Method for Manufacturing Optical Fiber Base Material and Optical Fiber Base Material

Abstract

The present invention provides a method for manufacturing an optical fiber base material and an optical fiber base material, the method including: arranging a rod containing SiO.sub.2 family glass for core, in a container; pouring a SiO.sub.2 glass raw material solution for cladding layer and a hardener into the container, the glass raw material solution containing a hardening resin; solidifying the glass raw material solution through a self-hardening reaction; and then drying the solidified material and heating the solidified material in chlorine gas, to manufacture an optical fiber base material in which a SiO.sub.2 cladding layer is formed in an outer periphery of the rod containing SiO.sub.2 family glass for core.

Claims

1. An optical fiber base material comprising: a rod containing SiO.sub.2 family glass for core; and a SiO.sub.2 cladding layer that covers an outer periphery of the rod containing SiO.sub.2 family glass for core, wherein the SiO.sub.2 cladding layer is a layer formed by solidifying a material in the form of liquid, an outer peripheral surface of the rod containing SiO.sub.2 family glass for core and the SiO.sub.2 cladding layer are in tight contact with each other, and surface roughness of an interface between the rod containing SiO.sub.2 family glass for core and the SiO.sub.2 cladding layer is less than 0.2 m.

2. The optical fiber base material according to claim 1, further comprising a plurality of empty holes formed by molding and arranged in the SiO.sub.2 cladding layer so as to surround the outer periphery of the rod containing SiO.sub.2 family glass for core.

3. An optical fiber base material comprising: a SiO.sub.2 cladding layer; and a plurality of empty holes that are arranged at preset intervals in a center of the SiO.sub.2 cladding layer and around the center, wherein the empty holes are formed by molding.

4. An optical fiber base material comprising: a SiO.sub.2 cladding layer; and a plurality of empty holes that are arranged at preset intervals around a center of the SiO.sub.2 cladding layer, wherein the empty holes are formed by molding.

5. The optical fiber base material according to claim 3, wherein the empty holes are formed using metal rods as molding dies, and surface roughness of inner surfaces of the empty holes is equal to or less than 0.4 m.

6. An optical fiber base material for a multi-core optical fiber, comprising: a SiO.sub.2 cladding layer; and a plurality of rods containing SiO.sub.2 family glass for core arranged in the SiO.sub.2 cladding layer, wherein the SiO.sub.2 cladding layer is a layer formed by solidifying a material in the form of liquid, outer peripheral surfaces of the rods containing SiO.sub.2 family glass for core and the SiO.sub.2 cladding layer are in tight contact with each other, and surface roughness of interfaces between the rods containing SiO.sub.2 family glass for core and the SiO.sub.2 cladding layer is less than 0.2 m.

7. The optical fiber base material according to claim 6, wherein refractive index distribution of at least one of the plurality of rods containing SiO.sub.2 family glass for core is different from that of other rods containing SiO.sub.2 family glass for core.

8. The optical fiber base material according to claim 6, wherein centers of the rods containing SiO.sub.2 family glass for core are each made of a SiO.sub.2 glass layer to which an additive for enhancing a refractive index and a rare-earth element are added, and a type and/or an addition amount of the rare-earth element added to at least one of the plurality of rods containing SiO.sub.2 family glass for core is different from that of other rods containing SiO.sub.2 family glass for core.

9. The optical fiber base material according to claim 1, wherein surface roughness of an outer peripheral surface of the SiO.sub.2 cladding layer is equal to or less than 0.4 m.

10. The optical fiber base material according to claim 1, wherein the SiO.sub.2 cladding layer is formed by solidifying a hardening-resin-containing SiO.sub.2 glass raw material solution and a hardener through a self-hardening reaction, drying the solidified material, and heating the solidified material in chlorine gas.

11. The optical fiber base material according to claim 1, wherein the SiO.sub.2 cladding layer has a circular or quadrangular external shape.

12. An optical fiber base material comprising: a SiO.sub.2 glass tube having a circular external shape and a circular or quadrangular internal shape; and a rod containing SiO.sub.2 family glass for core that is arranged inside the SiO.sub.2 glass tube so as to be in contact with an inner surface of the SiO.sub.2 glass tube at least three points, wherein surface roughness of an inner surface of the SiO.sub.2 glass tube is equal to or less than 0.4 m.

13. The optical fiber base material according to claim 1, wherein the rod containing SiO.sub.2 family glass for core includes: a SiO.sub.2 glass layer to which an additive for enhancing a refractive index is added; and a SiO.sub.2 layer to which the additive is not added, the SiO.sub.2 layer being provided in an outer periphery of the SiO.sub.2 glass layer.

14. The optical fiber base material according to claim 1, wherein the rod containing SiO.sub.2 family glass for core includes: a SiO.sub.2 glass layer to which an additive for enhancing a refractive index is added; a SiO.sub.2 glass layer to which F is added, this SiO.sub.2 glass layer being provided in an outer periphery of the former SiO.sub.2 glass layer; and a SiO.sub.2 glass layer to which the additive and F are not added, this SiO.sub.2 glass layer being provided in an outer periphery of the SiO.sub.2 glass layer to which F is added.

15. The optical fiber base material according to claim 1, wherein the rod containing SiO.sub.2 family glass for core includes: a SiO.sub.2 glass layer to which an additive for enhancing a refractive index is added; and a SiO.sub.2 thin layer that covers an outer periphery of the SiO.sub.2 glass layer.

