ACOUSTICAL SOUND PROOFING MATERIAL FOR ARCHITECTURAL RETROFIT APPLICATIONS AND METHODS FOR MANUFACTURING SAME

Abstract

A laminated structure for use in retrofit building construction (partition, wall, ceiling, floor or door) that exhibits improved acoustical sound proofing characteristics while being optimized for efficient installation. The laminated structure includes a panel with at least one layer of viscoelastic glue, or fire-10 resistant, viscoelastic glue, which functions both as a glue and an energy dissipating layer. In one embodiment, the laminated structure to be attached to an existing wall in some embodiments includes standard paper-faced gypsum board. In another embodiment the to-be-applied laminated structure includes a cement-based board, and in yet another embodiment the to-be-applied laminated 15 structure includes a cellulose-based board. Once the laminated structure is installed on an existing wall or other partition, the resulting structure greatly attenuates transmitted noise and minimizes the labor required for installation and finishing.

Claims

1. A method for manufacturing a laminated, sound-attenuating structure comprising: providing a first cement-based board, the first cement-based board having first and second surfaces; applying a layer of viscoelastic glue to the first surface; and applying a release layer to the single layer of viscoelastic glue.

2. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: removing the release layer from the single layer of viscoelastic glue; and attaching the same single layer of viscoelastic glue to a second cement-based board after removing the release layer from the single layer of viscoelastic glue.

3. The method according to claim 1, wherein applying a layer of viscoelastic glue to the first surface comprises: applying the layer of viscoelastic glue to provide continuous coverage of the first surface.

4. The method according to claim 1, wherein applying a layer of viscoelastic glue to the first surface comprises: applying the layer of viscoelastic glue to less than all of an area of the first surface.

5. The method according to claim 1, wherein applying a layer of viscoelastic glue comprises: applying the layer of viscoelastic glue in strips.

6. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: flowing a gas over a surface of the layer of viscoelastic glue prior to applying the release layer to the single layer of viscoelastic glue.

7. The method according to claim 6, wherein the gas is comprised of air or dry nitrogen.

8. The method according to claim 1, further comprising applying pressure to the combined gypsum panel, viscoelastic glue and the release layer.

9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the first cement-based board is calcium silicate board, magnesium oxide-based board, or phosphate-based board.

10. The method according to claim 1, wherein applying a layer of viscoelastic glue to the first surface comprises: applying a layer of fire-resistant, viscoelastic glue to the first surface.

11. The method according to claim 10, wherein applying a layer of fire-resistant viscoelastic glue to the first surface comprises: applying the layer of viscoelastic glue to provide continuous coverage of the first surface.

12. The method according to claim 10, wherein applying a layer of fire-resistant, viscoelastic glue to the first surface comprises: applying the layer of viscoelastic glue to less than all of an area of the first surface.

13. The method according to claim 10, wherein applying a layer of fire-resistant viscoelastic glue comprises: applying the layer in strips.

14. The method according to claim 10, further comprising: flowing a gas over a surface of the layer of fire-resistant, viscoelastic glue prior to applying the release layer to the single layer of viscoelastic glue.

15. A laminated, sound-attenuating structure comprising: a first cement-based board, the first cement-based board having first and second surfaces; a layer of viscoelastic glue applied to the first surface; and a release layer applied to the single layer of viscoelastic glue.

16. The laminated, sound-attenuating structure according to claim 15, wherein: the layer of viscoelastic glue is applied to provide continuous coverage of the first surface.

17. The laminated, sound-attenuating structure according to claim 15, wherein: the layer of viscoelastic glue is applied to less than all of an area of the first surface.

18. The laminated, sound-attenuating structure according to claim 15, wherein: the layer of viscoelastic glue is applied in strips.

19. The laminated, sound-attenuating structure according to claim 15, wherein the first cement-based board is calcium silicate board, magnesium oxide-based board, or phosphate-based board.

20. The laminated, sound-attenuating structure according to claim 15, wherein: the viscoelastic glue is fire-resistant.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0011] This invention will be more fully understood in light of the following detailed description.

[0012] FIG. 1 shows a first embodiment of a laminated structure fabricated in accordance with this invention for reducing the transmission of sound through the material while providing for very low cost installation.

