(36) The second part comprises a shell 131 having an outer surface 132 and an inner surface 133, the cavity 140 comprises a first side wall 141 and a second side wall 142 extending from the inner surface of the shell 133 of the second part 130, the first and second side wall 141 142 being configured to grip the first resilient part 160 and secure the first resilient element 150 in the second part 130 of the clip 100.

(37) The first resilient element 150 has a height 152 extending in the radial direction and a width 172 162 along a reference axis being perpendicular to the radial direction and the through hole axis 103, where the maximum width 162 of the first resilient part 160 is larger than the maximum width 172 of the second resilient part 170.

(38) Thus the width of the first resilient part 16 and the shape/orientation of the first and second side walls 141 142 secures the first resilient element 150 to the second part 130.

(39) An air filled cavity 145 is formed between a bottom of the first resilient element 150 and a bottom of the cavity 140 at least when the first resilient element is in an un-compressed state, thereby allowing the resilient member 150 to expand further into the cavity 190 in response to a force exerted by an elongated member of a bracelet and/or necklace on the first gripping surface 451.

(40) This may reduce the stress induced on the first resilient element 150 during normal use. Furthermore, it may limit the expansion of the first resilient element 150 in a direction along the through hole axis 103, thereby both securing that the first resilient element 150 is kept within the protective first and second parts 120 130 of the clip 100 and prevent the first resilient element 150 from being twisted out of the cavity 140. The first part 120 comprises a closing element 106 for releasably securing the first and second part to each other in the closed state of the clip 100.

(41) The closing element 106 is arranged inside the clip 100, so that the clip encloses the closing element in said closed state of the clip.

(42) The closing element 106 is a leaf spring arranged inside the first part 120, a part of the leaf spring extending out of the first part 120 and in a closed state of the clip extending into the second part 130.

(43) The first part comprises a protruding member 108 for securing the closing element 106 to the first part 120, and the closing element 106 comprises an opening 109 for receiving the protruding member 108.

(44) FIGS. 7-10 show a clip 200 according to a second embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 7A-C show the clip 200 assembled, where FIG. 7A shows a side view, FIG. 7B shows a perspective view, and FIG. 7C shows a top view.

(45) FIGS. 8A-E show a first resilient element 250 of the clip 200, where FIG. 8A shows a top view, FIG. 8B shows a side view, and FIG. 8C-D show perspective views, and FIG. 8e shows a front view.

(46) FIG. 9 shows an exploded view of the clip 200.

(47) FIG. 10 shows a cross-section of the clip 200 along the line B shown in FIG. 7C.

(48) In the following reference will be made to FIGS. 7-10.

(49) The clip 200 is a clip for a bracelet and/or a necklace. The clip in a closed state (as shown in FIGS. 7 and 10) have a through hole 202 allowing the clip 200 to wreathe an elongated member (such as a chain) of a bracelet and/or necklace. The through hole 202 defining a through hole axis 203 extending in an axial direction, with a radial direction extending radially from the axial direction. The clip 200 comprises a first part 220 and a second part 230, the first and second parts 220 230 being connected by a hinge 201. The clip 200 further comprise a first resilient element 250 arranged in the second part 230. The first resilient element 250 comprises a first gripping surface 251 for frictionally gripping a surface of the elongated member of a bracelet/necklace. The first resilient element 250 is spaced apart from the first part 220 i.e. the first resilient element 250 does not touch first part 220. The first part 220 comprises two rigid gripping surfaces 221 222 for gripping a surface of the elongated member. In this embodiment two rigid gripping surfaces 221 222 are two ridges arranged at the first and second opening of the through hole 202 respectively. The clip 200 according to the second embodiment is generally similar to the clip 100 according to the first embodiment (disclosed in relation to FIGS. 1-5). There are however two main differences: the outer shape of the clip 200 (being spherical) and the design of the first resilient element 250.