16. The optical fiber base material according to claim 13, wherein a rare-earth element is further added to the SiO.sub.2 glass layer to which the additive for enhancing the refractive index is added.

17. The optical fiber base material according to claim 4, wherein the empty holes are formed using metal rods as molding dies, and surface roughness of inner surfaces of the empty holes is equal to or less than 0.4 m.

18. The optical fiber base material according to claim 3, wherein surface roughness of an outer peripheral surface of the SiO.sub.2 cladding layer is equal to or less than 0.4 m.

19. The optical fiber base material according to claim 4, wherein surface roughness of an outer peripheral surface of the SiO.sub.2 cladding layer is equal to or less than 0.4 m.

20. The optical fiber base material according to claim 6, wherein surface roughness of an outer peripheral surface of the SiO.sub.2 cladding layer is equal to or less than 0.4 m.

21. The optical fiber base material according to claim 3, wherein the SiO.sub.2 cladding layer is formed by solidifying a hardening-resin-containing SiO.sub.2 glass raw material solution and a hardener through a self-hardening reaction, drying the solidified material, and heating the solidified material in chlorine gas.

22. The optical fiber base material according to claim 4, wherein the SiO.sub.2 cladding layer is formed by solidifying a hardening-resin-containing SiO.sub.2 glass raw material solution and a hardener through a self-hardening reaction, drying the solidified material, and heating the solidified material in chlorine gas.

23. The optical fiber base material according to claim 6, wherein the SiO.sub.2 cladding layer is formed by solidifying a hardening-resin-containing SiO.sub.2 glass raw material solution and a hardener through a self-hardening reaction, drying the solidified material, and heating the solidified material in chlorine gas.

24. The optical fiber base material according to claim 3, wherein the SiO.sub.2 cladding layer has a circular or quadrangular external shape.

25. The optical fiber base material according to claim 4, wherein the SiO.sub.2 cladding layer has a circular or quadrangular external shape.

26. The optical fiber base material according to claim 6, wherein the SiO.sub.2 cladding layer has a circular or quadrangular external shape.

27. The optical fiber base material according to claim 12, wherein the rod containing SiO.sub.2 family glass for core includes: a SiO.sub.2 glass layer to which an additive for enhancing a refractive index is added; and a SiO.sub.2 layer to which the additive is not added, the SiO.sub.2 layer being provided in an outer periphery of the SiO.sub.2 glass layer.

28. The optical fiber base material according to claim 12, wherein the rod containing SiO.sub.2 family glass for core includes: a SiO.sub.2 glass layer to which an additive for enhancing a refractive index is added; a SiO.sub.2 glass layer to which F is added, this SiO.sub.2 glass layer being provided in an outer periphery of the former SiO.sub.2 glass layer; and a SiO.sub.2 glass layer to which the additive and F are not added, this SiO.sub.2 glass layer being provided in an outer periphery of the SiO.sub.2 glass layer to which F is added.

29. The optical fiber base material according to claim 12, wherein the rod containing SiO.sub.2 family glass for core includes: a SiO.sub.2 glass layer to which an additive for enhancing a refractive index is added; and a SiO.sub.2 thin layer that covers an outer periphery of the SiO.sub.2 glass layer.

30. The optical fiber base material according to claim 27, wherein a rare-earth element is further added to the SiO.sub.2 glass layer to which the additive for enhancing the refractive index is added.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0095] FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B are respectively a front cross sectional view and a side view of an optical fiber base material according to a first embodiment of an optical fiber base material of the present invention.

[0096] FIG. 2 is a flowchart illustrating a process of manufacturing the optical fiber base material.

[0097] FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B are respectively a front view and a cross sectional view of a mold container for manufacturing the optical fiber base material.

[0098] FIG. 4A and FIG. 4B are respectively a front cross sectional view and a side view of an optical fiber base material according to a second embodiment of the optical fiber base material of the present invention.

[0099] FIG. 5A and FIG. 5B are respectively a front view and a cross sectional view of a mold container for manufacturing the optical fiber base material.

[0100] FIG. 6A and FIG. 6B are respectively a front cross sectional view and a side view of an optical fiber base material according to a third embodiment of the optical fiber base material of the present invention.

[0101] FIG. 7A and FIG. 7B are respectively a front cross sectional view and a side view of an optical fiber base material according to a fourth embodiment of the optical fiber base material of the present invention.

[0102] FIG. 8A and FIG. 8B are respectively a front cross sectional view and a side view of an optical fiber base material according to a fifth embodiment of the optical fiber base material of the present invention.

[0103] FIG. 9 is a front cross sectional view of an optical fiber base material according to a sixth embodiment of the optical fiber base material of the present invention.

[0104] FIG. 10A, FIG. 10B, and FIG. 10C are respectively a front cross sectional view and refractive index distribution views of the optical fiber base material according to the sixth embodiment of the optical fiber base material of the present invention.

[0105] FIG. 11A and FIG. 11B are respectively one example front cross sectional view and another example front cross sectional view of an optical fiber base material according to a seventh embodiment of the optical fiber base material of the present invention.

[0106] FIG. 12 is a front cross sectional view of an optical fiber base material according to an eighth embodiment of the optical fiber base material of the present invention.

[0107] FIG. 13A and FIG. 13B are respectively a front view and a cross sectional view of a mold container for manufacturing the optical fiber base material.

[0108] FIG. 14 is a front cross sectional view of an optical fiber base material according to a ninth embodiment of the optical fiber base material of the present invention.

[0109] FIG. 15A and FIG. 15B are respectively a front view and a cross sectional view of a mold container for manufacturing the optical fiber base material.

