Abstract
The invention is a roofing underlayment for solar shingles that includes a water-impervious membrane adapted to be attached to a roof. The underlayment also includes a mechanical attachment member having a mechanical first portion embedded within the membrane and having a mechanical second portion extending above the membrane, wherein the mechanical second portion of the mechanical attachment member is configured to mechanically attach a solar shingle to the roof. The underlayment also includes an electrical conductor having an electrical first portion of which is embedded within the membrane, having an electrical second portion which is configured to electrically connect to a solar shingle, and having an electrical third portion which is configured to electrically connect to an electrical circuit. An air gap area is also provided that allows for air flow below the solar shingles. The air gap area comprises an area between a bottom surface of the solar shingles and a top surface of the membrane.
Claims
1. A roofing underlayment for solar shingles comprising: a water-impervious membrane adapted to be attached to a roof; a mechanical attachment member having a mechanical first portion embedded within the membrane and having a second portion extending above the membrane, wherein the second portion of the mechanical attachment member is configured to mechanically attach solar shingles to the roof; and an electrical conductor having an electrical first portion of which is embedded within the membrane, having an electrical second portion which is configured to electrically connect to solar shingles, and having an electrical third portion which is configured to electrically connect to an electrical circuit; an air gap area that allows for air flow below solar shingles; and wherein the air gap area comprises an area between a bottom surface of solar shingles and a top surface of the membrane.
2. The invention of claim 1 wherein the mechanical attachment member runs substantially the length of the membrane and has multiple portions embedded within the membrane and multiple portions extending above the membrane for attaching multiple solar shingles.
3. The invention of claim 2 wherein the electrical conductor has multiple electrical portions configured to electrically connect multiple solar shingles.
4. The invention of claim 3, wherein the membrane further comprises a raised area for connecting the multiple electrical portions to the multiple solar shingles.
5. The invention of claim 2 wherein the multiple portions extending above the membrane are mechanically configured for receiving attachment members on multiple solar shingles.
6. The invention of claim 5 wherein the attachment members on the multiple solar shingles comprise electrical connection features.
7. The invention of claim 2 comprising at least a second mechanical attachment member that runs substantially the length of the membrane and parallel to the mechanical attachment member and at least a second electrical conductor that runs parallel to the electrical conductor.
8. The invention of claim 1 wherein the mechanical second portion of the mechanical attachment member and the electrical second portion of the electrical conductor are in proximity and configured so that mechanical attachment and electrical connection of the solar shingle happen simultaneously.
9. The invention of claim 1, wherein the electrical third portion of the electrical conductor comprises an insulated cable with a plug-in electrical connector for connecting to the electrical circuit.
10. The invention of claim 9 wherein the electrical third portion of the electrical conductor comprises a second plug-in electrical connector for connecting to the electrical second portion of the electrical conductor.
11. The invention of claim 1 wherein the membrane is adapted to be attached to a roof by adhesive.
12. The invention of claim 11 wherein the adhesive is a pressure-sensitive adhesive protected by a peelable layer prior to attachment to the roof.
13. The invention of claim 1, wherein the membrane has a corrugated shape creating the air gap allowing air flow.
14. The invention of claim 13, wherein the channels comprise pipes.
15. The invention of claim 1, wherein the air gap area comprises channels that run from one side of the membrane to the opposite side.
16. A roofing underlayment for solar shingles comprising: a water-impervious membrane adapted to be attached to a roof by adhesive; a mechanical attachment member running substantially the length of the membrane and have multiple alternating embedded portions within the membrane and extending portions extending above the membrane, wherein the extending portions each are configured for mechanically attaching solar shingles to the roof; an electrical conductor running substantially the length of the membrane and having at least a first embedded portion embedded within the membrane, having multiple connecting portions extending above the membrane configured to electrically connect to solar shingles, and having a third portion configured to plug in and electrically connect to an electrical circuit; wherein the connection portions and the electrical extending portions are positioned and configured so that solar shingles are mechanically attached and electrically connected simultaneously and without creating holes through the membrane; and an air gap area that allows for air flow below solar shingles; and wherein the air gap area comprises an area between a bottom surface of solar shingles and a top surface of the membrane.
17. The invention of claim 16, further comprising at least a second mechanical attachment member of similar construction and running parallel to the mechanical attachment member and at least a second electrical conductor of substantially the same construction and running parallel to the electrical conductor.