(50) In this embodiment the first resilient element 250 has a third resilient part 280, the third resilient part 280 protruding from the first gripping surface 251, the third resilient part 280 having a third gripping surface 281 for gripping a surface of the elongated member. The first resilient element 250 has a fourth resilient part 290, the fourth resilient part 290 protruding from the gripping surface 251, the fourth resilient part 290 having a fourth gripping surface 282 for gripping a surface of the elongated member. By providing a first resilient element 250 having the third and fourth resilient parts 280 290 protruding from the first gripping surface 251, the clip 200 may be positioned on parts of the elongated member having different widths i.e. the first gripping surface 251 may enable the clip 200 to grip around parts of the elongated member having an extended width such as a band on the elongated member (as long as the length of the band is not larger than the distance 299 between the third resilient part 280 and the fourth resilient part 290), and the third and fourth gripping surface 281 282 may grip around the remaining parts of the elongated member. In this embodiment, the clip 200 comprises only one resilient element, i.e. the first resilient element. However, in other embodiments the clip 200 may comprise a second resilient element arranged in the first part 220 of the clip, where the second resilient element comprises a second gripping surface, and wherein the second resilient element has a third and fourth resilient part protruding from the second gripping surface, the third resilient part having a fifth gripping surface and the fourth resilient part having a sixth gripping surface, i.e. the second resilient element may have gripping surfaces corresponding to the gripping surfaces 251 281 282 of the first resilient element.

(51) FIG. 11 shows schematically a bracelet/necklace 300 comprising an elongated member 301 and one or more clips 304-307 according to an embodiment of the present invention. The elongated member 301 comprises two bands 302 303 having an extended width compared with the width of the remaining parts of the elongated member 301. The clips 304-307 are only shown schematically. The clip disclosed in relation to FIGS. 1-5 may be secured to the elongated member only at the bands 302 303 or only at the remaining parts of the elongated member (unless the width of the bands only is slightly extended). Preferably, the clip disclosed in relation to FIGS. 1-5 is configured to be secured to the remaining parts of the elongated member. However, the clip disclosed in relation to FIGS. 7-10 may be secured to the elongated member both at the bands 302 303 and at the remaining parts of the elongated member as a result of the three gripping surfaces 251 281 282.

(52) FIGS. 12-15 show a clip 400 according to a third embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 12A-b show the clip 400 assembled, where FIG. 12A shows a side view and FIG. 12B shows a top view.

(53) FIGS. 13A-C show a second resilient element 495 of the clip 400, where FIG. 13A shows a perspective view, FIG. 13B shows a top view, and FIG. 13C shows a side view.

(54) FIG. 14A shows an exploded view of a second part 430 of the clip 400, FIG. 14B shows an exploded view of a first part 420 of the clip 400, and FIG. 14C shows a perspective view of the second part 430 of the clip 400.

(55) FIG. 15 shows a cross-section of the clip 400 along the line A shown in FIG. 12B.

(56) In the following reference will be made to FIGS. 12-15.

(57) The clip 400 is a clip for a bracelet and/or a necklace. The clip in a closed state (as shown in FIGS. 12 and 15) have a through hole 402 allowing the clip 400 to wreathe an elongated member (such as a chain) of a bracelet and/or necklace. The through hole 402 defining a through hole axis 403 extending in an axial direction, with a radial direction 404 extending radially from the axial direction. The clip 400 comprises a first part 420 and a second part 430, the first and second parts 420 430 being connected by a hinge 401. The clip 400 further comprise a first resilient element 450 arranged in the second part 130 and a second resilient element 495 arranged in the first part 420. The first resilient element 450 comprises a first gripping surface 451 and the second resilient element 495 comprises a second gripping surface 496 for frictionally gripping a surface of the elongated member of a bracelet/necklace. The first resilient element 450 is spaced apart from the first part 420 i.e. the first resilient element 450 does not touch the first part 420. The first resilient element 450 and the second resilient element allows said clip to be releasably secured at selected positions along the elongated member i.e. the first resilient element 450 and the second resilient element 495 together grips the elongated member and secures the clip 400 to the elongated member.

(58) The clip may be forced to move along the elongated member, on which it is positioned by exerting a force in the axial direction, preferably using a hand.

(59) In this embodiment the through hole is circular and the clip 400 have a cylindrical shape.

(60) The first and second gripping surfaces 451 496 are smooth even surfaces.