[0013] FIG. 1A shows a second embodiment of a laminated structure fabricated in accordance with the present invention.

[0014] FIG. 1B shows a third embodiment of a laminated structure fabricated in accordance with the present invention.

[0015] FIG. 1C shows a fourth embodiment of a laminated structure fabricated in accordance with the present invention.

[0016] FIG. 1D shows a fifth embodiment of a laminated structure fabricated in accordance with the present invention.

[0017] FIG. 1E shows a sixth embodiment of a laminated structure fabricated in accordance with the present invention.

[0018] FIG. 1F shows a seventh embodiment of a laminated structure fabricated in accordance with the present invention.

[0019] FIG. 1G shows a eighth embodiment of a laminated structure fabricated in accordance with the present invention.

[0020] FIG. 1H shows a ninth embodiment of a laminated structure fabricated in accordance with the present invention.

[0021] FIG. 1J shows a tenth embodiment of a laminated structure fabricated in accordance with the present invention.

[0022] FIG. 2A is an example of optional patterns for applying stripes of glue on a laminated structure in accordance with the present invention.

[0023] FIG. 2B is an example of a pattern for applying a matrix of patches of glue on a laminated structure in accordance with the present invention.

[0024] FIG. 3A is an example of a wavy pattern for applying glue on a laminated structure in accordance with the present invention.

[0025] FIG. 3B is an example of a random pattern for applying glue on a laminated structure in accordance with the present invention.

[0026] FIG. 4 is a plan view of a wall structure wherein one panel of the structure includes a laminated panel constructed in accordance with the present invention.

[0027] FIG. 4A is a cross-sectional view taken along line 4A-4A of FIG. 4.

[0028] FIG. 5 is a plan view of a wall structure wherein two panels of the structure are laminated panels constructed in accordance with the present invention.

[0029] FIG. 5A is a cross-sectional view taken along line 5A-5A in FIG. 5.

[0030] FIG. 6 is a plot of the test results of sound attenuation tests over a range of frequencies for one embodiment of this invention and that of standard construction methods.

DESCRIPTION OF SOME EMBODIMENTS

[0031] The following detailed description is meant to be exemplary only and not limiting. Other embodiments of this invention, such as the number, type, thickness, dimensions, area, shape, and placement order of both external and internal layer materials, will be obvious to those skilled in the art in view of this description.

[0032] The process for creating laminated panels in accordance with the present invention takes into account many factors: exact chemical composition of the glue; glue application process; pressing process; and drying and dehumidification process.

[0033] FIG. 1 shows a laminated structure in accordance with one embodiment of this invention. In FIG. 1, the layers in the structure will be described from bottom to top with the structure oriented horizontally as shown. It should be understood, however, that the laminated structure of this invention will be oriented vertically when placed on vertical walls, doors or other vertical partitions, as well as horizontally or even at an angle when placed on ceilings and floors. Therefore, the reference to bottom and top layers is to be understood to refer only to these layers as oriented in FIG. 1 and not in the context of the vertical use of this structure. FIG. 1 shows laminated structure 100 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. A bottom layer 101 is gypsum board and in one embodiment is ½ inch thick. Of course, many other combinations and thicknesses can be used for this layer as desired. The thickness is limited only by the acoustical attenuation (i.e., STC rating) desired for the resulting laminated structure and by the weight of the resulting structure which will limit the ability of workers to install the laminated panel on walls, ceilings, floors and doors for its intended use.