18. The invention of claim 16, wherein the multiple portions extending above the membrane are mechanically configured for receiving attachment members on multiple solar shingles.
19. The invention of claim 16, wherein the membrane is adapted to be attached to a roof by adhesive.
20. The invention of claim 16, wherein the membrane further comprises a raised area for connecting the multiple electrical extending portions to the multiple solar shingles.
Description
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
(1) The following drawings are provided to illustrate certain embodiments described herein. The drawings are merely illustrative and are not intended to limit the scope of claimed inventions and are not intended to show every potential feature or embodiment of the claimed inventions. The drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale; in some instances, certain elements of the drawing may be enlarged with respect to other elements of the drawing for purposes of illustration.
(2) FIG. 1A is a top view of three PV modules before they are connected together.
(3) FIG. 1B is a top view of three vertical PV modules that are connected together.
(4) FIG. 1C is a top view of three horizontal PV modules that are connected together.
(5) FIG. 1D is an isometric view of a solar shingle, according to one example embodiment.
(6) FIG. 1E is an isometric view of a solar shingle showing air-flow below the shingle.
(7) FIG. 1F is an side view of a solar shingle showing an air-gap area below the shingle.
(8) FIG. 2A is an isometric view of a two adjacent shingles not connected together, according to one embodiment.
(9) FIG. 2B is an isometric view of a two adjacent shingles 110 connected together, according to one embodiment.
(10) FIG. 2C is a cross section of a PV module showing the internal components.
(11) FIG. 3A is a top view of a PV module showing the internal components.
(12) FIG. 3B is a top view of a PV module showing the overlap area for interfacing with an adjacent PV module.
(13) FIG. 3C is a cross section view showing the connection of two adjacent shingles, according to one embodiment.
(14) FIG. 4A is a top view of two PV modules prior to being connected.
(15) FIG. 4B is a top view of two PV modules that are connected.
(16) FIG. 4C is a side view of two PV modules prior to being connected.
(17) FIG. 4D is a side view of two PV modules that are connected together.
(18) FIG. 4E is an isometric view of the roof facing bottom side of a shingle showing the adhesive and the protective backing material being removed, according to one embodiment.
(19) FIG. 5 is an isometric view of a roof showing the components of the electrical interconnection system, according to one embodiment.
(20) FIG. 6 is a section view of the electrical interconnection system showing the roof underlayment connecting to the membrane forming a seal, according to one embodiment.
(21) FIG. 7 is a large-scale section view of the interface between the membrane and solar shingle, according to one embodiment.
(22) FIG. 8A is an isometric view of a short solar shingle showing the electrical contacts that interface with adjacent solar shingles, according to one embodiment.
(23) FIG. 8B is an isometric view of a short module stacked on top of and adhesively connected to a large module, according to one embodiment.
(24) FIG. 9 is an isometric view showing a series of solar shingles of various sizes connected to the electrical interconnection system, according to one embodiment.
(25) FIG. 10 is an isometric view of a series of shingles on a portion of a roof deck, according to one embodiment.
(26) FIG. 11 is an isometric view of a series of shingles on a portion of a roof deck, according to another embodiment.
(27) FIG. 12 is an isometric view of a series of shingles on a portion of a roof deck, according to one embodiment.
(28) FIG. 13A is a side view of a cross section of a roofing system showing air gap area.
(29) FIG. 13B is an overhead view of two solar shingles with air flow behind the backside of the shingles.
(30) FIG. 13C is a side view of a mechanical attachment member.
(31) FIG. 13D is a side view of a mechanical attachment member with electrical connections.
(32) FIG. 14 is an isometric view of a building with roof with membrane.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
(33) The following description recites various aspects and embodiments of the inventions disclosed herein. No particular embodiment is intended to define the scope of the invention. Rather, the embodiments provide non-limiting examples of various compositions, and methods that are included within the scope of the claimed inventions. The description is to be read from the perspective of one of ordinary skill in the art. Therefore, information that is well known to the ordinarily skilled artisan is not necessarily included.