[0110] FIG. 16 is a front cross sectional view of an optical fiber base material according to a tenth embodiment of the optical fiber base material of the present invention.

[0111] FIG. 17A and FIG. 17B are respectively a front cross sectional view and a refractive index distribution view of an optical fiber base material according to an eleventh embodiment of the optical fiber base material of the present invention.

[0112] FIG. 18A, FIG. 18B, and FIG. 18C are views respectively illustrating cross sectional structures of conventional fibers.

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

[0113] Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention are described with reference to the drawings.

First Embodiment

[0114] FIGS. 1A and 1B illustrate a first embodiment of an optical fiber base material of the present invention.

[0115] FIG. 1A is a front cross sectional view of the optical fiber base material, and FIG. 1B is a side view of the optical fiber base material. An optical fiber base material 1 of FIGS. 1A and 1B includes: a SiO.sub.2 glass rod 2 containing SiO.sub.2 glass for a core (hereinafter, referred to as glass rod 2); and a SiO.sub.2 cladding layer 4 that covers the outer periphery of the glass rod 2. The center of the glass rod 2 is made of a SiO.sub.2 glass layer 2 a to which GeO.sub.2 is added within a range of 5 weight % to 25 weight %, and the outer periphery of the glass rod 2 is made of a SiO.sub.2 glass layer 3. The glass rod 2 is formed according to a method of the present invention.

[0116] The SiO.sub.2 cladding layer 4 is obtained by: pouring a quartz glass solution containing a hardening resin, and a hardener into a metal container; solidifying the quartz glass solution and the hardener through a self-hardening reaction; then removing the container; and then drying and heating the solidified material at high temperature. Reference sign 5 in FIG. 1A denotes the interface between the glass rod 2 and the SiO.sub.2 cladding layer 4, and this interface is formed to be adequately smooth, which is a characteristic of the present embodiment. That is, the quartz glass solution in the form of liquid comes into contact with the outer periphery of the glass rod 2, and is solidified, whereby the SiO.sub.2 cladding layer 4 is formed. Hence, the SiO.sub.2 cladding layer 4 is evenly formed in the outer periphery of the glass rod 2, so that an optical fiber with a very low scattering loss can be achieved. Reference sign 6 in FIG. 1A denotes the outer periphery (outer peripheral surface) of the optical fiber base material 1. The diameter of the outer periphery 6 can be precisely controlled by the shape of the metal container, which is a characteristic of the present embodiment.

[0117] A specific method for manufacturing the optical fiber base material 1 of the present embodiment is illustrated in FIG. 2. Moreover, a structure of the metal container for manufacturing the optical fiber base material 1 is illustrated in FIGS. 3A and 3B. As illustrated in FIGS. 3A and 3B, a metal container 7 is a stainless-steel cylindrical container having an inner surface 8 that is mirror-polished to a surface roughness of 0.01 m to 0.03 m. The metal container 7 has an inner diameter D.sub.0 of 152 mm and a length L.sub.0 of 488 mm. The metal container 7 has such a half-split structure that enables the solidified material to be taken out after solidification of a solution 9 poured into the metal container 7. Moreover, the metal container 7 has a closed bottom, and includes an upper lid (not illustrated).

[0118] A first base material that is manufactured according to a VAD method and has a diameter Dc of 12 mm is arranged in the center of the metal container 7 configured as described above. The first base material corresponds to the glass rod 2 having the center to which GeO.sub.2 is added within a range of 5 weight % to 25 weight %. After that, the mixed solution 9 of: the quartz glass solution containing the hardening resin; and the hardener is poured into the metal container 7, and is solidified through a self-hardening reaction. Then, the metal container 7 is removed. The resultant solidified material is dried and heated at high temperature in chlorine gas, whereby the optical fiber base material 1 in FIGS. 1A and 1B is obtained. Here, the used quartz glass solution containing the hardening resin is prepared by adding silica powder having a particle diameter of 2 m or less (preferably 1 m or less) to a mixed solution of a dispersant (tetramethylammonium hydroxide solution) and distilled water. This is in order to suppress the shrinkage ratio to the size before the solidification to approximately 18% ((100-82)%), at the time of vitrification by drying and heating the solidified material at high temperature in the chlorine gas, and in order to suppress occurrence of breaks and cracks at the time of the vitrification. The used hardening resin is polyglycerol polyglycidyl ether (PGPE, DENACOL EX512 (Nagase ChemteX Corporation)) that is a liquid resin. The used hardener is triethylenetetramine (CAS No. 112-24-3). Then, in order to obtain the above-mentioned shrinkage ratio (18%), the blending ratios (weight %) of the above-mentioned materials are set such that the silica powder is 87%, the distilled water is 21.2%, the dispersant is 2.7%, and the hardening resin is 10.1%. Because the blending ratio of the silica powder is set to be high as described above, in the present embodiment, the shrinkage ratio at the time of the vitrification can be made low, and breaks and cracks can be prevented. Further, the amount of impurities such as CH groups and OH groups can be reduced.