(61) The second part 430 comprises a cavity 440 extending in the radial direction 404, the first resilient element 450 comprises a first resilient part 460 arranged inside the cavity 440 and a second resilient part 470 arranged outside the cavity 440 and extending in the radial direction 104 from the cavity 140 into the through hole 402. The cavity 440 is configured to secure the first resilient element 450 in the second part 430.

(62) Consequently, the first resilient element may be secured to the second part in an easy and secure manner. This further allows the first resilient element to be secured to the second part without the use of an adhesive, thereby protecting the user from coming into contact with potential harmful chemicals and increasing the aesthetic value of the ornamental component.

(63) The cavity 440 is shaped so as to grip the first resilient part 460 and secure the first resilient element 450 in the second part 430.

(64) The first resilient part 460 has a first outer surface 461 and the second resilient part 470 has a second outer surface 471, the first outer surface 461 and the second outer surface 471 extending at an angle with respect to each other.

(65) The second part comprises a shell 431 having an outer surface 432 and an inner surface 433, the cavity 440 comprises a first side wall 441 and a second side wall 442 extending from the inner surface of the shell 433 of the second part 430, the first and second side wall 441 442 being configured to grip the first resilient part 460 and secure the first resilient element 450 in the second part 430 of the clip 400.

(66) An air filled cavity 445 is formed between a bottom of the first resilient element 450 and a bottom of the cavity 440 at least when the first resilient element is in an un-compressed state, thereby allowing the resilient member 450 to expand further into the cavity 490 in response to a force exerted by an elongated member of a bracelet and/or necklace on the first gripping surface 451.

(67) This may reduce the stress induced on the first resilient element 450 during normal use. Furthermore, it may limit the expansion of the first resilient element 450 in a direction along the through hole axis 403, thereby both securing that the first resilient element 450 is kept within the protective first and second parts 420 430 of the clip 400 and prevent the first resilient element 450 from being twisted out of the cavity 440.

(68) The first part 420 comprises a cavity 443 extending in the radial direction 404, the second resilient element 495 comprises a first resilient part 498 arranged inside said cavity and a second resilient part 497 arranged outside the cavity 443 and extending in the radial direction 404 from the cavity 443. The cavity 443 is configured to secure the second resilient element 495 in the first part 420.

(69) The cavity 443 is shaped so as to grip the first resilient part 498 and secure the second resilient element 495 in the first part 420.

(70) An air filled cavity 499 is formed between a bottom of the second resilient element 495 and the bottom of the cavity 443 at least when the second resilient element 495 is in an un-compressed state. This allows the second resilient element 495 to expand further into the cavity 443 in response to a force exerted by an elongated member of a bracelet and/or necklace on the second gripping surface 496.

(71) This may reduce the stress induced on the second resilient element during normal use.

(72) The width 474 along the through hole axis 403 of the first part 498 of the second resilient element 495 is larger than the width 473 along the through hole axis 403 of the second part 497 of the second resilient element 495.

(73) The first part 420 of the clip comprises two flanges 423 424 extending along the through hole axis 403 and being configured to grip the first part 498 of the second resilient element 495 and secure the second resilient element 495 in the first part 420 of the clip 400.

(74) Consequently, the second resilient element 495 may effectively be secured to the first part 420 of the clip 400, while still providing room for arranging a closing element in the first part 420 of the clip 400.

(75) The first part 420 comprises a closing element 406 for releasably securing the first 420 and the second part 430 to each other in the closed state of the clip 400. The second gripping element 495 is arranged on top of the closing element 406 and at least partly secures the closing element 406 to the first part 420.

(76) The closing element 406 is a leaf spring arranged inside the first part 420, a part of the leaf spring extending out of the first part 420 and in a closed state of the clip extending into the second part 430.

(77) Although some embodiments have been described and shown in detail, the invention is not restricted to them, but may also be embodied in other ways within the scope of the subject matter defined in the following claims. In particular, it is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilised and structural and functional modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention.

(78) In device claims enumerating several means, several of these means can be embodied by one and the same item of hardware. The mere fact that certain measures are recited in mutually different dependent claims or described in different embodiments does not indicate that a combination of these measures cannot be used to advantage.

(79) It should be emphasized that the term comprises/comprising when used in this specification is taken to specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps or components but does not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, components or groups thereof.