(34) Reference throughout this specification to one embodiment, an embodiment, or similar language means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment. Thus, appearances of the phrases in one embodiment, in an embodiment, and similar language throughout this specification may, but do not necessarily, all refer to the same embodiment, but mean one or more but not all embodiments unless expressly specified otherwise. The terms including, comprising, having, and variations thereof mean including but not limited to unless expressly specified otherwise. An enumerated listing of items does not imply that any or all of the items are mutually exclusive and/or mutually inclusive, unless expressly specified otherwise. The terms a, an, and the also refer to one or more unless expressly specified otherwise.
DEFINITIONS
(35) The following terms and phrases have the meanings indicated below, unless otherwise provided herein. This disclosure may employ other terms and phrases not expressly defined herein. Such other terms and phrases shall have the meanings that they would possess within the context of this disclosure to those of ordinary skill in the art. In some instances, a term or phrase may be defined in the singular or plural. In such instances, it is understood that any term in the singular may include its plural counterpart and vice versa, unless expressly indicated to the contrary.
(36) As used herein, the singular forms a, an, and the include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. For example, reference to a substituent encompasses a single substituent as well as two or more substituents, and the like.
(37) As used herein, for example, for instance, such as, or including are meant to introduce examples that further clarify more general subject matter. Unless otherwise expressly indicated, such examples are provided only as an aid for understanding embodiments illustrated in the present disclosure and are not meant to be limiting in any fashion. Nor do these phrases indicate any kind of preference for the disclosed embodiment.
(38) Solar shingles and shingles as referred to throughout this document may refer to an electrical module that produces energy, collects energy, produces power, transmits power, conducts electricity, communicates energy, converts energy from one form to another, and combinations of one or more of the foregoing. Solar Shingles in a preferred embodiment, also refer to Photovoltaic (PV) electrical modules that collect solar energy from the sun and convert it to electrical energy. In a preferred embodiment, the solar shingles also provide protection from the environment (wind, rain and other wind-blown materials or other elements), in that they act as actual roof shingles.
(39) In summary, the key advantages posited for the present system include a system that:
(40) incorporates the parallel wiring into each individual module,
(41) allows the modules to be directly connected together without the need for additional interconnecting wiring,
(42) has embedded wiring which allows the modules to be arranged in any configuration, with pairs of module connectors on all four sides of the module,
(43) incorporates the control electronics inside each module,
(44) can be directly attached to a smooth surface area without any other separate support structure.
(45) provides an electrically insulated and environmentally protected pathway from the solar shingles to the electrical devices being served or to an electrical service panel;
(46) provides a protected connection between the shingles and the electrical conductors and wiring connecting the shingles to electrical loads or panel;
(47) provides a mechanical connection of the shingles to the membrane;
(48) provides a structural attachment of the membrane to the roof structure;
(49) allows multiple shingles or rows of interconnected shingles to be connected to this electrical interconnection system;
(50) Provides an air gap area between the shingles and the membrane for air flow;
(51) simplifies installation by providing a peel and stick adhesive system that allows the attachment of the membrane to a roof or other building structure; and
(52) further simplifies the installation by making the electrical connection of the shingles to the electrical interconnection system by a simple plug-in connection.
(53) Referring to the drawings, FIG. 1A is an illustration of one example of the PV modular system comprising three PV modules. The drawing 100 shows a top view of three PV modules before they are connected together. The module connectors 102 on the top of the PV module are designed to connect to the module connectors 104 on the bottom of an adjacent PV module. Each PV module 106 is fully functional without any other modules connected to it.
(54) FIG. 1B illustrates how three vertical PV modules are connected. PV module 106 is connected to two additional PV modules. The secondary PV module 108 overlaps the PV module 106 and the electrical connection at the interface is made by the contact of top module connector 102 of PV module 106 with bottom module connector 104 of PV module 108. The third PV module 110 is connected in the same manner. These connections make the embedded parallel wiring continuous across all three connected PV modules, allowing the current to flow from all productive PV modules to provide power the connected electrical components.
(55) FIG. 1C illustrates how three horizontal PV modules are connected. A PV module 106 is connected to two additional PV modules. The secondary PV module 108 overlaps the PV module 106 and the electrical connection at the interface is made by the contact of top module connector 102 of PV module 106 with bottom module connector 104 of PV module 108. The third PV module 110 is connected in the same manner. These connections make the embedded parallel wiring continuous across all three connected PV modules, allowing the current to flow from all productive PV modules to provide power the connected electrical components.