[0034] The gypsum board suitable for use for bottom layer 101 typically is fabricated using standard well-known techniques and thus the method for fabricating the gypsum board will not be described. Applied to the top surface 104 of layer 101 is a layer of viscoelastic glue 102 called “QuietGlue®” adhesive. Glue 102, made of a viscoelastic polymer, has the property that the kinetic energy in the sound which interacts with the glue, when constrained by surrounding layers, will be significantly dissipated by the glue thereby reducing 10 the sound's total energy across a broad frequency spectrum, and thus the sound energy which will transmit through the resulting laminar structure. Typically, viscoelastic glue 102 is made of the materials as set forth in TABLE 1, although other glues having similar characteristics to those set forth directly below TABLE 1 can also be used in this invention. Alternatively, a fire-resistant, viscoelastic 15 glue described below may be used. Laminated structures 100-2 and 100-3, shown in FIGS. 1B and 1C respectfully, and described below, utilize Fire-Enhanced (FE) QuietGlue® adhesive available from Serious Materials, 1250 Elko Drive, Sunnyvale, Calif. 94089. Table 2 below discloses the composition of Fire-Enhanced (FE) QuietGlue® adhesive.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 QuietGlue ® Adhesive Chemical Makeup WEIGHT % COMPONENTS Min Max Preferred acrylate polymer 33.0% 70.0% 60.0% ethyl acrylate, methacrylic 0.05% 3.00% 0.37% acid, polymer with ethyl-2- propenoate hydrophobic silica 0.00% 0.50% 0.21% paraffin oil 0.10% 5.00% 1.95% silicon dioxide 0.00% 0.50% 0.13% sodium carbonate 0.01% 1.50% 0.66% stearic acid, aluminum salt 0.00% 0.50% 0.13% surfactant 0.00% 1.50% 0.55% rosin ester 1.00% 9.00% 4.96% water 25.0% 40.0% 30.9% 2-Pyridinethiol, 1- 0.00% 0.50% 0.17% oxide,sodium salt

[0035] The preferred formulation is but one example of a viscoelastic glue. Other 5 formulations may be used to achieve similar results and the range given is an example of successful formulations investigated here.

[0036] The physical solid-state characteristics of QuietGlue® adhesive include: [0037] 1) a broad glass transition temperature below room temperature; [0038] 2) mechanical response typical of a rubber (i.e., elongation at break, low elastic modulus); [0039] 3) strong peel strength at room temperature; [0040] 4) weak shear strength at room temperature; [0041] 6) does not dissolve in water (swells poorly); and [0042] 7) peels off the substrate easily at temperature of dry ice.
QuietGlue® adhesive may be obtained from Serious Materials, 1250 Elko Drive, Sunnyvale, Calif., 94089.

[0043] As noted above, glue layer 102 may be a patterned layer of intumescent glue called “Fire-Enhanced (FE) QuietGlue® adhesive. This fire enhanced glue is made of a viscoelastic polymer doped with fire retardants, has the property of sound dissipation. In other words, when energy in the sound interacts with the glue when constrained by surrounding layers, it will be significantly dissipated thereby reducing the sound's amplitude across a broad frequency spectrum. As a result, the energy of sound which will transmit through the resulting laminated structure is significantly reduced. Typically, this glue 102 is made of the materials as set forth in TABLE 2, although other glues having similar characteristics to those set forth directly below Table 2 can also be used in this invention.

[0044] An important component of the fire enhanced glue composition and the overall laminated structure is the addition of intumescent compounds. Intumescent compositions are materials which, when heated above their critical temperature, will bubble and swell, thereby forming a thick non-flammable multi-cellular insulative barrier, up to 200 or more times their original thickness. When applied as intumescent coatings they can provide the protective, serviceable and aesthetic properties of non-fire-retardant coatings or layers without occupying any additional initial volume. Intumescent coatings are discussed in detail in Intumescent Coating Systems, Their Development and Chemistry, H. L. Vandersall, J. Fire & Flammability, Vol. 2 (April 1971) pages 97-140, the content of which article is herein incorporated by reference.

[0045] Although the majority of commercially available intumescent coatings provide a substantially carbonaceous foam, it is within the scope of this invention to employ inorganic foaming mixtures, (e.g. phosphate/borate) mixtures, expandable graphite intercalation compounds, or a combination of both. The intumescent materials which may be employed in the practice of this invention should swell to at least about two times their original thickness when heated 5 above their critical temperature.

[0046] Expandable graphite intercalation compounds are also known as expanding graphite and are commercially available. They are compounds, which contain foreign components intercalated between the lattice layers of the graphite. Such expandable graphite intercalation compounds usually are 10 prepared by dispersing graphite particles in a solution, which contains an oxidizing agent and a guest compound, which is to be intercalated. Usually, nitric acid, potassium chlorate, chromic acid, potassium permanganate and the like are used as oxidizing agent.