[0119] With the use of the quartz glass solution containing the hardening resin as described above, shape control is very easy, and breaks and cracks hardly occur, compared with quartz glass making through a hydrolysis reaction between an organic oxysilane (for example, tetraethoxysilane) solution and pure water in a sol-gel method. Because quartz glass is obtained by the hydrolysis reaction in the sol-gel method, the generation rate of the quartz glass is low, and the shrinkage ratios in the radial direction and the axial direction of a base material are significantly different from each other. Hence, breaks and cracks occur at the time of vitrification. The occurrence of breaks and cracks is a critical problem for a large-size base material, and hence a large-size base material cannot be achieved. Moreover, in the sol-gel method, breaks and cracks are likely to occur unless the hydrolysis reaction is performed over as long a time as one day or more. Further, in order to suppress the occurrence of breaks and cracks, it is necessary to dry and heat the solidified material at high temperature over as long a time as ten days or more.

[0120] On the other hand, according to the method of the present embodiment, because the silica powder is solidified using the above-mentioned mixed solution, the shrinkage ratios in the radial direction and the axial direction are substantially the same as each other, and breaks and cracks hardly occur. Hence, the solidification takes less than 1/10 of the time required by the sol-gel method. Similarly, the drying takes less than of the time required by the sol-gel method, and is performed at a low temperature of 50 C. to 120 C. Moreover, if the quartz glass solution containing the hardening resin is defoamed in vacuum before being poured into the metal container, the solidified glass base material contains almost no void.

[0121] It is preferable that the heating at high temperature be performed in a chlorine gas atmosphere within a range of 1,300 C. to 1,500 C., in order to evaporate and remove unnecessary substances in the glass base material. Moreover, according to the sol-gel method, the glass base material contains large amounts of CH groups, SiH groups, OH groups, and other groups, and these impurities are very difficult to remove, and lead to a factor for an increase in loss in wavelength bands used in optical communications. Hence, a low-loss optical fiber is difficult to achieve according to the sol-gel method. On the other hand, as described later, a loss caused by CH groups, SiH groups, and OH groups hardly occurs according to the method of the present invention.

[0122] Because the shrinkage ratio at the time of the vitrification of the solidified material is about 18% as described above, in the present embodiment, the vitrified optical fiber base material 1 having an outer diameter of 125 mm, a length of 400 mm, and a core diameter of 10 mm is obtained. The outer shape fluctuation of the optical fiber base material 1 is equal to or less than 0.5%, and the surface roughness of the optical fiber base material 1 is equal to or less than 0.1 m. This is because the optical fiber base material 1 is manufactured using the stainless-steel metal container 7 having the inner surface 8 that is mirror-polished to a surface roughness of 0.01 m to 0.03 m. The even outer shape of the optical fiber base material 1 is very effective to achieve an optical fiber having an even shape. Moreover, the low surface roughness of the optical fiber base material 1 is very effective to enhance the mechanical strength of an optical fiber. Further, structural parameters (such as the core diameter and the outer diameter) of an optical fiber can be precisely set.

[0123] That is, in the present embodiment, the solidified material is shrunk by the vitrification substantially uniformly and slightly in the radial direction and the axial direction, and hence the structural parameters of the optical fiber base material 1 (that is, the optical fiber) can be easily designed.

[0124] The optical fiber base material 1 is fed and is drawn at a desired speed into a high-temperature electric furnace, whereby an optical fiber having an outer diameter of 125 m and a core diameter of 10 m is obtained. Although an optical fiber having a length of about 800 km can be obtained according to the method of the present embodiment, in this experiment, an optical fiber having a length of about 10 km is obtained, and a scattering loss is measured for the obtained optical fiber.

[0125] As a result, the loss is 0.23 dB/km at a wavelength of 1.55 m. According to a detailed examination of the loss, a Rayleigh scattering loss is 0.14 dB/km, a scattering loss due to structure irregularity is 0.02 dB/km, and intrinsic light absorption by an infrared region and an ultraviolet region and light absorption by impurities are 0.07 dB/km. Such a result that the scattering loss due to the structure irregularity is very low backs up a characteristic of the present invention that the interface 5 between the glass rod 2 and the SiO.sub.2 cladding layer 4 is evenly formed.

[0126] Further, the present embodiment has a characteristic that the outer shape dimensions of the optical fiber base material can be easily controlled by the dimensions of the metal container.

[0127] The sol-gel method is one of methods for manufacturing an optical fiber base material. According to the sol-gel method, a raw material (sol) in the form of liquid is poured into a mold container, is changed to a gel state, and is then dried and heated to be vitrified, whereby an optical fiber base material is manufactured. The sol-gel method is similar to the manufacturing method according to the present embodiment in that the raw material in the form of liquid is poured into the mold container. Meanwhile, according to the manufacturing method of the present embodiment, the size at the time of the vitrification of the solidified dried material is about 82% of the size before the vitirification (the shrinkage ratio is about 18%) in both the radial direction and the axial direction, whereas, according to the sol-gel method, the shrinkage ratio at the time of the vitrification by drying and heating is very different between the radial direction and the axial direction, specifically, there is a difference of 30% to 60%. Accordingly, according to the sol-gel method, breaks and cracks are likely to occur in the optical fiber base material, and manufacture of a large-size base material is difficult. Hence, the sol-gel method is inferior in dimensional precision to the manufacturing method of the present embodiment.

[0128] Moreover, according to the sol-gel method, normally, tetramethyl orthosilicate (TMOS) or tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) is reacted with water to be changed to silica gel. Through this reaction, the silica gel unfavorably contains hydroxy groups (OH groups). It is difficult to remove the hydroxy groups in the course of drying, heating, and vitrifying the silica gel. Hence, an optical fiber base material obtained according to the sol-gel method contains the hydroxy groups, and an optical fiber manufactured using this base material is one with high loss.