(56) FIG. 1D is an isometric view of a solar shingle, according to one example embodiment. Electrical contacts 130 connect solar shingle 110 to an adjacent solar shingle. Contacts 132 connect the solar shingle to an adjacent solar shingle or to an electrical circuit embedded in a membrane. Channel 120 provides a connection trough for the adhesive attachment of adjacent solar shingle, and provides a channel for water to be drawn down and away from the electrical contact area. Protruding edge 116 interlocks with receiving edge of an adjacent solar shingle. In a similar fashion, receiving edge 118 interlocks with a protruding edge of an adjacent solar shingle. Photovoltaic module surface area 126 is also shown. Channel 122 is shown running from a location at least 1 from a top edge of the solar shingle and extending to a bottom edge of the solar shingle. The base of the channel 122 ramps down to the bottom edge of the solar shingle to allow water to be drawn down and away from the face of the shingle. This channel is superior to the standard configuration of 3 tab shingles because there is a base material providing a continuous structure between the tabs.
(57) In another embodiment, Channel 120 provides a connection trough for the adhesive attachment of adjacent shingle, and provides a channel for water to be drawn down and away from the attachment area. Protruding edge 116 interlocks with receiving edge of an adjacent shingle. In a similar fashion, receiving edge 118 interlocks with a protruding edge of an adjacent shingle. Shingle surface area 126 is also shown. Channel 122 is shown running from a location at least 1 from a top edge of the shingle and extending to a bottom edge of the shingle. The base of the channel 122 ramps down to the bottom edge of the solar shingle to allow water to be drawn down and away from the face of the shingle. This channel is superior to the standard configuration of 3 tab shingles because there is a base material providing a continuous structure between the tabs.
(58) In certain embodiments, inverter 134, control electronics 136, and power management device 138 may be integrated within each solar shingle as shown. The power management device 138 may comprise a charging system for energy storage devices and may also comprise power distribution management devices such as relays and transistors. Control electronics 136 may comprise processors, non-volatile memory, software, hardware and firmware that connect to sensors or other control input devices and components to manage and control the power flow and track system performance. The control electronics may further comprise a database in the memory that records and analyzes all data from the system to determine optimal settings for performance of the system. A model may be built and stored in memory based on the historic data to predict future performance.
(59) FIG. 1E is an isometric view of a solar shingle showing air-flow below the shingle. Cool air 140 enters below the bottom edge of the shingle 110 and is drawn up to the upper edge by the natural convection of the heat produced by the solar shingle 110, and heated air 142 exits below the upper edge of shingle 110. Photovoltaic module surface area 126 along with channel 122.
(60) FIG. 1F is a side view of a solar shingle showing an air-gap area below the shingle. Air-gap area 150 is shown below the shingle. The lower points at the bottom of channel 122 that come in contact with a roof surface may be adhesively attached to the roof by adhesive 160.
(61) FIG. 2A is an isometric view of a two adjacent shingles not connected together. Two adjacent shingles 110 are shown before connection. Protruding edge 116 is shaped to conform to adjacent receiving edge 118. In another embodiment, shingles 110 are solar shingles with contacts 130 and 132 for connection to adjacent solar shingles.
(62) FIG. 2B is an isometric view of a two adjacent shingles 110 connected together. Overlap area 205 is shown where the two adjacent shingles 110 are adhesively connected together, creating channel 210. In another embodiment, shingles 110 are solar shingles with contacts 130 and 132 for connection to adjacent solar shingles.
(63) FIG. 2C is a cross section of a PV module showing the internal components. Photovoltaic cells 202 are arranged at the top of the PV module facing up and interconnected electrically. Module connectors 102 are mounted on the top of the PV module. Module connectors 104 are mounted on the bottom of the PV module. Embedded parallel wiring 204 connects to modular connectors 102 and module connectors 104, to photovoltaic cells 202 and to control electronics 206. The encapsulation material 208 completely encapsulates all of the components, integrating them into one complete encapsulated assembly.
(64) FIG. 3A is a top view of a PV module showing the internal components. Photovoltaic cells 202 are arranged at the top of the PV module facing up and interconnected electrically. Module connectors 102 are mounted on the top of the PV module. Module connectors 104 are mounted on the bottom of the PV module. Embedded parallel wiring 204 connects to modular connectors 102 and module connectors 104 and to the interconnected photovoltaic cells 202 and to control electronics 206.