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Fire-Enhanced (FE) Quiet Glue ® Adhesive Chemical Makeup WEIGHT % COMPONENTS Min Max Preferred acrylate polymer 30 70 41 ethyl acrylate, methacrylic 0 3.0 0.3 acid, polymer with ethyl-2- propenoate hydrophobic silica 0 1.0 0.2 paraffin oil 0 3.0 1.5 silicon dioxide 0 1.0 0.1 sodium carbonate 0 3.0 0.6 stearic acid, aluminum salt 0 1.0 0.1 surfactant 0 2.0 0.6 rosin ester 0 20 7 Zinc Borate 0 25 12 Melamine Phosphate 0 10 6 Ammonium Polyphosphate 0 10 6 Hexahydroxy methyl ethane 0 5.0 1.5 Cl Pigment Red Dispersion 0 1.0 0.02 water 10 40 23 2-Pyridinethiol, 1-oxide, 0 3.0 1 sodium salt
The preferred formulation is but one example of a fire-resistant viscoelastic glue.
Other formulations may be used to achieve similar results and the range given is an example of successful formulations investigated here.

[0047] The physical solid-state characteristics of FE QuietGlue® adhesive include: [0048] 1) a broad glass transition temperature below room temperature; [0049] 2) mechanical response typical of a rubber (i.e., elongation at break, low elastic modulus); [0050] 3) strong peel strength at room temperature; [0051] 4) weak shear strength at room temperature; [0052] 6) does not dissolve in water (swells poorly); [0053] 7) peels off the substrate easily at temperature of dry ice; and [0054] 8) forms an expanding char layer when exposed to flame.
FE QuietGlue® adhesive may be obtained from Serious Materials, 1250 Elko Drive, Sunnyvale, Calif., 94089.

[0055] Optionally a layer of film 103 is placed on the top of the structure and carefully pressed in a controlled manner with respect to uniform pressure (pounds per square inch), temperature and time. Film 103 may be made of materials such as silicone-coated paper or film, polycoated liners, plastic film or dry-coated papers including SUNCRYL CR 191 available from Omnova Solutions of Chester, S.C., Griff Paper & Film—Fallsington, Pa., Paeon Corp.—N. Grosvernordale, Conn., Elliott Schultz & Associates, Inc.—Cincinnati, Ohio and others. Film 103 provides protection during transportation and handling and is removed prior to installation of the laminated structure.

[0056] Finally, the assembly is subjected to dehumidification and drying to allow the panels to dry, typically for forty-eight (48) hours.

[0057] In one embodiment of this invention, the glue 102, when spread over surface 104, gypsum board 101, or any other material, is subject to a gas flow for about forty-five seconds to partially dry the glue. The gas can be heated, in which case the flow time may be reduced. The glue 102, when originally spread out over any material to which it is being applied, is liquid. By partially drying out the glue 102, either by air drying for a selected time or by providing a gas flow over the surface of the glue, the glue 102 becomes a pressure sensitive adhesive, much like the glue on a tape. Protective cover layer of film 103 is then placed over the glue 102 and pressed against gypsum board 101 for a selected time at a selected pressure. In one embodiment of this invention, the glue 102, is subject to a gas flow for about forty-five seconds to fully dry the glue and the layer of film 103 is pressed into place with a pressure between one and five pounds force per square inch. The gas flowing over the glue 102 can be, for example, air or dry nitrogen. The gas dehumidifies the glue 102, improving manufacturing throughput compared to the pressing process described previously wherein the glue 102 is not dried for an appreciable time prior to placing layer 103 in place.

[0058] Referring to FIG. 1A, an alternative embodiment of the present invention is disclosed. In FIG. 1A, a laminated structure 100-1 is shown. Certain of the elements in laminated structure 100-1 are common with those shown in FIG. 1, and accordingly, the same reference characters are utilized. In laminated structure 100-1, a cover layer 105, which may be made of paper or a fiberglass mat, cover surface 104 of a gypsum board layer 101. Viscoelastic glue layer 102 was placed over the cover layer 105 and followed by that release layer 103 is placed on the upper surface of viscoelastic glue layer 102. The composition is treated as set forth above with regard to laminated structure 100 as shown and described in connection with FIG. 1.