[0129] On the other hand, according to the manufacturing method of the present embodiment, as described above, an optical fiber base material does not contain hydroxy groups, and hence an absorption loss of an optical fiber can be suppressed to be low. In addition, it is also confirmed that a loss caused by CH groups and SiH groups does not occur. Accordingly, according to the present embodiment, a good optical fiber that is difficult to achieve according to the sol-gel method can be obtained.

Second Embodiment

[0130] FIGS. 4A and 4B illustrate a second embodiment of the optical fiber base material of the present invention. FIG. 4A is a front cross sectional view of the optical fiber base material, and FIG. 4B is a side view of the optical fiber base material.

[0131] An optical fiber base material 1A of FIGS. 4A and 4B is an embodiment of a large-diameter optical fiber base material. The optical fiber base material 1A is manufactured using a metal container illustrated in FIGS. 5A and 5B. The glass rod 2 of the optical fiber base material 1A includes: the SiO.sub.2 layer 2 a to which a GeO.sub.2 additive for enhancing a refractive index is added, in the center of the glass rod 2; a SiO.sub.2 layer 10 to which F is added, in the outer periphery of the SiO.sub.2 layer 2 a; and the SiO.sub.2 glass layer 3 to which F is not added, in the outer periphery of the SiO.sub.2 layer 10. The SiO.sub.2 cladding layer 4 is formed in the outer periphery of the glass rod 2, using the metal container 7 illustrated in FIGS. 5A and 5B.

[0132] The metal container 7 is a stainless-steel container having an inner surface that is mirror-polished to a surface roughness of 0.01 m to 0.03 m. A first base material corresponding to the glass rod 2 having the above-mentioned structure is arranged in the center of the metal container 7. In this state, the mixed solution 9 of: the SiO.sub.2 glass raw material solution containing the hardening resin; and the hardener is poured into the container 7. The solution 9 is solidified through a self-hardening reaction. Then, the metal container 7 is removed from the solidified material. The resultant solidified material is dried and heated at high temperature in chlorine gas, whereby the SiO.sub.2 cladding layer 4 is formed. Characteristics of the optical fiber base material 1A are that: the relative refractive index difference between the glass rod 2 and the SiO.sub.2 cladding layer 4 can be made larger; the diameter of the optical fiber base material 1A can be made larger; and a long optical fiber with a low scattering loss, high dimensional precision, and high mechanical strength can be manufactured.

Third Embodiment

[0133] FIGS. 6A and 6B illustrate an embodiment of a hole assisted optical fiber base material of the present invention. FIG. 6A is a front cross sectional view of the optical fiber base material, and FIG. 6B is a side view of the optical fiber base material. An optical fiber base material 1B of FIGS. 6A and 6B is manufactured using: the first base material (glass rod 2) described in the first embodiment; the metal container 7 (see FIGS. 3A and 3B); and a plurality of stainless-steel metal rods (not illustrated) (each having a surface roughness of 0.03 m or less). First, the first base material is arranged in the center of the metal container 7, and the plurality of stainless-steel metal rods are arranged at preset intervals in the outer periphery of the first base material. In this state, the mixed solution 9 of: the quartz glass solution containing the hardening resin; and the hardener is poured into the metal container 7. The mixed solution 9 is solidified through a self-hardening reaction. Then, the metal rods and the metal container 7 are removed from the solidified material. After that, the resultant solidified material is dried and heated at high temperature. In this way, obtained is the optical fiber base material 1B including: the glass rod 2 in the center of the optical fiber base material 1B; and eight empty holes 11 that are formed at preset intervals in the SiO.sub.2 cladding layer 4 in the outer periphery of the glass rod 2.

[0134] Characteristics of the optical fiber base material 1B are that: all the roundness, the straightness, and the dimensional precision of the empty holes 11 are high; the dimensional precision of the interval of the empty holes 11 can be made high; and the surface roughness of the inner surfaces of the empty holes 11 can be made equal to or less than 0.1 m. Another characteristic of the optical fiber base material 1B is that the core diameter, the outer diameter, and the empty hole diameter, which are structural parameters of the optical fiber base material, can be achieved with high dimensional precision. Another characteristic of the optical fiber base material 1B is that the straightness, the roundness, and the dimensional precision of the optical fiber base material can be made high. Another characteristic of the optical fiber base material 1B is that, because the surface roughness of the inner surfaces of the empty holes can be suppressed to be equal to or less than 0.1 m, low scattering loss properties of an optical fiber can be achieved. In particular, because the surface roughness of the inner surfaces of the empty holes can be suppressed to be equal to or less than 0.1 m, the amount of increase in scattering loss caused by small bending (bending radius <5 mm) can be reduced.

[0135] The biggest characteristic of the present embodiment is that it is not necessary to open through-holes by mechanical cutting, unlike conventional cases. Hence, the empty holes each having very low inner surface roughness can be formed. Moreover, because the shrinkage ratio at the time of the vitrification is low as described above, the empty holes shrink only slightly. Hence, the inner diameter of the empty holes and the interval of the empty holes can be achieved as designed. This is very advantageous to achieve desired optical properties with high reproducibility.

Fourth Embodiment

[0136] FIGS. 7A and 7B illustrate an embodiment of a photonic bandgap optical fiber base material of the present invention. FIG. 7A is a front cross sectional view of the optical fiber base material, and FIG. 7B is a side view of the optical fiber base material. An optical fiber base material 1C of FIGS. 7A and 7B is manufactured using a circular metal rod instead of the first base material described in the first embodiment, and the used metal rod has a surface that is sufficiently mirror-polished to a mirrored state (a surface roughness of 0.03 m or less), and has high dimensional precision and high straightness and roundness.