(65) FIG. 3B is a top view of a PV module 106 showing the overlap area for interfacing with an adjacent PV module. The active solar area 302 of the PV module consists of the photovoltaic cells. The outer perimeter 304 of the PV module can be overlapped by adjacent PV modules without covering the active solar area 302.
(66) FIG. 3C is a cross section view showing the connection of two adjacent shingles. Overlap area 205 is shown where the two adjacent shingles are adhesively connected together. Protruding edge 116 is shaped to conform to adjacent receiving edge 118. Contacts 132 electrically connect to contacts 130 providing a pathway for current to flow from one solar shingle to another. Channel 210 allows for water to be drawn down and away from the contact area. The convex shape of the channel interface with contacts 130 embedded therein is at a higher elevation than the base of channel 210, preventing water from penetrating up into the contact area. Additionally, the adhesive between the two solar shingle surfaces within overlap area 205 further protects from water intrusion.
(67) FIG. 4A is a top view of two PV modules prior to being connected. PV module 106 is designed to fit with adjacent PV module 108 and is shown with positive 402 and negative 404 modular connectors. The embedded parallel wiring 204 connects to the interconnected photovoltaic cells 202 and extends the circuiting from PV module 106 to PV module 108 via the control electronics 206.
(68) FIG. 4B is a top view of PV modules that are connected. PV module 106 is overlapping adjacent PV module 108 and is showing the positive 402 and negative 404 modular connectors connected together. The embedded parallel wiring 204 connects to the interconnected photovoltaic cells 202 and extends the circuiting from PV module 106 to PV module 108 via the control electronics 206.
(69) FIG. 4C is a side view of two PV modules prior to being connected. PV module 106 is designed to fit with adjacent PV module 108 and is shown with top modular connectors 102 and bottom modular connectors 104.
(70) FIG. 4D is a side view of two PV modules that are connected together. PV module 106 is overlapping adjacent PV module 108 and is shown with top modular connectors 102 and bottom modular connectors 104.
(71) FIG. 4E is an isometric view of the roof facing bottom side of a shingle 110 showing the adhesive 405, and the protective backing material 410 being removed.
(72) FIG. 5 is an isometric view of a roof showing the components of the electrical interconnection system. The membrane 502 is shown on one side of a roof 501 and extends from the top of the roof down to the bottom of the roof. The membrane 502 is cut to fit the length of the roof and is sealed 580 with an electrically insulating and waterproof sealant. Rows of solar shingles 520, 522, 524 and 526 are shown installed on top of roofing underlayment 507. Electrical contacts 560 are shown that connect solar shingles to adjacent solar shingles. Electrical contacts 510 and 550 are on a bottom side of the solar shingles and are electrically and environmentally protected, both by the adhesive and also by the solar shingles overlapping the contact area. Contacts 521, 523, 525 and 527 are shown connecting shingle rows 520, 522, 524 and 526 to the membrane interface area 504.
(73) Power distribution system 506 provides electrical and mechanical connection of the solar shingles. Interconnecting conductors 532, distribute the power of a group of solar shingles to the power distribution system 506. Power from all connected solar shingles is then extended via the power distribution system 506 to a power distribution panel or other powered devices and systems via home run 534.
(74) FIG. 6 is a section view of the electrical interconnection system showing the roof underlayment 507 connecting to the membrane 502 forming a seal. Insulation 601 is shown protecting electrical conductors 605. The electrical conductors 605 connect to contacts 132 in the solar shingle 110.
(75) FIG. 7 is a large-scale section view of the interface between the membrane 502 and electrical module 110. Electrical wiring 720 is shown penetrating through the insulation 601, and connecting to the electrical conductors 605. Contacts 132 inside the solar shingle 110 are electrically connected by an electrically conductive material 705 to a conductive surface of the electrical conductors 605 as shown. Electrically insulating adhesive 715 connects the solar shingle 110 to the membrane 502 and holds this connection in place providing an electrical pathway from the module to the electrical interconnection system.
(76) FIG. 8A is an isometric view of a short solar shingle 804 showing the electrical contacts 560 that interface with adjacent solar shingles. The contacts 550 connect to either the membrane or to an adjacent solar shingle.