[0059] FIG. 1B illustrates a third embodiment of the present invention. In the laminated structure 100-2 in FIG. 1B, common structures from prior figures utilize common reference characters. As will be appreciated by a reference to a FIG. 1B, a fire-enhanced viscoelastic glue layer 106 constructed of the material as set forth above is placed on surface 104 of gypsum board 101. Release layer 103 is then placed over the fire-enhanced viscoelastic glue layer 106. The combination is completed in the manner set forth above.

[0060] FIG. 1C illustrates yet another embodiment of the present invention. In the laminated structure 100-3 shown in FIG. 1C, the elements common to prior figures utilize the same reference characters. In the embodiment in FIG. 1C, as in the embodiment in FIG. 1A, a cover layer 105 is placed on surface 104 of gypsum board 101. A layer 106 of fire-enhanced viscoelastic glue is then placed over cover layer 104, and finally release film 103 is added to provide protection during transportation as noted above.

[0061] Yet another embodiment of the present invention is disclosed in FIG. 1D. Laminated structure 100-4 is shown, the structure including a layer of cement board 107, a layer of viscoelastic glue 102 which is applied to the surface 108 of a cement-based board 107. Finally, a release layer of film 103 is placed on the viscoelastic glue 102 to complete the laminated structure. As will be appreciated by reference to prior figures, commonly used reference characters from the prior figures are also utilized in this figure. The cement-based board, although heavier weight-wise, can provide an additional sound intrusion prevention over a structure in the prior embodiments which utilized a gypsum board 101. A cement-based board 107 may be implemented by a various number of structures, such as, but not limited to, calcium silicate board, magnesium oxide-based board and phosphate-based cement board. Suitable cement based boards are available from United States Gypsum of Chicago, Ill. and James Hardie Industries NV of The Netherlands. Calcium silicate based boards may be obtained from a number of manufacturers and suppliers including Ningbo Yihe Green Board Co. Ltd. of China and Zibo Xindi Refractory Co., Ltd. of China. Magnesium oxide-based board is available from Magnum Building Products of Tampa, Fla.; Technological Environmental Building Materials Co., Ltd. of China; and Evernice Building Materials Co., Ltd. of China. Phosphate based cement board is available from Serious Materials, 1250 Elko Drive, Sunnyvale, Calif. 94089, which is known as EcoRock™ board. The thickness of cement-based board 107 that measures from surface 108 to lower surface 109, for use in suitable construction, is set forth herein, would be from about X inches to Y inches.

[0062] A further embodiment of the present invention is illustrated in FIG. 1E which shows laminated structure 100-5. Comparing the embodiment of FIG. 1E to FIG. 1D, and the embodiment of FIG. 1D, in the embodiment of FIG. 1E laminated structure 100-5 utilizes fire-enhanced viscoelastic glue indicated by reference character 106. The remaining elements in this structure of FIG. 1E are commonly also found in the embodiment in FIG. 1D. As pointed out above, the cement-based board 107 may have a number of compositions including, but limited to those described above with respect to laminated structure 100-4. Laminated structure 100-5 includes additional fire intrusion, protection provided by fire-enhanced viscoelastic glue 106 which is described in a number of locations above. Further as described above, the laminated structures in FIGS. 1D and 1E are equally applicable to panels for wall structure 420 and 520 illustrated in FIGS. 4 and 5 respectively.

[0063] Referring to FIG. 1F, a further embodiment of the present invention is disclosed. In embodiment disclosed in FIG. 1F, a laminated structure 100-9 includes a cellulose-based board 120. A layer of viscoelastic glue 102 is placed on surface 121 and release film 103 is placed on viscoelastic glue layer 102. The structure is constructed in the same manner as that for similar structures above, that is, a glue layer 102 is placed on surface 121, followed by release film 103 and the combination is pressed together and heated as described above. A cellulose-based layer 120 may take various forms, including, but not limited to wood, medium density fiberboard (MDF), oriented strand board (OSB), or particle board. A suitable thickness of layer 120 measured from surface 121 to lower surface 122 would be about ½ inches thick. It will of course be appreciated that other forms of cellulose-based material may be utilized in addition to those described above.

[0064] FIG. 1G illustrates yet another embodiment of the present invention showing laminated structure 100-6. Common elements in the laminated structure of FIG. 1G to those in earlier figures carry the same reference character number. In the embodiment in FIG. 1G, fire resistant, viscoelastic glue layer 106 is utilized. In addition to providing improved sound attenuation, it will of course be appreciated that the fire resistant, viscoelastic glue layer 106 also is helpful in reducing fire intrusion. The materials and thicknesses for cellulose-based board 120 are as described above in connection with FIG. 1F.