[0137] First, the metal rod is arranged in the center of a metal container, and a plurality of metal rods (hereinafter, referred to as second rods) thinner than the metal rod are arranged at preset intervals around the metal rod. Similarly to the metal rod, the plurality of second rods each have a surface that is sufficiently mirror-polished to a mirrored state (a surface roughness of 0.03 m or less), and have high dimensional precision and high straightness and roundness. In this state, the quartz glass solution containing the hardening resin, and the hardener are poured into the container, and are solidified through a self-hardening reaction. Then, the metal rod, the second rods, and the metal container are removed from the solidified material. After that, the resultant solidified material is dried and heated at high temperature.

[0138] In this way, obtained is the optical fiber base material 1C including: an empty hole 12 in the center of the optical fiber base material 1C; and the plurality of empty holes 11 that are formed at preset intervals in the SiO.sub.2 cladding layer 4 in the outer periphery of the empty hole 12. The surface roughness of the inner surface of the empty hole 12 of the actually manufactured optical fiber base material 1C is approximately equal to or less than 0.2 Moreover, the surface roughness of the inner surfaces of the empty holes 11 is approximately equal to or less than 0.1m.

[0139] Because the surface roughness of the empty hole 12 in the center of the optical fiber base material 1C is very low as described above, optical signals can be transmitted with a low loss while being confined in the empty hole 12 such that an unnecessary radiation loss does not occur. Moreover, a scattering loss can be made very low. Hence, the photonic bandgap fiber base material having high optical properties is obtained.

[0140] Moreover, the SiO.sub.2 cladding layer 4 obtained according to the above-mentioned method contains almost no impurities such as CH groups, OH groups, and transition metals, and hence the scattering loss of the optical fiber base material can be made further lower.

[0141] Although not illustrated, a photonic crystal fiber base material in which the empty hole 12 in the center of the optical fiber base material 1C is made solid is manufactured, and an optical fiber is manufactured by drawing this photonic crystal fiber base material. In a structure of the optical fiber, the outer diameter is 123 m, the number of empty holes 11 is 40, the diameter of the empty holes 11 is 3 m, and the interval of the empty holes 11 is 5.9 m. The surface roughness of the inner surfaces of the empty holes 11 is equal to or less than 0.2 m on average, and the surface roughness of the outer surface is equal to or less than 0.2 m. Moreover, the loss is 0.8 dB/km at a wavelength of 1.55 m, the loss is 1.2 dB/km at a wavelength of 1.31 m, and the loss is 2 dB/km at a wavelength of 1.07 m. The loss is low over an entire wavelength band for communications.

[0142] The breakdown of the loss is: a loss intrinsic to the material of the optical fiber (an ultraviolet absorption loss, an infrared absorption loss); a scattering loss intrinsic to the material of the optical fiber (Rayleigh scattering, Brillouin scattering, Raman scattering); an absorption loss resulting from a manufacturing process (an absorption loss due to impurities, OH groups, and an oxygen-related defect); and a scattering loss due to structure irregularity. The loss and the scattering loss intrinsic to the material of the optical fiber of the present embodiment are substantially the same as those of a conventional optical fiber manufactured according to the VAD method. Hence, from the result that the optical fiber of the present embodiment exhibits low loss properties, it is verified that: the SiO.sub.2 cladding layer contains almost no CH groups and SiH groups and contains very few OH groups; and the scattering loss due to the structure irregularity is low. Moreover, from such low scattering loss properties, it is also verified that the surface roughness of the inner surfaces of the empty holes is low.

[0143] In addition, the present embodiment is more advantageous than a conventional manufacturing method in that the photonic crystal optical fiber having a structure with higher dimensional precision can be more easily manufactured at overwhelmingly lower cost with higher reproducibility. Further, in the present embodiment, the photonic crystal optical fiber can be manufactured while optical properties such as a dispersion value and a zero-dispersion wavelength of the optical fiber are precisely controlled.

Fifth Embodiment

[0144] FIGS. 8A and 8B illustrate another embodiment of the photonic crystal optical fiber base material of the present invention. FIG. 8A is a front cross sectional view of the optical fiber base material, and FIG. 8B is a side view of the optical fiber base material. An optical fiber base material 1D of FIGS. 8A and 8B is obtained in the following manner. First, the first base material described in the first embodiment is arranged in the center of a circular metal container, and a plurality of metal rods are arranged at preset intervals in the outer periphery of the first base material. In this state, a mixed solution of: a SiO.sub.2 glass raw material solution containing a hardening resin; and a hardener is poured into the metal container, and is solidified through a self-hardening reaction of the mixed solution. Then, the metal rods and the metal container are removed from the solidified material. After that, the resultant solidified material is dried and heated at high temperature.

[0145] The optical fiber base material 1D includes: the glass rod 2; the SiO.sub.2 cladding layer 4 that covers the outer periphery of the glass rod 2; and the plurality of empty holes 11 that are formed at preset intervals in the SiO.sub.2 cladding layer 4. The glass rod 2 includes: the SiO.sub.2 glass layer 2 a to which a GeO.sub.2 additive is added, in the center of the glass rod 2; and the SiO.sub.2 glass layer 3 that covers the outer periphery of the SiO.sub.2 glass layer 2 a. Because the plurality of empty holes 11 are formed in the SiO.sub.2 cladding layer 4 of the optical fiber base material 1D, the relative refractive index difference between the glass rod 2 as a core and the SiO.sub.2 cladding layer 4 as a cladding material can be made large, and hence the numerical aperture can be made high. Moreover, also in the present embodiment, the interface between the SiO.sub.2 glass layer 3 and the SiO.sub.2 cladding layer 4 can be made even, and the surface roughness of the inner surfaces of the empty holes 11 can be made low. Hence, low scattering loss properties can be achieved.