(77) FIG. 8B is an isometric view of a short module 804 stacked on top of and adhesively connected to a large module 808. Contacts 560 are shown which provide an electrical interface for adjacent solar shingles. The solar shingles are adhesively attached to the roof underlayment 507 and membrane 502. Solar shingle electrical contacts 550 are connected to the membrane conductors as shown.
(78) FIG. 9 is an isometric view showing a series of solar shingles of various sizes connected to the electrical interconnection system. Small solar shingle 902 is stacked on top of medium solar shingle 904 which is on top of a larger solar shingle 804, which is then on top of a full-sized solar shingle 808. Contacts 130 are shown which provide an electrical interface for adjacent solar shingles. The solar shingles are adhesively attached to the membrane 502 and roof underlayment 507 as shown.
(79) FIG. 10 is an isometric view of a series of shingles on a portion of a roof deck. Full size solar shingle 1015 is connected to congruent shingle 1020 on the base row which is then connected to partial congruent shingle 1025. Partial congruent shingle 1025 has been cut along line 1031 to accommodate roof valley or other roof obstruction. Combination shingles 1010 are also shown with a portion of the shingle being solar photovoltaic. Other congruent shingles 1025 are shown that have been cut to allow for the roof obstruction as shown.
(80) FIG. 11 is an isometric view of a series of shingles on a portion of a roof deck. Full-size solar shingle 1015 is connected to full-size congruent shingle 1020 on the base row which is then connected to partial congruent shingle 1025. Partial congruent shingles 1025 are cut along line 1031 to allow for the roof obstruction as shown.
(81) FIG. 12 is an isometric view of a series of shingles on a portion of a roof deck. Full size solar shingles 1210 are comprised of an amorphous silicon composition. Partial solar shingles 1215 along the cut line 1031 are still functional (producing a lower electrical current) after they have been cut to accommodate roof obstructions.
(82) FIG. 13A is a side view of a cross section of a roofing system showing air gap area. Air gap areas 1310 and 1312 allow for air flow 1341 below the solar shingles. The air gap area may be an area between a bottom surface 1332 of the solar shingle 110 and a top surface 1330 of the membrane. In this embodiment, the air gap area 1310 comprises channels 1324 that run from one side of the membrane to the opposite side. The channels may comprise pipes 1320.
(83) FIG. 13B is an overhead view of two solar shingles with air flow behind the backside of the shingles. Mechanical second portion 1345 maintains air gap area below solar shingles 110 which allows for air flow 1341 below the solar shingles 110.
(84) FIG. 13C is a side view of a mechanical attachment member. This embodiment shows a mechanical attachment member having a mechanical first portion 1344 embedded within the membrane 502 and having a mechanical second portion 1345 extending above the membrane 502, wherein the mechanical second portion 1345 of the mechanical attachment member is configured to mechanically attach 1346 a solar shingle 1348 to the roof 501.
(85) FIG. 13D is a side view of a mechanical attachment member with electrical connections. This embodiment shows an electrical first portion 1350 of which is embedded within the membrane 502, having an electrical second portion 1352 which is configured to electrically connect 1370, 1372 to a solar shingle 110, and having an electrical third portion 1354 which is configured to electrically connect 1382, 1384 to an electrical circuit 1380.
(86) FIG. 14 is an isometric view of a building with roof with membrane. Building 1410 is shown with roof 501. Mechanical attachment member 1420 running substantially the length of the membrane 502 from 1412 to 1414 and having multiple alternating embedded portions 1344 within the membrane 502 and extending portions 1345 extending above the membrane, wherein the extending portions 1345 each are mechanically configured for attaching a solar shingle to the roof 501. Air 1440 enters bottom 1460 of channels 1324 and exits 1442 at top of channels 1462. Electrical first portion 1350 is embedded within the membrane 502 and has an electrical third portion 1354 which is configured to electrically connect 1382 to an electrical circuit 1380.
(87) The described embodiments are to be considered in all respects only as illustrative and not restrictive. The scope of the invention is, therefore, indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description. All changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within their scope.
(88) All patents and published patent applications referred to herein are incorporated herein by reference. The invention has been described with reference to various specific and preferred embodiments and techniques. Nevertheless, it is understood that many variations and modifications may be made while remaining within the spirit and scope of the invention.