[0065] Referring to FIG. 1H, a laminated structure 100-7 is illustrated and as will be noted, includes a number of common elements with previous embodiments. In laminated structure 100-7, a plywood panel indicated by reference character 125 is provided and viscoelastic glue layer 102 is placed on upper surface 126 of plywood panel 125. As in the previous embodiments, a film layer 103 is placed over viscoelastic glue layer 102 to provide protection during shipping and handling and prior to installation of the laminated structure on a wall. Plywood panel 125 may have various thicknesses such as ⅜ to V* inches thick. The construction of laminated structure 100-7 follows the same techniques as described above regarding previous embodiments.

[0066] Yet another embodiment of the present invention is illustrated in FIG. 1-J which shows laminated structure 100-8. Laminated structure 100-8 is similar to the embodiment shown in FIG. 1-H, with the exception that in the embodiment of FIG. 1-J fire resistant, viscoelastic glue layer 106 is utilized instead of viscoelastic glue layer 102 utilized in the embodiment of FIG. 1-H. As will of course be appreciated, the fire-resistant viscoelastic glue layer 106 provides additional fire intrusion protection while at the same time achieving the sound transmission reduction which is achieved by using a viscoelastic glue layer. The construction of laminated structure 100-8 follows the same techniques utilized above in previous embodiments and accordingly will not be repeated.

[0067] FIG. 2A illustrates an example of an optional embodiment of applying glue 102 to less than 100 percent of the panel surface. FIG. 2A illustrates a pattern for applying the glue layer 102 as vertical strips on a 4′×8′ gypsum sheet. The terms “vertical” and “horizontal”, “top” and “bottom” apply only to the figures of FIGS. 2A, 2B, 3A and 3B as shown for the purpose of discussion. The panel 100 may be installed in any orientation. Looking to FIG. 2A, “n” vertical strips of glue 102 provide a six inch spacing between the centers of adjacent strips for less than six inch spacing between strips. For example, for a 4′×8′ gypsum sheet, there are a minimum of n=9 vertical strips across the top/bottom four-foot span. A 4′×8′ sheet has 4,608 sq. inches of surface area. For twenty percent coverage, each strip is ((4608/96)/9)*(0.20) or about one inch wide, ninety-six inches long. For eighty percent coverage, each strip is about 4.25 inches wide, 96 inches long. In one embodiment there are more strips, spaced more closely together. For example seventeen vertical strips (that is, n=17) approximately one half inch wide on approximately three inch centers provides approximately twenty percent coverage. Other combinations of strip width and spacing may be used. The strips may be applied horizontally instead of vertically.

[0068] FIG. 2B is another example of a pattern for applying the glue 102, shown as patches on a 4′×8′ panel. Each patch is spaced apart by six inches edge-to-edge. For the example shown, with a maximum spacing of six inches, nine 5 patches are applied in the horizontal direction and seventeen in the vertical direction, providing a matrix of circles as shown. The area of each patch, described as an effective diameter of a circle is found as:

D=2√{square root over (4608×((% coverage)/(17×9)×π))}

[0069] Using the above formula, for twenty percent coverage each patch is 10 approximately 2% inches diameter, and for eighty percent coverage each patch is approximately 5 34 inches in diameter. Though the patches are referred to as circles, the shape is not important. As with strips, more circles of a smaller diameter may be used. For example, 300 circles of two inch diameter provide twenty percent coverage. In some embodiments a large number of smaller 15 patches of glue 102 is used to insure keeping the laminate suitable for attachment to the host wall assembly when pieces are cut for installation over a small area.