Sixth Embodiment

[0146] FIG. 9 illustrates an embodiment of a multi-core optical fiber base material of the present invention. FIG. 9 is a front cross sectional view of the optical fiber base material. An optical fiber base material 1E of FIG. 9 includes: the glass rod 2 in the center of the optical fiber base material 1E; and a plurality of glass rods 2A that are provided at preset intervals in the SiO.sub.2 cladding layer 4 in the outer periphery of the glass rod 2. The optical fiber base material 1E is manufactured in the following manner. First, a first base material corresponding to the glass rod 2 is arranged in the center of a metal container, and a plurality of second base materials corresponding to the glass rods 2A are arranged at preset intervals in the outer periphery of the first base material. In this state, a mixed solution of: a SiO.sub.2 glass raw material solution containing a hardening resin; and a hardener is poured into the metal container, and is solidified through a self-hardening reaction of the mixed solution. After that, the metal container is removed from the solidified material, and the resultant solidified material is dried and heated at high temperature.

[0147] As a result, the SiO.sub.2 cladding layer 4 is evenly formed around the glass rod 2 in the center, and around each of the plurality of glass rods 2A. Hence, the multi-core fiber base material with a very low scattering loss can be manufactured, and an unnecessary scattering loss on the interface between each of the glass rod 2 and the glass rods 2A and the SiO.sub.2 cladding layer 4 is substantially reduced in the obtained multi-core fiber base material.

[0148] Moreover, for the multi-core optical fiber, it is most important to precisely control the dimensions of the plurality of cores and the interval of the cores. In this regard, in the present embodiment, the shapes of the cores (that is, the glass rod 2 and the glass rods 2A) and the interval of the cores can be easily controlled with high precision. Moreover, the present embodiment is also advantageous in that the outer shape of the multi-core optical fiber can be kept with high dimensional precision.

[0149] Further, unlike a conventional method for manufacturing a multi-core fiber, the present embodiment does not require the steps of: mechanically opening a plurality of through-holes; polishing the inner surfaces of the through-holes; inserting core rod materials respectively into the through-holes; and fusing for eliminating gaps between the through-holes and the core rod materials by heating at high temperature, to make a solid base material. Hence, the low-loss multi-core fiber with high dimensional precision can be manufactured at low cost and with high reproducibility.

Seventh Embodiment

[0150] FIGS. 10A-10C illustrate another embodiment of the multi-core optical fiber base material of the present invention. FIG. 10A is a front cross sectional view of an optical fiber base material 1F, FIG. 10B is a refractive index distribution view of the glass rod 2 in the center of the optical fiber base material 1F, and FIG. 10C is a refractive index distribution view of the glass rods 2A in the periphery of the optical fiber base material 1F. In the present embodiment, the refractive index distribution of the glass rod 2 in the center is made different from the refractive index distribution of the six glass rods 2A in the periphery. If the refractive index distribution (relative refractive index difference) of at least one of the plurality of glass rods is made different as described above, optical signals can be transmitted in a different transmission state through at least one of the cores of the multi-core fiber. Moreover, if the relative refractive index difference between the core and the cladding material is made large, the plurality of cores can be arranged close to one another. Hence, the degree of freedom in fiber design becomes higher, and larger-volume information can be transmitted.

Eighth Embodiment

[0151] FIGS. 11A and 11B each illustrate an embodiment of the optical fiber base material of the present invention. FIG. 11A illustrates an embodiment of an optical fiber base material 13 having a quadrangular external shape, and FIG. 11B illustrates an embodiment of an optical fiber base material 14 having a hexagonal external shape. Such optical fiber base materials having polygonal external shapes can be achieved by only changing the shape of a metal container. In addition, optical fiber base materials having desired shapes such as a circular external shape, a quadrangular external shape, and a polygonal external shape and including SiO.sub.2 glass rods can be easily achieved with high dimensional precision. Accordingly, fibers suited to various purposes can be achieved.

Ninth Embodiment

[0152] FIG. 12 illustrates an embodiment of the optical fiber base material of the present invention. In the present embodiment, the optical fiber base material 13 having the quadrangular external shape, which is illustrated in FIG. 11A, is arranged in a circular SiO.sub.2 glass tube 15 so as to be in contact with the inner surface of the SiO.sub.2 glass tube 15 at four points (161, 162, 163, 164), and a void 17 is provided between the optical fiber base material 13 and the SiO.sub.2 glass tube 15. As a result, the refractive index of the cladding material becomes equivalently lower, and an optical fiber base material 1G having a high numerical aperture can be achieved.

[0153] The optical fiber base material 1G is manufactured using a metal container illustrated in FIGS. 13A and 13B. That is, first, a metal tube 18 having an outer diameter smaller than the inner diameter of the circular metal container 7 is arranged in the metal container 7. The metal tube 18 has a circular external shape, and a space 19 having a quadrangular internal shape exits in the metal tube 18. Then, the first base material (glass rod 2) is arranged in the center of the metal tube 18. A mixed solution 91 and a mixed solution 92 of: a SiO.sub.2 glass raw material solution containing a hardening resin; and a hardener are respectively poured into the spaces between the metal container 7 and the metal tube 18 and between the metal tube 18 and the first base material 2. The mixed solution 91 and the mixed solution 92 are solidified through a self-hardening reaction. After that, the metal tube 18 and the metal container 7 are removed from the solidified material, and the resultant solidified material is dried and heated at high temperature.