[0070] A variety of patterns may be used in applying the glue 102 during construction of the laminated panel 100. A consideration in selecting a pattern is to insure that when a laminated panel 100 is cut during installation there will be some glue 102 near the panel cut edge, thus providing a bond at the cut edge to diminish the likelihood of panel 100 coming apart due to handling. For example, the pattern of FIG. 2A might be cut vertically on the right side next to the left edge of a vertical strip, resulting in a significant gap in glue 102 coverage down the cut edge (assuming the piece to the left is the portion being installed). Accordingly, some patterns are used that improve edge coverage, regardless of the location of the cutting line. One example of such a pattern is shown in FIG. 3A, wherein the glue pattern is wavy. A typical straight cut of the laminated panel 100 with a glue 102 pattern as shown in FIG. 3A would result in some glue 102 at the cut edge. As with vertical or horizontal straight strips, the wavy strips are spaced a maximum distance apart, the maximum spacing being a half wavelength of sound in the frequency of interest for the material being used for panel 101. The pattern shown is FIG. 3B is another embodiment of a glue 102 pattern wherein there is likely to be glue 102 coverage to a typical cut edge. The pattern shown in FIG. 3B may be made, for example, by a random path of a glue gun. Complete coverage of an edge by glue 102 is not required; partial glue 102 coverage of individual edges will generally hold the resulting laminated panel 100 pieces to the host wall assembly for installation. The foregoing glue application patterns are of course equally applicable to all of the laminated structures disclosed herein, as well as being applicable to fire-resistant, viscoelastic glue 106.

[0071] FIG. 4 and the cross-sectional view shown in FIG. 4A illustrate a wall structure 420 which includes laminated panel 100 after removal of film 103, with glue layer 102 attached to a base layer 410 of existing gypsum wallboard. Wall structure 420 includes wood studs 402, 404, 406, headers and footers 416 and 414 respectively, batt-type insulation 412 and a ⅝ inch sheet of standard gypsum drywall 408.

[0072] FIG. 5 and cross-sectional view 5B-5B shown in FIG. 5A illustrate wall assembly 520 which is similar to wall assembly 420 shown in FIG. 4. Laminated panels of the type disclosed in FIG. 1 are attached to base layers of existing gypsum wallboard 510 and 508. Wall structure 520 includes studs 502, 504, 506, upper and lower 2×4 members 518 and 514, along with batt-type insulation 412.

[0073] FIG. 6 shows the results of sound testing for a structure as shown in FIG. 5, wherein the performance exhibited by curve 601 is representative of the wall assembly illustrated in FIG. 5. Sound attenuation values (STC numbers) were essentially the same for all samples yielding, an STC of approximately 49. It is known to those practicing in this field that a similar configuration with standard ⅝ inch drywall on both sides of standard 2×4 wood stud construction yields curve 602 and an STC of approximately 34. Accordingly, this invention yields a 15 STC point improvement over standard drywall in this particular construction.

[0074] In fabricating the structure of FIG. 1, the viscoelastic glue 102 is first applied in a prescribed manner with full coverage or in a selected pattern, typically to 1/16 inch thickness, although other thicknesses can be used if desired, onto surface 104 of gypsum board 101. Film layer 103 is then placed over the viscoelastic glue layer 102. Depending on the drying and dehumidification techniques deployed, anywhere from five minutes to forty-eight hours are required to totally dry the glue in the case that the glue is water-based. A solvent-based viscoelastic glue can be substituted.

[0075] Laminated structures according to the present invention are particularly well suited for attachment to existing lightweight wall assemblies having gypsum wallboard faces. For installation, first the release film 103 is removed from the composite panel and a composite panel is attached to one or both gypsum faces of the existing wall assembly. Initial attachment is via the adhesion of the viscoelastic glue, but installation is best completed by screwing the panel to the stud assembly through the existing gypsum wall board. Attachment of the laminated structures to the existing wall board structure can of course be accomplished by other techniques, such as to the existing wall board without attachment to the stud assembly, or with a combination of both techniques. Accordingly, the newly created laminated structure created by the bonded gypsum panels, as well as with other laminated structures described herein, provides a significant improvement in the sound transmission class number associated with the structures and thus reduces significantly the sound transmitted from one room to adjacent rooms while simultaneously providing for traditional scoring and hand fracture during installation. Additionally, when Fire Enhanced QuietGlue® adhesive is utilized in the laminated structure, fire intrusion is lessened.

[0076] The dimensions given for each material in the laminated structures of this invention can be varied as desired to control cost, overall thickness, weight, anticipated moisture and temperature control requirements, and STC results. The described embodiments and their dimensions are illustrative only and not limiting.

[0077] Other embodiments of this invention will be obvious in view of the above description.