Tenth Embodiment

[0154] FIG. 14 illustrates an embodiment of the optical fiber base material of the present invention. In the present embodiment, the base material 1 having a circular external shape is arranged in a SiO.sub.2 glass tube 21 having a circular external shape and a quadrangular internal shape so as to be in contact with the inner surface of the SiO.sub.2 glass tube 21 at four points (161, 162, 163, 164), and the void 17 is provided between the base material 1 and the SiO.sub.2 glass tube 21. As a result, the refractive index of the cladding material becomes equivalently lower, and an optical fiber base material 1H having a high numerical aperture can be achieved.

[0155] The optical fiber base material 1H is manufactured using a metal container illustrated in FIGS. 15A and 15B. That is, first, a second metal container 22 having a quadrangular external shape and a circular internal shape is arranged in the circular metal container 7. Then, the first base material (glass rod 2) is arranged in the center of the second metal container 22. The mixed solution 91 and the mixed solution 92 of: the SiO.sub.2 glass raw material solution containing the hardening resin; and the hardener are respectively poured into the spaces between the metal container 7 and the second metal container 22 and between the second metal container 22 and the first base material. The mixed solution 91 and the mixed solution 92 are solidified through a self-hardening reaction. After that, the metal container 7 and the second metal container 22 are removed from the solidified material, and the resultant solidified material is dried and heated at high temperature.

Eleventh Embodiment

[0156] FIG. 16 illustrates an embodiment of the optical fiber base material of the present invention. In a structure of an optical fiber base material 1J of FIG. 16, the optical fiber base material 14 having the hexagonal external shape, which is illustrated in FIG. 11B, is arranged in the circular SiO.sub.2 glass tube 15 so as to be in contact with the inner surface of the circular SiO.sub.2 glass tube 15 at six points (161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166). With such a structure, the void 17 is formed between the base material 14 with hexagonal external shape and the SiO.sub.2 glass tube 15. As a result, the refractive index of the cladding material becomes equivalently lower, and the optical fiber base material 1J having a high numerical aperture can be obtained.

Twelfth Embodiment

[0157] FIGS. 17A and 17B illustrate an embodiment of the optical fiber base material of the present invention. In an optical fiber base material 1K of FIGS. 17A and 17B, a high refractive index additive and a rare-earth element are added together to a center 23 of the glass rod 2. Examples of the used rare-earth element include Er, Nd, Pr, Ce, and Yb. Al, Ge, and the like may be added to the center 23 as other codoping materials than the rare-earth element. An optical amplifier and a laser can be manufactured using the optical fiber base material 1K in which the rare-earth element, Al, or Ge is added to the center 23 of the glass rod 2 as described above.

[0158] The present invention is not limited to the above-mentioned embodiments. For example, the metal containers, the metal rods, and the metal tube may be made of Au, Ni, Cu, and the like instead of stainless steel.

[0159] The blending ratio of the silica powder in the SiO.sub.2 glass raw material solution containing the hardening resin is not limited to 87%, and may be approximately 80% to 92%.

[0160] The additive for enhancing the refractive index that is added to the center of the first base material may be Al.sub.2O.sub.3, P.sub.2O.sub.5, TiO.sub.2, and the like instead of GeO.sub.2.

[0161] The inner diameter D.sub.0 and the length L.sub.0 of the metal container 7 are not limited to the above-mentioned values. As the inner diameter D.sub.0 and the length L.sub.0 are larger, a longer optical fiber can be achieved. Hence, D.sub.0 may be from approximately 30 mm to approximately 300 mm. L.sub.0 may be from approximately 20 mm to approximately 1,000 mm. The diameter Dc of the first base material may be from approximately 10 mm to approximately 100 mm.

[0162] The number of the empty holes of the hole assisted optical fiber base material illustrated in FIGS. 6A and 6B can be selected from a range of 4 to 30. The numbers of the empty holes of the photonic bandgap fiber base material illustrated in FIGS. 7A and 7B and the photonic crystal optical fiber base material illustrated in FIGS. 8A and 8B are not limited. Moreover, the empty hole diameter preferably is within a range of 0.5 m to 5 m. The empty hole interval can be selected from a range of 1 m to 6 m.

[0163] The empty hole diameter of the empty hole 12 in FIG. 7A preferably is within a range of 0.5 m to 5 m. The numbers of the first base materials of the multi-core fiber base material illustrated in FIG. 9 or the multi-core fiber base material illustrated in FIGS. 10A-10C preferably is within a range of 4 to 30. Moreover, the interval of the first base materials preferably is within a range of 20 m to 60 m.

[0164] The outer diameter of the optical fiber base material of the present invention is not limited.

REFERENCE SIGNS LIST

[0165] 1, 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, 1E, 1F, 1G, 1H, 1J, 1K, 13, 14 . . . Optical Fiber Base Material [0166] 2 . . . Glass Rod (Rod Containing SiO.sub.2 Family Glass for Core) [0167] 2 a . . . Center [0168] 3 . . . SiO.sub.2 Glass Layer [0169] 4 . . . SiO.sub.2 Cladding Layer [0170] 5 . . . Interface [0171] 6 . . . Outer Periphery [0172] 7 . . . Metal Container